Introduction:

Electrochemistry has a number of different uses and is vital in a wide range of technological
utilizations particularly in the industry. Even the simplest things that the world has today can be identified as
applications of the field. Being a study of chemical processes that involves the movement of electrons, it also
deals directly with the resulting reactions. In electrochemistry, the terms "oxidation" and "reduction" can be
frequently encountered due to their importance in the field. Both processes are significant in loss and gain of
electrons from some chemical species that causes an overall reaction to form. From there, this experiment
relied heavily on the concepts of such processes where an observation and analyzation helped determine if the
chemicals or the two substances would have a reaction or none. Throughout the course of the experimentation,
there are two reactions that have been observed. The first one is the spontaneous reaction wherein the
chemicals react on its own, and the last one which is the non- spontaneous reactions that was seen as
impossible to happen by itself.

Objectives:
Throughout the duration of the experiment some of the objectives were intended to achieve.
To know what chemical changes and oxidize happen when then oxidants and reactants has been mixed
To determine if the substance number of electron is gained or lost when the two chemical is undergoing in
oxidation and reduction.

Materials
Metals: Solutions:

Aluminum (Al) Cu2+

Copper (Cu) Mg2+
Magnesium (Mg) Ag2+
Zinc (Zn) Distilled Water
Tin (Sn)

Stirring Rod and Beaker

Set-Up:

Picture 1: Copper and Silver(aq) Picture 2: Zinc Picture 3: Copper2+

Picture 4: Tin2+ Picture 5: Silver2+ Picture 6: Magnesium2+

Picture 7: Zinc and Silver2+ Picture 8: Tin and Copper2+ Picture 9: Magnesium and Copper2+

Picture 10: The Solutions that are lined up

Explanation: for the documentation, and it will serve as a proof to make our experiment concrete.
Computation:
Oxidation: 2Al -- 2Al3++ 6e- Ɛo Ox = 1.66 V Oxidation: 2Cu – 2Cu2++ 4e- Ɛo Ox = -0.34 V
Reduction: 3Cu2++ 6e- -- 3Cu Ɛo Red = 0.34 V Reduction: 2Cu2++ 4e- -- 2Cu Ɛo Red = 0.34 V
Overall: 2Al + 3Cu2+ -- 2Al3++ 3Cu Ɛo Cell = 2.0 V Overall: 2Cu + 2Cu2+ -- 2Cu2++ 2Cu Ɛo Cell = 0 V

Oxidation: Mg -- Mg2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 2.37 V Oxidation: Zn – Zn2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 0.76 V

Reduction: Cu2++ 2e- -- Cu Ɛo Red = 0.34 V Reduction: Cu2++ 2e- -- Cu Ɛo Red = 0.34 V
Overall: Mg + Cu2+ -- Mg2++ Cu Ɛo Cell = 2.71 V Overall: Zn + Cu2+ -- Zn2++ Cu Ɛo Cell = 1.10 V

Oxidation: Sn – Sn2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 0.14 V

Reduction: Cu2++ 2e- -- Cu Ɛo Red = 0.34 V
Overall: Sn + Cu2+ -- Sn2++ Cu Ɛo Cell = 0.48 V

Oxidation: 2Al -- 2Al3++ 6e- Ɛo Ox = 1.66 V Oxidation: Mg -- Mg2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 2.37 V

Reduction: 3Mg2++ 6e- -- 3Mg Ɛo Red = -2.37 V Reduction: Mg2++ 2e- -- Mg Ɛo Red = -2.37 V
Overall: 2Al + 3Mg2+ -- 2Al3++ 3Mg Ɛo Cell = -0.71 V Overall: Mg + Mg2+ -- Mg2++ Mg Ɛo Cell = 0 V
NO REACTION
Oxidation: Cu -- Cu2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 0.34 V Oxidation: Zn – Zn2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 0.76 V
Reduction: Mg2++ 2e- -- Mg Ɛo Red = -2.37 V Reduction: Mg2++ 2e- -- Mg Ɛo Red = -2.37 V
Overall: Cu + Mg2+ -- Cu2++ Mg Ɛo Cell = -2.03 V Overall: Zn + Mg2+ -- Zn2++ Mg Ɛo Cell = -1.61 V
NO REACTION NO REACTION
Oxidation: Sn -- Sn2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 0.14 V Oxidation: Al -- Al3++ 3e- Ɛo Ox = 1.66 V
Reduction: Mg2++ 2e- -- Mg Ɛo Red = -2.37 V Reduction: 3Ag++ 3e- -- 3Ag Ɛo Red = 0.80 V
Overall: Sn + Mg2+ -- Sn2++ Mg Ɛo Cell = -2.23 V Overall: Al + 3Ag+ -- Al3++ 3Ag Ɛo Cell = 2.46 V
NO REACTION
Oxidation: Mg -- Mg2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 2.37 V Oxidation: Cu -- Cu2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 0.34 V
Reduction: 2Ag++ 2e- -- 2Ag Ɛo Red = 0.80 V Reduction: 2Ag++ 2e- -- 2Ag Ɛo Red = 0.80 V
Overall: Mg + 2Ag+ -- Mg2++ 2Ag Ɛo Cell = 3.17 V Overall: Cu + 2Ag+ -- Cu2++ 2Ag Ɛo Cell = 1.14 V

