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BOOK I. PERSONS  -  Although  inherent in every natural person, it is extended 

by  law  to  entities  which  have  no  natural  existence,  or to 
 
juridical or artificial persons 
TITLE I. CIVIL PERSONALITY   
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONALITY  
  (1) It is not a being, but a quality of certain beings.  
---------------------------------------------------------  (2) It is not a physical element, but a juridical concept. 
PERSON   (3) It is not an object of contract, or of possession, and 
-  according  to  the  Romans,  was  a  being  that  was  cannot be impaired by agreement.  
capable  of  ownership,  a  being  that  possessed  legal  (4) It is a matter of public interest 
capacities and legal rights.    
-  To be a person was to have a legal standing, a status, a 
legal  capacity,  a  caput (head). a entity with personality.  LEGAL PERSONALITY  JURIDICAL CAPACITY 
[presently  all  persons  have  status/capacity  because 
there is no longer slavery.]  Sanchez  Roman  makes  a  distinction  between 
personality  and  capacity.  According  to  him,  the  two 
-  In a juridical sense, the term “person” is now understood 
are intimately related, but are not identical. 
as  any  being,  physical  or  moral,  real  or  juridical  and 
legal,  susceptible of rights and obligations or of being the  He view personality as the  Most civil law writers, 
subject of legal relations  conduct  of  capacity  in  however, consider 
  law,  a  necessary  personality as identical to 
STATUS   derivation  from  its  juridical capacity 
-  according  to  the  Romans,  the  sum  total  of  a  person's  existence,  and  the   
external  manifestation  of  is  synonymous  to  legal 
rights  and  duties (as determined by the class to which he 
capacity.  personality (Gesmundo) 
belonged) 
-  The  status  of  a  person  is  the  legal  condition  or  class  to 
He considers personality in general and in a specific 
which  one  belongs  in  society;  it  is  the  legal  or  juridical 
sense. In a general sense, it cannot be limited, 
position  of  the  individual  in  society,  or  with  regard to the  because it is the consequence of inherent juridical 
rest  of  the  community.  It  is  determined  by  a  series  of  capacity, which in turn is merely a consequence of 
personal  qualities,  which  respectively  carry  with  them  human nature. But in a specific sense, it may suffer 
certain  rights  and  obligations.  A  person’s  status  serves to  limitations because it is merely the result of the 
determine  the  nature  and  number  of  his  rights  and  acquired capacity to act  
obligations   
-  The  qualities  which  create  a  status  however  are  only   
those  inherent  in  the  person  himself.  Hence,  profession  CIVIL PERSONALITY 
cannot  be  a  status,  because  the  rights  and  obligations  -  Civil  personality  is  merely  the  external  manifestation  of 
derived  from  it  are  not  inherent  in  the  person,  but  either  juridical  capacity  or  capacity  to  act. 
depend  upon  an  accidental  element  which  is  the  Consequently,  it  may  be  defined  as  the  aptitude  of 
occupation  being  the  subject,  active  or  passive,  of  rights  and 
-  The  status  of  a  person  may  be  political  or  civil,  obligation 
depending  on  whether  he  is  considered  in  the  light  of   
public  law  or  of  private  law.  The  rights and obligations in   
connection  with  suffrage  refer  to  political  status,  while  JURIDICAL CAPACITY / JURIDICAL PERSONALITY   
those arising from family relations refer to civil status.  - is synonymous to legal personality 
---------------------------------------------------------  -  synonymous  to  legal capacity and to personality. These 
Article  37.  Juridical  capacity,  which is the fitness to be  terms  are,  therefore,  used  interchangeably  in  the  law. 
the  subject  of  legal  relations,  is  inherent  in  every  They  all  refer  to  the  aptitude  for  the  holding  and 
natural  person  and  is  lost  only  through  death.  enjoyment of rights. 
Capacity  to  act,  which  is  the  power  to  do  acts  with   
legal effect, is acquired and may be lost. (n)   
  CAPACITY TO ACT 
PERSONALITY   -  refers  to  the  aptitude  for  the  exercise  of  rights,  and  is 
- status or civil capacity  often  referred  to  merely  as  “capacity.”  In  this  sense,  it  is 
-  Personality  is  the  quality  derived  from  being  a  person.  broadly  defined  as  “the  ability,  power,  qualification,  or 
While  a  person  is  any  being  susceptible  of  rights  and  competency  of  persons,  natural  or  artificial,  for  the 
obligations,  personality  is  the  aptitude  of  that  being  of  performance  of  civil  acts  depending  on  their  state  or 
becoming  the  subject,  active  or  passive,  of  juridical  condition (status) as defined or fixed by law” 
relations.  -  The  capacity  or  incapacity  of  persons  depends  upon 
-  Personality  is  thus  an  attribute  of  persons.  It  is  a  the  law.  It is determined by law and cannot be modified, 
consequence  of  human  existence;  it  is  born  with  man  extended,  or  restricted  by  agreement.  It  is  a  matter  of 
and stays with him until his death.   public interest 
 
