Lesson Nine

Reading 9.1 – The Atmosphere

The atmosphere is the layers of air and gand goes

surround the Earth. I starts at the Earth's surface and goes

about 965 kilometres into space.

The first layer is the troposphere. It is closest to the Earth.

The main gases found in this layer are oxygen, nitrogen, a

little carbon dioxide and water vapour. Most of the

weather we experience occurs in the troposphere, for

example wind, rain, heat, fog etc. Above the North Pole

and the South Pole, the troposphere is about eight

kilometres thick, and over the Equator it is 16 kilometres

thick.

The next layer is the stratosphere. This layer has hardly

any clouds, oxygen and the other gases we need.

Supersonic aircraft often fly in this layer because they will

probably not hit ice crystals. These crystals could do a lot

of damage if they hit a plane at that speed.

The third layer is the mesosphere. Here it can be very

cold. The temperature can be as low as 85'C below zero,

or even more! It is very cold in this layer because the gas

called ozone blocks out the Sun's ultraviolet rays.

The last layer is the thermosphere. The gases in this layer

are so thin that they almost completely disappear.

These last few layers do not have weather as we know it

on Earth. However, they protect us from some of the

burning rays of the Sun.

Reading Activity 9.2
1. The atmosphere around the Earth is.....

a. nearly 1000 kilometres thick.

b. called the troposphere.

c. consists mainly of oxygen, nitrogen.

d. 16 kilometres thick.

2. There are ________ layers to the Earth's atmosphere.

a. 4

b. 3

c. 5

d. none of these

3. What are the main gases found in the troposphere?

.......................................................................................................................................

4. Why do supersonic aircraft fly in the stratosphere?

.......................................................................................................................................

5. Describe in one sentence what ozone is and where it is found.

.......................................................................................................................................
Grammar Activity 9.3
1. In your grammar book, turn to Unit 73, page 146:

Read the explanation for some/any/no

2. Complete exercises 73.1 and 73.2.

Video 9.4 - Into the Skies - Part 2B

In Lesson Seven, you watched Into the Skies - Part 2A. Today you

will watch Part 2A again, then Part 2B. As for Lesson Seven, after

you have watched Part 2B, study the portions of transcript below,

From the context of the sentences, try and work out which word

fills the gap. Check with your classmates and dictionary. You will

then watch Part 2B again to check your answers.

Transcript 9.5- Part 2B

a. For several more years the Southern Cross would be the
____________________ aircraft in New Zealand skies. A joy ride

was the closest anyone would bet to a true passenger flight.

biggest longest larger largest

b. "But while they still had their limitations, in ____________

aircraft had already proven their worth in an emergency. We

received word that morning at the Auckland aero club that

there had been a major earthquake in Napier, and I don t

know who would have through of the idea, but

wwas at this end or at the other end in Napier, water supply

aould be a problem and that they would need some chlorine

and so forth for purification.

1913 1941 1931 1930

weather leather feather whether

c. Only four years after the Napier earthquake, Ron Kirkup

was again flying over the same__________________

landscape.

By now the circumstances were very different.

jumbled rumpled crumpled tumbled

d. "when East Coast Airways started and Ron Kirkup and his

boys started the airline there, that we felt _________________

had ended. We had no radio and we relied on weather

reports and if necessary, if considered necessary by telepone

and for instance we sometimes would get

out, if the Wellington express didn't arrive in Napier, the

railway, late, behind time.."

insulated insulation isolation isolated

taught bought brought caught

e. The slow but steady twin-_______________ De Havillands

were the backbone of the new passenger services. They

began to appear everywhere.

engined engineer engine engines

f. "It seemed to work very well" The biggest____________

"Union Airways was husshed by the famous shipping

company.

co-operated operated operation operations

g. Bert proved that if you used the right type of aeroplane, he could service
practically _______________, providing you did it sensibly. And he did that.
Anywhere anyway somewhere everywhere

h. Throughout the 1930s the British and Anercians jostled for

supremacy of the air routes. The Americans were pushing

south through the Pacifice while the British had their well

______________ Empire route to Australia. It was no

accident hat they adopled similar aircraft for the task. To

the british; the fying boat offered the ideal vehicle for

servicing a far flung Empire. It was fast, safe and comfortable.

Establish established establishing establishes

Vocabulary Activity 9.6
1. In the vocabulary book, Lesson Six, find the words you do not

know and mark them.

2. Look these new words up in your dictionary.

3. Work with a classmate to check you understand the meaning of

each word.

4. Write sentences using three of the words in the box.

structurally verbal react major period

5. Circle the word that best completes the sentence.

a. Before you can become a pilot, you must ___________ a

medical examination to ensure that you are healthy.

Undergo obtain periodically shift

b. before you can fly for a company and carry passengers, you must

_____________ a commercial pilot's licence.

Trace select obtain traditionally

c. ___________ is the study of numbers and calculations.

Theory geography manipulate mathematics

Lesson Ten
Reading 10.1 - Weather Forecasts
Who uses weather forecasts? Most of us do. We often

read them in the newspapers, hear them on the radio or

watch them on tv. We use them to decide whether to the

to the beach or to go and see a movie. We also use thear

to decide whether to take an umbrella to work or to wear

sunglasses.

