A.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Acid-Base Neutralisation

B. AIM OF EXPERIMENT
Do Acid Base titration using indicators

C. LITERATUR REVIEW

Acid–base neutralization reactions are processes in which an acid

reacts with a base to yield water plus an ionic compound called a salt. Acids,
as we’ll see shortly, are compounds that produce 𝐻 + ions when dissolved in
water, and bases are compounds that produce 𝑂𝐻 − ions when dissolved in
water. Thus, a neutralization reaction removes 𝐻 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐻 − and ions from
solution, just as a precipitation reaction removes metal and nonmetal ions.
The reaction between hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide to
yield water plus aqueous sodium chloride (chemistry, Mc murry 2012:113)
The Arrhenius concept of acids and bases, while useful, has
limitations. For one thing, it is restricted to aqueous solutions. In 1923 the
Danish chemist Johannes Brønsted (1879–1947) and the English chemist
Thomas Lowry (1874–1936) independently proposed a more general
definition of acids and bases. Their concept is based on the fact that acid–base
reactions involve the transfer of 𝐻 + ions from one substance to another
(science, 2012:652)
An extension of the Brønsted defi nition of acids and bases is the
concept of the conjugate acid-base pair, which can be defi ned as an acid and
its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. The conjugate base of a
Brønsted acid is the species that remains when one proton has been removed
from the acid. Conversely, a conjugate acid results from the addition of a
proton to a Brønsted base. Every Brønsted acid has a conjugate base, and
every Brønsted base has a conjugate acid. For example, the chloride ion (Cl2)
is the conjugate base formed from the acid HCl, and H2O is the conjugate
base of the acid H3O1. Similarly, the ionization of acetic acid can be
represented as

The subscripts 1 and 2 designate the two conjugate acid-base pairs. Thus, the
acetate ion (CH3COO2) is the conjugate base of the acid CH3COOH. Both
the ionization of HCl (see Section 4.3) and the ionization of CH3COOH are
examples of Brønsted acid-base reactions. The Brønsted defi nition also
enables us to classify ammonia as a base because of its ability to accept a
proton:

In this case, NH14 is the conjugate acid of the base NH3, and OH2 is the
conjugate base of the acid H2O. Note that the atom in the Brønsted base that
accepts a H1 ion must have a lone pair (concept 2008: 545).
Among the several million known substances, many millions of
chemical reactions are possible. Beginning students are often bewildered by
the possibilities. How can I know whether two substances will react whether
they are mixed? How can I predict the products? Although it is not possible to
give completely general answers to these questions, it is possible to make
sense of chemical reactions. Most of the reactions we will study belong to one
of three types:
1. Precipitation reactions. In these reactions, you mix solutions of two ionic
substances, and a solid ionic substance (a precipitate) forms.
2. Acid–base reactions. An acid substance reacts with a substance called a
base. Such reactions involve the transfer of a proton between reactants.
3. Oxidation–reduction reactions. These involve the transfer of electrons
between reactants(gammon, 2009: 133)
We’ve mentioned acids and bases briefly on several previous
occasions, but now let’s look more carefully at both. In 1777, the French
chemist Antoine Lavoisier proposed that all acids contain a common
element: oxygen. In fact, the word oxygen is derived from a Greek phrase
meaning “acid former.” Lavoisier’s idea had to be modified, however,
when the English chemist Sir Humphrey Davy (1778–1829) showed in
1810 that muriatic acid (now called hydrochloric acid) contains only
hydrogen and chlorine but no oxygen. Davy’s studies thus suggested that
the common element in acids is hydrogen, not oxygen. The relationship
between acidic behavior and the presence of hydrogen in a compound was
clarified in 1887 by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927).
Arrhenius proposed that an acid is a substance that dissociates in water to
give hydrogen ions (H+) and a base is a substance that dissociates in water
to give hydroxide ions (OH):
An acid HA(aq) → H+(aq) + A-(aq)
A base MOH(aq) → M+(aq) + OH-(aq)
In these equations, HA is a general formula for an acid—for example, HCl
or HNO3—and MOH is a general formula for a metal hydroxide—for
example, NaOH or KOH (Mc murry 2012 : 120).
 An acid and a base always work together to transfer a proton.In other
words,a substance can function as an acid only if another substance
simultaneously behaves as a base.To be a Brønsted–Lowry acid,a
molecule or ion must have a hydrogen atom it can lose as an ion. To be a
Brønsted–Lowry base, a molecule or ion must have a nonbonding pair of
electrons it can use to bind the ion. Some substances can act as an acid in
one reaction and as a base in another.For example, H2O is a Brønsted–
Lowry base in Equation 16.3 and a Brønsted–Lowry acid in Equation
16.5. A substance capable of acting as either an acid or a base is called
amphiprotic.An amphiprotic substance acts as a base when combined with
something more strongly acidic than itself and as an acid when combined
with something more strongly basic than it self (chemistry 2012:654).
A acid base (ph) indicator are halo chromic chemical agents which are
added in small amonts to a solution to determine the pH(acidity or
basicity) of the solition visually and change the color with variation in pH,
Hence a pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H3o+) or
hydrogen ions (H+) I the Arrhenius Model. (8)
usually the indicators are
weak acids or bases which from ions by dissocating slighty, when
dissolved in water. Consider an indicator which is a weak acid, with the
formula Hin (prabhakar 2013:1).
The titrimetric analysis was conducted for strong acid against strong
base, strong acid against weak base weak acid against weak base, and
weak acid against weak base. For each of the titrimeric procedure, 3sets of
titrations were conducted with the four set of indicators i.e. methyl orange,
phenolphthalein, sesame indicum and new boulda laevis flower extracts;
the titrations were conducted with 25 ml, eachof the base with 2 drops of
the synthetic dye and 2 ml each of the flower extracts. Three sets of
reading were taken each for the indicators and the average volume of the
acid used were calculated (Abuh L Egu S.A 2017:12).
 Brønsted and Lowry defined an acid as the species (molecule or ion)
that donates a proton to another species in a proton-transfer reaction. They
defined a base as the species (molecule or ion) that accepts a proton in a
proton-transfer reaction. In the reaction of ammonia with water, the H2O
molecule is the acid, because it donates a proton. The NH3 molecule is a
base, because it accepts a proton. The dissolution of nitric acid, HNO3, in
water is actually a proton-transfer reaction, although the following
equation, which we used as an illustration of an Arrhenius acid, does not
spell that out.
HNO3(aq)H (aq) NO3(aq)±±£ H2O
To see that this is a proton-transfer reaction, we need to clarify the
structure of the hydrogen ion, H(aq). This ion consists of a proton (H) in
association with water molecules, which is what (aq) means. This is not a
weak association, however, because the proton (or hydrogen nucleus)
would be expected to attract electrons strongly to it self (General
chemistry 2017: 138).
The Arrhenius theory accounts for the properties of many common
acids and bases, but it has important limitations. For one thing, the
Arrhenius theory is restricted to aqueous solutions; for another, it doesn’t
account for the basicity of substances like ammonia (NH3) that don’t
contain OH groups. In 1923, a more general theory of acids and bases was
proposed independently by the Danish chemist Johannes Brønsted and the
English chemist Thomas Lowry. According to the Brønsted–Lowry
theory, an acid is any substance (molecule or ion) that can transfer a
proton ion) to another substance and a base is any substance that can
accept a proton (Chemistry sixth edition, 2012:539).
D. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS
1. Apparatus
a. Measuring pipette10 ml 1 unit
b. Erlenmeyer 3 units
c. Funnel 1 unit
d. Burette 1 unit
e. Stative and clamp 1 unit
f. Spray bottle 1 unit
g. Strring rod 1 unit
h. Rough laps 1 unit
i. Delicate laps 1 unit
2. Chemicals
a. Solution of hydrochloric acid (HCI) 0,1 M
b. Solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 0,2 M
c. Indicator phenolftalein
d. Indicator universal
e. Aquades
f. tissue

E. WORK PROCEDURES
1. Burette is filled with 50 ml of 0,2 M NaOH solution
2. 10 ml of 0,1 M HCI solution is incorporated into the Erlenmeyer flask
with the aid of a 10 ml measuring pipette. Furthermore, the pH of the
solution is measure by universal indicator. 3 drops of phenolftalein
indicator added to the HCI solution
3. The initial state (scale)in the burette is recorded, then 1 ml of NaOH
solution is dropped from the burette into the HCI solution carefully. Then
the pH of the solution is measured
 4. The titration continues until there is achange from colorless to pink, then
the pH of the solution is measure by universal indicator
5. The buried end state and volume of NaOH used are recorded
Titearion is repeated at least twice.

F. DISCUSSION
Reaksi netralisasi asam dan basa, atau basa dengan asam, bagaimana
konsetrasi [ H+] atau ph. Perhitungan [H+] dalam titrasi asam basa kuat
atau sebaliknya basa kuat dengan asam kuat tidak sukar sam sekali.
Perhitungan ini dapat dilakukan dengan membagi jumlah mol asam (atau
basa) yang tinggal dengan volume larutanya. Perhitunganya akan lebih
rumit bila kombinasi asam lemah dan asam kuat, atau yang melibatkan
asam kuat dan basa lemah. [H+] akan bergantung tidak hanya pada asam
basa yang tinggal, tetapi juga hedrolisis garam yang terbentuk. Plot [H+]
atau ph. Jumlah asam basa yang di tambahkan di sebut kurva titrasi. Kurva
titrasi bila volume awal asam VA, konsetrasi asam MA, dan volume basa
yang di tambahkan VB dan konsentrasinya adalah MB.
Prinsip dasar pada titrasi asam basa yaitu dengan menambahkan secara
hati hati larutan basa dengan konsentrasi yang diketahui dalam larutan
asam dengan konsetrasi yang tidak diketahui (atau penambahan asam ke
basa) untuk mencapai titik akhir. Titik akhir titrasi adalah titk dimana
larutan telah berubah warna menjadi merah muda. Titrasi asam basa
melibatkan asam maupun bas sebagai titer atau titran. Titrasi asam basa
berdasarkan reaksi penetralan. Kadar larutan asam ditentukan dengan
menggunakan larutan basa dan sebaliknya. Prinsip kerja pada titrasi asam
basa ini yaitu dengan pengukuran ph pada setiap penambahan natrium
hidroksida (NaOH), penambahan yang secara bertahap pada larutan yang
tidak diketahui konsetrasinyamenyebabkan reaksi kimia antara larutan
HCl dan NaOH dapat berlangsung sempurna dengan bantuan indicator
phenolftalein yang bertujuan untuk mencapai titik ekuivalen.
Berdasarkan praktikum netralisasi asam basa menggunakan larutan
HCl 0,1 M dan NaOH 0,2 M. pada praktikum kali ini dilakukan titrasi
asam basa dengan menggunakan indicator universal dan indicator
phenolftalein yaitu ph berisi larutan dari beberapa senyawa yang
menunjukkan beberapa perubahan warna pada rentang ph antara 1-14
untuk menunjukan keasaman atau kebasahan larutan. Ph adalah derajat
keasaman yang digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkat keasaman atau
kebasahan yang dimiliki olehsuatu larutan. Fungs indicator universal
adalah untu menunjukkan derajat keasaman atau kebasahan larutan dan
fungsi penambahan 3 tetes indicator phenolftalein yaitu sebagai penunjuk
bahwa telah berlangsungnya perubahan suasana larutan dari asam ke basa.
Berdasarkan teori netralisasi asam basa, menggunakan 0,1 M HCl dan
NaOH 0,2 M dapat menunjukan titik setara dengan bantuan indicator
penolftalein. Secara teori, ph titrasi HCl sebelum iniadalah biasanya antara
1 dan 2. Kemudian ketika di tambahkan 1 ml NaOH ph akan meningkat
menjadi 2 atau 3. Kemudian titrasi dilakukan hingga mencapai titik yang
setara dengan ph 7. Kemudian jika dalam menambahkan NaOH lagi oleh
sebanyak 1 ml, ph akan berubah ke 11 atau 12. Sebuah ph 7 menunjukkan
titik setara berarti bahwa solusi telah netral. Ph 11 atau 12 menunjukkan
bahwa solusi yang telah menjadi dasar.
Percobaan ini dilakukan yang sama sebanyak 3 kali, mengurangi
pengukuran dilakukan untuk memperoleh data yang lebih akurat dan
titrasi pertama ph larutan di peroleh seperti yang kita lakukan adalah 8
dengan NaOH volume 0,2 M 3 ml, titrasi kedua ph larutan diperoleh
keduanya adalah 8 dengan volume NaOH 0,2 M ml. jika dilihat dari teori
ph setelah di titrasi harus memiliki 7 sementara 2 eksperimen lain
menghasilkan ph 8 dengan volume yang sama NaOH. Satu hal yang
 menyebabkan percobaan ketiga kami melakukuan sedikit berbeda dengan
teori karena hal ini menyebabkan dari banyak hal, seperti kurang focus
ketika penitrat penambahan NaOH oleh titrasi dan kurang tepat pada
tekhnik berputar Erlenmeyer dan menggunakan buret.

G. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

1. Conclusion
Based on praction work has been done, it can be concluded that the
acid-base titration can be done by using indicators or using a pH meter. In this
experiment does is acid base titration using indicators. Acid-base titration
using indicators based on the neutralization reaction of an acid with a base.
On the experiment produces a pH = 7. At that point the equivalent amount of
acid titrated, equivalent to the amount used. To determine the equivalent point
usually used an indicator phenolftalein, i.e. a substance that changes color
depending on the pH of the solution. Change the color of a particular indicator
color change occurred that is pink, then the point is not always connecting
with point equivalent and the difference is called the error a titration. With the
selection of appropriate indicators, we can minimize the error of this titration.
2. Suggestion
My suggestion should assistant prepares a sample as an example for
the students who did the experiment. I think it is very helpful to get a good
result. The calmness should also be able to keep good assistants or
students who conduct experiments.
 BIOLOGRAPHY

Chemistry. (2012). Mc murry. USA, 539

Chemistry. (2012). McMurry. USA, 113.

Concept, G. C. (2008). Raymond Chang And Jason Overby. America, 545.

Gammon, D. D. (2009). General Chemistry. USA, 133.

Science, C. T. (2012). Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LEMay, Jr. Bruce E. Bursten,

Catherine J. Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward. USA, 652.

CHEMISTRY SIXTH EDITION, (2012). JOHN E. MCMURRY, ROBERT C. FAY,

and JORDAN FANTINI. america, 120.

Science, C.T. (2012). theodore L. brown, H. eugene lemay, Jr. bruce E. bursten,
catherine J. murphy, patrick M. woodward. USA, 654.

Plant extracts as acid base indicator: An overview (2013). prabhakar sharman,

ramchandra gupta, sunil roshan, sandeep sahu, shyamji tantuway, ajay
shukla, ashish garg. 1

Extracts of sesamum indicum and newbouldia laevis flovis flowers as substitute

indicators in acid-base neutralisation. 2017 Abuh L. O. Egu S.A, John R,
and Isah A.A. Nigeria, 12.

General chemistry, Darrell D. Ebbing and Steven D. Gammon. 2017:138

A. Questions and Assignments
a) Explain what is the equivalent point
b) Calculate the theoretical pH of the solution before the addition of NaOH,
when the addition of one mL NaOH, when reached an equivalent point
and after passing the equivalent point!
c) Create a reaction titration curve between HCl with NaOH!
B. Answers to questions and assignments
a) The equivalence point is the point where the ratio reacts = the number of
bases that react. This is commonly done in alkaline acid titration.
Commonly used indicators such as Phenolphthalen to see the changes
occurring. If the color of the solution is red, then the indicator is already
visible and that is where the equivalence point.
b) Before the add of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
HCL H+ + Cl-
Note : MHCl = 0,1 M
VHCl = 0,1 ml
Ask : pH………??
Aswer:
[H+] = M × a
[H+] = 0,1 × 1
= 10-1
pH = - log [H+]
= - log 10-1
=1
c)
14
PH OF THE SOLUTION

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VOLUME OF NAOH
 APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Basic Experiment with the title “Neutralization of Acid

Base” that erranged by :

Name : Husnul Khatimah

ID : 1912442001

Class : ICP Of Physics Education

Grup : 2 (Two)

Has been checked bt assistant and assistant coordinator so this report was accepted.

Makassar, September 2019

Assintant coordinator, Assistant

Asma Ninin Kurnia

ID.1513040005
Lisnawati
ID.1513040005

Know by,
Responsibility Lecturer,

Dr.Eng.Sulfikar, S.Si., M.T

 ID. 19701202 199802 2001

DOCUMENTATION

Filled the burette with a solution Filled the Erlenmeyer flask with
of NaOH 0,2 M 10 ml of HCI 0,1 M
Measure the pH of HCI with Added 3 drops of indicator
with indicator universal phenolftalein to HCI

Added 1 ml of NaOH to HCL Measure the pH of the solution

Continue the titration until the color check the last pH of the solution
of solution become pink

The color of solution turn out to pink color