• __

Juridical Capacity  Capacity to Act  --------------------------------------------------------- 

Fitness to be the subject  Power to do act with legal  INCAPACITIES TO ACT 
of legal relations (Art 37)  effects (Art 37)   
Passive  Active  
Inherent  Merely acquired  Article  38.  Minority,  insanity  or  imbecility,  the  state  of 
Lost only through death  Lost through death and  being  a  deaf-mute,  prodigality  and  civil  interdiction 
other causes  are  mere  restrictions  on  capacity  to  act,  and  do  not 
Can exist w/o capacity to  Cannot exist w/o juridical  exempt  the  incapacitated  person  from  certain 
act  capacity  obligations,  as  when  the  latter  arise  from  his  acts  or 
from property relations, such as easements. (32a) 
Cannot be limited or  Can be restricted, 
restricted  modified or limited   
is just one, indivisible,  is  conditional  and 
irreducible, and  variable.  It  is  acquired  Article  39. The following circumstances, among others, 
essentially the same for all  and  may  be  lost.  The  modify  or  limit  capacity  to  act:  age,  insanity, 
men; it is an inherent and  mere  existence  of  a  man  imbecility,  the  state  of  being  a  deaf-mute,  penalty, 
ineffaceable attribute of  is  not  sufficient  to  confer  prodigality,  family  relations,  alienage,  absence, 
man, and attaches to him  capacity  to  act,  because  insolvency  and  trusteeship.  The  consequences  of 
by the mere fact of his  this capacity requires both  these  circumstances  are  governed  in  this  Code, other 
being a man.   intelligence  and  will;  and  codes,  the  Rules  of  Court,  and  in  special  laws. 
since these are not always  Capacity  to  act  is  not  limited  on  account  of  religious 
present  in  all  men, nor are  belief or political opinion. 
they  always  of  the  same   
degree,  the  law  in  some  A  married  woman,  twenty-one  years of age or over, is 
cases  denies this capacity  qualified  for  all  acts  of  civil  life,  except  in  cases 
and in others limits it.  specified by law. (n 
is  the  fitness  of  man to be  is  the  power  to  do  acts   
the  subject  of  legal  with legal effect. 
relation  CAUSES OF INCAPACITY TO ACT (ARTICLE 38 & 39) 
 
