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In the environment, we are not dealing only with local processes, such as
chemical reactions; we are mostly dealing with interconnected systems,
implying that the system under consideration is most often connected to
other systems through imports and exports.
Exchange
with the
Inflow atmosphere Outflow
Inside:
Water Chemical reactions
example: Biological processes
Physical settling
1
Examples of practical control volumes
entire lake
Distinction
(Nazaroff & Alvarez-Cohen, Section 5.A)
2
Mass balance for a CMFR
Qout , Cout
Particular cases
dC C in Qin S
0 C Qin C Q S KV C 0 C inlets
Q KV
in out
dt inlets outlets out
outlets
dC
V Cin Qin Qout C
dt inlets outlets
dC S S Kt
V S KVC C (t ) Cinitial e (if S is constant over time)
dt KV KV
3
Example of Material Balance
Qupstream Qevaporation
Take volume V of the entire lake as
the control volume.
V K
Assume steady state
C
(= situation unchanging over time).
Qdownstream
Budget is: dC
V QupCup QevapCevap Qdown Cdown KVC (Cdown C )
dt
Budget reduces to: 0 Qup Cup (Qdown KV ) C
Qup Cup (9 10 4 m 3 /yr)(6.0 mg/L)
Solution is: C 5.19 mg/L
Qdown KV (8 10 4 m 3 /yr) (0.12/yr)(2 105 m 3 )
Suppose that the source of pollution in the upstream river has now been eliminated.
The entering concentration in the lake has thus fallen to zero. Slowly, the concentration
of the pollutant decays in the lake because of its chemical decay (K term) and flushing
(Q term).
dC
V QupCup QevapCevap Qdown Cdown KVC
dt
dC Q
down K C
dt V
Q
C (t ) Cinitial exp down K t (5.19 mg/L) exp(0.52 t )
V
4
From this solution, we can find that:
5
Mass balance for a PFR
(Nazaroff & Alvarez-Cohn, Section 5.A.3)
The material budget is most easily established if one takes the control volume as a little
piece dV of the moving material (thus containing C dV amount of the substance).
Following this little piece of material, there is no addition or removal from it; it is a mini
closed system, with the balance for the embedded substance reducing to:
dC
dV K (dV ) C The solution to this equation is: C (t ) C (0) e Kt
dt
Connecting the end concentration Cout = C(t=) to the entrance concentration Cin = C(t=0) ,
we write:
Cout Cin e K in which = V/Q is the total transit time through the system
also called the residence time in the system.
At equal system volume V and throughflow Q, the plug-flow reactor (PFR) is more efficient
than the completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR). Indeed:
CMFR
Cout
Q
Cout 1
Q Cin Q Cout KV C
V Cin 1 K V
either way with
PFR Q
Q Cout
V Cout Cin e K e K
Cin
6
Residence time
(Nazaroff & Alvarez-Cohen, page 212)
While the standard unit is the second, typical residence times in the environment
are measured in days, weeks, months or even years, depending on the size of the
containing volume (ex. small pond to large lake).
7
12 February 1812: