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5. PRESSURE PLATE

Aim
To design a component pressure plate as per the drawing using pattern feature

Procedure
1. Click New on the Standard toolbar.
2. The New SolidWorks Document dialog box appears. Click Part. Click OK.
The first feature in the part is a cylinder extruded from a sketched circular profile.
1. Click Extruded Boss/Base on the Features toolbar. The Front, Top, and Right planes appear in
the graphics area.
2. Move the pointer over the Top plane to highlight it, and then click to select it. A sketch opens
on the Top plane.
3. Click Circle on the Sketch toolbar. The Circle PropertyManager opens in the left pane.
4. Move the pointer over the origin.
The pointer changes to. This indicates a coincident relation between the centre of the circle and the
origin.
5. Click to place the centre point on the origin.Move the mouse and notice a preview of the circle
dynamically follows the pointer.
6. Click to finish the circle and click in the Property Manager. Click Smart Dimension on the Sketch
toolbar, In the Modify box, type 128, and then click.

Extrude the 2D sketch to create the 3D cylinder.

1. Click Exit Sketch on the Sketch toolbar. Exit the sketch when you are done with the 2D profile
and are ready to create the 3D cylinder.
2. In the PropertyManager, under Direction 1. Select Blind in End Condition. Set Depthto 7.
3. Click. The first feature is complete. Boss-Extrude1 appears in the Feature Manager Design tree in
the left panel. Save the part.

Create a sketch for the ring boss (concentric with the cylinder).

1. Click Extruded Boss/Base on the Features toolbar.

2. Select the top face of the part. Click Top on the Standard Views toolbar.
4. Click Circle on the Sketch toolbar. Click to finish the circle and click in the PropertyManager.
6. Click Smart Dimension on the Sketch toolbar. Give as 75, then click .
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Next create the inside of the ring using the Offset Entities tool.

1. Click Offset Entities on the Sketch toolbar.

2. In the PropertyManager, under Parameters:
3. Set Offset Distance to 5.
4. Select Reverse to offset the circle to the inside.
5. Select the sketched circle.Extrude the sketch to make the ring boss.
6. Click Exit Sketch on the Sketch toolbar.
7. Click Trimetric on the Standard Views toolbar for a better view of the model. In the
PropertyManager, under Direction 1, set Depth to 12.
8. Click. Click Extruded Cut on the Features toolbar. Select the top face of the part.
9. Click Top on the Standard Views toolbar. Click Circle on the Sketch toolbar. Move the pointer
over the origin.
10. Click to finish the circle and click in the PropertyManager. Click Smart Dimension on the Sketch
toolbar. In the Modify box, type 25,then click.

Cut a hole through the centre of the part.

1. Click Exit Sketch (Sketch toolbar).

2. Click Trimetric (Standard Views toolbar).
3. In the PropertyManager, under Direction 1, select Through All for End Condition.

Add a fillet feature to round off the edges of the part.

1. Click Fillet on the Features toolbar.

2. Click Trimetric on the Standard Views toolbar for a better view of the model.
3. In the PropertyManager, under Items To Fillet, set Radius to 2.
4. Select the top face of the ring boss and the outside face of the base.

Sketch a circle for the tall cylinder extrusion.

1. Click Extruded Boss/Base on the Features toolbar.

2. Select the top face of the base cylinder. Click Top on the Standard Views toolbar.

3.Expand the Line flyout menu on the Sketch Command Manager and click Centerline. The
centerline acts as a construction line for the next circle. It keeps the center of the circle vertical with
respect to the origin.
4. Move the pointer over the origin until the pointer changes to and click to start the centerline.
5. Move the mouse above the start of the centerline. The pointer changes to indicate the centerline is
vertical.
6. Click again to end the line. Make the line about 45mm long.

7. Click Circle on the Sketch toolbar. Move the pointer over the endpoint of the line (not the endpoint
by the origin).The pointer changes to.
8. Click to start the circle. Move the pointer to define the circle and click to finish.
9. Click in the Property Manager. Click Smart Dimension on the Sketch toolbar. In the Modify box,
enter 27 for the circle dimension, click.
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10. Select the vertical centerline. Move the pointer and click to place the dimension and in the
Modify box, type 35 to position the circle, click.
Extrusion for the tall cylinder boss

1. Click Exit Sketch on the Sketch toolbar. In the Property Manager, under Direction 1, set Depth to
30.
2. Select the circle to define the Selected Contours. Click. Click Trimetric on the Standard Views
toolbar.

Make a sketch for a hole through the tall cylinder extrusion

1. Click Extruded Cuton the Features toolbar.

2. Select the top face of the tall cylinder extrusion. Click Circle on the Sketch toolbar.
4. Move the pointer to the edge of the tall cylinder and leave it there until the center point of the tall
cylinder appears as shown.
5. Move the pointer over the new center point. Click to place the center of the circle. Move the
pointer and click to finish the circle.
6. Click. Click Smart Dimension on the Sketch toolbar. take15, click

Create a hole in the tall cylinder that cuts through the entire part.

1. Click Exit Sketch on the Sketch toolbar. In the Property Manager, under Direction 1, select
Through All for End Condition.

2. Click Hidden Lines Visible on the View toolbar. This shows the edges needed for the fillet. Click
Fillet on the Features toolbar. The radius is already set to 2mm to match the last fillet you added to
the model.

3. Select four items for the fillet as shown:

The top face of the tall cylinder extrusion.One edge on each side of the tall cylinder where it
intersects the ring extrusion.The edge of the hole that cuts through the tall cylinder on the bottom of
the first extrusion.
4. Click. Click Shaded with Edges on the View toolbar.

Create six tall cylinder extrusions with cuts and fillets evenly spaced about the central axis of the part
using the Circular Pattern tool.

1. Click View, Temporary Axes. This shows all of the system-generated axes in the part. You select
one as the central axis of the pattern. On the Features toolbar, expand the Linear Pattern flyout toolbar
and click Circular Pattern.
2.In the PropertyManager, under Parameters:
Pattern Axis.
Equal spacing to pattern the number of instances uniformly around the axis within
360°.
Number of Instances to 6.
3. Click in Features to Pattern. In the flyoutFeatureManager design tree in the graphics area, select the
last three features (Fillet2, Cut-Extrude2, and Boss-Extrude3).
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4. Click. The last feature is a fillet that runs around the inside and outside edges of the patterned
items.
5. Click View, Temporary Axes to turn off the system axes. Click Fillet on the Features toolbar.
Select two edges as shown. You need to select one edge on the inside of the ring and one edge on the
outside of the ring. Click to add a 2mm fillet.

Result
The part is complete as per the required dimensions.

