CHAPTER I

Introduction

1.1 Background
As the living is known is everything that can breathe and can move. Living creatures consist
of humans, animals (water and land) and plants. Not only has the ability to breathe, move, the
living creature also has a notorurility to breed which in this case grows and develops. Breeding is
the ability of living beings to produce new individuals who are alike or resemble their parent.
Breeding is indispensable by living creatures to gain offspring or successors of the same
species as their parents ' or inducites. If the living creature does not do the breeding then the
species will be extinct, therefore breeding is indispensable in the life of living beings.
Environment is a combination of physical condition that includes the state of natural
resources such as soil, water, solar energy, minerals, and flora fauna that grows above the
subway and in the ocean, with institutional that includes human creations such as Decision on
how to use the physical environment.
Living creatures and environments are very closely related. All beings live life and all
activities will be related to the environment. Breathing living creatures require air from the
surrounding environment. Living creatures eating, drinking, and doing its activities all require
the environment.
In this paper the author is interested in discussing the problem with the title "Breeding of
Living creatures".
1.2 Formulation of The Problems
1. How is the process of breeding in every living creature (human, animal, and plant)?
2. How is the relationship of every living creature with its environment?
1.3 writing purpose
1. explaining the process of breeding living creatures.
2. Explain the relationship of living beings with its environment.
1.4 Benefits of Writing
This writing can clarify and to make it easier to understand how the process of breeding
living beings both humans, animals, and plants. And with the influence of the environment, there
will be a relationship between living beings with the environment.

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 CHAPTER II
Discussion

2.1 Breeding in humans

One of the traits of living creatures is that it can breed. Living creatures breed to preserve
their kind to be extinct. Similarly man. In order to preserve its kind, humans breed in marriage
(generative). Mating breeding occurs because there is a process of merging between sperm cells
and egg cells. The resulting male-produced sperm cell and egg-cell were produced females.
The growth and development of man began since the merger between the sperm cell and the
egg forming zygote. Zygote is the forerunner of a new individual. Growth and development
continues to mature humans and will experience aging. Growth and development in humans
generally occurs in two phases.
Growth and development of the first stage occurs in the uterus. The growth and development
of the second stage occurs outside the uterus. Growth is the increase in body size. For example,
weight gain and height. As for developments is the activity of cells in forming special functions
of the body.

A. Human growth and development in the womb.

The growth and development of man in the uterus begins when merging between the sperm
cell and the ovum. The uterus only belongs to women. Thus, growth and development first
occurred in the body of a mother. Joining the sperm cell and ovum will form a zygote. The
process is named by fertilisation or fertilization process. After conception, Zygote will continue
to divide and form an embryo. After 120 hours of cleavage, the embryo will stick to the mother's
uterine wall. This forging process is called implantation. Embryos grow into fetuses and start
gaining food and oxygen. Food and oxygen are obtained from mothers.
The period of human growth and development in the uterus is also known as pregnancy
period. The gestation period occurs for approximately 38 weeks. After approximately 38 weeks
in the womb, babies will be born into the world and start their growth and development outside
the womb. The process of human growth and development in the womb can be described in the
following figure.

B. Human growth and development outside the uterus

The growth and development of humans outside the uterus or after birth occurs in several
phases. Elizabeth Hurlock, a developmental psychology expert, divives it into four stages. The
stages are as follows.
1. Stage Orok, starting from birth until the age of two weeks.
2. Baby stage, ranging from age two weeks to age two years.
3. Childhood stage, starting from age two to puberty (about 11 years old).
4. Adolescence or puberty, from the age of 11 years to 21 years.