Theory of General  Theory of Special  minority,   FIIITPPAAAD 
Capacities  Capacities  insanity or imbecility,    
Applies to natural persons  Applies to juridical persons  the state of being a  Family Relations 
One  has  the  ability  to  do  This  limits  the  power  of  deaf-mute,  
Insanity 
all  things  w/  legal  effects  juridical  persons  only  to  prodigality, and  
civil interdiction.  Imbecility 
except  only  in  those  those  that  are  expressly 
Insolvency 
specific  circumstances  conferred  upon  them  or 
where  the  capacity  to  those  which  can  be  age  Trusteeship 
act is restrained  implied  therefrom  or  family relations,   Penalty 
incidental thereto  alienage,   Prodigality 
  absence,  Age 
FULL  CIVIL  CAPACITY  -  exists  when  a  person  is  endowed  insolvency, and   Alienage 
with both juridical capacity and capacity to act  trusteeship  Absence and 
  State of being deaf-mute 
PROVISIONAL PERSONALITY/JURIDICAL-CAPACITY 
(unborn)  The  consequences  of  the  restrictions  and 
-  expressly  limits  such  provisional  personality  by  imposing  modifications  in  a  person’s  capacity  to  act  are 
the  condition  that  the  child should be subsequently born  provided  by  the  Civil Code, other codes, special laws, 
alive  and the Rules of Court.  
A baby, inherently has juridical capacity, he can be a 
subject of a legal relations like a contract to appear in a  SCENARIOS 
commercial. Yet his capacity to act is still non sui juris  *  The  age  of  majority  commences  upon  the 
(disabled), e.g. unable to give valid consent for a  attainment of the age of 18 years (R.A. 6809); a person 
thumbmark to be valid  below  such  age is a minor, and has a limited capacity 
  to act. 
NON-PERSONALITY/JURIDICAL-CAPACITY (NON-ENTITY)  - However,  marriage  consent  shall  be required 
(corporations)  until age of 21 (FC 236) 
A natural person will always have juridical capacity. A  *  Person  cannot  marry  collateral  relatives  up  to fourth 
juridical person’s juridical capacity must be proven  civil degree of consanguinity (FC 38) 
though, by proof of incorporation. For the latter’s entity  * Deaf-mutes cannot be witnesses to a will 
will not start until such incorporation date and cannot  * Alien cannot be elected president 
accept rights/duties/obligations (such as donations). No  *  Insolvent  is  forbidden  from  transferring  any  of  his 
juridical capacity, no capacity to act.  properties.  Payment  of  any  debts  due to an insolvent 
  is forbidden.  
  * The accessory penalty (to at least 12 years sentence) 
  of  CIVIL  INTERDICTION  deprives  the  offender  during 
 
• __

 
the  time  of  his  sentence  the  right  to  dispose  his 
 
property  by  any  act  of  any  conveyance  inter  vivos 
 
(lifetime).  
 
- EXCEPTION:  By  18  years  of  age  onwards,  he 
 
may  execute  a  will  to  be  able  to  dispose  of 
 
his property when he’s dead.  
 
*  Family  Relations,  marriage,  forbits  spouses  to  sell  or 
 
encumber  conjugal  property  without  the  consent  of 
 
the  other.  Cannot  donate  or  enter  universal 
 
partnership with each other.  
 
 
 
Article 133. Every donation between the spouses 
 
during the marriage shall be void. This prohibition does 
 
not apply when the donation takes effect after the 
 
death of the donor. 
 
 
 
Article 1782. Persons who are prohibited from giving 
 
each other any donation or advantage cannot enter 
 
into universal partnership. 
 
 
 
Art. 1779. In a universal partnership of all present 
 
property, the property which belongs to each of the 
 
partners at the time of the constitution of the 
 
partnership, becomes the common property of all the 
 
partners, as well as all the profits which they may 
 
acquire therewith. 
 
 
EXCEPTIONS 
 
*  Capacity  to act is not limited on account of religious 
 
belief or political opinion. 
 
*  A  married  woman,  21  years  of  age  or  over,  is 
 
qualified  for  all  acts  of  civil  life  except  in  cases 
 
specified by law (Art 39 CC) 
 
- A married woman under 21 years of age  
 
 
OBLIGATIONS 
 
*  An  imbecile,  insane  person  or  a  minor  may  be  held 
 
civilly  liable  for  a  crim  for  which  he  is  excempt  from 
 
criminal liability 
 
*  
 
---------------------------------------------------------   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
• __

