AMA UNIVERSITY ONLINE EDUCATION

Panay Avenue, Quezon City

LESSON 5:
DIFFERENTIATION
DERIVATIVES OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

1. Develop some important theorems that will enable us to
calculate derivatives more efficiently.
2. Develop techniques for differentiating a functions whose
derivatives are known.
3. Derive a formula that express the derivative of a
composition f o g in terms of the derivatives of f and g.
4. Perform the different methods for differentiating functions
for which the form express in an implicit form.
DERIVATIVES Introduction to Derivatives

The derivative and the integral are two central concepts of

calculus. Calculus is a course of study that deals primarily with
the systematic development of these two concepts and their
numerous applications.

The process of finding the derivative of a function is called

differentiation and the branch of calculus dealing with this
process is called differential calculus.
DERIVATIVES Introduction to Derivatives

Differentiation is an important mathematics tool in physics,

mechanics, economics and many other disciplines which
involve change and motion.
DERIVATIVES Introduction to Derivatives

The Symbol 
Any changes in a variable, quantity is called an increment.
This symbol used to denote this change or increment. We
regard x as the variable, then the symbol x (read delta x)
denotes the increment of x. Is not a number or variable,
the symbol x is a variable, either positive or negative but
not zero.
DERIVATIVES Definition of Derivatives of a Function

The Slope of a straight line is defined as the tangent of its

angle of inclination or the ratio of the change in vertical
distance ( rise) to the change in horizontal distance (run) at
the point moves along the line.

dy y 2 -y1
Eq.1 m = tanα = =
dx x 2 -x1
DERIVATIVES Definition of Derivatives of a Function

The slope of a straight line is constant while the slope of a

curve line is not. To find the slope of a function at any point,
we try to find the slope of the tangent to the curve that
particular point. Suppose that point P and Q are any two point
on the curve y = f(x). Let the coordinate of P and Q be (x,f(x))
and (x + Δx, f(x + Δx)) respectively. Therefore the slope of the
line called secant.
y2  y1 f  x  x   f  x  f  x  x   f  x 
Eq.2 m(sec)   
x2  x1  x  x   x x
DERIVATIVES Definition of Derivatives of a Function

The slope of the secant line varies by smaller and smaller

amount approaches a constant limiting value, therefore the
limiting value is said to be the slope of the tangent to the
curve at the point P(x,f(x)) or the slope of the curve at (x, f(x)
is

y2  y1 f  x  x   f  x 
Eq.3 lim m(sec)   lim
x 0 x2  x1 x 0 x
DERIVATIVES Definition of Derivatives of a Function

The slope of a function at a given point is the first derivative of

the function at the given point. The derivative of a function f
given by y=f(x) with respect to x at any x in its domain is the
number.

dy y f  x  x   f  x 
Eq.4  lim  lim
dx x 0 x x 0 x
DERIVATIVES Definition of Derivatives of a Function

dy
The symbol should be considered as the limiting value
dx
y dy
of the fraction as x  0. The symbol may also
x dx
d d
interpreted as y. The expression indicates the process
dx dx
of finding the " derivative with respect to x of y"

dy
In addition to , other symbols used for the derivative of y=f(x) are
dx
df
f '  x  , y ', Dx f , and
dx
DERIVATIVES Steps in Finding the Derivatives

1. Consider the function y = f(x) and find f (x + x) by replacing

x with x + x in the function for f(x).
2. Compute f (x + x) - f(x). Combine like terms.
f ( x  x)  f ( x)
3. Divide by x to obatin
x
f ( x  x)  f ( x)
4. Find the limit as x to obtain f(x) = lim
x 0 x
DERIVATIVES EVALUATING THE DERIVATIVES OF A
FUNCTION

Example 1. Find the first derivative of f  x   x 2 using the

four step rule.
f  x  x   x 2
2

f '  x   lim ( Replace x with "x + x" )

x 0 x
x 2  2 xx   x   x 2
2

= lim
x 0 x
2 xx   x 
2

= lim (Compute f (x + x) - f(x). Combine like terms)

x 0 x
x  2 x  x 
= lim ( Get the common monomial x and divide it)
x 0 x
= lim 2 x  x
x 0

