Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Faculty of Engineering

Academic Session 2019/2020 Semester 1

KNU1033 Energy, Environment And Society

Report: Energy supply and demand in Malaysia

Name Khairul Anwar bin Zainuddin

Matric Number 64816
Year of Study Second Year First Semester
Faculty and Faculty of Engineering
Programme WK18 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Course Lecturer Dr Md Rezaur Rahman (Course Coordinator)
Submission Date 16th October 2019
 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

TABLE OF CONTENT

No. Content Page

1 Introduction 3-7

2 The utilization of energy to produce power requires 8

3 The ability to produce the power at the time desired 9

4 Mismatch between the supply and demand 10

5 The storing of some form of energy that can be drawn upon at a later 10
time to perform some useful operation

6 Reference 11

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 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

1. INTRODUCTION

Graph 2.1 : Total primary energy supply by source in Malaysia (1990-2017)i

Year Coal Oil Natural Nuclear

Wind, Hydro
Biofuels and
(ktoe) (ktoe) gas (ktoe) (ktoe) (ktoe)
solar, etc. waste (ktoe)
(ktoe)
1990 1355 11476 6801 - 343 - 1247
1995 1613 18204 12354 - 535 - 1253
2000 2308 19402 24729 - 599 - 1264
2005 6888 24895 31870 - 446 - 1080
2010 14601 25317 31195 - 556 - 817
2015 17517 27654 37538 - 1197 23 667
2017 20741 29018 32210 - 2285 28 600
Table 2.1 : Total primary energy supply by source in Malaysia from 1990-2017ii

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 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

Graph 2.2 : Total final consumption by source in Malaysia (1990-2017)iii

Year Coal Heat Crude Oil Natural Wind, Biofuels Electricity

oil products gas solar, and
etc. waste
1990 513 - - 9320 1093 - 767 1715
1995 712 - - 15215 1935 - 711 3375
2000 991 - - 18323 3863 - 669 5263
2005 1344 - - 21405 6981 - 623 6944
2010 1826 - - 23956 6254 - 173 9532
2015 1778 - - 27607 9566 - 389 11397
2017 1804 - - 28962 16838 - 380 12607
Table 2.2 : Total final consumption by source in Malaysia (1990-2017)iv

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 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

Graph 2.3: Consumption by sector from 1990 to 2017v

Year Industry Transport Residential Commercial Agriculture Fishing Non- Non-

and public / forestry specified energy
services use
1990 5566 4882 1331 791 - - - 838
1995 8643 6899 1642 1323 17 429 - 2994
2000 11746 10811 1984 2214 4 100 - 2250
2005 15954 13685 2432 2951 2 99 - 2174
2010 14924 14927 2824 4296 34 1039 - 3696
2015 15188 21097 3147 4468 246 664 - 5928
2017 17781 20946 3740 4574 434 599 - 12517
Table 2.3 : Energy Consumption by sector from 1990 to 2017 vi

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 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

Supply and Demand of Energies in 2017

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0

Supply Demand

Graph 2.4: Supply and Demand of Energies in 2017

Table 2.4 : Population in Malaysia from 2010 to 2019vii

Energy resource is important in human civilisation throughout human history. With

energy resource, humans are able to do almost everything, for example, to move a car so that
people will be able to reach their destination in shorter time. There are 5 fundamental sources
of energy, such as nuclear fusion in the Sun, gravity generated by the Earth & Moon, nuclear
fission reactions, energy in the interior of the Earth, and energy stored in chemical bonds
(Nelson, 2015).

In this world of globalization, energy is undeniably one of the most significant driving
forces necessary for a nation to advance in almost every aspect and perspectives, such as
economical aspect. Malaysia is no exception in the flow of development, hence energy

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 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

supply and demand play the important roles towards a brighter future. Malaysia have been
blessed with variety of energy resources such as oil, coal, biomass, hydropower plants and so
on. Traditionally, energy production in Malaysia has been based around oil and natural gas.
However, Malaysia only has 33 years of natural gas reserves, and 19 years of oil reserves,
whilst the demand for energy is increasing. Due to this the Malaysian government is
expanding into renewable energy sources (Selamat, 2008).