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 After adolescence or puberty, humans experience adult levels. Humans continue to
experience aging until the Manula stage. In the aging process, the body physically does not
experience any more growth, but decreases its ability. The human physical change occurs most
in adolescence. This period is also called the puberty. This period is characterized by physical,
psychological (emotional) changes, and active breeding tools. Changes occurring in male
puberty differ from women.
➢ Puberty in males
During puberty, every male will undergo the following changes:
1. The bone growth stands out in the middle of the neck. This bone is called Jakun. The
growth of the larynx is accompanied by the raising of sound.
2. The growth of the hairs in some parts of the body, such as mustache, beard, hair in the
armpits, and hair around the genitals.
3. The chest will be more refield.
In addition to the physical changes in the picture besides male breeding tools (testes) start to
active in producing sperm. In addition, the psychological changes that occur are to begin to
appeal to the opposite gender.
➢ Puberty on women
The physical change of women at the time of puberty will be seen more clearly than men. The
changes experienced are as follows
1. Breast growth.
2. The hips are dilated so that the body shape will look more bent
3. Grow the hair in the armpits and around the genitals.
In addition to these physical characteristics, another change is a female breeding tool that
starts to function. It is characterized by menstruation. Menstruation is the release of blood from
female genital. This is due to the decay of uterine walls because there is no fertilization in the
female ovum. That happens in a way. The cycle is about 28 days.

C. How to deal with puberty

During puberty, many of the changes happen to you that you don't expect. During puberty it will
occur emotional instability. Some things that need to be done to face puberty are as follows:
1. Be calm and confident.
2. Be honest and open to the person you believe in a bad feeling. It will help to give you
peace and a way out.
3. Always keep the cleanliness of the whole body and genitals.

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2.2 Animal Breeding

➢ Mating (generative) breeding

Mating breeding occurs because of the fertilization of the eggs by the sperm cells. Breeding in
married animals are divided into three, as follows:

A. Animals breeding with laying eggs (Ovipar)

Animals that breed spawn are called Ovipar. In laying animals, the growth and development of
embryos occurs outside the parent's body. The embryo is wrapped and protected by a shell. The
embryo is equipped with egg yolks (yolk). Egg yolks are used as food reserves for embryo
development. If the embryos have grown perfectly, the eggs will hatch and come out new
individuals. Examples of animals that breed in egg-laying means, birds, chickens, ducks, cicks,
crocodiles, and turtles.
After the animal lays eggs, there are animals that are in the egg, but there are also animals that
don't dive into the eggs. Some examples of animals that inhabit the eggs: chickens, birds, and
ducks. Examples of animals that do not immerse their eggs: Cicak, crocodile, and turtle.
B. Animals breeding with childbirth (VIVIPAR)
In animals that give birth to children, eggs are fertilized by the sperm inside the parent's body.
The growth and development of embryos occurs in its parent body. Embryos will be in the
parent's body until the time is born. The animals that breed spawned are called Vivipar. For
example, cows, cats, goats, and lions. There are animals that have male and female genital cells
in one body. The animal is called hermaphrodite, an example of earthworm and snail.
C. Animals breeding with laying eggs and childbirth (Ovovivipar)
In addition to the ovipar and vivipar animals, there are also animals that can spawning
(ovovivipar). In Ovovivipar animals, after fertilization occurs, the eggs continue to thrive inside
the parent body. The food required by embryos does not originate from mains. However, food is
derived from the food reserves in the eggs. After the egg hatches the time of birth, the new
individual will come out of its parent body. Examples of ovovivipar animals are whales,
stingrays, and some types of snakes.

➢ Unmarried breeding (vegetative)

It is a breeding without going through a marital process or also called asexual breeding.
Usually only occurs in low-level animals. Breeding in this way is also divided into three ways:
A. Tunas
Hydra is an unvertebrate animal. Hydra lives on fresh water. On the adult Hydra body will
appear bulge. The bulges will continue to grow and enlarge. When after large enough, the buds
will be detached from the parent's body. The detached shoots will grow and evolve into new
individuals.
B. Fragmentation
Fragmentation is the breeding derived from the body pieces themselves. Examples of animals
that proliferate by fragmentation are planaria.

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Planaria worms are flatworms. Planaria can be found beneath the rocks in the river. The size is
very small. If we cut off one of his body parts, that body piece will grow into a new individual.