TITLE I. CIVIL PERSONALITY  mother’s womb, it is viable. This requisite is dispensed with 
CHAPTER 2 NATURAL PERSONS  under our law, which in effect conclusively presumes 
---------------------------------------------------------  viability if the foetus is alive when completely separated 
from the mother’s womb (1 Tolentino 172, citing 1 Planiol 
Article  40.  Birth  determines  personality;  but  the 
& Ripert 6; 2 Borja 188-190; Brugi, pp. 51-52). 
conceived  child  shall  be  considered  born  for  all 
purposes  that  are  favorable  to  it,  provided  it  be  born   
later  with  the  conditions  specified  in  the  following  * Being unborn is no impediment to the acquisition of 
article. (29a)  rights. Unborn may: 
  - receive donation,  
Article  41.  For  civil  purposes,  the  foetus  is  considered  - receive succession, 
born  if  it  is  alive  at  the  time  it  is  completely  delivered 
- receive recognition of filiation 
from  the mother's womb. However, if the foetus had an 
intra-uterine  life  of  less  than  seven  months,  it  is  not  - CONDITION:  intra-uterine  life  of  more 
deemed  born  if  it  dies  within twenty-four hours after its  than  7  months  and  dies  after  24 hours: 
complete delivery from the maternal womb. (30a)  BORN 
- CONDITION:  intra-uterine  life  of  more 
 
than  7  months  and  dies  before  24 
CONCEPTION  
hours: BORN. 
-  meeting  of the egg and the sperm marks the beginning 
 
of the intra-uterine life 
- CONDITION:  intra-uterine  life  of  less 
 
than  7  months  and  dies  after  24  hours: 
BIRTH  
BORN: BORN 
-  spells  the  end  of  intra-unterine  life  where…  such..  Is 
 
expelled from the womb 
-   EXCEPTION:  intra-uterine  life  of  less 
 
than  7  months  and  dies  before  24 
 
hours: UNBORN  
PERIOD OF CONCEPTION 
  - [pls exempt Anencephaly..] 
– Science has not determined the exact moment when 
conception begins (1 Valverde 247). Medical experts 
can only make estimates, but cannot determine the 
exact moment. Legally, however, in a normal child, the 
period of conception is the first 120 days of the 300 days 
preceding the birth of the child. 
 
SEPARATION FROM MOTHER 
Separation  from  Mother.  –  The  total  separation  of  the 
 
foetus  from  the  mother’s  womb  is  produced  by  the 
 
cutting  of  the  umbilical  cord,  whether  the removal takes 
 
place  naturally  or  by  surgical  operation  (1  Tolentino  171, 
citing 1 Camus 57-58).  BURDEN OF PROOF 
 
TEST FOR LIFE  There  are  some  who  Others,  however, 
maintain  that  in  case  of  maintain  that  the  party 
The  general  opinion  is  that  independent  life  required  for  doubt  as  to  whether  the  who  claims  a  right  based 
juridical  personality  can  be  shown  only  by  complete  child  was  born  alive  or  on  the  juridical  existence 
respiration.  The  cry  of  the  child,  although  it  is  not  a  dead,  the  presumption  is  of  the  child  has  the 
that  it  was  alive,  and  the  burden  of  proof  that  the 
necessary  sign  of  life,  is  evidence  that  it  has  acquired  burden  of  proof  is  on  the  child  acquired  juridical 
complete  respiration.  Another  indication  of  complete  party  who  alleges  the  personality  (1  Tolentino 
respiration  is  the  floating  of  the  lungs  when  placed  in  contrary  (1  Tolentino  173,  173, citing 2 Borja 194). 
citing  1  Oyuelos  77).  This  is 
water;  this  means  that  air  has  penetrated  into  the  lungs  expressly  provided  in  the 
breathing  (Valverde  249-250;  2  Borja  193-194,  quoting  Argentina  Code  (article 
75).  
from Demolombe; 1 Planiol & Ripert 6; Brugi, p. 51). 
 