In this report, there are several aspects that will be discussed. This discussion will be
based on Malaysia, that is, the utilization of energy to produce power requires, the ability to
produce the power at the time desired, mismatch between the supply and demand and lastly
the storing of some form of energy that can be drawn upon at a later time to perform some
useful operation.

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 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

2. THE UTILIZATION OF ENERGY TO PRODUCE POWER REQUIRES

Energy utilization focuses on technologies that can lead to new and potentially more
efficient ways of using energy in residential, commercial and industrial as well as in the
transportation sector.

The energy policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian Government, which

address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption. The Ministry of Energy,
Green Technology and Water has identified three principal energy objectives in guiding the
development of its energy sector that is ‘Supply’, ‘Utilisation’ and ‘Environmental’. Focuses
on the ‘Utilisation’, the purpose of the utilisation is to promote the efficient utilisation of
energy and discourage wasteful and non-productive patterns of energy consumption. The
policy's approach to realise this objective is to rely heavily on the energy industry and
consumers to exercise efficiency in energy production, transportation, energy conversion,
utilisation and consumption through the implementation of awareness programs. Demand
side management initiatives by the utilities, particularly through tariff incentives, have had
some impact on efficient utilisation and consumption. Government initiatives to encourage
cogeneration are also aimed at promoting an efficient method for generating heat energy and
electricity from a single energy source (Wikipedia, 2019).

By referring to the graphs and tables shown in the Introduction part, it can be
concluded that the energies supply and demand are increasing year by years. This due to the
factors such as population increase, technology change and country development by sector
that is shown in graph 2.3, table 2.3 and table 2.4. As shown in Graph 2.1 and Table 2.1, the
trend for all the sources generation/supply is increasing year by years, except nuclear, since
there is no nuclear generation. Although the country has met the requirements based from
observations by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the government has
decided not to construct nuclear power plants (Wikipedia, 2018).

To improve energy utilities, The Malaysian Energy Commission has set up various
energy efficiency programs to achieve a good utilisation of energy to produce power requires.
For example, Putrajaya has the aspiration of becoming a "Green City" by 2025, while
Iskandar Malaysia has developed a "Low-Carbon Society Blueprint". There are significant
opportunities to improve energy efficiency in urban areas, where 73% of Malaysia's
population live and over 90% of Malaysia's economic activity is conducted. Johor Bahru, for
example, with estimation, able to reduce its emissions by 2025 through a range of cost-
effective investments, such as switching from diesel to natural gas in the rubber and
petrochemical industries, introducing mandatory energy performance standards for
appliances such as air conditioners and so on. Furthermore, Electricity Regulation 1994 has
introduced labelling systems and performance standards for air conditioners, refrigerators,
domestic fans and televisions (Wikipedia, 2019).

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 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

3. THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE THE POWER AT THE TIME DESIRED

Figure 4.1: The role of an energy storage device between energy supply and user.

Figure 4.2: Variation of energy in storage during one cycle period.

A utility grid supplies power output variation that fluctuates on a time scale of hours,
consistent with the activities of the customers. Grid energy storage is used to store electrical
energy on a large scale within an electrical power grid. Electrical energy is stored during
times when production exceeds consumption and returned to the grid when production falls
below consumption. This enabled the energy storage during peak production and release
during peak demand. Another purpose of grid storage are the use of power plants at its peak
to fill in supply gaps and demand response to shift load to other times. Any electrical power
grid must match electricity production to consumption, both of which vary drastically over
time. By doing this, the advantages are fuel-based power plants can be more efficiently and
easily operated at constant production levels. Second, electricity generated by intermittent
sources can be stored and used later. Third, saving the expense of peak or transmission
capacity. Lastly, emergency preparedness (Wikipedia, 2019).