C. Splitting
Self-splitting is a way of breeding by splitting itself. Notice the process as shown below.

Example: Protozoa (Amoeba, Paramecium)

2.3 Breeding Plants

The breeding of plants can be grouped into two, which are generative breeding and
vegetative (unmarried) breeding.
A. Generative breeding
Generative breeding tools are flowers. The flowers consist of flower stems, flower bases,
flower petals, flower crowns, Benangsari, and PISTG. Stamen is a male genitals. The pistil is a
female genitals. Generative plants are breeding by cultivating an old seed or breeding that is
preceded by a pollination process, which is the fall of pollen to the head of the piste so that there
is fertilization

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 a) Stages of the Fertilization Process
Pay attention to the fertilization process flow above.
1. Bees land on stamens so that pollen is attached to them
2. Bees affect the pistil, so pollen sticks to the pistil
3. Fertilization occurs
4. Appears going to be fruit / ovule.

b) Pollination
Pollination is the fall of the stamens to the pistil. Pollination can be helped by wind, water,
animals and humans.
1. Characteristics of wind pollination:
a) The pollen is large and light
b) The hair of the pistil is hairy and protrudes out of the flower
For example: corn and grass.
2. Characteristics of animal pollination:
a) A striking and large colored crown
b) Flowers give off a distinctive odor
c) Flowers have nectar (honey).
For example: raflesia, roses, daisies, and others.
Based on the origin of the pollen, there are four types of pollination, namely:

1) Self-pollination, i.e pollination in one flower.

2) Pollination of neighbors, ie pollination of different flowers but still one tree.
3) Cross-pollination, i.e. pollinating different flower trees.
4) Bastar pollination, i.e. pollinating different flowers / species.

B. Vegetative propagation
Vegetative breeding is the breeding of living things without involving male genitalia and
female genitalia, also called breeding without marriage. There are two types of vegetative
propagation in plants, namely natural vegetative and artificial vegetative.
a. Natural Vegetative Breeding
Natural vegetative propagation is breeding without marriage, occurring naturally, without human
intervention. Types of natural vegetative propagation include:

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 1) Shoots
Buds are children that grow from the stem of the mother. Example: banana and bamboo trees.
2) Adventitious Shoots
Adventitious shoots are shoots that do not grow on the stem. Examples of adventitious shoots
are:
a) Shoots on the leaves, which are shoots that grow on the leaves. for example Coco Duck
b) Shoots at the root, ie shoots that grow from the root of the parent. for example an evergreen
tree
3) Root of Stay (Rhizoma)
Dwelling roots are stems that spread underground and become new individuals. Example: reeds,
ginger, turmeric, galangal, and ginger.
4) Geragi / Stolon
Geragih / stolon is a stem that spreads over the ground and then becomes a new individual.
Examples: strawberries, strawberries, clover, gotu kola and turf.
5) Root Bulbs
Stem tubers are stems that are on the ground, swollen ends. The stems do store food reserves.
Example: potatoes and sweet potatoes.
6) Layered Bulbs
Layered bulbs are bulbs that are layered and in the center are provided shoots. Examples:
shallots, onions, lilies and tulips.
7) Root Bulbs
Root tubers are the roots that store food, their roots bulge. Example: cassava, hotel and dahlia.

b. Artificial Vegetative Breeding

Artificial vegetative breeding is breeding with human assistance with the aim of accelerating
the process of plant breeding. Types of artificial vegetative propagation include:
1) Grafting

Grafting is an attempt to grow roots in the stems / branches or twigs of plants. Plants that can be
grafted are only plants that berkambium (dicot). Example: mango, guava, durian, rambutan, and
orange. The disadvantage of grafting is that the roots of the plant are not as strong as the parent.
The advantage is fast fruiting plant

2) Grafting / sticking

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The way to do grafting is by combining two similar plants by attaching shoots from one plant to
another plant. The advantage is that it can produce new types of plants.
3) stem cuttings

Stem cuttings are done by cutting the stems of plants and then planting the stem pieces in the
ground. Example: cassava and sugar cane.

4) Connect

Connecting is a way of breeding two plants, by uniting the buds of one plant with the rootstock
of another plant. The advantage is to get a new individual who has strong stems and roots and
desirable fruit.

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 5) Get down

Ducking is done by bowing the stem of the plant to the ground. Then, after the roots appear in
the broken part, cut the part will become a new plant. Examples: wine, watercress, carnations,
alamanda, and paper flowers.

2.4 Relationship of Living Things with their Environment

In an ecosystem, there is a reciprocal relationship between the biotic component and the
abiotic component. The biotic component consists of producers, consumers and decomposers,
while the abiotic component consists of light, air, water, soil, temperature, and minerals. The
existence of these components is controlled naturally by nature so that there is a condition called
ecosystem balance. Ecosystem balance is characterized by unbroken food chains. But without
realizing most human activities have disrupted the natural control of the balance of the
ecosystem.

