Ch3B Student HQ

1st Semester
2019 - 2020
Dr. Mohammed S. Hussain

University of Duhok
College of Engineering
Civil Department
Soil Mechanics-I 3rd Year Students

Civil Department Soil Mechanics-I
College of Engineering Dr. Mohammed S. Hussain
It is commonly used to indicate the in situ denseness or looseness of

granular soil. emax  e
Dr  100%
emax  emin
Dr: Relative density ,%
e: in situ void ratio of the soil
Large value of lower value of
emin : void ratio of the soil in the densest state e e
emax: void ratio of the soil in the loosest state (loose state) (Dense state)
nmin : Porosity of the soil in the densest state

(1  nmin )(nmax  n)
Dr  100% nmax::Porosity of the soil in the loosest state
(nmax  nmin )(1  n)
γmin:dry unit weight in loosest state @ emax
 d   d min  d max
   100% γ max:dry unit weight in densest state @ emin
 d max   d min d
Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 2
Two soils with the same relative density (or void

ratio) may contain very different pore sizes. Thus,
pore size distribution probably is a better parameter
to correlate with the engineering properties
2 : 1
Notes:
 Dr is ranged from 0% for very loose soil to a
maximum of 100% for very dense soils.
 In field ,soils seldom have Dr less than 20-30%
 Compacting of granular soil to Dr greater than
85% is difficult
Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

The relative density of a natural soil deposit very strongly affects

its engineering behavior. Consequently, it is important to conduct !
laboratory tests on samples of the sand at the same relative density as in
the field ( from Holtz and Kovacs, 1981).
Table: Qualitative description of granular soil deposit
Relative Density % Descriptive Term
0-15 Very loose

15-35 Loose
35-65 Medium
65-85 Dense
85-100 Very Dense

Sand Sand is loosely poured

into the mould from
funnel
Funnel !
1.0 inch Spout Dia.
=0.5”
Mould
V=0.1 ft3
=2830 cm3
W ( sand )
drymin
Weight of sand required to fill the mould

V (mould ) Volume of the mould

γdry max is determined by vibration of sand in the mould for 8-10 min, Surcharge
of 14 kPa (2 psi) is added to the top of the sand in the mould, the mold is paced !
on a table that vibrates @ a frequency of 3600 cycles/min
W ( sand )
drymax  Weight of sand required to fill the mould
V (mould ) Volume of the mould
Vibrating Plate
Surcharge load
=14 kPa

Cohesive and Non-Cohesive Soils
Cohesive Soils :
Wetting /drying cycles soil grains Stick together so
that some force is required to separate them in dry
state, the soil is cohesive
* May be found in Plastic , non plastic or Viscous
fluid
Non Cohesive Soils :

Dry soil grains fall apart after drying
Wet Stick together only when wet because of surface tension forces
in the water
*there is no border between Plastic or nonPlastic state
It may be convert to viscous fluid under special condition

Mechanical analysis of soil (Grain Size Distribution)

Is that determination of the size range of particles present in a soil and
expressed as % of the dry weight.
GSD
Sieve Analysis Hydrometer
>#200 <#200
>(0.075mm) <(0.075mm)
Sand+Gravel Silt + Clay
USCS 4.75 0.075
BS 2.0 0.06 0.002
USCS: Unified Soil Classification

BS: British Standard
Unit: mm

US Standard Sieve Sizes

Use oven dry sample and then break lumps

Smaller sieve is #200
After shaking the mass of soil retained on each sieve is determined
and then measured % passing from each sieve
For cohesive soils,  mixed with water washing on #200 oven

dried retained on this sieve passed through the sieves

Hydrometer
Based on the principle of sedimentation of soil grains in
water. The particles will settle at different velocities
depending on their Shape, Size , Weight and Viscosity
of water.
Stokes’ law : Stokes 1856 (English physicist ASTM 152H

proposed an eq. for velocity of a falling sphere in a
liquid
( s   w ) D 2
v
D: diameter of Particle (sphere) 18
μ: viscosity of liquid
ν: velocity of fall of sphere through liquid=L/t
γs: unit weight of solid sphere
γw: unit weight of liquid

