A.

TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT
Neutralization Of Acid Base

B. HE PURPOSE EXPERIMENT
Doing acid base titration by using indicator

C. LITERATURE REVIEW
Acids and bases are extremely common substances, as are their reactions with
each other. At the macroscopic level, acids taste sour (that is, lemon juice) and
react with bases to yield salts. Bases taste bitter (that is, tonic water) and react
with acids to form salts. Strong acids include:
1. Hydrochloric acid, HCl
2. Hydrobromic acid, HBr
3.Hydroiodic acid, HI
4. Nitric acid, HNO3
5. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
6. Chloric acid, HClO3
7. Perchloric acid, HClO4
Strong bases include:
1. Alkali metal (Group IA or Group 1) hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, and so on)
2. Calcium, strontium, and barium hydroxides. (Moore,2007:53-54)
Neutralization is a reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt
and water. The of an acid that can be strong or weak and the of a strong base
combine to form water as one product. The salt is the cation from the base
and the anion from the acid.In a neutralization reaction, one always
combines with one Therefore, a neutralization equation uses coefficients to
balance in the acid with the in the base.(Timberalake, 2009: 305)
Acids are a special group of compounds with a set of common properties.
This helps to distinguish them from other compounds.Another property of acids
is that they turn blue litmus paper red. Litmus paper is an indicator, which is a
substance that changes color depending on how acidic or basic something is. If
blue litmus paper turns red when it is dipped into a solution, then the solution is
an acid. Another property of acids that many people are familiar with is their
ability to cause burns to skin. This is why it is a bad idea to play with battery
acid or other acids.Other common bases include substances like Windex, Drano,
oven cleaner, soaps and many cleaning other products. As with acids, bases have
properties that allow us to distinguish them from other substances. We have
learned that acids turn blue litmus paper red. Bases turn red litmus paper blue.
Notice that the effect of the indicator is the opposite of that of acids. Most acids
have formulas that start with H. On the other hand, most of the bases we will be
using in this course have formulas that end with OH-. These bases contain the
polyatomic ion called hydroxide. When bases dissolve in water, they produce
hydroxide (OH-) ions. Because they dissolve into charged particles, bases will
also conduct electricity when they are dissolved. Although many people have
already heard of the danger of acids at causing burns, many bases are equally
dangerous and can also cause burns. It is important to be very careful and to
follow correct safety procedures when dealing with both acids and
bases.(Poulsen, 2012: 178)
Large amount Large amount.We can now describe how this buffer solution
maintains the When a small amount of acid is added, it combines with the
acetate ion (conjugate base) to produce more There will be a slight decrease in
the and a slight increase in , but the and thus the pH will not change very
much.(Timberlake, 2009: 308)
There are many applications for acid-base titrations, several of
which are routinely used analytical methods described in the appropriate topics.
1. The determination of the concentration of acid in foods and
pharmaceuticals.
2. The measurement of acid number (or base number) during the course of a
reaction. For example, in the production of polyester resins by the reaction
of a glycol with maleic and phthalic acids, the total acid remaining is
determined by titration of a weighed sample with potassium hydroxide
using phenolphthalein as indicator.
3. The Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination is a good example of a back
titration. The sample (for example, a food product) is oxidized by
concentrated sulfuric acid to remove carbonaceous matter. Excess sodium
hydroxide solution is then added, and the ammonia released is carefully
distilled off into a known volume of standard acid, such as 0.1 M boric acid.
The excess acid is then titrated with standard alkali. Automated titrations are
important in producing rapid, reproducible results in commercial and
research laboratories. Samples may be prepared and loaded using
mechanical pipets or direct weighing and dissolution methods. Titrant is
added to the sample titrand solution using peristaltic pumps, or burets driven
by pressure or piston systems. The addition is very reproducible after
accurate calibration. The progress of the titration is most often followed by
potentiometric measurements, as outlined above. (Kealy, 2002 : 94)
Change of color samples in equivalent point at different solvents Prepared
natural indicator samples were used for titration.Therefore, we can say that it
is always beneficial to use these natural indicators in acid base titrations
because of its economy, simplicity and availability. (Austin, 2016: 02)
In a titration, we place a measured volume of the acid in a flask and add a
few drops of an indicator such as phenolphthalein. In an acidic solution,
phenolphthalein is colorless. Then we fill a buret with a NaOH solution of
known molarity and carefully add NaOH solution to the acid in the flask In
the titration, we neutralize the acid by adding a volume of base that contains a
matching number of moles of We know that neutralization has taken place
when the phenolphthalein in the solution changes from colorless to pink. This
is called the neutralization endpoint. From the volume added and molarity of
the NaOH solution, we can calculate the number of moles of NaOH and then
the concentration of the acid.(Timberalake, 2009 : 306)
In the titration of a strong base-strong acid, strong acid-weak base and vice
versa, the equivalent point occurs at the time the titration takes place will not
be observed visually (by eye), because the color change of an indicator can
tera off on the mole titran is larger than at moltitrat, so that can be observed at
the time of titration is the end point titration.(Aritech, 2010,: 181)
Such are the data that we wish ultimately to model and explain for clays.
To gain insight into the processes that govern the acquisition or loss of
protons by the solid, it is useful to first examine the distribution of acid-base
species as a function of pH and ionic strength in the medium and the
corresponding electrical potential that is calculated for the surface of the
solid. In the case where the permanent suface charge is zero or negligible, the
log C-pH diagram of the surface acid-base species at high ionic strength
resembles that of a normal diprotic acid.(Environ, 1998: 2832).
The pH of water and most solutions changes drastically when a small
amount of acid or base is added. However, if a solution is buffered, there is
little change in pH. A buffer is a solution that maintains pH by neutralizing
added acid or base. For example, blood contains buffers that maintain a
consistent pH. If the pH of the blood goes slightly, changes in oxygen uptake
and metabolic processes can be drastic enough to cause death. Even though
we obtain acids and bases from foods and cellular reactions, the buffers in the
body absorb those compounds so effectively that the pH of the blood remains
essentially unchanged. In a buffer, an acid must be present to react with any
that is added, and a base must be available to react with any added However,
that acid and base must not be able to neutralize each other. Therefore, a
combination of an acid–base conjugate pair is used to prepare a buffer. Most
buffer solutions consist of nearly equal concentrations of a weak acid and a
salt containing its conjugate base. Buffers may also contain a weak base and a
salt containing its conjugate acid. For example, a typical buffer contains
acetic acid and a salt such as sodium acetate As a weak acid, acetic acid
dissociates slightly in water to form and a very small amount of The addition
of its salt provides a much larger concentration of the acetate ion which is
necessary for its buffering capability.(Timberlake, 2009 : 308)
However, any specifically adsorbed positive or negative ions on the gold
surface would result in an error in this measurement of AH.
 Ontheotherhand,thenegativelychargedsilicaprobe can induce an image charge
at the gold surface as the probe approaches the gold surface. The observed
attractive force between silica and clean gold in aqueous solutions suggests
that the gold surface was either originally uncharged or slightly positively
charged; the measured value forAH would be slightly overestimated in
thelattercase. Finally,thesnap-inphenomenonprevents accurate measurement
of forces existing at separations of less than the snap-in distance. In fact, this
is one of the limitations in using the passive cantilever, especially for
attractive interaction force measurements.(Bard, 1997,: 5117).
Organic compounds that can be used as an indicator in titration has
characteristics i.e. compounds provide the color change to changes the mood
of the pH. The color change can occur through the process of molecular shape
and balance of ions from the indicator compounds. For example the
compound becomes is an indicator of weak acid-strong base, changes the
equilibrium ion followed by a change in color from colorless to red in acidic
conditions in alkaline. Of the reaction equilibrium, it is known that the
indicator is in the form of compound ion which can produce changes in red.
The color changes due tothe phenol compounds in the form of ions undergo
delocalization quinoid form..(Aritech, 2010: 181).

D. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS

1. APPARATUS
a) Volumetric pipette 1 piece
b) Erlenmeyer 3 pieces
c) Funnel 1 piece
d) Burette 1 piece
e) Stative and clamp 1 piece
f) Spray bottle 1 piece
g) Label 3 pieces
2. CHEMICALS
a) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 0,2 M
 b) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 0,1 M
c) Aquades (H2O)
d) Phenolpthalein indicator
e) Universal indicator

E. WORK PROCEDURE
1. The burette is filled with 0.2 M NaOH solution.
2. 0,1 M HCl solution was inserted into the erlenmeyer flask using a 10 mL
measuring pipette.
3. pH of solution is measured with universal indicator.
4. Phenolftalein indicator is added 3 drop.
5. 1 mL NaOH solution is dropped from burette into HCl solution.
6. pH of solution is measured.
7. Titration is continued until changes ocuur from colorless to pink.
8. pH of solution is measured.
9. The final burette and volume of NaOH is recorded.
10. 1 mL NaOH solution was added again from burette and PH of solution
was measured.

F. OBSERVATION RESULT
Titratiaon Hydrochloric acid and Sodium hydroxide
Titration Additional
pH of Initial pH
Titration Advanced pH after 1 ML
HCl+NaOH of HCl
NaOH titration NaOH
9 12
1 1 2 6,5 mL

7 12
2 1 1 5,4 mL

9 12
3 1 1 5,2 mL

6,5+5,4+5,2
Volume of NaOHaverarage= = 5,7 𝑚
3
G. ANALYSIS OF DATA
1. pH of HCl solution before NaOH be added
Knowed
MHCl = 0,1 M
VHCl= 10 mL
Asked
pH = …?