Oxidation: Zn -- Zn2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 0.76 V Oxidation: Sn -- Sn2++ 2e- Ɛo Ox = 0.14 V

Reduction: 2Ag++ 2e- -- 2Ag Ɛo Red = 0.80 V Reduction: 2Ag++ 2e- -- 2Ag Ɛo Red = 0.80 V
Overall: Zn + 2Ag+ -- Zn2++ 2Ag Ɛo Cell = 1.56 V Overall: Sn + 2Ag+ -- Sn2++ 2Ag Ɛo Cell = 0.94 V

Cu2+ Mg2+ Ag+

Al 2Al + 3Cu2+ -- 2Al3++ 3Cu 2Al + 3Mg2+ -- 2Al3++ 3Mg Al + 3Ag+ -- Al3++ 3Ag
Ɛo Cell = 2.0 V Ɛo Cell = -0.71 V Ɛo Cell = 2.46 V
Cu Cu + Cu2+ -- NR Cu + Mg2+ -- Cu2++ Mg Cu + 2Ag+ -- Cu2++ 2Ag
Ɛo Cell = 0 V Ɛo Cell = -2.03 V Ɛo Cell = 1.14 V
Mg Mg + Cu2+ -- Mg2++ Cu Mg + Mg2+ -- Mg2++ Mg Mg + 2Ag+ -- Mg2++ 2Ag
Ɛo Cell = 2.71 V Ɛo Cell = 0 V Ɛo Cell = 3.17 V
Zn Zn + Cu2+ -- Zn2++ Cu Zn + Mg2+ -- Zn2++ Mg Zn + 2Ag+ -- Zn2++ 2Ag
Ɛo Cell = 1.10 V Ɛo Cell = -1.61 V Ɛo Cell = 1.56 V
Sn Sn + Cu2+ -- Sn2++ Cu Sn + Mg2+ -- Sn2++ Mg Sn + 2Ag+ -- Sn2++ 2Ag
Ɛo Cell = 0.48 V Ɛo Cell = -2.23 V Ɛo Cell = 0.94 V
Observations and Interpretation:

We have determined the redox reaction that had taken place after we mixed oxidants with reactants. As we
mixed the oxidants and reactants, we knew the chemical changes and the oxidation that occured. We have also
determined if the substance number of electron was gained or lost when the two chemicals undergo oxidation and
reduction. Overall, we noticed that some chemicals undergo oxidation and has changes in reaction while others took
time in oxidizing and did not have changes in reaction.

Theory
Oxidation and reduction and their definitions have been made to exist through the theory of molecular
structure. The aforementioned theory states that an atom consists of negative electrons around a positive
nucleus wherein the bonding characteristics of each element are determined. Whenever chemical bonds are
being formed, atoms donate, obtain, or share certain amount of electrons. This occurence is responsible in
assigning atoms an oxidation number which gives specification to the number of its electrons that are able to
take part in forming bonds with other atoms. The bonding pattern was then identified within a molecule, and
each atom is considered as being in a specific oxidation state expressed by an oxidation number. The oxidation
of a certain atom when bonded with another atoms is usually accompanied with reduction. Redox processes
refers to reactions accompanied by oxidation-state changes which involves a transfer of electrons between two
species. From there, the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.
An atom undergoes oxidation if its oxidation number increases, the reducing agent. On the other hand, an atom
undergoes reduction if its oxidation number decreases, the oxidizing agent. The atom that is oxidized is the
reducing agent, and the atom that is reduced is the oxidizing agent.

References
We use some sources that may help our study/experiment reliable ;
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_
Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions
https://www.britannica.com/science/oxidation-reduction-reaction/Half-reactions

Name : Seat No. : Score

 Course :
Instructor : Date:

Report Sheet 01
MEASUREMENT

Conclusion:

With the application of the required electrochemistry fundamentals, the definitions of oxidation and reduction
were heavily emphasized during the experimentation process. Thus, the redox reaction that was manifested by the
substances used and how it took place was put into enlightenment. Over the course of the experiment, the oxidation
process of several substances were observed and identified along with its accompanying reduction. Both processes
defined the loss and gain of electrons from the substances used that caused an overall reaction to form. The gaining and
losing of electrons in a electrochemical reaction became an important concept in the overall experimental stage as it
mainly refers to the occurence of oxidation and reduction. Therefore, the mixing of oxidants and reactants was done
which resulted to the occurence of redox reaction and chemical changes. The overall reaction that occured when the
substances were combined together was put into observation and analyzation in order to generate comprehensive
results. From there, the fact that some substances are capable to immediately undergo oxidation along with significant
changes in reaction while some take time in oxidizing and may not result to a reaction change. This can be used to
further gain depth of understanding about the importance and application of electrochemistry in the real world.