Internal Forces

Internal Resultant Loadings

In mechanics of materials, statics is primarily used to determine the resultant loadings that act within a
body.

Internal forces
 Normal force, N. This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is
Internal Resultant Loadings developed whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on the
two segments of the body.

The assembly consists of an tube AB. A steel rod is

Giving the below structure. Find
attached to a rigid collar and passes through the
the internal loading acting at tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod,
Sign convention cross section at E. determine internal forces in tube and rod.
Internal Resultant Loadings Torsional moment or torque, T. This effect is developed when the
external loads tend to twist one segment of the body with respect to
the other about an axis perpendicular to the area.

Find the internal loading acting at cross Find the maximum internal loading acting
Sign convention section at E. on AE
Internal Resultant Loadings Bending moment, M. The bending moment is caused by the external
loads that tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane
of the area.

Shear force, V. The shear Sign convention Positive bending moment

force lies in the plane of will tend to bend the
the area, and it is a positive shear force will segment on which it acts in a
developed when the cause the beam segment on concave upward manner.
external loads tend to which it acts to rotate
cause the two segments of clockwise
the body to slide over one
another.
Example
Determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment acting just to the left, point B, and just to the
right, point C, of the 6-kN force on the beam in Fig. a.

Support Reactions.

Equations of Equilibrium.
Functional method for constructing
shear and moment diagrams

+ AB: 0 < x1 < a

V ( x 1 )=9/ 8 wa M ( x 1 )=9/8 wax1 x 3

+ BC: a < x2 < 2a

2
V ( x 2 )=1/ 8 wa M ( x 2 )=1/8 wax 2 +wa x 4
+ CD: 2a < x3 < 3a
V ( x) V(x1)
V ( x 3 )=1/8 wa M ( x 3)=1/ 8 wax 3 wa V(x2) V(x3)
+ DE: 3a < x4 < 4a V(x4)
9/8
−7/8
V ( x 4 )=−wx 4 +25/ 8 wa 1/8
10/ 8 2 /8 M(x3) m m=1/ 8 a
M(x1) n
M ( x 4 )=−wx 24 /2+25 wax 4 /8−9 wa 2 / 2 n=7/ 8 a
M ' ( x 4 )=0⇒ x 4 =25 a/8 M(x2)
M ( x) M(x4)
2
M ( x 4 )max =49/ 128 wa wa
2
9/ 8 3/8 49/128
Graphical method for constructing shear and moment diagrams

x Δx dV dM
=w =V
dx dx
(7)V E =V D −S wDE (w ↓)
- +

(8)V E =V D + S wDE (w ↓)
- +

(9) M E = M D + S VDE
- +

+ w=0 on AB, BC, CD

+ -
(1)V =V −F ( F ↓) (4) M +
=M -
−M 0 (10)V =const .=a M =ax +b
(2)V + =V - + F ( F ↑) (5) M + =M - + M 0 + w=const.=a on DE
(3) M + = M - 1 2
(6)V + =V - (11)V =ax+ b M = ax + bx+ c
2
Graphical method for constructing shear and moment diagrams

Start V A =0
-
Check V E =0 +

M A =0 -
M E =0 +

V - Check V
(10) V =9/ 8
B
+
D
-
V =V =1/8
D + -
wa + -
(2)V E =V E +7/8=0
(6)V C =V C =1/ 8
(2)V +A=9/ 8 (10)
(7)V E =V D −S wDE (w ↓)
- +

V E =1/ 8−1=−7/8
-

+ +
(2)V B =1/8 (4) M C =2/ 8
(3) M A=0
+ m n 1/8 a
-
(10) (9) M =10/8 m= =1/8 a n=7/8 a
C
1/8+7/ 8
(10) (9) M E- =0
M (10)
-
(9) M =M + S
+ V Check M
2 B A CD -
wa -
M =9/ 8 (9) M =3/8 (9) M =49/128 + -
B +
D
O
(3) M E =M E =0
(3) M +B = M B- M =3/ 8
D
Review problems
Determine the internal normal force, shear force,
and moment at points D and E in the overhang
beam. Point D is located just to the left of the
roller support at B.
The cable will fail when subjected to a tension of 2
kN. Determine the largest vertical load P the frame
will support and calculate the internal normal force,
shear force, and moment at the cross section
through point C for this loading.
Review problems
Determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross section at B of the pipe
The shaft is supported at its ends by two bearings A and B and
is subjected to the forces applied to the pulleys fixed to the
shaft. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the
cross section located at point C. The journal bearings at A and
B exert only x and z components of force on the shaft.
Review problems
Draw V and M