VIABILITY NOT REQUIRED IN OUR LAW 
if  the  child  had  an  Article,  will  show  that 
intra-uterine  life  of  less  the  fact  of  being  alive 
Same; Viability Not Required. – French law requires not 
than  seven  months,  the  at  the  time  of  birth  is 
only that the child be alive but also viable at birth; the 
burden of proving that it  made  a  condition  for 
latter is not required under our law, which, like the  did  not  live  24  hours  juridical  personality.  If  it 
German requires only that it be alive even for an instant.  after  complete  is  a  condition,  it  cannot 
Viability means that the child is capable of living, and this  separation  from  the  be  presumed,  and  the 
is determined by the extent of the development of its  mother’s  womb  would  burden  of  proof  must lie 
organs. If it is incapable of living, because of too  rest  upon  him  who  upon  those  who  claim 
premature birth, or due to some imperfection of the  alleges it.  that  the  condition  has 
organs, it is not viable. But if it is of such sufficient maturity  been fulfilled. 
of development as to enable it to live outside of the   
• __

---------------------------------------------------------  Estate Continues Personality 

Damages for Death of Foetus (impeding its personality)  -  For  certain  purposes,  after  the  death  of  a  person,  his 
-  If  the  foetus  dies  before  birth  because  of  some  injury  personality  is  deemed  to  continue  in  his  estate. In Billings 
inflicted  upon  the  mother,  such  foetus  never becomes a  vs.  State,  107  Ind.  54,  6  N.E.  914,  the  court  held:  “As  the 
person.  But  can  the  mother  recover  damages  for  its  estate  of  a  decedent  is  in  law  regarded  as  a  person,  a 
death?  This  was  answered  affirmatively  in  a  case  forgery  committed  after  the  death  of  the  man  whose 
decided  by  the  Argentina  appellate  court,  which  name  purports  to  be  signed  to  the  forged  instrument 
allowed  a  mother  to  recover  moral  damages  for  the  may  be  prosecuted  as  with  the  intent  to  defraud  the 
death of a foetus caused by a transportation accident (1  estate.”  In this jurisdiction, there are ample precedents to 
Tolentino  173,  citing  Decision  of  August  25,  1937;  3  show  that  the  estate  of  a  deceased  person  is  also 
Antokoletz 58).  considered  as  having  legal  personality  independent  of 
---------------------------------------------------------  the  heirs  (Estate  of  Mota  vs.  Concepcion,  56  Phil.  712, 
717).  It  has  been  held  that  the  estate  or  the  mass  of 
Article 42. Civil personality is extinguished by death. 
property,  rights  and  assets  left  by  the  decedent,  instead 
 
The  effect  of  death  upon  the  rights  and  obligations  of  of  the  heirs  directly,  become  vested  and  charged  with 
the  deceased  is  determined  by  law,  by  contract  and  his  rights  and  obligations  which  survive  after  his  demise. 
by will. (32a)  Under  the  present  legal  system,  rights  and  obligations 
which  survive  after  death  have  to  be  exercised  and 
 
fulfilled  only  by  the  estate  of  the  deceased  (Limjoco  vs. 
In case of extinguishment of his civil personality it is not so 
Intestate Estate of Pedro Fragante, 80 Phil. 776). 
as there are a number of instances where the deceased 
 
personality is as if extended beyond his death. 
Effect on Rights.  
 
-  Upon  the  death  of  a  person,  the  subject  of  legal 
SCENARIOS 
relations  disappears.  Some  of  his  rights  and  obligations 
-  Matrimonial  property  regime  is  terminated  upon  death 
are  completely extinguished, while others are transmitted 
of either spouse. (FC 99, 126) 
to  his  successors.  The  extent  of  such  transmission  or 
-  Contract  of  agency  is  extinguished by the death of the 
extinguishment  depends  upon  the  law,  the  contract,  or 
principal of the agent (NCC 1919) 
the will involved. 
-  The  death  of  a  partner  dissolves  a  partnership  (NCC 
 
