Cardio

Vascular system Review Topic- 5 th long Exam Review

Basic Terminology

Cranial- forward, towards the head
Caudal- backward,towards the rear
Dorsal- towards the backbone
Ventral- towards the belly
Lateral- towards the side
Medial- towards the midline
Proximal- closer to the body
Distal- farther from the body



Blood-vascular system

Closed system - Closed circulatory systems have the blood closed at all times within
vessels of different size and wall thickness. In this type of system, blood is pumped
by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities.

Open system- pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the
circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities,
where tissues are surrounded by the blood. e.g invertebrates insects, arthropods,
mollusks- Structure no separation between blood & interstitial fluid and
hemolymph.


Heart

Arteries - Arteries are blood vessels responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood
away from the heart to the body.
Veins- Veins are blood vessels that carry blood low in oxygen from the body back to
the heart for reoxygenation.
Capillaries- point of exchange, thin wall
capillary beds = networks of capillaries


Classes of veins:

Systemic veins: The systemic veins may be arranged into three groups:
(1) The veins of the heart.
(2) The veins of the upper extremities, head, neck, and thorax, which end in the
superior vena cava.
(3) The veins of the lower extremities, abdomen, and pelvis, which end in the
inferior vena cava.

Pulmonary veins

The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the heart. The largest pulmonary veins are the four main pulmonary veins, two from
each lung that drain into the left atrium of the heart.

Portal veins or portal systems

a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed pools into another capillary bed
through veins, without first going through the heart.

Blood (red)

Plasma
Corpuscles
Red blood cells
White blood cells

The origin of the blood and of the blood vessels

Mesoderm (mesenchyme cells)
Somatic (somatic vessels)
Splanchnic (visceral or splanchnic vessels)- Splanchnic is usually used to describe
organs in the abdominal cavity (visceral organs)

The origin of the heart

Ventral mesentery (anterior part of embryo)
Dorsal and ventral mesocardia

Mesocardium or mesocardia- In embryology, the membrane which connects the
developing heart with the anterior body-wall on the ventral side and with the
intestine on the dorsal side.

Hepatic portal system

Hepatic portal system- The portal venous system is responsible for directing blood
from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver. Substances absorbed in the small
intestine travel first to the liver for processing before continuing to the heart.



Hepatic veins- The hepatic veins carry oxygen-depleted blood from the liver to the
inferior vena cava. They also transport blood that has been drained from the colon,
pancreas, small intestine, and the stomach, and cleaned by the liver.

Hepatic portal vein- The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that
carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the
liver. This blood contains nutrients and toxins extracted from digested contents.

Mesenteric vein

Renal portal system- supplies blood to renal tubules when glomerular filtration is
absent

Subcardinal vein - Embryology. Located beneath a cardinal vein; specifically
designating a vein which develops ventral and parallel to the posterior cardinal vein
at one stage of the embryogenesis of the posterior (inferior) vena cava in many
vertebrate embryos; of or relating to this vein.

Renal portal veins- Blood from the posterior part of the body flows into the renal
portal veins, which passes into the caudal vena cava.

The circulatory system of mammals

Sinus venosus- The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the
atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In mammals, it exists distinctly only
in the embryonic heart. The sinus venosus also forms the SA node and the coronary
sinus.

Conus arteriosus -in mammals it forms a part of the upper wall of the right ventricle,
in which the pulmonary artery originates.

2 auricles
2 ventricles

Double circulation- The majority of mammals (including humans) utilize a double
circulatory system. This means we have two loops in our body in which blood
circulates. One is oxygenated, meaning oxygen rich, and the other is deoxygenated,
which means it has little to no oxygen, but a lot of carbon dioxide

Aorta
Pulmonary
Renal portal system

Postcaval vein- inferior (posterior or ascending) vena cava carrying blood to the
heart from posterior parts of the body; contrast to precaval vein


The chambers of the heart

Pericardial sac- A conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots
of the great blood vessels. Also called the pericardium.