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6. OVEN RACK FRAME

Aim
To design a component oven rack frame as per the drawing using3D sketch:
  
Sketching relative to coordinate systems
  
Dimensioning in 3D space
 
Mirroring features

Procedure
First create the 3D sketch of the outer frame
1. Click New (Standard toolbar) and create a new part. Click 3D Sketch (Sketch toolbar).
2. Click Line (Sketch toolbar) and sketch a line about 135mm long on the XY plane from the origin.
The pointer changes to while sketching horizontally on the XY plane.
 Sketch down the Y axis for 15mm length along XY plane.Sketch along the X axis for 15mm
length along XY plane.Sketch along Z axis for 240mm along YZ plane.
4. Sketch back along X axis for 15mm up Y axis for 15mm and along X axis for 135mm.
Dimensioning of the part is to be done. Sketch fillet at each intersection with a 5mm fillet.
4. Close the 3D sketch and select the right plane in the feature manager design tree and open a 2D
sketch on that plane.
5. Sketch a circle of 5mm diameter and exit 2D sketch.
6. Select sweep boss/base and in property manager select circle for profile and 3D part for path.

To create Horizontal Rods

1. Select the Front plane in the Feature Manager Design tree. Click Extruded Boss/Base (Features
toolbar). Click Normal To(Standard Views toolbar).
2. Sketch a circle on what appears to be the face of the frame. (The Front plane is in the center of the
frame wire.) Watch for the inference lines that indicate the center point of the circle is horizontal to
the origin.
3. Dimension the center of the circle 11mm from the origin. Dimension the diameter of the circle to
4mm. Exit the sketch.
Click Trimetric (Standard Views toolbar).

1.In the Property Manager, under Direction 1: If necessary, click Reverse Direction so the arrow in
the graphics area points in the correct direction to meet the other side.
2.SelectUp to Surface in End condition. Select the opposite side of the frame for Face/Plane.

Linear Pattern

1. Click View, Temporary Axes to turn on the display of all temporary axes. The axes must be
visible because you need to select them to create a pattern.
2. Select Boss-Extrude1 in the Feature Manager Design tree. Click Linear Pattern (Features
toolbar).
3. Boss-Extrude1 appears in Features to Pattern in the Property Manager. Click the temporary axis
on the face of the frame where you sketched the circle.
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4. In the graphics area, a preview of the pattern appears, and an arrow indicating the direction of the
pattern appears on the frame at the right end of the axis. In the Property Manager, Axis <1>appears in
Pattern Direction.
5. Under Direction 1: Check the preview of the extrusions to make sure they are patterned towards
the outer edge, as shown below. If necessary, click Reverse Direction to change the pattern direction.
6. Set Spacing to 22.Set Number of Instances to 6. Click View, Temporary Axes to hide the
temporary axes.
7. Click Mirror (Features toolbar). Rotate the half-rack and click on the end face of the frame. Face
<1>appears in Mirror Face/Plane in the PropertyManager.
8. Click Bodies to Mirror, then click anywhere on the rack. Click to mirror the half rack body about
the selected face. Click Isometric (Standard Views toolbar).
9. The rack is completed.

Drafting Procedure:

1. Click Options on the Standard toolbar. On the System Options tab, select Drawings, Display
Style.
2. Under Tangent edges in new views, select Removed to hide transition edges between rounded or
filleted faces, then click OK.
3. Click File > Make Drawing from Part.Solid Works creates a drawing and begins the process to
place a model view.
4.On the View Palette tab of the Task Pane: Clear Auto-start projected view.
5. Drag the Top view into the drawing area. In the Property Manager: Under Display Style, click
Hidden Lines Removed.
6. Click Section View on the Drawing toolbar. Move the pointer over the outside edge of the pressure
plate until the center point appears.
7. Move the pointer above the center point of the plate.Click to start the section line.
8. Move the pointer straight down below the plate. Click to end the section line Move the pointer to
the right to place the view and click to finish.
9. Under Section Line, click Flip direction to reverse the direction of the section view. Click Detail
View on the Drawing toolbar. Move the pointer over the section view and click to place the center of
the detail circle.
10. Move the pointer to define the detail circle and click to finish. Move the pointer to place the detail
view and click to add the view.ClickModel View on the Drawing toolbar.
11.In the Property Manager, under Part/Assembly to Insert, click Pressure Plate. Click Next.
Under Orientation, click *Isometric.

Under Display Style, click Shaded.

1. Move the pointer to place the view. Click Smart Dimension on the Annotation toolbar and
dimension the part.

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Result
The part (rack) is obtained as per the dimensions.

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7.ASSEMBLY TO PARTS

Aim
To design a component and buildingsimple assembly based on the part created.
  
Adding parts to an assembly
  
Moving and rotating components in an assembly
 
Creating display states in an assembly

Procedure

1. Click Extruded Boss/Base .Select the Front plane. The display changes so the Front plane faces
you.The Sketch toolbar commands appear in the CommandManager.
2. A sketch opens on the Front plane. Click Corner Rectangle (Sketch toolbar). Move the pointer to
the sketch origin.
3. Click the origin and drag the pointer up and to the right. Notice that it displays the current
dimensions of the rectangle.
4. Set the value to 120. Click .Click Exit Sketch
5.TheBoss-Extrude Property Manager appears in the left pane, the view of the sketch changes to
Trimetric, and a preview of the extrusion appears in the graphics area.
6. In the Property Manager, under Direction 1:Select Blind in End Condition. Set Depth to 30
7. The new feature, Boss-Extrude1, appears in the Feature Manager Design tree and in the graphics
area. Click

Extrude a Boss

By following the above extrude procedure create a boss for the given dimensions

Extruding the Hole

Cut a hole through the entire part with a radius 10mm less than the boss.
1. Click Extruded Cut (Features toolbar). Select the front face of the circular boss.
2. Click Normal To (Standard Views toolbar). Click Circle (Sketch toolbar). Click Smart
Dimension and set the diameter of the hole to 50.
3. Click Exit Sketch (Sketch toolbar). The sketch closes and the Cut-Extrude Property Manager
appears. Click Trimetric (Standard Views toolbar).
4. Under Direction 1, set End Condition to Through All. Click.

Adding the Fillets

Click Fillet (Features toolbar).
1. Under Fillet Type, select Constant radius. Select the front face of the base. Under Items To Fillet:
2. SetRadiusto 5. Select Full Preview. The face is highlighted and a preview of the filleted face is
displayed. Select the four edges at the corners of the base.
As you move the pointer over hidden lines, they highlight so you can select them.
As you select each edge, its name is added to Edges, Faces, Features and Loops and the preview is
updated. Click.
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Creating the Boss Fillets

1. Click Fillet (Features toolbar).Under Items to Fillet, set Radius to 1.5. Right-click on either the
inner or outer edge of the boss face and click Select Other.
2. Select the face of the boss from the pop-up list. Click Zoom to Selection (View toolbar). Click.

Shelling the part

1. Hollow out the part byremoving the back face. Leaving a shell thickness of 2 mm
2. Save the part as Tutor 1

The part is obtained as per the dimensions.