1930) 
Corpse Not a Person.  
-  Acquiring  or  transmitting  of  rights  and  obligations  is 
- While some rights and obligations of a deceased 
extinguished with death. 
person survive and may devolve upon his estate or his 
-  Criminal  liability  is total extinguished by the death of the 
heirs, his corpse can no longer be considered a person. It 
convict as to personal penalties 
cannot be the subject of rights; because juridical 
-  EXCEPTION:  As  to  pecuniary  penalties,  liability 
capacity is extinguished by death. Law is the regulation 
therefore is NOT EXTINGUISHED.  
of human social life. When the deceased is removed by 
EXCEPTION: Pecuniary penalty/liability  
death from the human community and is thus bereft of 
extinguished when the death of the  
all interest in it, it is absurd to give him any participation in 
offender occurs before final judgement 
law as a subject of rights. Upon death, the corpse 
-  EXCEPTION:  A  widow  is  allowed  to  use  the  deceased 
becomes a thing in the juridical sense, if by things is to be 
husband’s  surname  as  though  he  were  still  living.  (NCC 
understood all corporeal objects susceptible of being 
373) 
under our control, although this control is not identical to 
-  EXCEPTION:  A  person  who show disrespect to the dead 
ownership. This is the prevailing opinion (1 Tolentino 175, 
can be held liable. (NCC 309) 
citing 1 Valverde 238-239, c.f. Roces and Blume; 1-I 
-  EXCEPTION:  An  offender  who  blackens  the  memory  of 
Enneccerus, Kipp & Wolff 548-549, State vs. Fear, 144 Wis. 
one  who  is  dead  may  be  held  criminally  liable  for  libel 
79, 128 N.W. 1068; Morton vs. Western Union, 130 N.C. 
[RPC 353]. 
299, 41 S.E. 484; Morrill vs. Lovett, 95 Me. 165, 49 Atl. 666. In 
-  EXCEPTION:  In  case  where  the  right/obligations  arising 
Brooks vs. Boston, 211 Mass. 277, 97 N.E. 760, it was said: 
from  the  contracts  are  not  transmissible  by  their 
“That which constitutes a person is separated from the 
nature/by  stipulation/by  law  [NCC  1311].  Example,  a 
body by death, and that, which remains is “dust and 
contract  of  lease  will  continue  until the lapsing date with 
ashes.”) 
no one to extinguished it by personality. 
 
EXCEPTION: However, a contract to perform by   
--------------------------------------------------------- 
a celebrated diva to sing ends with her death. 
SIMULTANEOUS ACTUAL DEATH 
-  EXCEPTION:  The  estate  of  the  deceased  person  is 
Thus,  if  Pedro  died  in  Paris  on  January  15,  1950,  and  his 
considered  a  “person”  for  certain  purposes  to  avoid 
son  Juan  died  in  London  on  the  same  date,  but  the 
injustice  or  prejudice  resulting  from  the  impossibility  of 
respective  hours  of  their  deaths  cannot  be  established, 
exercising  legal  rights  (claiming?)  and  fulfilling  legal 
there  will  be  no  transmission  of  rights  between them. The 
obligations of the decedent that survive after his death.  
properties  of  Juan  will  be  inherited  by  his  own  heirs 
 
(excluding  his  father  Pedro),  and  the  properties of Pedro 
 
will be inherited by his heirs other than Juan. 
 
 
• __

SIMULTANEOUS ABSENCE (PRESUMED DEATH)  IMPLIED REPEAL OF THE RULES OF COURT? 

The  same  result  follows if both have been absent for over  The  question  is  whether  the  Rules  of  Court  provisions  are 
ten  years,  and  are,  therefore,  presumed  to  be  dead  for  in  force  or  not.  The  repeal  by  subsequent  statute  can 
the purpose of succession (article 390).  only  be  either  express  or  implied.  Admittedly,  there  is  no 
  express  repeal.  Is  there  an  implied  repeal? Tested by the 
provisions  of  the  law  itself,  we  believe  that  there  is  no 
Article  43.  If  there  is  a  doubt,  as between two or more 
implied repeal of this case. 
persons  who  are  called  to  succeed  each  other,  as  to 
which  of  them  died  first,  whoever  alleges the death of   
one  prior  to  the  other,  shall  prove  the  same;  in  the  In  the  third  place,  the  codifiers  had  at  their  disposal  the 
absence  of  proof,  it  is  presumed  that  they  died  at the  texts  of  foreign  codes  which  provide for the presumption 
same  time  and  there  shall  be  no  transmission of rights  of  simultaneous  death  even  in  cases  of  calamity;  they 
from one to the other.  could  have  carried  out  their intention to repeal the Rules 
  of  Court  provisions  by  modifying  the  present article so as 
GOAL  to  include  cases  of  death  in  calamities.  This  would  have 
- To determine who died first  created  the  necessary  inconsistency  which  would mean 
- To determine who died later    an  implied  repeal.  Their  failure  to  do  so  gives  rise  to  the 
- To determine the survivor  legal  inference  that,  whatever  their  intention  may  have 
- The later the better (me: that why the survivor wins)  been,  such  intention  was  never  carried  out,  but  was 
- In the assumed interim of survivorship survivor is able to  frustrated by their own oversight. 
received the estate from the first death.   --------------------------------------------------------- 
   