Weather forecasts have a much more important par or

play. They are essential to the work of many people. For

example, farmers need them all year. They use them to

know when to plant seeds and when to harvest, or when to

protect their crops and animals from very cold weather.

Boat owners also use weather forecasts. They do not want

to go out to sea in a small boat if the sea is going to be

very rough. Meteorological departments also work out the

best routes for big transport ships to take when they cross

the large oceans of the world.

Aircraft pilots need regular reports on the weather. They

need them before take off, during the flight, and when

landing. Fog can be very dangerous for take-off and

landing, and the wind direction along a route can speed

the plane up, or slow it down.

Weather forecasts are now much more reliable. There are

many satellites orbiting in space. With just a few satellites

in a fixed orbit, scientists have a wide view of the world.

These satellites give weather reports that cover the whole

world. The weather forecasts we listen to and use often

come from these satellites.

Reading Activity 10.2

1. Find four examples from the text of people who use weather

forecasts.

....................................................................................................

2. Why do farmers need to know what the weather will be like?

....................................................................................................

3. Aircraft pilots need reliable weather reports.

a. to give them important information that could affect their

flight

b. so they can avoid fog

c. so that they can predict flying times

d. none of these.

4. Why are weather forecasts more reliable now than in the past?

.......................................................................................................
Grammar Activity 10.3
1. In your grammar book, turn to Unit 75, page 150.

Read the explanation for all, most, some, no/none, any.

2. Complete exercises 75.1 and 75.3.

3. In lesson nine there is one example of the use of any and one

example of the use of some. Can you find them?

4. Using the text in esson ten, crcdeall samples of mest andall

5. Re-read the text.

Video Review 10.4

1. Re-read the transcripts for Lesson Seven and Lesson Nine.

2. Watch the video from the beginning up to the end of Lesson

Nine.

Vocabulary Activity 10.5

1. Exchange vocabulary books with one of your classmates and

test each other on the vocabulary in Lessons One to Nine.

2. Draw lines matching the words with their meanings.

to precede to agree

comprehension understanding

a method a way of doing something

to comply to go before

3. Write sentences using three of the words in the box.

elementary indefinitely assume design external

a. ..................................................................................................

b. ..................................................................................................

c. ..................................................................................................
4. Put the words definition, section, comprehend into the correct

spaces.

This ____________ of the unit is to test that you ____________ meanings of the
new words you have learnt. To complete this paragraph you need to know the
_____________of each word and use grammatical clues to help you.
Lesson Eleven
Reading 11.1 - Navigation
We all navigate, in fact we spend most of our time

navigating. Navigating can be finding your way from one

room to another room. Or, it can be moving from one

place in town to another place in town. We do not bump

into other people or hit objects in the street because we

navigate around them.

To navigate means to find your way from one place to

another place. You must know where you are now and

where you want to go. To have no plan is not navigating.

Usually our brains work this out automatically.

Sometimes, however, we do get lost, especially in a

strange city or driving in fog.

Many times we look for something that is familiar - that

is, we look for a landmark. Once we see that, we can

usually begin to navigate again In the air there are not

many landmarks, so pilots must look for things like big

cities, motorways or rivers. When there is a lot of cloud, it

can be very difficult for a pilot. What does a pilot do in

this situation?

Lets start by reading about how people navigated in early

times...
Reading Activity 11.2
1. According to the text, what is navigation?

a. movement

b. hitting objects

c. finding your way from one place to another

d. bumping into other people.

2. In our own brain, how do we navigate?

a. by careful planning

b. it is usually done without thinking

c. with detailed maps and compasses

d. by getting lost.

3. When we are lost, what do we usually do?

a. give up and call the police

b. ask someone for help

c. look up into the air

d. look for something we know.

4. When pilots have clear vision, what do they look for?

a. landmarks such as a river or motorway

b. cloud and fog a

c. a passenger with a map

d. another aircraft.
Grammar Activity 11.3
1. In your grammar book, turn to Unit 77, page 154.

Read the explanation for a lot, much and many.

2. Complete exercises 77.2 and 77.3.

3. In paragraph one, how many times is the verb can used?

4. In paragraph one, how many times is the verb must used?

5. In line 10, find the word this. What does it refer to?

a. no plan

b. a strange city or fog

c. navigating unteas to

d. our brains.

4. In line 15, find the second time that is used in the line. What

does it refer to?

a. being lost

b. a landmark

c. a pilot

d. lot of cloud.

5. In the last paragraph, how many times do the words a lot

much and many appear?

6. Re-read the text.

Vocabulary Activity 11.4
1. In the vocabulary book, Lesson Eleven, find the words you do

not know and mark them.

2. Look these new words up in your dictionary.

3. Work with a classmate to check you understand the meaning of

each word.

4. Decide if the word in bold is used correctly. If not, correct the

word.

a. Instead of using a radio to communication, pilots

sometimes have to see what colour certain lights are on the

airport runway.

b. If you have a deficieney in Vitamin C, you are more likely

to get a cold or the flu.

c. Metal conduction heat.