Completion
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
[H+] = M. a
= 0,1 M x 1
= 0,1 M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log 10-1
= 1- log 1
=1–0
pH =1

2. pH of solution when adding 1 mL NaOH to 10 mL HCl solution 0,1 M

Knowed
VHCl = 10 mL
VNaOH = 1 mL
MHCl = 0,1 M
MNaOH = 0,2 M
Asked
pH = …?
Completion

nHCl = MHCl x VHCl

= 0,1 M x 10 mL
= 1 mmol

nNaOH = MNaOH x VNaOH

= 0,2 M x 1 mL
= 0,2 mmol
 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)
Initial = 1 mmol 0,2 mmol - -
React = 0,2 mmol 0,2 mmol 0,2 mmol 0,2 mmol
End = 0,8 mmol - 0,2 mmol 0,2 mmol

𝑛.𝐻𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑
MHCl = V.tot
0,8 mmol
= 11 mL

= 0,073 M
[H+] = MHCl × a
= 0,073 M x 1
= 7,3x10-2 M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (7,3x10-2)
= 2- log 7,3
= 2 – 0,86
= 1,14
3. pH of solution when reach equivalent point
Knowed
MHCl = 0,1 M
MNaOH = 0,2 M
VHCl = 10 mL
Asked
pH = …?
Completion
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 ∙ 𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 ∙ 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 ∙𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0,1 𝑀 𝑥 10 𝑚𝐿
𝑉1 = 0,2 𝑀

𝑉1 = 5 𝑚𝐿
𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = [𝐻𝐶𝑙] × 𝑉 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = 0,1 𝑀 × 10 𝑚𝐿
 𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = [𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] × 𝑉 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0,2 𝑀 × 5 𝑚𝐿
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(aq)
Initial: 1 mmol 1 mmol - -
React : 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
End : - - 1 mmol 1 mmol
In the reaction above, HCl and NaOH precise in finished react on
stoikiometric until on this pH = 7
[𝐻 + ][𝑂𝐻 − ] = 10−14

[𝐻 + ] = √10−14
[𝐻 + ] = 10−7
𝑝𝐻 = − log[𝐻 + ]
𝑝𝐻 = − log 10−7
𝑝𝐻 = 7
4. pH of solution after passed equivalent point is addition 1 mL of NaOH
knowed
[𝐻𝐶𝑙] = 0,1 𝑀
𝑉 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 10 𝑚𝐿
[𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] = 0,2 𝑀
𝑉 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 5 𝑚𝐿 + 1 𝑚𝐿 = 6 𝑚𝐿
Asked:
𝑝𝐻 = ⋯ ?
Solution:
𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = [𝐻𝐶𝑙] × 𝑉 𝐻𝐶𝑙
= 0,1 𝑀 × 10 𝑚𝐿
𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = [𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] × 𝑉 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 0,2 𝑀 × 6 𝑚𝐿
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 1,2 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂
Initial : 1 mmol 1,2 mmol - -
React : 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
End : - 0,2 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑑
[𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] =
𝑉 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
0,2 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 16 𝑚𝐿

[𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] = 0,0125 𝑀
[𝑂𝐻 − ] = 𝑀 ∙ 𝑏
= 0,0125𝑀 ∙ 1
[𝑂𝐻 − ] = 1,25 × 10−2 𝑀
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = − log[𝑂𝐻 − ]
= − log 1,25 × 10−2
= 2 − log 1,25
= 2 − 0,097
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 1,903

𝑝𝐻 = 14 − 𝑝𝑂𝐻
𝑝𝐻 = 14 − 1,903
𝑝𝐻 = 12,09

H. GRAPH ANALYSIS
1. Graph Based on Theory
14
12
pH of Solution

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Volume of NaOH (mL)
2. Graph Based on first Experment
15

pH of Solution
10

0
0 2 4 6 8
Volume of NaOH (mL)

3. Graph Based on second Experment

14
12
pH of Solution

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8
Volume of NaOH (mL)

