DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR BOILER

Design Parameters
Type of the building HOTEL
Number of occupants in the Main Hospital 300 Persons
Number of occupants in the Amenities 50 Persons
Hot water requirement per occupant per hr at peak demand 30.00 Litres
Cold water requirement per occupant per day 60.00 Litres
No. of hours for Hot water storage 3 Hours
No. of days for cold water storage 5 Days
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Design Temperature for hot water 65 C
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Design Temperature for Cold water 10 C
Specific Heat capacity of water 4.20 kJ/kg
No. of hours for heating hot water 2 Hours

1) Hot Water Requirement

From plumbing guide, the peak consumption per hour per occupant in litres of hot water for a
hospital is 30 litres
The number of people served in the main hospital is approximately 300 people
Amount of hot water
required using the no. of = 9,000 Litres
Amount of hot water
required using the No. of
Areas No. of Hot Water Requirement Amount of
Beds hot water

General Wards 220 30 6,600.00 Litres

Maternity Wards 58 45 2,610.00 Litres

Isolation Wards 22 47 1,034.00 Litres

Amenity Wards 14 70 980.00 Litres

Total 11,224.00 Litres

The number of people served in the amenities is approximately 50 people

Amount of hot water required = 1,500 Litres

Allow for kitchen and laundry use = 1,200 Litres
Total 2,700 Litres

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2) Main Hospital Calorifier
The size of the calorifier is based on maximum draw-off of hot water in any one hour at peak load
conditions then the boiler is sized on a basis of heating this quantity of water up to the desired
temperature in 2-3 hours.

The hot water required in main hospital = 11,224 Litres

Taking this as 90% due to cold water mixing
Actual water storage = 12,471 Litres

This is the amount of water required per day, therefore storing water for four hours
Actual water storage for 4 hours = 4157.04 Litres
Taking a safety factor of 5%, then
The size of the calorifier is 4,365 Litres
Choosing a vertical type calorifier of capacity of 4,365 litres, then the dimensions are:-
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V=Пr h V - Volume r- Radius h - Height
r2 = V/Пh Assuming a height of 1800mm
r2 = 4365/1.8П
= 0.7716 m2
r = 0.878391 metres or 878mm
Taking care of the space occupied by the heating element (approx. 5%)
r = 0.922311 metres or 922mm
D = 1.844622 metres or 1845mm
Therefore, the actual diameter of the calorifier is 1845mm, which can be rounded-off to 1850mm
Summary of main hospital calorifier
Type: Vertical arrangement type
Capacity: 4,500 litres
Diameter: 1,850mm
Height: 1,800mm

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3) Amenities Calorifier
The hot water required in amenities = 1,500 Litres
Allow for kitchen and laundry use = 1,200 Litres
Total Amount of hot water required = 2,700 Litres
Taking this as 90% due to cold water mixing
Actual water storage = 3,000 Litres
Therefore the size of the calorifier is 3,000 Litres
Choosing a vertical type calorifier of capacity of 3,000 litres, then the dimensions are:-
V=Пr2h V - Volume r- Radius h - Height
2
r = V/Пh Assuming a height of 1800mm
= 3/1.8П
= 0.5308 m2
r = 0.72855 metres or 729mm
Taking care of the space occupied by the heating element (approx. 5%)
r = 0.764978 metres or 765mm
D = 1.529956 metres or 1530mm
Therefore, the actual diameter of the calorifier is 1530mm, which can be rounded-off to 1500mm
Summary of amenites calorifier
Type: Vertical arrangement type
Capacity: 3,000 litres
Diameter: 1500mm
Height: 1800mm

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4) Boiler Sizing
The boiler is sized on a basis of heating the quantity of hot water required up to the desired temperature
in 2-3 hours.
Total Amount of hot water required = 10,000+3000= 13,000 Litres
Amount of heat energy required to raise water temperature in two hours = MֹC∅
Mֹ - Mass flowrate
C - Specific heat capacity of water ∅ - Temperature change