Creating the Base Feature

1. Click New (Standard toolbar) and open a new part.ClickExtruded Boss/Base (Features toolbar)
and select the Front plane. A sketch opens on the Front plane.
2. Sketch a rectangle beginning at the origin. Click Smart Dimension (Dimensions/Relations
toolbar) and dimension the rectangle to 120mm x 120mm.
3. Click Exit Sketch (Sketch toolbar) to exit the sketch. The Extrude Property Manager and a
preview of the extrusion appear. Under Direction1:
Set End Condition to Blind.Set Depth to 90.Click to create the extrusion. Click Hidden Lines
Visible (View toolbar). Click Fillet (Features toolbar) and select the four edges shown.
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5. In the PropertyManager, under Items to Fillet, set Radius to 10. Click to fillet the selected edges.

Shell the part.

1. Click Hidden Lines Removed on the View toolbar. Click Shell on the Features toolbar.TheShell
PropertyManager appears.
2. Select the front face of the model. The face is listed in Faces to Removein the PropertyManager.
Under Parameters, set Thickness to 4. Click.

Creating a Lip on the Part

1. Click Extruded Cut (Features toolbar). A sketch opens on the selected face. Click Convert
Entities (Sketch toolbar).
2. The outer edges of the selected face are projected (copied) onto the sketch plane as lines and arcs
Click the front face again. Click Offset Entities on the Sketch toolbar. The Offset Entities
PropertyManager appears.
3. Under Parameters, set Offset Distance to 2. The preview shows the offset extending
outward.Select Reverse to change the offset direction. Click. Click Exit Sketch (Sketch toolbar) to
exit the sketch. The Extrude PropertyManager appears.
4. Under Direction 1, set Depth to 20, and then click

Changing the Color of a Part

1. Click Shaded With Edges on the View toolbar. Right-click the Tutor2 icon at the top of the
FeatureManager design tree.
2. On the shortcut menu, select Appearances, and then select tutor2. In the PropertyManager, under
Color, select the desired color on the color palette, then click OK . Save the part.

Creating the Assembly

Now create an assembly using the two parts.

1. Click New on the Standard toolbar, click Assembly, then click OK. The Begin Assembly
PropertyManager appears.
2. Under Part/Assembly to Insert, select the part that we created in exercise 3. A preview of part
appears in the graphics area, and the pointer changes to.
3. Click Keep Visible in the PropertyManager, so you can insert more than one component without
having to re-open the PropertyManager.
4. Click anywhere in the graphics area to place Tutor1. In the PropertyManager under
Part/Assembly to Insert, select Tutor2. Click in the graphics area to place Tutor2 beside Tutor1.
Click.

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5. Click Zoom to Fit . Save the assembly as Tutor. (The .sldasmextension is added to the file name.)
If you see messages about rebuilding the assembly and saving referenced documents, click Yes.

Mating the Components

In this topic, you define assembly mating relations between the components, making them align and
fit together.
1. Click Mate (Assembly toolbar). The Mate Property Manager appears.
2. In the graphics area, select the top edge of Tutor1, then select the outside edge of the lip on the top
of Tutor2.
3. The Mate pop-up toolbar appears, and the components move into place, previewing the mate. The
edges are listed in the Entities to Mate box under Mate Selections in the PropertyManager.
4. On the Mate pop-up toolbar: Click Coincident Add/Finish Mate .
5. A coincident mate appears under Mates in the PropertyManager.
The position of Tutor2 is not fully defined yet. It still has some degrees of freedom to move in
directions that are not yet constrained by mates. Test degrees of freedom by moving the components.
6. In the graphics area, select the Tutor2 component and hold down the left mouse button.
7. Drag the component from side to side to observe the available degrees of freedom.

Adding More Mates

1. Select the rightmost face of one component, then select the corresponding face on the other
component.
2. On the Mate pop-up toolbar, click Coincident, then click Add/Finish Mate.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2, but select the top faces of both components, to add another Coincident mate.
Click OK . Save the assembly.

Result
Assembly of parts done.

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8.U-BRACKET
Aim
To design a component as per the drawing

Procedure
1. Click New, ClickPart,OK.
2. Click Front Plane and click on Sketch
Use Line, sketch U shape. Dimension sketch with Smart Dimensionas1in x 1.5in x 1in and
1.5in height
3. Click Offset Entitiesand click U sketch. Set offset distance as 0.1in, check Reverse box and
OK.
4. Use Line, sketch and connected open end of this sketch and make it close both end.
5. Click Features>Extruded Boss/BasesetD1 to 1in and OK.
6. Click View>Bottom

Click on bottom face and click Sketch.

7. Click Circleand sketch 2 circle on bottom face each side. Use Smart Dimensiontodimension
this sketch as sketched below.
8. Click Features>Extruded Cutand cut Through All this circle.9. Click View>Isometric.
10. Click Fillet, check box Full round fillet.
11. Click side left side face as Side Face 1.
12. Click on purple box and click center face as Center Face Set.
13. Click on pink box and click right side face as Side Face Set2 and OK.
14. Repeat step 11–13 for the other side.
15. Repeat step 11-13 for inner face and outer face of U bracket.

Result

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9.CANDLESTICK

Aim
To create candlestick as per the dimensions using Revolve, Sweep:

Procedure
Creating a revolve feature

Create the base feature of the candlestick by creating a sketch profile and revolving the sketch profile
around a centerline.
1. Click New on the Standard toolbar and create a new part. Click Revolved Boss/Base on the
Features toolbar. (The Front, Top, and Right planes appear).
2.Select the Front plane. A sketch opens on the Front plane.ClickLine on the Sketch toolbar.
3. Click Smart Dimension on the Sketch toolbar. Dimension the lines as shown.

Now sketch and dimension the arcs and lines needed to complete the profile. First create the small arc
at the top of the sketch.

1.ClickTangent Arc (Sketch toolbar).Click the endpoint of the top horizontal line, move the pointer
to the right, then downward.
2.When the radius is approximately 10mm (R=10) and the vertical inference line is visible, click
again. Click Smart Dimension and dimension the arc radius to 10.

Now create the vertical line and the second arc.

1. Click Line on the Sketch toolbar.

2. Sketch a vertical line downward approximately 150mm long, starting at the lower endpoint of the
arc. Do not dimension the line at this time.
3. Click 3 Point Arc on the Sketch toolbar. Sketch an arc so that the arc endpoints are coincident with
the line. Use the following measurements:
4. length approximately 40mm (L=40) .angle approximately 180° (A=180) . radius approximately
20mm (R=20)
5. After clicking to end the arc, set the angle to 180° in the Parameters section of the Property
Manager.
6. Click Smart Dimension, then dimension the arc radius to 20. Click Trim Entities on the Sketch
toolbar. In the PropertyManager, under Options, click Trim to closest.
7. Select the highlighted segment to delete it. Right-click in the graphics area and select Smart
Dimension. Dimension the upper vertical line to 40, as shown.

Add relations and a tangent arc.

1. Click Select on the Standard toolbar, then hold down Ctrl and select the vertical lines on each side
of the lower arc.
2. In the PropertyManager, under Add Relations, click Equal, then click OK . The Equal relation
ensures that both vertical lines will maintain equal length.
3. Click Tangent Arc on the Sketch toolbar, then click the endpoint of the lower vertical line.

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4. Move the pointer downward to create an arc that has an angle of 90° and a radius of approximately
60mm.Click to place the arc.