Thymus gland- lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T
cells for the immune system.
Two ventricles (larger left and smaller right)

Posterior pointed apex – inferior tip is called apex
Broad anterior base

External groove- The heart is a hollow structure. On the interior, it is divided into
four chambers. These divisions create grooves on the surface of the heart.

Coronary artery & vein- Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart
muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated.

Auricle (chamber)

Auricular appendage (lobe) - an ear-shaped appendage projecting from each atrium
of the heart. (loosely) called the atrium.

Pulmonary artery-the artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to
the lungs for oxygenation.

Aorta - the largest artery in the body. It begins at the top of the left ventricle, the
heart's muscular pumping chamber. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle
into the aorta through the aortic valve.

Conus arteriosus - (also known as infundibulum ) is a conical pouch formed from the
upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the
pulmonary trunk arises. It develops from the bulbus cordis.

Pulmonary veins - The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood
from the lungs to the heart. The largest pulmonary veins are the four main
pulmonary veins, two from each lung that drain into the left atrium of the heart.

Systemic veins
Sinus venosus (right auricle)
Sinoauricular node

The structure of the heart

Systemic veins (right auricle)- The systemic veins feed into the inferior and superior
venae cavae, the largest veins in the body. The venae cavae flow deoxygenated blood
to the right atrium of the heart.

Pulmonary veins (left auricle)- Pulmonary veins are responsible for carrying
oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart.

Interauricular septum - The interatrial septum is the wall of tissue that separates the
right and left atria of the heart.

Auriculoventricular openings -

Coronary sinus (right auricle) – left precaval vein- a collection of veins joined
together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle
(myocardium).

Valve of the coronary sinus- The valve of the coronary sinus (Thebesian valve) is a
semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the right atrium, at the orifice of the
coronary sinus. It is situated at the base of the inferior vena cava.

Apex of the heart- Apex Of The Heart. The apex of the heart is a conical area created
by left ventricle. It's directed downwards and forwards, and to the left.

Left ventricle (thick-walled, rounded) -thicker and more muscular than the right
ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure.

Right ventricle (thin-walled, crescentic) - develops a lower systolic pressure than
the left ventricle, resulting in reduced extravascular compressive forces and
myocardial oxygen demand.

Pulmonary artery - the artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to
the lungs for oxygenation.

Trabeculae carnae (muscular ridges)- are rounded or irregular muscular columns
which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.

Papillary muscles (pointed finger-like muscles) - are located in the ventricles of the
heart. attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral
and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae

Chordae tendinae (slender fibers) - chordae tendineae (tendinous cords),
colloquially known as the heart strings, are tendon-resembling fibrous cords of
connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the
bicuspid valve in the heart.

Tricuspid valve (3 thin membraned flaps) – right auriculoventricular opening

Interventricular septum - interventricular septum (IVS, or ventricular septum, or
during development septum inferius), is the stout wall separating the ventricles, the
lower chambers of the heart, from one another.

Pulmonary semilunar valves (3 pocket-shaped) - shaped like a half moon, hence the
name semilunar,located between the aorta and the left ventricle, and between the
pulmonary artery and the right ventricle

Bicuspid or mitral valve (two flaps) – left auriculoventricular opening - called the
bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve gets its
name from the resemblance to a bishop's mitre (a type of hat). It is on the left side of
the heart and allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle.



Aorta
Aortic semilunar valves or aortic valve is a valve in the human heart between the
left ventricle and the aorta. It is one of the two semilunar valves of the heart,

The hepatic portal system

Peritoneal cavity - peritoneal cavity is a potential space between the parietal
peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal wall) and visceral
peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the internal organs).

Liver lobes

Hepatoduodenal ligament - The hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of the lesser
omentum extending between the porta hepatis of the liver and the superior part of
the duodenum.

Common bile duct- is a small, tube-like structure formed where the common hepatic
duct and the cystic duct join. Its physiological role is to carry bile from the
gallbladder and empty it into the upper part of the small intestine (the duodenum).