4. Graph Based on third Experment

14
12
pH of Solution

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8
Volume of NaOH

I. DISCUSSION
Dalam percobaan kali ini, yang akan di bahas yaitu mengenai reaksi asam
dengan basa, dimana dalam prosesnya dilakukan dengan cara titrasi. Titrasi
merupakan prosedur yang bertujuan untuk menentukan banyaknya suatu larutan
dengan konsentrasi yang telah diketahui agar tepat habis bereaksi dengan
sejumlah larutan yang ingin diketahui kadarnya. Pada percobaan yang dilakukan,
beberapa larutan yang bersifat asam dan basa direaksikan adalah Asam Oksalat
(sebagai larutan standar primer), Natrium Hidroksida (NaOH) dan Asam Klorida
(HCl).
Langkah kerja pertama yang dilakukan yaitu dengan pembuatan larutan
standar primer, dimana asam oksalat sebagai bahan dalam
pembuatannya..Larutan standar ini digunakan sebagai acuan penghitungan
konsentrasi dari larutan yang akan dititrasi dalam langkah kerja selanjutnya.
Kemudian, setelah itu dilakukan langkah kerja dengan penghitungan
konsentrasi larutan NaOH yang direaksikan dengan larutan standar yang telah
dibuat. Larutan NaOH dalam proses ini disebut sebagai penitrasi karena larutan
tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam buret. Sebelum pengisian, buret terlebih dahulu
dibersihkan dengan larutan NaOH tersebut dengan sejumlah volum tertentu.
Tujuannya adalah untuk membersihkan buret dari berbagai bahan kimia lainnya
yang pernah dipakai agar hasilnya baik.Setelah itu di isi kembali buret tersebut
dengan larutan NaOH. Lalu, larutan asam oksalat dimasukkan ke dalam labu
erlenmeyer yang akan dititrasi dan diteteskan indikator PP. Indikator PP yang
digunakan yaitu untuk mengetahui pH larutan yang dititrasi. Pada saat dilakukan
titrasi, diperoleh hasil berupa warna larutan yang ditetesi sedikit demi sedikit
larutan NaOH berwarna merah muda gelap. Warna tersebut menandakan bahwa
penambahan larutan NaOH terlalu banyak, sehingga keasaman larutan asam
oksalat langsung melonjak menjadi larutan basa. indikator PP akan merubah
warna larutan basa, sebab pada indicator ini telah mencapai titik akhir perubahan
warna, dimana larutan basa yang ditambahkan indikator PP memiliki pH
lebihdari 10,0. Pada penghitungan volume NaOH secara teori berbeda hasilnya
dengan hasil percobaan, nilai keduanya berbeda dengan selisih tertentu. Selisih
nilainya dalam hal ini akibat adanya kesalahan titrasi sebab, dalam percobaan
larutan NaOH yang diteteskan terlalu banyak.
Langkah kerja terakhir yaitu menentukan konsentrasi larutan HCl dengan
mereaksikannya dengan larutan NaOH pula. Cara kerja yang dilakukan sama
dengan cara kerja sebelumnya. Dengan memasukkan larutan HCl ke dalam labu
Erlenmeyer dengan volume tertentu, didapatkan hasil perubahan warna yang
tidak terlalu merah muda. Ini berarti bahwa pada saat tersebut, larutan
menunjukkan sifat basa karena sudah muncul perubahan warna pada indikator
yang digunakan. Indikator pada larutan asam HCl tersebut sebelumnya tanpa
penambahan NaOH, tidak mengalami perubahan warna sebab pada indicator
tersebut belum mencapai titik akhir perubahan warna. Hal yang mendasarinya
adalah indikator PP memiliki trayek perubahan warna pada PH antara 8,3 – 10,
atau kata lainnya larutan asam memiliki pH kurang dari 8,3.

J. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

1. CONCLUSION
a. Acidic solution is a solution that has a pH <7 and an alkaline solution is a
solution that has a pH> 7, while a solution that has a pH = 7 is called a
neutral solution
b. HCl solution is acidic and NaOH solution is alkaline
for acid solutions, the smaller the concentration of a solution, the greater
the pH
c. for alkaline solutions, the greater the concentration of a solution, the
greater the pH
2. SUGGESTION
Suggestions that I can submit after the implementation of this practicum
should be if possible, before the practice begins the assistant counselor first
explains a little theory or things related to practicum carried out so that the
practitioner can find out the basic things in the experiment
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Poulsen. , Tracy., 2010. Introduction To ChemistryU.S. : CK-12
FOUNDATION

Timbelrlake,Karen , 2012, ChemistryU.S : Pearson

Kealey,D and P.J.Haines , 2002, Analitycal ChemistryU.K : BIOS Scientific

Publisher Limited

Moore, John T and Richard H Langley, 2007, Chemistry For The Utterly
Confused U.S.: McGraw-Hill

Kai Hu and Allen J. Bard 1997Use of Atomic Force Microscopy for the Study of
Surface Acid-Base Properties of Carboxylic Acid-Terminated Self-
Assembled MonolayersVol. 13, No. 19hal 5117

E n v i r o n . S c i ,T e c h n o l .1998On the Acid-Base Chemistry of

Permanently Charged MineralsVOL. 32, NO. 19hal 2832