5. Sketch another tangent arc. Move the pointer until the endpoint of the arc is coincident with the
endpoint of the bottom horizontal line as shown.
6. Click View, Sketch Relations to hide the sketch relations in the graphics area.
7. Dimension the rest of the sketch as shown.

Now that you created the sketch profile, you revolve the profile around the centerline to create the
revolve feature.

1. Click Exit Sketch on the Sketch toolbar. The Revolve PropertyManager appears. For Axis of
Revolution, select the long vertical line in the sketch.
2. Under Direction1: In Revolve Type, select Blind. Set Direction 1 Angle to 360.ClickTheRevolve
feature is created.

A sweep is a base, boss, or cut created by moving a section along a path. In this part of the tutorial,
you create the candlestick handle by using a sweep.
First, you sketch the sweep path. The path can be an open curve, or a closed, non-intersecting curve.
Neither the path nor the resulting sweep can be self-intersecting.

1. Select the Front plane in the FeatureManager design tree, then click Sketch on the Sketch toolbar
to open a new sketch.
2. Click Front on the Standard Views toolbar. Click Hidden Lines Removed on the View toolbar.
Click View, Temporary Axes. Notice that the temporary axis of the revolved base appears.
3. Right-click in the graphics area and select Line, then move the pointer over the temporary axis.
The pointer changes to indicating that the pointer is exactly on the temporary axis.
4. Sketch a horizontal line as shown, and dimension the line to 60. Right-click in the graphics area
and selectTangent Arc.
5. Sketch an arc starting at the endpoint of the line. Dimension the arc to a radius of 150. Select the
endpoints of the arc and set the vertical dimension to 65.
6. Right-click and select Tangent Arc, then sketch another arc as shown. Dimension it to a radius of
20.

Add relations to control the sweep path.

1. Click Select on the Standard toolbar, then hold down Ctrl and select the endpoints of the tangent
arc you just sketched.
The Properties PropertyManager appears. The two endpoints are listed under Selected Entities.
2. Under Add Relations, click Horizontal .
3. Click . The dimensions and relations prevent the sweep path from changing size and shape when
moved.
4. Click Display/Delete Relations on the Sketch toolbar. In the PropertyManager, under Relations,
select All in this sketch in Filter.
6. Select each relation in Relations. As you select each relation, its entities are highlighted in the
graphics area.Click .
Next, dimension the sweep path with respect to the revolved base.
1. Dimension the distance between the horizontal line of the sweep path and the bottom edge of the
revolved feature to 10.
The sweep path is fully defined. Click Exit Sketch on the Sketch toolbar

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Sketching the Sweep Section:

After you sketch the sweep path, you need to sketch the sweep section.
1. Select the Right plane in the FeatureManager design tree, then click Sketch on the Sketch toolbar
to open a new sketch.
2. Click Normal To on the Standard Views toolbar. Click Ellipse on the Sketch toolbar, then sketch
an ellipse anywhere in the graphics area.
3. Click Select on the Standard toolbar, then hold down Ctrl and click the endpoints of the ellipse as
shown.
4. In the PropertyManager, under Add Relations, click Horizontal , then click OK . This relation
ensures that the ellipse is not slanted.
5. Dimension the ellipse as shown. Click OK . Click Isometric on the Standard Views toolbar.
6. Hold down Ctrl and click the center point of the ellipse and the endpoint of the horizontal line of
the sweep path.
7. In the PropertyManager, under Add Relations, click Coincident, then click OK.
This coincident relation ensures that the center point of the sweep section lies on the plane of the
sweep path.
8. Click View, Temporary Axes to hide the temporary axis. Click Exit Sketch on the Sketch toolbar.

Creating the Sweep:

Now you combine the sweep path and sweep section sketches to create the sweep.

1. Click Swept Boss/Base on the Features toolbar.In the PropertyManager:

2. Select Sketch3 (the ellipse) in the graphics area for Profile.SelectSketch2 (the path) in the
graphics area for Path.

A preview of the sweep appears in the graphics area. Note how the colours in Profile and Path match
those in the graphics area.

3. Under Options, select Follow Path in Orientation/twist type. Click OK to create the sweep. Click
Shaded with Edges (View toolbar). The candlestick’s handle is complete. Save the part.

Completing the Part:

The final step is to create a cut to hold a candle.

1. Select the top face of the revolved base feature, and then click Extruded Cut on the Features
toolbar.
2. Click Normal To on the Standard Views toolbar. Click Circle on the Sketch toolbar, and select the
sketch origin. Sketch and dimension a circle as shown.
4. Click Exit Sketch on the Sketch toolbar.ClickIsometric (Standard Views toolbar). In the
PropertyManager, under Direction 1:
Select Blind in End Condition. Click Reverse Direction if necessary to make the arrow point down.
Set Depth to 25.
6. Click Draft On/Off, and set Draft Angle to 15. Click. The cut is added to the top of the
candlestick.

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Result:

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10. 3-D SKETCHING WITH PLANES

Aim
Create an industrial design model using a single 3D sketch and 3D sketch planes.
  
Open a 3D sketch on a selected plane
  
Add 3D sketch planes using references
  
Use arcs in a 3D sketch
  
Add relations between arcs, splines, and construction lines
 
Create a surface loft from a single 3D sketch using contour select

Procedure
There are two approaches to 3D sketching.
 2D Sketching with 3D Sketch Planes. Activate a planar face by adding a 3D sketch plane,
sketch in 2D along the plane, and add 3D sketch planes each time you need to move sketch
 entities to create a 3D sketch. This tutorial uses this approach.
 3D Sketching. Open a 3D sketch, and press Tab each time you need to move sketch entities
to a different axis. The sketch origin is placed wherever you first start the sketch.

2D sketches with 3D sketch planes allow you to:

 Define planes
 Add relations:
 To planes
 Between planes
 Between sketch entities on different planes
 Move and resize planes

Create a Sketch

1. Open a new part, and in the Feature Manager design tree, select the Top plane.
2. Click 3D Sketch On Plane (Sketch toolbar). A 3D sketch plane created on the Top plane is
displayed.
3. Click Centerline (Sketch toolbar), and sketch a vertical construction line through the origin.
4. Click Add Relation (Dimensions/Relations toolbar). In the graphics area, select the construction
line and the origin for Selected Entities.
5. In the PropertyManager, under Add Relations, click: Midpoint.Coincident

6. Click Line (Sketch toolbar), and sketch two horizontal lines connecting the end points of the
construction lines.
7. Click Smart Dimension (Dimensions/Relations toolbar), dimension one of the lines to 75, Click
Tangent Arc (Sketch toolbar), and add tangent arcs between each set of end points.
8. Click Smart Dimension (Dimensions/Relations toolbar), and dimension one of the arcs to fully
define the sketch.
9. Click Isometric (Standard Views toolbar). Click Plane (Sketch toolbar). In the FeatureManager
design tree, select the Top plane for First Reference.
10. In the PropertyManager, under First Reference, set Distance to 40. A 3D sketch plane, offset
40mm from the first 3D sketch plane, is added to 3DSketch1.