Hepatic portal vein (portal vein) – large branch to liver right lateral lobe

Coronary vein - any of several veins that drain blood from the heart wall and empty
into the coronary sinus.

Anterior pancreaticoduodenal vein - The pancreaticoduodenal veins are veins
located in the pancreas and drain blood from the pancreas and the duodenum (part
of the small intestine).

Right gastroepiploic vein - The right gastroepiploic vein (right gastroomental vein) is
a blood vessel that drains blood from the greater curvature and left part of the body
of the stomach into the superior mesenteric vein. It runs from left to right along the
greater curvature of the stomach between the two layers of the greater omentum,
along with the right gastroepiploic artery.

Gastrosplenic vein - Gastrosplenic vein: This tributary is formed by the union of the
splenic vein from the spleen and the gastric vein from the stomach. It joins with the
mesenteric vein inside the pancreas.

Middle gastroepiploic veins (1 or more small veins) - The gastroepiploic vein consists
of a pair of veins located near the stomach. These veins drain the greater curvature
of the stomach as well as the greater omentum, a large, apron-like fold of tissue that
hangs down from the stomach.

Pancreatic veins - The pancreatic veins consist of several small vessels which drain
the body and tail of the pancreas, and open into the trunk of the great pancreatic
vein.

Left and right splenic veins - The splenic vein (formerly the lienal vein) is a blood
vessel that drains blood from the spleen, the stomach fundus and part of the
pancreas.

Right gastroepiploic veins - The right gastroepiploic vein (right gastroomental vein)
is a blood vessel that drains blood from the greater curvature and left part of the
body of the stomach into the superior mesenteric vein.

Superior mesenteric vein - The superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that
drains blood from the small intestine (jejunum and ileum).

Posterior pancreaticoduodenal vein - The pancreaticoduodenal vein has superior and
inferior portions that each split into anterior and posterior veins.

Inferior mesenteric vein - As a blood vessel, the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) drains
blood away from the descending colon, rectum, and sigmoid, which are all parts of
the large intestine.


Numerous converging intestinal veins - It is the point of convergence for the venous
drainage of the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder and the abdominal part of the
gastrointestinal tract.

Lymph glands

3. The systemic veins

One precaval vein
One postcaval vein

a. The branches of the precaval vein

Anterior / superior vena cava or descending vena cava (right auricle) - The superior
vena cava (SVC) is the superior of the two venae cavae, the great venous trunks that
return deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium of the
heart.

Coronary sinus - a wide venous channel about 2.25 centimeters in length that
receives blood from the coronary veins and empties into the right atrium of the
heart.

Coronary veins (heart wall)

Azygos vein - a vein running up the side of the thoracic vertebral column draining
itself towards the superior vena cava.

Intercostal veins - The intercostal veins are a group of veins which drain the area
between the ribs ("costae"), called the intercostal space.

Common stem of the internal mammary veins – also known as sternal vein which
comes from the midventral wall of the chest

Right and left internal mammary veins - the internal thoracic veins are vessel that
drains the chest wall and breasts.

Superior epigastric veins - refers to a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood
and drains into the internal thoracic vein

Thymus gland

Brachiocephalic or innominate veins - located in the upper chest are formed by the
union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein.

Vertebral vein - is a venous blood vessel that is formed by numerous small
tributaries arising from the internal vertebral plexuses.

Costocervical vein

Anterior external jugular vein - is a blood vessel formed by the confluence of the
superficial submandibular veins.


Lateral subclavian vein - is a paired large vein, one on either side of the body, that is
responsible for draining blood from the upper extremities, allowing this blood to
return to the heart

Axillary vein (first rib)

Lymph glands

Subscapular vein - a vein formed by the confluence of the thoracodorsal and
circumflex scapular veins and accompanying the subscapular artery to drain into
the axillary vein

Posterior circumflex vein - Circumflex veins, by definition, drain into the (Great
saphenuous vein) GSV from an oblique direction.

Small ventral thoracic vein

Long thoracic vein – runs caudad on the thoracic wall in the serratus muscles, then
passes to the inner surface of the skin and extends along the entire length of the
abdominal wall.

