1.

frequently ,the secant modulus of concrete is defined by using the point corresponding to
representing the service-load stresses

2.the modulus of elasticity of concrete is affected by the modulus of the cement paste and not
by that of the aggregate

3.an increase in the w/c ratio increases the porosity of the paste,reducing its modulus of
elasticity and strength

4.normal –weight aggregate have modulus of elasticity values ranging from 1.5 to 5 times that
of the cement paste

5.the ACI code equation for E

Was derivied for long-time testes on concretes with densities ranging from 90 to 155 pcf and
corresponds to the secant modulus of elasticity at approximately 0.5 fc

6.the maximum strain reached ,E increases with an increase in concrete strength

7.a lateral confining pressure causes an increase in the compressive strength of concrete and a
large increase in strains at failure.

8.the main types of volume changes that concrete undergoes are ,.................. , .................. and
,....................

9.shrinkage is the decrease in the volume of concrete during hardening and drying under
....temperature

10.the amount of shrinkage increases with time

11.the primary shrinkage is called ...............or simply ....................

12.the dying shrinkage is due to the loss of a layer of ..............water from the surface of the gel
particles.

13,the ..............water is the electrically bound water moleculus to the surface of the the gel
particles.

14.the loss of................water has little effect on the magnitude of the shrinkage.

15.shrinkage strains are dependent on the relative humidity and are largest for relative humidity
of 40% or less

16.the mignitude of shrinkage strains depends on the composition of concrete

17.in concrete ,the hardened cement paste shrinks ,whereas the aggregate does not.
18.there is less shrinkage with the aggregates having .................modulus of elasticity

19.the w/c. Ratio affects the amount of shrinkage explain

20.the fineness of cement affects the amount ofshrinkage explain

21.drying shrinkage occurs as the moisture diffuses inside the concrete

22.in concrete members ,the exterior parts shrinks more rapidly than the interior

23.in large members ,the ratio of volume to surface area .....,resulting in ...........shrinkage.

24.shrinkage develops more......in large members

25.a secondary form of shrinkage called carbonation shrinkage.

26.the carbonation shrinkage occurs in .................rich atmosphere ,such as those found in

parking garages

27.at 50%relative humidity ,the amount of carbonation shrinkage can .............the drying
shrinkage

28.at humidities greater or less than 5% the carbonation shrinkage decreases

29.if the ultimate drying shrinkage ( )for a cylinder is 000800 .thus in a 25ft bay in a
building ,the average shrinkage strain would cause a shortening of about (1)in.

30.in a structure ,the shrinkage strains will tend to be less than that of a cylinder for the same
concrete for the following reasons

1.

2.

3.

31.shrinkage develops much more rapidly in thin members explain

32.when concrete is loaded in compression,an instantan ,elastic strain develops and the load
remains sustained on the member ,creep strains develop with time

Explain

33.the rate of creep occurs rapidly at first ,slowing down with time

Explain

34.if a load causing an initial and creep strains eventually removed,a portion of the strain is
recovered elastically and another portion of creep ,but a residual strains remains
Explain

35.the ratio of creep strains after a long time to elastic strain ( ) is called....................

36.the magnitude of the creep coeff. Is affected by

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

37.creep is greatest in concrete with a high cement –paste content

38.concrete containing a large aggregate fraction creep less

Explain

39.a 200 ft-long building will change its length (1.44in) due to a 100f temperature.assuming

40.the actions which help to minimize cracking in slabs and walks due to shrinkage are

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

41.specific creep is ..........................

42.about .................of the 20 yrs creep occurs in ......weeks

43.about ...............of the 20 yrs creep occurs in .........months

44.about ............. of the 20 yrs creep occurs in ......years

45.creep coefficient is ..........................

46.show that the creep coeff

47.the creep function is .....................

48.prove that

49.the ultimate creep function is

50.there are 3 types of cracks which are intrinsic to cement

1.

2.

3.

51.plastic cracks develop before the concrete has hardened between ............and......... hrs

After placing

52.plastic shrinkage cracks are in the form

1.

2.

53.the plastic settlement cracks develop when settlement of concrete on bleeding in uneven
due to the presence of .........................

54.to reduce in the incidence of plastic settelment we can use an ........... to reduce bleeding and
also ..........the cover to the top of steel

55.plastic settlement cracks can be eliminated by revibration of concrete at suitable time

Explain

56.reffer to fig(13-14) mention the type of cracks designated by the letters shown

57.the auto genous shrinkage is ...................

58.the carbonation shrinkage is ....................