REQUISITE:    
-  question  of  survivorship  involves  persons  “who  are   
called  to  succeed  each  other.”  Hence,  it  cannot  apply   
to other cases which do not involve succession.   
   
MY SURVIVORSHIP RULE: THE STRONGER SURVIVES.   
(FROM RULES OF COURT)   
 
STRONGER  WEAKER   
 
< 15 or >15 and <60   < 15 or >15 and <60  
 
OLDER STRONGER  YOUNGER WEAKER 
 
> 60 = YOUNGER STRONG  > 60 = OLDER WEAKER   
 
< 15 STRONGER (child)  > 60 WEAKER (senior)   
 
>15 and <60  >15 and <60   
MALE: STRONG  FEMALE WEAKER   
   
   
Criticism of Theories.    
While the Civil Code establishes a presumption of   
simultaneous death, the Rules of Court establishes a   
presumption of priority of death occurring in calamities.   
   
The presumptions established in the Rules of Court have   
been criticized as absurd, arbitrary and without any real   
basis (1 Tolentino 176, citing 9 Fabres 194; 1 Antokoletz   
50). This view is shared by members of the Code   
Commission which drafted the present Code (1 Tolentino   
176, citing the Memorandum, dated July 22, 1950,   
submitted by the Chairman, Code Commission to the   
Joint Committee on Codification of the Congress).   
   
On the other hand, the presumption of simultaneous   
death has also been criticized as contrary to normal   
reality, because even in calamities, the victims of the   
same calamity do not all die at the same time (1   
Tolentino, citing 1 Ruggiero 411)   
   
 
• __

TITLE I. CIVIL PERSONALITY  7.  Cooperatives  [Governed  by  Philippine  Cooperative 

CHAPTER 3 JURIDICAL PERSONS  Code of 2008]] 
  - EXCEPTION: Sole proprietorship does not possess 
---------------------------------------------------------  a juridical personality separate and distinctfrom 
the personality of the owner of the enterprise.  
Article 44. The following are juridical persons: 
--------------------------------------------------------- 
 
(1) The State and its political subdivisions;  Article  47.  Upon  the  dissolution  of  corporations, 
  institutions  and  other  entities  for  public  interest  or 
(2)  Other  corporations,  institutions  and  entities  for  purpose  mentioned in No. 2 of article 44, their property 
public  interest  or  purpose,  created  by  law;  their  and  other  assets  shall  be  disposed  of  in  pursuance  of 
personality  begins  as  soon  as  they  have  been  law  or  the  charter  creating  them.  If  nothing  has  been 
constituted according to law;  specified  on  this  point,  the  property  and  other  assets 
  shall  be  applied  to  similar  purposes  for  the  benefit  of 
(3)  Corporations,  partnerships  and  associations  for  the  region,  province,  city  or municipality which during 
private  interest  or  purpose  to  which  the  law  grants  a  the  existence  of  the  institution  derived  the  principal 
juridical  personality,  separate  and  distinct from that of  benefits from the same. (39a) 
each shareholder, partner or member. (35a)   
  * FOR PUBLIC CORPORATIONS ONLY 
JURIDICAL PERSON  --------------------------------------------------------- 
- is a being of legal existence, susceptible of rights and   
obligations, or of being subject of juridical relations.    
   