Thoracodorsal vein

Brachial vein (w/ nerves & brachial artery)

External jugular vein – large vein that extends forward in the depressor conchae
posterior muscles (most superficial muscles of the ventral surface of the neck.

Small internal jugular vein - The function of the internal jugular vein is to collect
blood from the skull, brain, superficial parts of the face, and the majority of the neck.
(w/ carotid artery & vagus nerve)

Large transverse scapular vein (shoulder)- joins the external jugular vein at the heart
to drain the shoulder region.

Cephalic vein- chief superficial vein of the arm

Anterior & posterior facial veins – Anterior proceeds to the angle of the jaw and
posterior passes to the parotid gland.


Transverse vein

Angular vein – passes over the ventral part of the masseter muscle and then turn to
the region in front of the eyes.

Anterior & posterior auricular vein – related to the back of the ear and head.


The branches of the postcaval vein

Posterior / inferior vena cava or ascending vena cava (right auricle) - the inferior
vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body

Caval fold - a fold near the base on the right side of the dorsal mesentery, in which a
primordial segment of the inferior vena cava develops between the right
subcardinal vein and vessels within the liver

Phrenic veins (diaphragm)

Postcava (liver right median lobe ! liver posterior lobule of right lateral lobe)

Hepatic veins

Right adrenolumbar vein (adrenal galnd)

Right renal vein

Left adrenolumbar & renal veins (posterior to right)

Left internal spermatic or ovarian vein (left renal vein)

Right internal spermatic or ovarian vein (postcava) - The testicular vein (or
spermatic vein), the male gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its
corresponding testis to the inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the male
equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery.

Paired lumbar veins - paired structure for the right and left sides of the body.

A pair of iliolumbar veins – veins near the illium

The posterior portion of the postcaval vein

Two large common iliac veins - The external iliac vein and internal iliac vein unite in
front of the sacroiliac joint to form the common iliac veins.

Sacral or caudal vein - Tail vein or caudal vein is the largest vein in vertebrate
animals' tail

Internal and external iliac vein - The external iliac veins are large veins that connect
the femoral veins to the common iliac veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of
the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to
form the common iliac veins).

Middle heamorrhoidal vein - The middle rectal veins (or middle hemorrhoidal vein)
take origin in the hemorrhoidal plexus and receive tributaries from the bladder,
prostate, and seminal vesicle.

Hemorrhoidal plexus or the rectal venous plexus surrounds the rectum, and
communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the vaginal
venous plexus in the female.

Gluteal vein - veins draining the gluteal muscles on either side of the body

Umbilical vein- bring the nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood from the placental villi via
the umbilical cord to the embryo

Deep femoral vein

External spermatic vein - The testicular vein (or spermatic vein), the male gonadal
vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding testis to the inferior vena
cava or one of its tributaries.

Inferior epigastric vein- inferior epigastric vein refers to the vein that drains into the
external iliac vein

Femoral vein - The femoral vein is located in the upper thigh and pelvic region

The pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins (roots of the lungs) – left auricle - pulmonary veins are the veins
that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

The pulmonary artery

Pulmonary artery (right ventricle) - carries deoxygenated blood, start as the
pulmonary trunk or main pulmonary artery and begins at the base of the right
ventricle.

Right & left pulmonary arteries

Trachea


The aorta and its branches

Aorta (left ventricle)
Right & left coronary arteries
Arch of the aorta
Right brachiocephalic or innominate artery - is an artery of the mediastinum that
supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck.

Left subclavian artery

Right subclavian artery

The left and right subclavian arteries are two major arteries in the thorax that lie
beneath the clavicles.