Heat energy = 13,000 x 4.2 x (65-10) = 417.08 KW

2 x 3600

Assumming 10kw for taking care of the losses due to radiation from boiler, mains, cylinders and fittings
Heat energy = 427.08 KW
Therefore net boiler power = 427.08 KW
Designing for two boilers arranged to take two thirds of the net heat load to allow for diversity,
then the net power of each boiler is 284.72 KW
From the available catalogues, the boiler with the nearest power is 290kw
5) Feed Tanks
Feed tanks are sized according to the reliability of water source. If pressure and flow is good, one hour
storage under peak load conditions is suffice otherwise 2-3 hours.
Another method is allowing 0.5-3 litres of water per kilowatt power of the boiler, then allowing for
100mm of water for space above ball valve which is almost result to double the capacity.
Using the second method, the size of the feed tank will be:-
Feed tank capacity
3 litres
= x 300 (Boiler capacity)
= 900 litres
Allowing for space above ball valve
Feed tank capacity
900= litres x 2
= 1,800 litres

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8) Fuel
The choice of fuel depends on availability, cost of maintenance, capital charges on storage space, flue etc.
There are about 5 types of boiler oil available - class D (gas oil), Class E (Light oil), Class F (medium oil),
Class G (Heavy oil), and kerosine.
The choice of fuel for this particular project is class D (Gas oil) since it requires no preheating, is
clean in burning in fully-automatic burners, has lower sulphur content, ease in maitenance and low cost.
It is also recommended for boilers up to 1000kw
The following are the characteristic of Class D oil
Specific gravity at 15.60C - 0.835
Viscosity, Redwood No. 1 at 380C secs - 34
Calorific value, MJ/kg - 45.5

9) Fuel Storage
Fuel storage sized on 2-3 weeks running of the boiler on full load is sufficient.
The full load can be reasonably assummed to be 12 hours/day. The minimum tank capacity is 3,500 litres
and is necessary to provide two or more tanks, this allows for one tank to be filled while the other one is
in use thus allowing sludge and water, if any, to settle.

Fuel consuption = Boiler Capacity (kw)

Gross calorific value (J/kg) x efficiency, h Assumming 75% efficiency
= 300 = 0.008791209 kg/s
(45.5 x 1000) x 75%

= 31.65kg/hr
= 34 litres per hour
Storing for 3 weeks (21 days x 12 hours) = 252 hours
Fuel Storage = Fuel consuption x No. of hours
= 34l/s x 252 hrs = 8568.00 Litres
Allowing for 10% for space on top of the fuel tank, then
Fuel Storage = 9,424.80 Litres

Another method of sizing the fuel storage is using the recommended number of litres for a certain
boiler power. The recommended number of litres for 300kw boiler is 35 litres per kw.
Using the second method,
Fuel Storage = 35 x 300 = 10,500 Litres
Taking the average of the two methods, the a capacity of 10,200 litres is sufficient.

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 Therefore, the bulk storage tank for this project is:-
Gross Capacity - 11,000 litres
Net Capacity - 10,200 litres
Diameter - 2,000mm
Length - 3,500mm

10)Oil Sump
An oil sump should be provided with a ball float and electrical contact so as to cut-off the oil supply to
the burner(s) should there be an oil leak. This should also be connected to fire valve on the outlet of
the oil storage tank.

11)Chimney
Cross sectional area can be calculated by assumming 5-8m/s of natural draught, boiler duty of 300kw,
oil fired with chimney temperature average of 2600C and product of combustion per MJ of boiler
output of 1.4m3/MJ
X-area = 1.4 x 1000 x 1000 4.666666667
300 x 1000

From the graph, the boiler of duty 300kw can be served well by a chimney of 300mm diameter.
The chimney to be lagged and cladded the whole length.

12)Insulation
The hot and return pipes should be insulated in total with a minimum of 25mm insulation

13)Pressures
It is desirable for the pressures of cold and hot water to be roughly equal. This is achieved by arranging
for the cold feed to mixers to be fed from the same tank as the hot-water supply, preferably from a separate
down-feed pipe so that the pressure is not affected by other draw-off points.

In this project, this is achieved by tapping hot-feed pipe from the tank placed in the roof of the main
hospital while the supply to ammenities is tapped from a tank placed on a tower in the boiler room.
This balances the pressures in both areas.