CH01 Basic Concepts Reduced

Materials for Civil and
Construction Engineers
CHAPTER 1
Materials Engineering Concepts
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
INTRODUCTION
 Common civil  Other materials:
engineering materials:  aluminum
 steel  glass
 mineral aggregates  plastic
 concrete  fiber-reinforced
 masonry composites
 asphalt
 wood
 soil for geotechnical
engineers
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Construction Engineers,
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
Copyright ©
© 2016
2017 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc. 2
New Materials
Advances in  High performance
 polymers materials
 adhesives  higher strength to
 composites weight ratio
 geotextiles  improved durability
 coatings  lower costs
 synthetics
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
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2017 Pearson
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Education, Inc.
Inc. 3
Material Selection Considerations
 Economic factors  Emphasis
 Mechanical properties  client’s needs
 Non-mechanical  facility’s function
properties
 Production/construction
 Aesthetic properties
 Sustainable
considerations
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Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
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1.1 Economic Factors
Factors to be considered:
 availability and cost of raw materials
 manufacturing costs
 transportation
 placing
 maintenance
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1.2 Mechanical Properties
 Response of material to external loads
 All materials deform under load depending on:
 material properties
 magnitude and type of load
 geometry of the material element
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Loading Conditions
 Static (Dead) Loads – long term
 applied and removed slowly so no vibrations
 usually due to gravity
 Dynamic Loads – short term shock or vibration

 periodic – repeating wave form (rotating
equipment)
 transient – quick impulse that decays back to
resting (vehicles)
 random – never repeats (earthquake)
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Elastic Behavior
 Instantaneous response to load
 Returns to its original shape upon unloading
 stretches bonds between atoms without rearranging
them
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Linear & Non-Linear Behavior
 A linear material has a straight line stress-strain
graph
 An elastic material returns to its original shape
Non-linear elastic
Linear elastic
Non-linear
inelastic
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Properties of an Elastic Material
 Modulus of Elasticity or Young’s Modulus
E = ∆σ / ∆ε
 slope (rise over run) of the linear portion of stress-strain
curve
 Poisson’s Ratio
ν = -εl / εa
 relates lateral strain, εl, to axial strain, εa
 as material is stretched the cross section shrinks and vice
versa for compression
 Range = 0 to 0.5 (practically 0.1 to 0.45)
for Civil
Civil and
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Engineers, Fourth
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Generalized Hooke's Law
For axially loaded
 For three directions (3D = triaxial) members, no
stresses in the x
and y directions
σ x −ν (σ y + σ z )
εx = z
E
y
σ y −ν (σ z + σ x ) x
εy =
E σz = F A
σ z −ν (σ x + σ y )
σx =σy = 0
εz = σ z −ν (0 + 0)
E εz =
E
0 −ν (σ z + 0 ) −νσ z
εy = =
E E
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
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Education, Inc.
Inc. 11
Typical Moduli and Poisson’s Ratios
Material Modulus Poisson’s
(psi x 106) Ratio
Aluminum 10-11 0.33
Brick 1.5-2.5 0.23-0.40
Concrete 2-6 0.11-0.21
Limestone 8.4
Steel 29 0.27
Wood 0.9-2.2
for Civil
Civil and
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Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
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Elements of Stress-Strain Diagram
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
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Definitions
 Proportional Limit
 transition between linear and non-linear behavior
 Elastic Limit (Yield Point)
 transition between elastic and plastic behavior –
maximum stress with full recovery
 Yielding
 strain continues with little or no increase in stress
(after elastic limit)
 Ultimate Stress
 maximum stress on the curve (tensile or
compressive strength)
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Engineers, Fourth
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Definitions (Cont.)
 Rupture Stress
 point where specimen fractures or ruptures
 Brittle Material
 has little plastic deformation before failure (glass,
concrete)
 Ductile Material
 has lots of plastic deformation before failure
(structural steel, rubber)
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Civil and
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Engineers, Fourth
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Viscoelastic Behavior
Viscosity: Resistance to flow
(i.e., to shear force)
 for linear materials:
µ = shear stress/rate of
shear strain, unit Pa.s or
cP
Viscoelastic materials
 have both elastic and
viscous response
 have delayed response
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Viscoelastic materials
 Deformation depends on
o Duration of load
o Rate of loading
A quick shock or pulse may cause little
deformation, while a sustained load can cause
much deformation
o Temperature
Creep: Long-term deformation under constant load
 Asphalt concrete creeps
 Portland cement concrete creeps over decades
for Civil
Civil and
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Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
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 Rheological models
 used to model mechanically the time-dependent behavior of
materials
 basic rheological elements
Spring Dashpot St. Venant
 Rheological models are combinations of elements
Prandtl
Maxwell Kelvin
Burgers
Mamlouk/Zaniewski,
Materials for
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
Copyright ©
© 2016
2017 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc.
18
Temperature & Time Effects
 Temperature affects mechanical
behavior of all materials
 high temp = ductile
 low temp = brittle
 Impact fracture test measures toughness at different
temperatures
 Viscoelastic materials like asphalt and polymers are
greatly influenced by a change of only a few degrees
 Also, viscoelastic materials are affected by load
duration. The longer the load is applied, the larger is
the amount of deformation or creep
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 19
Work & Energy
Work (or Energy) = force x distance
Modulus of Resilience: energy required to reach yield
point
Toughness: energy required to fracture
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 20
Failure and Safety
Several ways to fail –
 fracture or breakage
 fatigue (repeated stress)
 general yielding
 buckling
 excessive deformation
For safety, structures are designed to carry loads
greater than anticipated
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
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2017 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc. 21
Factor of Safety
FS = (failure stress / allowable stress)
σ failure
FS = >1
σ allowable
FS is proportional to cost and is chosen by:
cost
material variability
accuracy in considering all loads
possible misuse
accuracy in measuring material response
(good testing?)
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
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© 2016
2017 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc. 22
1.4 Production and Construction
Production
 availability and ability to fabricate material into
desired shapes
Construction
 ability to build the structure on site (trained work
force)
o High early strength concrete used for early traffic
opening in pavement
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
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© 2016
2017 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc. 23
1.5 Aesthetic Characteristics
 The civil engineer is responsible for working with the
architect
 The mix of artistic and technical design skills makes
the project acceptable to the community
 Engineers should understand that there are many
factors beyond the technical needs that must be
considered
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
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2017 Pearson
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Education, Inc.
Inc. 24
1.6 Sustainable Design
 Sustainable design in the philosophy of designing
physical objects, the built environment and services
to comply with the principles of economic, social, and
ecological sustainability.
 The materials used for CE projects are important to
the sustainability of the project.
 The Green Building Council developed the
Leadership in Environment and Energy Design,
LEED, building rating system to evaluate the
sustainability of the project.
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
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2017 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc. 25
Sustainable Design (Cont.)
 For new construction and major renovations the rating
areas include:
 Sustainable sites
 Water efficiency
 Energy and atmosphere
 Materials and resources
 Indoor environmental quality
 Innovation in design
 Regional priority
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
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© 2016
2017 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc. 26
Experimental Error
Caused by 3 factors:
 Procedural errors
 are often undiscovered
 Machine errors (bias)
 if known and constant can be easily corrected
 Human errors
 minimize by repetition, double-checking, etc.
o Always do more than one test
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Engineers, Fourth
Fourth Edition.
Edition. Copyright
Copyright ©
© 2016
2017 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc. 27

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 Dynamic Loads – short term shock or vibration

Spring Dashpot St. Venant

 Rheological models are combinations of elements

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