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11. In the FeatureManager design tree, double click Top plane. Save the file. In the FeatureManager
design tree, select the Top plane.
12. Click PropertyManagerto display the 3DSketch PropertyManager (top of the left column, next
to the graphics area).
13. Plane2 is displayed under Planes (only planes that you add are listed). Under Visibility, clear
Planes and select Relations.

The plane is hidden, and all the sketch relations are displayed.

14. Under Visibility, select Planes and clear Relations. Click FeatureManager Design Tree. In the
graphics area, double click Plane2. Click Circle (Sketch toolbar).
15. Sketch a circle on Plane2, with the center approximately along the same vertical axis as the
sketch origin.
16. Click Add Relation (Dimensions/Relations toolbar). In the graphics area select the two arcs. In
the PropertyManager, under Add Relations click Concentric,
17. Click Smart Dimension (Dimensions/Relations toolbar), and dimension the arc diameter to 75.
Click Plane (Sketch toolbar).In the Feature Manager design tree, select Right for First Reference.
18. In the PropertyManager, under First Reference, click Coincident, then click.

19. Click Centerline(Sketch toolbar), and use inference to sketch a horizontal construction line
through the center of the circle.
20 Clear the Centerline(Sketch toolbar) tool. Click Spline (Sketch toolbar).
Sketch a two point spline coincident with the end points of the tangent arc and the point on the
horizontal construction line on Plane2.

21. Click Centerline(Sketch toolbar), and sketch: Two vertical lines coincident to the end points of
the splines. A vertical line coincident to the sketch origin
22. Click Add Relation (Dimensions/Relations toolbar). In the graphics area, select the centerline
coincident to the sketch origin, and one of the other centerlines.
23. In the PropertyManager, under Add Relations, click Parallel
In the graphics area, select one of the splines, then press CTRL and select the adjacent construction
line.
24. In the PropertyManager, under Add Relations, click Tangent

In the graphics area, select the construction line that spans the circle diameter, then press CTRL and
select one of the splines

25. In the PropertyManager, under Add Relations, click Tangent .Click Isometric (Standard Views
toolbar).
26. Click Plane (Sketch toolbar) and in the PropertyManager: Select Front for First Reference.Select
Coincident
27. Click Centerline(Sketch toolbar), and use inference to sketch a vertical construction line
coincident to the midpoint of the tangent arc.
28. Clear the Centreline tool. Sketch a construction line perpendicular to the existing construction line
that spans the circle.ClickAdd Relation (Dimensions/Relations toolbar).
29. In the graphics area, select the intersecting construction line.

The centerline you just sketched should already be displayed in the PropertyManager under Selected
Entities. If it is not, select it as well.

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Create Spline

1. Click Spline (Sketch toolbar).

2. Sketch a two point spline coincident between the end point of the vertical construction line and the
horizontal construction line just added.
3. Click Add Relation (Dimensions/Relations toolbar). In the graphics area, select the spline and the
vertical construction line. In the PropertyManager, under Add Relations, click Tangent
4. Close the sketch, then save the model.

Create Lofted Surface

1. Click Lofted Surface (Surfaces toolbar). Right-click in the graphics area and choose
SelectionManager.
2. In the SelectionManager: Click ok. Click Select .Closed Loop.
3. Select the circular sketch for Profiles and click ok. In the SelectionManager, click Select Group
4. Select the four segments of the elliptical sketch for Profiles. In the PropertyManager, click in
Guide Curves.
5. In the Selection Manager, click Select Open Loop. In the graphics area, select a spline for Guide
Curves . Repeat step 9 for the other two splines.

Result

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11-Static Analysis of 1-D bar element axial load

Aim: To determine stress, displacement ,reaction in the given bar.

Discipline: Structural
Analysis Type: Static
Element Type: link, 2D spar 1
Material & Geometrical Properties:
E=200GPa, Poisson’s Ratio=0.29.
Length =1000 mm
Cross section =500 mm2

Procedure:
Preferences
Structural → ok
Pre-processor
Element type → add → link, 3D finit stn 180→ close

Real Constants →area (500) →ok →close .

Material Property →material models → structural →linear → Elastic →Isotropic

→Ex value (20e6) → PRXY value(0.29) →ok.

Modeling →Create →key points→ in Active cs → values (1000)

Meshing →mesh tool →global →mesh→ select the line →ok

Solution
Define loads →Apply →structural →Displacement → on nodes → all dof → ok
→Apply →Structural →Pressure → on node → 1000
Solve LS → ok
Solution done !!.

General Postprocessor
Plot results →contour plot →stress →von iss stress →ok
→contour plot → Nodal solution → DOF solution
→X-component of reaction .
Element table →define table → by sequence num →Ls,1→ok
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Plot result →contour plot→ elem table →Ls,1 →ok

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Precautions:
1. System should be shut down properly.
2. All the users should save their files in their respective directories only.
3. No student or staff should change the setting in the system. Contact the Lab Assistant for any
clarification.
5. All the students should remove their footwear outside the lab.
6. Bags and others items should be kept in respective racks.
7. Silence should be observed in the lab.

Result:

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12-TWO DIMENSIONAL TRUSS

Aim: Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system shown below (E =
200GPa, A = 3250mm2).

(Modified from Chandrupatla & Belegunda, Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, p.123)

Software used: ANSYS 14.0

Procedure:

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem.

1. Give the Simplified Version a Title (such as 'Bridge Truss Tutorial').

In the Utility menu bar select File > Change Title:

The following window will appear:

Enter the title and click 'OK'. This title will appear in the bottom left corner of the 'Graphics'
Window once you begin.

Note: to get the title to appear immediately, select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot

2. Enter Keypoints.
The overall geometry is defined in ANSYS using keypoints which specify various principal
coordinates to define the body. For this example, these keypoints are the ends of each truss.

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We are going to define 7 key points for the simplified structure as given in the following table

coordinate
key point
x y

1 0 0

2 1800 3118

3 3600 0

4 5400 3118

5 7200 0

6 9000 3118

7 10800 0

a. (these key points are depicted by numbers in the above figure)

i. From the 'ANSYS Main Menu' select:
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Key points > In Active CS

b. The following window will then appear:

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c. To define the first keypoint which has the coordinates x = 0 and y = 0:

Enter keypoint number 1 in the appropriate box, and enter the x,y coordinates: 0, 0
in their appropriate boxes (as shown above).
Click 'Apply' to accept what you have typed.
d. Enter the remaining keypoints using the same method.

Note: When entering the final data point, click on 'OK' to indicate that you are finished
entering keypoints. If you first press 'Apply' and then 'OK' for the final keypoint, you will
have defined it twice!
If you did press 'Apply' for the final point, simply press 'Cancel' to close this dialog box.

Units
Note the units of measure (ie mm) were not specified. It is the responsibility of the user to
ensure that a consistent set of units are used for the problem; thus making any conversions
where necessary.