5. Circle the word that best completes the sentence.

a. To achieve your goals you should try not to _______

from your original plan.

disperse deviate economic estimate

b. Good pilots need to be constantly alert and _________

their behaviour according to the conditions,

appreciate deficiency adapt adjust

c. Oversleeping is not an __________excuse for turning up to

work late and missing a flight training class.

Economic adjustment adequate area

Lesson Twelve
Reading 12.1 - Then and Now
There are some wonderful electronic devices on ships and

aircraft today. These devices help us navigate across

oceans and space very accurately. However, it was not

always so easy. On land we have landmarks to help us

travel in the right direction. But in fog, what do we do?

Those landmarks are hidden so it then becomes very

difficult for us to navigate by sight.

In the distance the sky and the land, or the sky and the sea

appear to meet. Twenty kilometres out at sea you cannot

see the land because it has dropped below the horizon.

This was very difficult for early people who wanted to

travel to new lands.

In these early times, they used the Sun and stars.

Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Also, stars move

in a fixed pattern. You can work out how far north and

south you are by looking at the sun and the a the stars. On a

clear night, you can steer your ship by looking at the Stars

and the position they are in.

There are other ways of navigating in certain parts of the world,

Sailors use the wind A dry wind may blow from

the east and wet wind may blow from the west. A cold one may blow from the north
one other method was the depth of the sea. If the sea is shallow, that means the ship
is probably approaching land.

However, this is not much use to a pilot. How do pilots

navigate and what devices can they use?

Reading Activity 12.2
1. What is available today that assists navigation in ships and

aircraft?

...................................................................................................

2. What is the disadvantage of using landmarks and why?

..................................................................................................

3. When we look into the distance, what seems to happen?

..................................................................................................

4. Before we had modern navigation equipment, how did early

people navigate during the day and night?

.................................................................................................

5. How ean someone use the wind and depth of the sea to help

them navigate?

.................................................................................................

Grammar Activity 12.3

1. In your grammar book, turn to Unit 27, page 54.

Read the explanation for must.

2. Complete exercises 27.1, 27.2 and 27.3.

f10229￥

3. Complete the following paragraph with words from the reading

text.

which Today aircraft and ships have many _____________ which

help them navigate. These _____________s assist navigation even when there is

_________ and the pilots or sailors cannot see the _______.

Before we had modern devices, sailors used the Sun and the Stars. The Sun rises in
the ________ and sets in the _________ and at _________ they could use the
stars. The Sun and the Stars told them how far ______ or south they were.

Lesson Twelve
Video 12.4 - Into the Skies - Part 3A
Today you will watch Part 3A. After you have watched it, you will

study parts of the transcript which have words missing. First, try

and choose the word according to the context, then listen to the

video tape again to check your choice. Use your classmates and a

dictionary to help you.

Transcript 12.5- Part 3A

a. But the first flying boat to touch down on Auckland's

Waitemata Harbour in March, _______ was American.

1947 1973 1907 1937

b. "To us in New Zealand, that flight would have been almost

the equivalent of _______ men on the moon."

those close these clothes

c. On a later trip, the ________ all died when their aircraft

exploded near Pungapunga.

Flew brew crew drew

d. The aircraft was an Empire class flying boat, the Centaurus.

The four engined giants had already _________ their worth on the route to South
Africa and had even crossed the Atlantic.

Smoothed grooved proved moved

e. When the Centaurus appeared over Auckland on December

27th 1937, it was the best Christmas present New Zealand could _______ hoped for.

have it a for

f. For Burgess and his crew there was only one slightly sour

note, the Americans were already________, now making their second visit.

their there hair here

g. The next time John Burgess flew _______ Auckland, two

years later, it was as commander of New Zealand's very

first international passenger aircraft, the Aotearoa.

To into in onto

h. But within a month, the cheerful crowds that turned out to

welcome Captain Burgess would learn that Britain and her_______

were at war with Germany.

Empire fire Dominions emperor

i. When John Burgess Took up his new post as chief pilot of those Tasman Empire
airways, his total fleet_________two flying boats.

Insisted consisted assisted persisted

j. Throughout the war, the Aotearoa and Awarua were New Zealand's only
passenger ________ with the outside world.

Brink sink rink link

i. "It was just so different, I mean it was very exciting, a very romantic and _______

a fantastic experience. Particularly if you were sitting on the lower dech as I was,

and the plane started to move away from the platform that is was next to and this
amazing feeling as to how this great big monstrous thing ____ _________ to lift off
the ground."

Busily visual visually vision

was going is going was growing going

Vocabulary Activity 12.6
1. Exchange vocabulary books with one of your classmates and

test each other on the previous day's vocabulary.

2. Follow the instructions for Lesson Eleven to learn today's list

of words.

3. Draw lines matching the words that have similar meanings.

to move round, revolve a task

coming before to seek

a job previous

to look for to rotate

4. Write sentences using three of the words in the box.

Maintain normally geography source

a. ...............................................................................................................

b. ..............................................................................................................

c. ..............................................................................................................