gr gr. sec
( s   w ) D 2 let : L(cm), t (min),  w ( ),  ( ), D(mm)
v cm 3
cm 2
18
D(mm) 18 L
18 
D 10 (Gs  1) w t  60
( s   w )
 s  Gs  w 30 L
D
(Gs  1) w t
18
D Depend on
30
(Gs  1) w Temperatur k
e of the test (Gs  1) w
18 L
D Rc  a L(cm )
(Gs  1) w t % Finer  D(mm)  k
Ws t (min)
(K,L,a) are given from tables
Rc: corrected Hydrometer reading More information will
a is depend on specific gravity of solids be given in LAB.
(correction factor for particle density)
50 gr of dry Soil Passing #200 4% of Calgon
Volume of
cylinder
1000ml
CALGON
CALGON or Sodium HexaMetaPhosphate (Dispersing Agent)

100
80
Sieve Analysis Hydrometer
60
% Finer Gravel Sand Silt Clay
40
20
0
#4 #200 0.002
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
Grain Size , mm
1-Effective Size (D10): Diameter of Particle size with 10% Passing
D60
2- Uniformity Coefficient Cu Cu 
D10
2
D30
3- Coefficient of Gradation Cc Cc 
D60  D10

100
80
60
40
20
0
D60 D30 D10
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

Different
types of GSD
Curves
Well graded
Gap graded.: A soil might have a combination of
Gravel 1<Cc<3 and Cu=>4
two or more uniformly graded fractions.
Sand 1<Cc<3 and Cu=>6

Soil Texture
The texture of a soil is its appearance or “feel” and it depends on the relative
sizes and shapes of the particles as well as the range or distribution of those
sizes.
Coarse-grained soils: Fine-grained soils:

Gravel Sand Silt Clay
0.075 mm (USCS)
Sieve analysis Hydrometer analysis
Texture is used in soil classification of cohesionless soil such as coarse ,medium

or fine sand (or gravel),…
Is not used for cohesive soils? why?

(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)

Consistency or ATTERBERG limits
Consistency is termed used to indicate the degree of firmness of cohesive soil.
Atterberg a Swedish Scientist ,1911 developed a method to describe the
consistency of fine grained soils with varying water contents.
Fluid soil-water mixture

Increasing water
Liquid State
content
Liquid Limit, LL
Plastic State
Plastic Limit, PL
Semisolid State
Shrinkage Limit,SL
Solid State
Dry Soil

As
As viscous
Plastic liquid
material
SL Semi PL LL
Solid Solid Plastic Liquid
0.0<LI<1.0 LI>1.0
LI<0.0
LI=0.0 LI=1.0
w%
Liquid Limit, LL
LL is the water content above which the soil behaves as a viscous liquid.
It is also can be defined as the water content, at which a standard groove cut in
the remolded soil sample by a grooving tool will close over a distance 0.5 in
(12.7mm) along the bottom of the groove at 25 blows.
Casagrande
Liquid Limit
A.Casagrande
1902-1981
Fall Cone
Method

Casagrande ‘s method:
a) Multipoint Method
Grooving tool

It is difficult to adjust ω% in the soil to meet the 12.7 mm at 25

blows. Hence at least three test for the same soil (pass # 40) are conducted
with different w% and plot w% vs. No of blows.

b) One-point Method
 Assume a constant slope of the flow curve.
 The slope is a statistical result of 767 liquid limit tests.
tan 
N
LL  wn  
 25 
N  number of blows
wn  corresponding moisture content
tan   0.121
Limitations:
• The  is an empirical coefficient, so it is not always 0.121.
• Good results can be obtained only for the blow number around 20 to 30.

Cone Penetrometer Method (Fall Cone Method):

In this test the liquid limit is defined as the
moisture content at which a standard cone of
apex angle 30˚ and weight of 0.78 N will
penetrate a distance d =20 mm in 5 seconds
when allowed to drop from a position of point
contact with the soil surface.

Due to the difficulty in achieving the liquid limit from a single test, four or more tests
can be conducted at various moisture contents to determine the fall cone
penetration. A semilogarithmic graph can then be plotted with moisture content (w)
versus cone penetration d. The plot results in a straight line. The moisture content
corresponding to d = 20 mm is the liquid limit.