Correcting Mistakes
When defining keypoints, lines, areas, volumes, elements, constraints and loads you are
bound to make mistakes. Fortunately these are easily corrected so that you don't need to
begin from scratch every time an error is made! Every 'Create' menu for generating these
various entities also has a corresponding 'Delete' menu for fixing things up.

3. Form Lines The key points must now be connected

We will use the mouse to select the key points to form the lines.

In the main menu select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord. The
following window will then appear:

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a. Use the mouse to pick key point #1 (i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small
yellow box.
b. Now move the mouse toward key point #2. A line will now show on the screen
joining these two points. Left click and a permanent line will appear.
c. Connect the remaining key points using the same method.
d. When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Lines in Active Coord' window, minimize the
'Lines' menu and the 'Create' menu. Your ANSYS Graphics window should look similar
to the following figure.

Disappearing Lines
Please note that any lines you have created may 'disappear' throughout your analysis.
However, they have most likely NOT been deleted. If this occurs at any time from the Utility
Menu select: Plot > Lines

4. Define the Type of Element It is now necessary to create elements. This is called 'meshing'.
ANSYS first needs to know what kind of elements to use for our problem:

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a. From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete.

b. The following window will then appear:

Click on the 'Add...' button. The following window will appear:

c. For this example, we will use the 2D spar element as selected in the above figure. Select
the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 LINK1' in the 'Element Types'
window.
d. Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box.

5. Define Geometric Properties We now

need to specify geometric properties for our elements:
a. In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete

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Click Add... and select 'Type 1 LINK1' (actually it is already selected). Click on 'OK'. The
following window will appear:

As shown in the window above, enter the cross-sectional area (3250mm):

b. Click on 'OK'.
c. 'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window.

6. Element Material Properties

You then need to specify material properties:

a. In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models

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Double click on Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic

We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following field:

EX 200000

b. Set these properties and click on 'OK'. Note: You may obtain the note 'PRXY will be set
to 0.0'. This is poisson's ratio and is not required for this element type. Click 'OK' on the
window to continue. Close the "Define Material Model Behavior" by clicking on the 'X'
box in the upper right hand corner.

7. Mesh Size

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The last step before meshing is to tell ANSYS what size the elements should be. There are a
variety of ways to do this but we will just deal with one method for now.

a. In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines

b. In the size 'NDIV' field, enter the desired number of divisions per line. For this example we
want only 1 division per line, therefore, enter '1' and then click 'OK'. Note that we have
not yet meshed the geometry, we have simply defined the element sizes.
8. Mesh

Now the frame can be meshed.

a. In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh
Lines' Window

Your model should now appear as shown in the following window

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Plot Numbering
To show the line numbers, keypoint numbers, node numbers...

 From the Utility Menu (top of screen) select PlotCtrls > Numbering...
 Fill in the Window as shown below and click 'OK'

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Now you can turn numbering on or off at your discretion

Saving Your Work

Save the model at this time, so if you make some mistakes later on, you will at least be able to come
back to this point. To do this, on the Utility Menu select File > Save as.... Select the name and location
where you want to save your file.

It is a good idea to save your job at different times throughout the building and analysis of the model to
backup your work in case of a system crash or what have you.

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and solve the
the resulting system of equations.

Open up the 'Solution' menu (from the same 'ANSYS Main Menu').

1. Define Analysis Type

First you must tell ANSYS how you want it to solve this problem:

o From the Solution Menu, select Analysis Type > New Analysis.

o Ensure that 'Static' is selected; i.e. you are going to do a static analysis on the truss as
opposed to a dynamic analysis, for example.
o Click 'OK'.
2. Apply Constraints

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It is necessary to apply constraints to the model otherwise the model is not tied down or
grounded and a singular solution will result. In mechanical structures, these constraints will
typically be fixed, pinned and roller-type connections. As shown above, the left end of the truss
bridge is pinned while the right end has a roller connection.

o In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On
Keypoints

o Select the left end of the bridge (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics Window
and click on 'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.

o This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of
freedom (DOFs) are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter
'0' in the Value field and click 'OK'.
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You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement
contraints.

o Using the same method, apply the roller connection to the right end (UY constrained).
Note that more than one DOF constraint can be selected at a time in the "Apply U,ROT
on KPs" window. Therefore, you may need to 'deselect' the 'All DOF' option to select just
the 'UY' option.
3. Apply Loads

As shown in the diagram, there are four downward loads of 280kN, 210kN, 280kN, and 360kN
at keypoints 1, 3, 5, and 7 respectively.

o Select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > on Keypoints.
o Select the first Keypoint (left end of the truss) and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M on KPs'
window.

o Select FY in the 'Direction of force/mom'. This indicate that we will be applying the load
in the 'y' direction
o Enter a value of -280000 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'. Note that
we are using units of N here, this is consistent with the previous values input.
o The force will appear in the graphics window as a red arrow.
o Apply the remaining loads in the same manner.

The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.

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4. Solving the System

We now tell ANSYS to find the solution:

o In the 'Solution' menu select Solve > Current LS. This indicates that we desire the
solution under the current Load Step (LS).

o The above windows will appear. Ensure that your solution options are the same as
shown above and click 'OK'.
o Once the solution is done the following window will pop up. Click 'Close' and close
the /STATUS Command Window..

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Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. Hand Calculations

We will first calculate the forces and stress in element 1 (as labeled in the problem description).

2. Results Using ANSYS

Reaction Forces

A list of the resulting reaction forces can be obtained for this element

o from the Main Menu select General Postproc > List Results > Reaction Solu.

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o Select 'All struc forc F' as shown above and click 'OK'

These values agree with the reaction forces claculated by hand above.

Deformation

o In the General Postproc menu, select Plot Results > Deformed Shape. The following
window will appear.

o Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed
object.

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o Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner
(DMX=7.409). One should also observe that the constrained degrees of freedom
appear to have a deflection of 0 (as expected!)

Deflection

For a more detailed version of the deflection of the beam,

o From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution.
The following window will appear.

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o Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM' as shown in the above window. Leave the other
selections as the default values. Click 'OK'.

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o Looking at the scale, you may want to use more useful intervals. From the Utility Menu
select Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours...
o Fill in the following window as shown and click 'OK'.

You should obtain the following.

o The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List
Results > Nodal Solution select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List
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Nodal Solution' window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all
degrees of freedom from the solution.

o Are these results what you expected? Note that all the degrees of freedom were
constrained to zero at node 1, while UY was constrained to zero at node 7.
o If you wanted to save these results to a file, select 'File' within the results window (at the
upper left-hand corner of this list window) and select 'Save as'.

Axial Stress

For line elements (ie links, beams, spars, and pipes) you will often need to use the Element Table
to gain access to derived data (ie stresses, strains). For this example we should obtain axial stress
to compare with the hand calculations. The Element Table is different for each element,
therefore, we need to look at the help file for LINK1 (Type help link1 into the Input Line). From
Table 1.2 in the Help file, we can see that SAXL can be obtained through the ETABLE, using the
item 'LS,1'

o From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define
Table o Click on 'Add...'