Right and left common carotid artery - the left and right common carotid arteries
(carotids) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood

Subclavian artery

Internal mammary artery (ventral) - the internal thoracic artery (ITA), previously
known as the internal mammary artery is an artery that supplies the anterior chest
wall

Superior epigastric artery - superior epigastric artery refers to a blood vessel that
carries oxygenated blood and arises from the internal thoracic artery

Vertebral artery (dorsal)

Costocervical axis (artery) – divides in 2 @ once
Superior intercostal artery
Transverse artery of the neck
Deep cervical artery - The deep cervical artery (latin: arteria cervicalis profunda) is a
branch of the costocervical trunk that supplies the deep muscles and spinal cord in
the neck region.

Thyrocervical axis (artery) – most anterior
Transverse scapular artery
Axillary artery (first rib)
Ventral thoracic artery
Long thoracic artery
Large subscapular artery
Thoracodorsal artery
Brachial artery

Common carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery - The superior thyroid artery is the first branch of the
external carotid artery, arising just below the level of the greater horn of the hyoid
bone. Then it descends along the lateral border of the thyroid, where it divides into
many branches to supply the thyroid gland.

Occipital artery - arises from the external carotid artery opposite the facial artery.
the posterior . and supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid
muscles,

Internal carotid artery (degenerated cord)
External carotid artery
Lingual artery - The lingual artery (latin: arteria lingualis) is a branch of the external
carotid artery that supplies the tongue and floor of the mouth.

External maxillary artery - supplies the deep structures of the face.
Superior & inferior labial artery
Submentalis artery - submental artery is a branch of the facial artery that runs on the
underside of the chin.

Internal maxillary artery- The (internal) maxillary artery is the larger of the two
terminal branches of the external carotid artery.

Temporal artery - The superficial temporal artery is one of two terminal branches of
the external carotid artery. It supplies the temporalis muscle and the scalp

Auricular artery

The thoracic aorta
Arterial ligament or ligament of Botallus- The ligamentum arteriosum is a small
ligament that is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus formed within three weeks
after birth. The ligament is a vestige of the ductus arteriosus, a temporary fetal
structure that shunts blood from the pulmonary arteries to the aorta, in order to
avoid circulating blood through the lungs, which are inactive in the womb.

Thoracic aorta (mediastinum)
Paired intercostal arteries
Bronchial arteries
Esophageal arteries
The abdominal aorta
Dorsal aorta (diaphragm ! median dorsal line)
Unpaired median visceral branches
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Coeliac artery
Hepatic artery (most cranial) – left side of hepatic portal vein
Gastroduodenal branch
Pyloric artery
Right gastroepiploic artery
Anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Cystic artery

Left gastric or coronary artery (lesser curvature)
Splenic artery (most caudal & largest)
Left and right splenic artery
Pancreatic artery
Short gastric arteries
Left gastroepiploic arteries
Superior mesenteric artery
Middle colic artery
Posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Ileocolic artery
Right colic
Intestinal branches
Inferior mesenteric artery
Left colic artery
Superior haemorrhoidal artery
Paired lateral visceral branches

Adrenolumbar arteries
Phrenic arteries

Renal arteries
Internal spermatic or ovarian arteries

Paired somatic branches
Paired lumbar arteries

Dorsal aorta
Iliolumbar arteries

External iliac arteries
Deep femoral artery
External spermatic artery
Inferior epigastric artery
Femoral artery

Internal iliac arteries
Median sacral or caudal artery
Umbilical arteries
Middle haemorrhoidal arteries
Uterine arteries
carotid artery- takes blood to the brain






For Practicum: Following will be used for the Practicum Exam

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Brachioephalic artery and vein
Brachial vein
Right common carotid artery
Left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
Femoral vein
Left Renal vein
Azygous vein
left atrium
Axillary vein
External Jugular vein
Internal jugular vein
aortic arch
pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery
Phrenic vein/artery
Hepatic portal vein
Transverse jugular vein
Left Gonadal vein
Celiac artery
left gondal vein
illeolumbar vein/ artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Femoral artery
Deep Femoral artery
Median sacral or caudal artery
Splenic artery (most caudal & largest)
Left and right splenic artery
Coronary artery
Right and left atrium
Right and left ventricles
Apex of the heart








A few figures for better understanding of the Circulatory system