= 2x  0  FInd the limit 

= 2x
DERIVATIVES EVALUATING THE DERIVATIVES OF A
FUNCTION
Example 2. Find the first derivative of f  x   x3 -12x + 8.
f  x  x   f  x 
f ' x  lim
x 0 x
f  x  x   12  x  x   8   x 3  12 x  8 
3

 lim ( Replace x with " x+x " )

x 0 x
x3  3x 2  3x  x    x   12 x  12x  8  x  12 x  8
2 3 3

 lim
x 0 x
3x 2 x  3x  x    x   12x
2 3

 lim
x 0 x

 lim

x 3x 2  3x  x    x   12
2

x 0 x
 lim 3x 2  3x  x    x   12
2

x 0

 3x 2  3x  0    0   12
2

 3x 2  0  0  12
 3x 2  12
DERIVATIVES EVALUATING THE DERIVATIVES OF A
FUNCTION

4
Example 3. Find the first derivative of f  x  
x
f  x  x   f  x  4x
f ' x  lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x  x  x    x 
4 4
 4
 lim x  x x ( Replace x with " x+x " )  lim
x 0 x
x 0 x  x  x 
4 x  4 x  4x 4

x  x  x  x  x  0
 lim
x 0 x 4
4x 
x  x
x  x  x 
 lim 4
x 0 x 
x2
DERIVATIVES EVALUATING THE DERIVATIVES OF A
FUNCTION
1
Example 4. Find the first derivative of y 
1  2x

f  x  x   f  x  2  x 
y '  lim  lim
x 0 x
x 0 [1  2 x  2  x   1  2 x ]x
1 1 2
  lim
1  2  x  x  1  2 x     1  2 x 
x 0 1  2 x  2 x
 lim
x 0 x
2
1 1 

1  2 x  2  x  1  2 x 1  2 x  2  0   1  2 x 
 lim 2
x 0 x 
1  2 x  1  2 x  2  x  1  2 x 1  2 x 
 lim
1  2 x  2  x   1  2 x 

2
1  2 x 
2
x 0 x
2  x  2

 lim
1  2 x  2  x   1  2 x  1  4 x  4 x2
x 0 x
 DERIVATIVES EVALUATING THE DERIVATIVES OF A
FUNCTION

Example 5. Find the first derivative of y  4 x  3

f  x  x   f  x 
y '  lim
x 0 x 4
4  x  x   3  4 x  3

 lim 4  x  0  3  4x  3
x 0 x
4
4  x  x   3  4 x  3 4  x  x   3  4 x  3 
 lim  4x  3  4x  3
x 0 x 4  x  x   3  4 x  3 4

 lim
4 x  4  x   3  4 x  3 2  4x  3 
x 0
x  4  x  x   3  4 x  3  
2
4  x  4x  3
 lim
x 0
x  4  x  x   3  4 x  3 
4
 lim
x 0
4  x  x   3  4 x  3
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

RULE 1: The derivative of a constant is zero.

d
C = 0
dx

Example:.
y = 7 , y' = 0
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

RULE 2: The derivative of x is 1.

d
x = 1  Identity Function Rule 
dx

Example: y = 5x ,
y = 5, then y' = 5
y = x, then y' = 1

y' = 5 1
= 5
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

RULE 3: The derivative of the nth power of a variable is the

product of n and the (n-1)st power of the variable
d n
x  nx n 1
dx
Examples:
a. y = x 3 , then y '  3x 31 = 3x 2
b. y = x 10 , then y '  -10x 101 = -10x 11
2 2 1
2 3 1 2 
c. y = x ,3
then y '
x = x 3
3 3
1 1 6
 1  5 1 1 5
d. y = x , 5
then y  - x
'
=- x
5 5
1 1 1
1 1 1  1 1 2 x
e. y = x, then y  x 2 = x 2  x 2  1 
'