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o As shown above, enter 'SAXL' in the 'Lab' box. This specifies the name of the item you
are defining. Next, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes, select 'By sequence number' and 'LS,'. Then
enter 1 after LS, in the selection box
o Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window.
o Plot the Stresses by selecting Element Table > Plot Elem Table
o The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SAXL' is selected and click 'OK'

o Because you changed the contour intervals for the Displacement plot to "User
Specified" - you need to switch this back to "Auto calculated" to obtain new values for
VMIN/VMAX.

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...

Again, you may wish to select more appropriate intervals for the contour plot

o List the Stresses

 
From the 'Element Table' menu, select 'List Elem Table'

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
From the 'List
 Element Table Data' window which appears ensure 'SAXL' is
highlighted
 
Click 'OK'

Note that the axial stress in Element 1 is 82.9MPa as predicted analytically.

Command File Mode of Solution

The above example was solved using the Graphical User Interface (or GUI). This problem has also been
solved using the ANSYS command language interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and
save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read input from...' and select the file.

Quitting ANSYS

To quit ANSYS, select 'QUIT' from the ANSYS Toolbar or select Utility Menu/File/Exit.... In the dialog box
that appears, click on 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click on 'OK'.

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13-TWO DIMENSIONAL STRESS BRACKET

The problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in the following figure. This
bracket is to be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the
left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right.

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1. Give the Bracket example a Title

Utility Menu > File > Change Title

2. Form Geometry
Again, Boolean operations will be used to create the basic geometry of the Bracket.

a. Create the main rectangular shape

The main rectangular shape has a width of 80 mm, a height of 100mm and the bottom
left corner is located at coordinates (0,0)


Ensure that the Preprocessor
 menu is open. (Alternatively type /PREP7 into the
 command line window)

Now instead of using the GUI window we are going to enter code into  the
'command line'. Now I will explain the line required to create a rectangle:
  
BLC4, XCORNER, YCORNER, WIDTH, HEIGHT
  
BLC4, X coord (bottom left), Y coord (bottom left), width, height
  
Therefore, the command line for this rectangle is BLC4,0,0,80,100
b. Create the circular end on the right hand side
The center of the circle is located at (80,50) and has a radius of 50 mm

The following code is used to create a circular area:

CYL4, XCENTER, YCENTER, RAD1

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CYL4, X coord for the center, Y coord for the center, radius
  
Therefore, the command line for this circle is CYL4,80,50,50
c. Now create a second and third circle for the left hand side using the following
dimensions:
parameter circle 2 circle 3

XCENTER 0 0

YCENTER 20 80

RADIUS 20 20

d. Create a rectangle on the left hand end to fill the gap between the two small
circles. XCORNER -20

YCORNER 20

WIDTH 20

HEIGHT 60

e. Your screen should now look like the following...

f.
g. Boolean Operations - Addition
We now want to add these five discrete areas together to form one area.
 
To perform the Boolean operation, from the Preprocessor menu select:
Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Add > Areas
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  
In the 'Add Areas' window, click on 'Pick All'

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AADD,ALL)

You should now have the following model:

h. Create the Bolt Holes

We now want to remove the bolt holes from this plate.


Create the three circles with the parameters given below:

parameter circle 1 circle 2 circle 3

WP X 80 0 0

WP Y 50 20 80

radius 30 10 10

 
Now select
Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Areas
  
Select the base areas from which to subract (the large plate that was created)

Next select the three circlesthat we just created. Click on the three circles that you
 just created and click 'OK'.

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ASBA,6,ALL)

Now you should have the following:

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3. Define the Type of Element

As in the verification model, PLANE82 will be used for this example

o Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete

o Use the 'Options...' button to get a plane stress element with thickness (Alternatively,
the command line code for the above step is ET,1,PLANE82 followed by
KEYOPT,1,3,3)

o Under the Extra Element Output K5 select nodal stress.

Define Geometric Contants
o Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
o Enter a thickness of 20mm.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is R,1,20)

Element Material Properties

o Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Library > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:

EX 200000

PRXY 0.3

(The command line code for the above step is MP,EX,1,200000 followed by
MP,PRXY,1,0.3)

Mesh Size
o Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas
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o Select an element edge length of 5. Again, we will need to make sure the model has
converged.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AESIZE,ALL,5,)

Mesh
o Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free and select the area when prompted
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AMESH,ALL)

Saving Your Job

Utility Menu > File > Save as...

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and solve the
the resulting system of equations.

1. Define Analysis Type

o 'Solution' > 'New Analysis' and select 'Static'.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ANTYPE,0)

2. Apply Constraints
As illustrated, the plate is fixed at both of the smaller holes on the left hand side.

o Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
o Instead of selecting one node at a time, you have the option of creating a box, polygon, or
circle of which all the nodes in that area will be selected. For this case, select 'circle' as
shown in the window below. (You may want to zoom in to select the points Utilty Menu

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/ PlotCtrls / Pan, Zoom, Rotate...) Click at the center of the bolt hole and drag the circle
out so that it touches all of the nodes on the border of the hole.

o Click on 'Apply' in the 'Apply U,ROT on Lines' window and constrain all DOF's in
the 'Apply U,ROT on Nodes' window.
o Repeat for the second bolt hole.
3. Apply Loads
As shown in the diagram, there is a single vertical load of 1000N, at the bottom of the large bolt
hole. Apply this force to the respective keypoint ( Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural
> Force/Moment > On Keypoints Select a force in the y direction of -1000)

The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.

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4. Solving the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS

Post-Processing: Viewing the Results

We are now ready to view the results. We will take a look at the deflected shape and the stress contours
once we determine convergence has occured.

1. Convergence using ANSYS

At this point we need to find whether or not the final result has converged. Because we
cannot solve for a solution analytically, we must try to

2. Deformation
o General Postproc > Plot Results > Def + undeformed to view both the deformed and the
undeformed object.
The graphic should be similar to the following

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o Observe the locations of deflection. Ensure that the deflection at the bolt hole is
indeed 0.

3. Deflection
o To plot the nodal deflections use General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal
Solution then select DOF Solution - USUM in the window.

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o Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal
Solution...)
o Are these results what you expected? Note that all translational degrees of freedom
were constrained to zero at the bolt holes.
4. Stresses
o General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select von Mises Stress in the
window.

o You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes
General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN

Command File Mode of Solution

The above example was solved using the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) of ANSYS. This problem has
also been solved using the ANSYS command language interface that you may want to browse. Open the
file and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read input from...' and select the file.

Quitting ANSYS

To quit ANSYS, click 'QUIT' on the ANSYS Toolbar or select Utility Menu > File > Exit... In the window that
appears, select 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click 'OK'.

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14-TWO DIMENSIONAL FLAT RECTANGULAR PLATE WITH A HOLE

This problem is that of a flat rectangular plate with a hole shown in the following figure.