A. Relationship Between Living Things

The reciprocal relationship between two living things that are side by side. This is called
symbiosis. Symbiosis can be divided into several sections, namely as follows:
1) Symbiosis Mutualism
If two species of living things live together, each of them benefits and the two populations can
thrive, but if they are separated, they cannot live properly. In mutualism the relationship is
absolutely necessary for the growth and survival of both populations.
Example:
1. Symbiosis between buffalo and starlings. Starlings get food in the form of small insects
attached to the body of a buffalo, while buffalo benefit from the loss of small insects
that interfere with his body.
2. Symbiosis between bees and flowers. Bees take nectar from flowers as food, while
flowers benefit because bees help pollination.
2) Symbiosis of Parasitism
Symbiosis parasitism is a relationship between living things that only benefits one party and
harms the other party.
Example:

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 1. A parasite plant attached to another tree. The parasite attached to the host plant will
absorb the food produced by the host plant, consequently the host plant will die because
the food is absorbed by the parasites.
2. Fleas that live on the body of animals. Fleas that live in the body of animals get food by
sucking the blood of animals, as a result hewn will lose blood and feel itchy because
there are fleas in the body.

3) Symbiosis Commensalism
Komensalism symbiosis is a relationship between living things that benefits one party while the
other party is disadvantaged and not disadvantaged.
Example:
1. Symbiosis between orchid plants and their host trees. Orchids require tall trees as a place
to stick to get sunlight, while trees do not benefit and are not disadvantaged because
orchids only stick to and can make their own food.
2. Symbiosis between remora fish and whales. Remora fish are near the whale's body in
order to obtain food in the form of small fish, whereas whales do not feel disadvantaged
because remora fish that are small in size do not take all of their food.

4) Symbiosis Neutralism
When between two individual species both in separate and gathering conditions do not occur
mutually beneficial or mutually beneficial.
Example: chicken with goats on the lawn

5) Predation
The interaction of two individuals in different populations of species in the form of eating and
being eaten or one species eating other species, individuals who eat are called predators and
those that are eaten are called prey. The difference between predation symbiosis and parasitism
symbiosis is that in parasitism symbiosis, parasites usually do not kill the mother because if the
host dies, the parasite will also die.
Example: tigers eat rabbits. Tigers as predators and rabbits as prey

6) Competition
Relationship between two populations that live together and influence each other, due to the need
for the same material, while the availability of the material is limited.
Example: some goats and cows who eat grass together in a meadow.

B. Effects of the Relationship of Living Things on the Environment

1. Environmental Pollution
To improve the quality of life, people try to use the natural wealth in their environment. The
natural wealth is in the form of biotic and abiotic components which we know as natural
resources. Through the human mind creates equipment in the form of machines and high-tech

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assistive devices to be able to produce abundant products in a short time. But in reality, the
quality to be achieved is still difficult to reach. This is due to the negative impact of industry and
technology on the environment which can reduce the carrying capacity of nature which means it
will reduce the ability of nature to support the survival of human beings themselves.
The definition of pollution itself is the entry of material or energy into the environment that
causes unexpected changes in the physical, chemical, and biological nature so that it disrupts
health, human existence, and human activities and other organisms.
Based on the medium, pollution is grouped into:
a) Water pollution
Water is said to be polluted if it gets a substance or material or conditions in water that
degrade the quality in accordance with its designation standards. For example, sources of
drinking water that are no longer suitable are used for drinking water. River water that is no
longer suitable for washing and bathing. Sources of pollutants in water pollution are mainly
industrial and household waste, solid and liquid waste, agricultural area discharges in the form of
fertilizers and pesticides, and oil spills.
b) Air pollution
Air pollution occurs when one or more chemicals enter the air in high concentrations or have
physical conditions such as high heat which can be dangerous to humans, animals, plants or
other material.
c) Soil pollution
Soil pollution is closely related to water and air pollution. Polluted surface water can enter
the soil and cause soil pollution. While pollutants found in the air together with rain water will
eventually pollute the ground as well. Soil pollution can be caused by garbage.