Plastic Limit
• The water content at which the soil crumbles, when rolled into the threads
of 3.2 mm (1/8”) in diameter. Where below this water content the soil no
longer behaves a plastic material. This test is more operator-subjective than
L.L test.
*Should break (3-10)mm
Question???
-If thread crumbles @ dia. Smaller <3
mm
-If thread crumbles @ dia. greater >3

mm
Plasticity Index (PI)= LL-PL
Pass sieve #40

Shrinkage Limit
Is a moisture content at which no further volume change occurs
with continuous loss of moisture.
*Soil Pass sieve #40

Porcelain Dish
Coated with petroleum jelly
Soil volume: Vi
Before Drying
Soil mass: M1
Soil volume: Vf
Oven Drying
Soil mass: M2
SL  wi (%)  w(%)
 M1  M 2   Vi  V f 
  (100)   ( w )(100)
 M2   M2 

Plasticity Index PI  LL  PL
w  PL w  PL
Liquidity Index LI  
PI LL  PL
w is the water content
w2  w1
FI 
Flow Index log N 2  log N1
PI
Toughness Index TI 
FI
LL  w
Consistency Index CI 
PI

Activity, A-line
Skempton, 1953 observed that the PI of soil increases linearity
with % of clay size fraction. And this relation differ from soil to soil
depend on the plasticity of different clay minerals
PI
A
% clay fraction( weight)
clay fraction :  0.002 mm
A1
PI A2
A3
A.W.Skempton
% of Clay
Soil Classification based on the activity
A
Non Active <0.75
Normally Active 0.75-1.25
Active 1.25-2.0
Atterberg limits of main clay minerals
LL PL A
Kaolinite 35-100 20-40 0.3-0.5
Illite 60-120 35-60 0.5-1.2
Montmorillite 100-900 50-100 1.5-7.0
Intermediate plasticity
60 Low High
plasticity plasticity
Plasticity Index
40
Clays
20 Silts
0
0 20 35 50 100
Liquid Limit Would be used
in Soil
Classification
Plasticity Chart
Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil End 36

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1st Semester

Dr. Mohammed S. Hussain

Soil Mechanics-I 3rd Year Students

It is commonly used to indicate the in situ denseness or looseness of

nmin : Porosity of the soil in the densest state

Two soils with the same relative density (or void

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 3

The relative density of a natural soil deposit very strongly affects

Table: Qualitative description of granular soil deposit

Relative Density % Descriptive Term

0-15 Very loose

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 4

Sand Sand is loosely poured

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 5

V (mould ) Volume of the mould

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 6

Cohesive and Non-Cohesive Soils

Non Cohesive Soils :

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 7

Mechanical analysis of soil (Grain Size Distribution)

Sieve Analysis Hydrometer

USCS 4.75 0.075

BS 2.0 0.06 0.002

USCS: Unified Soil Classification

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 9

US Standard Sieve Sizes

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 10

Use oven dry sample and then break lumps

For cohesive soils,  mixed with water washing on #200 oven

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 11

Stokes’ law : Stokes 1856 (English physicist ASTM 152H

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 12

50 gr of dry Soil Passing #200 4% of Calgon

CALGON or Sodium HexaMetaPhosphate (Dispersing Agent)

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 14

1-Effective Size (D10): Diameter of Particle size with 10% Passing

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 16

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 17

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 18

Coarse-grained soils: Fine-grained soils:

Sieve analysis Hydrometer analysis

Texture is used in soil classification of cohesionless soil such as coarse ,medium

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 19

(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 20

Fluid soil-water mixture

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 21

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 23

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 24

It is difficult to adjust ω% in the soil to meet the 12.7 mm at 25

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 25

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 26

Cone Penetrometer Method (Fall Cone Method):

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 27

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 28

-If thread crumbles @ dia. greater >3

Plasticity Index (PI)= LL-PL

Pass sieve #40

*Soil Pass sieve #40

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 30

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 32

Chapter 3B: Physical and Index properties of soil 33

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