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1. Give the Simplified Version a Title

Utility Menu > File > Change Title

2. Form Geometry
Boolean operations provide a means to create complicated solid models. These procedures
make it easy to combine simple geometric entities to create more complex bodies. Subtraction
will used to create this model, however, many other Boolean operations can be used in ANSYS.

a. Create the main rectangular shape

Instead of creating the geometry using keypoints, we will create an area (using
GUI)

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners

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
Fill in the window as shown above. This will create a rectangle where the
bottom left corner has the coordinates 0,0,0 and the top right corner has the
 coordinates 200,100,0.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above command

 is BLC4,0,0,200,100)

b. Create the circle

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Circle > Solid Circle

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
Fill in the window as shown above. This will create a circle where the center
has the coordinates
 100,50,0 (the center of the rectangle) and the radius of the
 circle is 20 mm.
 
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above command is CYL4,100,50,20

 )

c. Subtraction
Now we want to subtract the circle from the rectangle. Prior to this operation,
your image should resemble the following:

  
To perform the Boolean operation, from the Preprocessor menu select:

Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Areas


At this point a 'Subtract Areas' window will pop up and the ANSYS Input window
will display the following message:
 [ASBA] Pick or enter base areas from which
to subtract (as shown below)


Therefore, select the base area (the rectangle) by clicking on it. Note: The
 selected area will turn pink once it is selected.

The following
 window may appear because there are 2 areas at the location you
clicked.

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
Ensure that the entire rectangular area is selected (otherwise click 'Next') and then
click 'OK'.
  
Click 'OK' on the 'Subtract Areas' window.

Now you will be prompted to select  the areas to be subtracted, select the circle by
 clicking on it and then click 'OK'.

You should now have the following model:

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ASBA,1,2)

3. Define the Type of Element

It is now necessary to define the type of element to use for our problem:

Preprocessor Menu > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete

o Add the following type of element: Solid (under the Structural heading) and the Quad 82
element, as shown in the above figure.

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PLANE82 is a higher order version of the two-dimensional, four-node element

(PLANE42). PLANE82 is an eight noded quadrilateral element which is better suited
to model curved boundaries.

For this example, we need a plane stress element with thickness, therefore

o Click on the 'Options...' button. Click and hold the K3 button, and select 'Plane strs
w/thk', as shown below.

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ET,1,PLANE82 followed by
KEYOPT,1,3,3)

Define Geometric Properties

o As in previous examples Preprocessor menu > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
o Enter a thickness of 20 as shown in the figure below. This defines a plate thickness
of 20mm)

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(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is R,1,20)

Element Material Properties

o As shown in previous examples, select Preprocessor > Material Props > Material
models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic
We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:

EX 200000

PRXY 0.3

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is MP,EX,1,200000 followed by
MP,PRXY,1,0.3)

Mesh Size
To tell ANSYS how big the elements should be, Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual
Size > Areas > All Areas

o Select an element edge length of 25. We will return later to determine if this was
adequate for the problem.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AESIZE,ALL,25,)

Mesh
Now the frame can be meshed.

o In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free and select the
area when prompted
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AMESH,ALL)

You should now have the following:

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Saving Your Job

Utility Menu > File > Save as...

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and solve the
the resulting system of equations.

1. Define Analysis Type

o Ensure that a Static Analysis will be performed (Solution > Analysis Type >
New Analysis).
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ANTYPE,0)

2. Apply Constraints
As shown previously, the left end of the plate is fixed.

o In the Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines
o Select the left end of the plate and click on 'Apply' in the 'Apply U,ROT on Lines' window.
o Fill in the window as shown below.

o This location is fixed which means that all DOF's are constrained. Therefore, select
'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field as shown above.
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You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement
contraints.

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is DL,4,,ALL,0)

3. Apply Loads
o As shown in the diagram, there is a load of 20N/mm distributed on the right hand side of
the plate. To apply this load:
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Lines

o When the window appears, select the line along the right hand edge of the plate
and click 'OK'
o Calculate the pressure on the plate end by dividing the distributed load by the
thickness of the plate (1 MPa).
o Fill in the "Apply PRES on lines" window as shown below. NOTE:

The pressure
 is uniform along the surface of the plate, therefore the last field is left
 blank.

The pressure is acting away fromthe surface of the plate, and is therefore
defined as a negative pressure.

o The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.

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4. Solving the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. Hand Calculations
Now, since the purpose of this exercise was to verify the results - we need to calculate what we
should find.

Deflection: The maximum deflection occurs on the right hand side of the plate and was
calculated to be 0.001 mm - neglecting the effects of the hole in the plate (ie - just a flat plate).
The actual deflection of the plate is therefore expected to be greater but in the same range of
magnitude.

Stress: The maximum stress occurs at the top and bottom of the hole in the plate and was found
to be 3.9 MPa.

2. Convergence using ANSYS

At this point we need to find whether or not the final result has converged. We will do this by
looking at the deflection and stress at particular nodes while changing the size of the meshing
element.

Since we have an analytical solution for the maximum stress point, we will check the
stress at this point. First we need to find the node corresponding to the top of the hole
in the plate. First plot and number the nodes

Utility Menu > Plot > Nodes

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering...

o The plot should look similar to the one shown below. Make a note of the node closest
to the top of the circle (ie. #49)

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o List the stresses (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress,
Principals SPRIN) and check the SEQV (Equivalent Stress / von Mises Stress) for the
node in question. (as shown below in red)

The equivalent stress was found to be 2.9141 MPa at this point. We will use
smaller elements to try to get a more accurate solution.

o Resize Elements
a. To change the element size, we need to go back to the Preprocessor Menu
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas

now decrease the element edge length (ie 20)

b. Now remesh the model (Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free). Once
you have selected the area and clicked 'OK' the following window will appear:

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c. Click 'OK'. This will remesh the model using the new element edge length.
d. Solve the system again (note that the constraints need not be reapplied).
( Solution Menu > Current LS )

o Repeat steps 'a' through 'd' until the model has converged. (note - the number of the
node at the top of the hole has most likely changed. It is essential that you plot the
nodes again to select the appropriate node). Plot the stress/deflection at varying
mesh sizes as shown below to confirm that convergence has occured.

Note the shapes of both the deflection and stress curves. As the number of elements in the mesh
increases (ie - the element edge length decreases), the values converge towards a final solution.

The von Mises stress at the top of the hole in the plate was found to be approximatly 3.8 MPa.
This is a mere 2.5% difference between the analytical solution and the solution found using
ANSYS.

The approximate maximum displacement was found to be 0.0012 mm, this is 20% greater than
the analytical solution. However, the analytical solution does not account for the large hole in

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the center of the plate which was expected to significantly increase the deflection at the end of
the plate.

Therefore, the results using ANSYS were determined to be appropriate for the verification
model.

3. Deformation
o General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape > Def + undeformd to view both the
deformed and the undeformed object.

o Observe the locations of deflection.

4. Deflection
o General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select DOF solution, USUM in
the window.

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o Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal

o Are these results what you expected? Note that all translational degrees of freedom
were constrained to zero at the left end of the plate.
5. Stresses
o General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select Stress, von Mises in
the window.

o You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes
General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN

Command File Mode of Solution

The above example was solved using the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) of ANSYS. This problem has
also been solved using the ANSYS command language interface that you may want to browse. Open the
file and save it to your computer. Now go to File > Read input from... and select the file.
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