2. Human Activities That Affect Ecosystem Balance

In everyday life humans are not free from activities. These activities are certainly very influential
on the surrounding environment. Some of the activities they do can disrupt the environmental
balance. Following are examples of human activities / activities that can disturb the environment:
a) Illegal logging.
Illegal logging can result in:
➢ Loss of shelter and shelter of animals that live in it.
➢ Plant roots cannot withstand rain, causing landslides or erosion.
➢ Landslides cause river water to become turbid so that sunlight cannot reach the plants that are
at the bottom of the river water.
➢ The plants will die so that animals that depend on them will also die.
➢ Reduced rainwater absorption so that it can cause flooding.
b) Open mining.
Open mining causes:
➢ Dense rainforest becomes a barren desert and dies so that no more plants can live there.
➢ Waste from mining residues causes rivers to become muddy and brown.
➢ Chemicals used in the mining process are discharged into streams, killing fish and other
animals.
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 c) Disposal of waste or waste.
The disposal of rubbish or waste discharged into the river causes:
➢ The river becomes polluted and the water cannot be used.
➢ Living things that depend on river water will have difficulty finding clean water.
d) Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides.
Excessive use of fertilizer causes:
➢ Some fertilizer that is not absorbed by plants will be wasted with the flow of water.
➢ The fertilizer contains a lot of mineral nutrients causing the proliferation of aquatic plants
to be fast.
➢ The surface of the water is filled with aquatic plants, so that the sun's rays are blocked
into the waters.
➢ The process of phytoplankton photosynthesis is hampered so that oxygen levels in the
water decrease and cause mass death of water dwellers.
Excessive use of pesticides causes:
➢ Killing living things as well as agricultural pests that are actually useful.
➢ Pests become resistant to pesticides so that they become explosive.
e) Illegal hunting
Wild perch has led to a reduction in the number of animals that will eventually become extinct.
f) Fishing without control
➢ The use of dynamite and trawling causes the killing of young fish and causes damage to
coral reefs.
➢ The use of small-eyed nets causes small fish and immature fish to be caught, thus
inhibiting the process of fish regeneration.
➢ Catching fish during the breeding season causes the fish regeneration process to be
hampered because the fish caught have not had time to reproduce.
g) Destruction of coral reefs
The destruction of coral reefs has caused damage to the lives of thousands of interdependent
creatures, due to the breaking of the food chain in the coral reef ecosystem.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
Living things must have a growth and propagation phase where the phase is marked by physical
and psychological changes in the shape of the living thing itself, whether human, animal, or
plant. Next is that the way living things breed also varies, especially in plants and animals. The
main purpose of living things that breed is to obtain offspring. Apart from that living things also
have a reciprocal relationship that can affect the surrounding environment.
1. Human growth and development begins from the fusion of sperm and egg cells that form
zygotes. Zygotes are the origin of new individuals. Growth and development continues
until humans mature and will experience aging.
2. Breeding in animals, namely ovipar (laying), viviparous (giving birth), and ovovivipar
(laying-giving birth).
3. Breeding in plants includes:
a) This generative breeding through pollination of stamens and pistil.
b) Vegetative propagation includes natural vegetatives (shoots, adventitious shoots, live
roots, geragih, stem tubers, layer tubers, root tubers) and artificial vegetatives (grafts,
grafting, connecting, stem cuttings, ducking).
4. In an ecosystem, there is a reciprocal relationship between the biotic component and the
abiotic component.
5. The existence of these components is controlled naturally by nature so that a condition
called an ecosystem balance occurs.
6. When humans interfere with these components in the wrong way, there will be a situation
where the balance of the ecosystem is not controlled which impacts on the surrounding
environment.

B. SUGGESTIONS
As teachers or educators and mentors, we should be able to know how the breeding of living
things and the relationship of living things with their environment so that we can overcome
problems that might arise during the teaching and learning process both within the scope of
formal and non-formal education.

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Dhiyaulhaq. 2015. RPAL PLUS. Jakarta: Wahyu Qolbu.

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hewan.html http://rumahbelajaredelweiss.blogspot.co.id/2012/07/perkembangbiakan-pada-
hewan.html

https://sintadewi250892.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/makhluk-hidup-dan-lingkungannya/

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