CORPORATION   
- is an artificial being created by operation of law, having   
the  right  of  succession  and  the  powers,  attributes,  and   
properties  expressly  authorized  by  law  or  incident  to  its   
existence.    
- Congress  may  not,  except  by  general  law,   
provide  for  the  formation,  organization  or   
regulation of private corporations   
   
PUBLIC CORPORATIONS / GCC   
-  are  those  formed  or  organized for the government of a   
portion of the state.    
- formed for their purpose of general good and welfare    
- GCC may be created or established by special charters   
in  the  interest  of  the  common  good  and  subject  to  the   
test of economic viability.    
   
THE FOLLOWING ARE JURIDICAL PERSONS:   
1. The state and its political subdivisions (Art 44 CC)    
- State [Governed by the Constitution]   
- Political  Subdivision  governd  by  the   
Administrative  Code  of  1987  and  Local   
Government Code   
2.  Other  corporations,  institutions  and  entities  for  public   
interest  or  purpose,  created  by  law;  their  personality   
begins  as  soon  as  they  have  been  constituted accdg to   
law  (ibid)  [Governed  by  the  provisions  of  special  laws  or   
charters that created them].    
3.  Corporations,  partnerships  and  associations for private   
interest  or  purpose  as  to  which  the  law  grants  a  juridical   
personality,  separate  and  distinct  from  that  of  each   
shareholder,  partner  or  member  (ibid)  [GOVERNED  BY   
GENERAL LAWS applicable to it, CORP CODE]   
[PARTNERSHIP  ARE  GOVERNED  BY  TITLE  IX, BOOK IV of the   
NCC]]   
4. The Roman Catholic church (Barlin v Ramirez)   
5.  The  estate  of  the  deceased  person  (Limjuco  v   
Intestate Estate of Pedro Fragrante)   
6. Homeowner’s Association   
 
• __

TITLE II. CITIZENSHIP AND DOMICILE  --------------------------------------------------------- 

--------------------------------------------------------- 
Article  51.  When the law creating or recognizing them, 
Article 48. The following are citizens of the Philippines:  or  any  other  provision  does  not  fix  the  domicile  of 
  juridical  persons,  the  same  shall  be  understood  to  be 
(1)  Those  who  were  citizens  of  the  Philippines  at  the  the  place  where  their  legal  representation  is 
time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  established  or  where  they  exercise  their  principal 
Philippines;  functions. (41a) 
 
Juridical persons are also assigned their domicile. 
(2)  Those  born  in  the  Philippines  of  foreign  parents 
who,  before  the  adoption  of  said  Constitution,  had  --------------------------------------------------------- 
been elected to public office in the Philippines; 
 
(3) Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines; 
 
(4)  Those  whose  mothers  are citizens of the Philippines 
and,  upon  reaching  the  age  of  majority,  elect 
Philippine citizenship; 
 
(5)  Those  who  are naturalized in accordance with law. 
(n) 
--------------------------------------------------------- 

Article  49.  Naturalization  and  the  loss  and 

reacquisition  of  citizenship  of  the  Philippines  are 
governed by special laws. (n) 
--------------------------------------------------------- 

Article  50.  For  the  exercise  of  civil  rights  and  the 
fulfillment  of  civil  obligations,  the  domicile  of  natural 
persons is the place of their habitual residence. (40a) 
Residence = intent to leave eventually, as soon as the 
purpose ends/is established 
 
Domicile = may leave, but will always have the intent to 
return 
- animus revertendi = eventually intends to return 
to 
- animus manendi = intention of returning 
PERMANENTLY (remain)  
 
CLASSIFICATIONS:  
1. Domicile of origin = acquired by every person at birth 
2.  Domicile  of  choice  =  which  is  acquired  upon 
ABANDONMENT of the domicile of origin.  
3. Domicile by operation of law 
 
GENERAL  RULE:  Domicile of origin is not easily lost; it is lost 
only  when  there  is  an  actual  removal  or  change  of 
domicile,  a  bona  fide  intention/purpose  of  abandoning 
the  former  residence  and  establishing  a  new  one  and 
acts which correspond with such purpose. 
 
BASIC RULES ON DOMICILE 
1. A man must have a residence or domicile somewhere 
2. Domicile, once established, remains until a new one is 
validly acquired 
3. A man can have but one residence or domicile at any 
time.  
---------------------------------------------------------