2 2 2 x 4x
2x 2
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

RULE 4: The derivative of the nth power of a variable is the

product of n and the (n-1)st power of the variable
d n
x  nx n 1
dx
Examples:
a. y = x 3 , then y '  3x 31 = 3x 2
b. y = x 10 , then y '  -10x 101 = -10x 11
2 2 1
2 3 1 2 
c. y = x ,3
then y '
x = x 3
3 3
1 1 6
 1  5 1 1 5
d. y = x , 5
then y  - x
'
=- x
5 5
1 1 1
1 1 1  1 1 2 x
e. y = x, then y  x 2 = x 2  x 2  1 
'

2 2 2 x 4x
2x 2
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

RULE 5: The derivative of the sum and difference of a finite

number of differentiable functions is the sum and difference of
their derivatives.
d du dv
 u  v   u ' v' or 
dx dx dx
Examples:

a. y = 7x 2 + 6x + 2, then y' = 2  7  x 2-1 + 1 6  x1-1 = 14x + 6

b. y = 3x 5 + 7x 2 then y' = 5  3  x 5-1 + 2  7  x 2-1 = 15x 4 +14x
1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1  3 4
c. y = 4x + 3x - 7 then y' =  4  x +  3  x -7 = 2x  x
-1 -1
2 4 2 4 2
2 4 4
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

RULE 5: The derivative of the sum and difference of a finite

number of differentiable functions is the sum and difference of
their derivatives.
d du dv
 u  v   u ' v' or 
dx dx dx
Example:
1 1
4
d. f(x) = 3
x+ + x then y' = x 2 +4x -1 +x 2
x
1 1
1 3 -1 1 2 -1
y= x +  -1 4x + x
-1-1

3 2
2 1
1 -3 -2 1 -2
y = x - 4x + x
3 2
2
1 -3 4 1
y= x - 2 + 1
3 x
2x 2
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

RULE 6: The derivative of the product of two differentiable

function is equal to the first function times the derivative of the
second function plus the second function times the derivative
of the first function.
d dv du
 uv   uv ' vu' or u  v
dx dx dx
Example: a. y   x3  4   x  3 . Find the first derivative.
u = x 3 + 4, then u' = 3x 2
v = x + 3 then v' =1
y'=  x 3 +4  1 +  x+3   3x 2 
=x 3 + 4 + 3x 3 + 9x 2
= 4x 3 + 9x 2 + 4
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

Example: b. y   
x  3  x2  6.
1 1
1 2 1 1 2
u = x + 3, then u' = x  0  x
2 2 3 3 1
1 2 -
v = x 2 + 6 then v' =2x = 2x + 6x + x + 3x 2
2
2
 1  12 
y'=  
x + 3  2x +  x + 6   x 
2
5 2
3
= x + 6x + 3x 2
-
1

2 
 1 1
2
1 2+ -  6 -
= 2x x + 6x + x  2  + x 2 5 3 3
2 2 = x + 6x +
3 1 2 x
1 2 -
= 2x x + 6x + x + 3x 2
2
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

Example: c. w   6 x  7   5 x 2  1 .
2

u =  6x-7  , then u' = 2  6x-7  6 

2 2-1

=2  6x-7  6 
=12  6x-7 
= 72x - 84

v =  5x 2 + 1 , then v' = 2  5  x 21  0

= 10x
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

Example: c. w   6 x  7   5 x 2  1 .
2

  6 x  7  10 x    5 x 2  1  72 x  84 
2

  6 x  7  6 x  7 10 x    5 x 2  1  72 x  84 
  6 x  7  6 x  7 10 x   12  5 x 2  1  6 x  7 
  6 x  7  [ 6 x  7 10 x   12  5 x 2  1]
  6 x  7  [60 x 2  70 x  60 x 2  12)
  6 x  7  [120 x 2  70 x  12]
 720 x3  1260 x 2  562 x  84
DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

4x  5 u = 4x - 5, then u' = 4
Example: d. y 
2x  1 v = 2x+1, then v' = 2

 2 x  1 4    4 x  5 2 
vu' - uv' y' =
 2 x  1
2
y' =
v2 8 x  4  8 x  10
=
 2 x  1
2

14
=
 2 x  1
2
THANK YOÜ