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 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

4. MISMATCH BETWEEN THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND

There are several difficulties to match supply and demand of energy in Malaysia.
First, the uncertainty in both supply and demand. Second, changing customer requirement.
By referring graph 2.3 and table 2.3, consumption by sector such as industry, residential,
commercial and public services, agriculture and forestry are increasing from time to time.
Third, exponential growth in Malaysia. By referring table 2.4, the population growth in
Malaysia up to 2017 is increasing. More populations means more energy demand. Forth, the
accessibility of fuels and the cost of exploration. Fifth, Changes in technology are not easily
regulated to the need.

In order to match supply and demand, there are several methods taken by the power
utilities. First, selling low-cost power to interruptible users such as industrial plants. Second,
calling a rapid start-up of standby power sources that can meet demand requirements in
minutes. Third, calling on power supply from interruptible energy supply. Forth, selling
excess capacity or power supply to users with different demand characteristics. Fifth, wasting
excess power. Lastly, employing combinations of the above.

5. THE STORING OF SOME FORM OF ENERGY THAT CAN BE DRAWN

UPON AT A LATER TIME TO PERFORM SOME USEFUL OPERATION
Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time.
Energy comes in multiple forms including radiation, chemical, gravitational potential,
electrical potential, electricity, elevated temperature, latent heat and kinetic.

There are several types of energy storage. First, mechanical storage. Energy can be
stored in water pumped to a higher elevation using pumped storage methods or by moving
solid matter to higher locations gravity batteries. Other commercial mechanical methods
include compressing air and flywheels that convert electric energy into kinetic energy and
then back again when electrical demand peaks. Second, thermal storage. It is the temporary
storage or removal of heat. Examples of thermal storage are Sensible heat thermal energy
storage and Latent heat thermal energy storage. Third, electrochemical storage.
Electrochemical energy storage is a method used to store electricity under a chemical form.
This storage technique benefits from the fact that both electrical and chemical energy share
the same carrier, the electron. This common point allows to limit the losses due to the
conversion from one form to another. Example of electrochemical storage are rechargeable
battery. Forth, chemical storage. For example, fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are utilized in the
many forms in which they are found in nature, that is gaseous, liquids and solids. They are
further processed and graded to have specific physical properties for use in various
applications that require them. Fifth, electrical storage. For example, capacitor. It is used to
store energy electrostatically. A capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from
its charging circuit, so it can be used like a temporary battery, or like other types of
rechargeable energy storage system.

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 Faculty of Engineering
KNU1033 Energy, Environment and Society
2019/2020 Semester 1
KHAIRUL ANWAR BIN ZAINUDDIN, 64816

6. REFERENCE

i
1) https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=MYS&isISO=true
ii
2) https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=MYS&isISO=true
iii
3) https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=MYS&isISO=true
iv
4) https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=MYS&isISO=true
v
5) https://www.iea.org/statistics/
vi
6) https://www.iea.org/statistics/
vii
7) https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=aWJZRkJ4UEdK
cUZpT2tVT090Snpydz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09

8) (n.d.). Retrieved from http://aseanrenewables.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/MY-

Malaysia_Rev03.pdf

9) Nelson, S. A. (19 October, 2015). Tulane University. Retrieved from Physical Geology:
https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/energy.htm

10) Selamat, S. (26 September, 2008). The School of Environmental Engineering Universiti
Malaysia Perlis. Retrieved from Renewable Energy and Kyoto Protocol: Adoption in
Malaysia:
https://web.archive.org/web/20100430012655/http://publicweb.unimap.edu.my/~ppkas/h
ome/index.php/news/articles/29-renewable-energy-and-kyoto-protocol-adoption-in-
malaysia

11) Wikipedia. (17 December, 2018). Retrieved from Nuclear energy in Malaysia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malaysia

12) Wikipedia. (19 September, 2019). Retrieved from Energy Policy in Malaysia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia

13) Wikipedia. (10 October, 2019). Retrieved from Grid energy storage:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_energy_storage

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