Effect of End Blocks on

Anchorage Zone Stresses in

Prestressed Concrete Girders
Dan Sarles, Jr.
Transportation Engineer III
Washington State Department
of Transportation
Olympia, Washington

Rafik Y. Itani
Associate Professor and
Head Structural Engineering
Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington

he anchorage stresses in preten- BACKGROUND

Tstoned and post-tensioned concrete
beams produce tensile stresses of con-
siderable magnitude. Without rein-
forcement, these stresses can lead to
large Iongitudinal cracks. Horizontal
cracks are controlled by the provision of
vertical stirrups which resist transverse
tensile stresses. In post-tensioned gird-
ers, end blocks are used to distribute
end forces and provide room for an-
chors. In pretensioned girders, how-
ever, end blocks provide no advantages
other than reducing reinforcement con-
gestion.
The objective of this paper is to pre-
sent a study on the transfer zone stress
distribution in precast prestressed gird-
ers with and without end blocks. It was
determined that a finite element study
would be useful as one means of evalu-
ating the effect of end block thickening
on these girders.
A review of available literature on the
stress distribution in precast prestressed
concrete girders indicates that there
have been few major studies dealing
solely with pretensioned girders, al-
though considerable attention has been
paid to post-tensioned girders.
In 1962, a major experimental investi-
gation of stress distribution in the ends
of pretensioned prestressed girders was
conducted by Marshall and Mattock.
They published a paper' describing an
investigation of the stresses that occur in
the transfer zones of pretensioned pre-
stressed concrete girders at the time of
prestress transfer. The significant con-
clusions drawn from the investigation
were:
1. End blocks were found not to be
necessary for the satisfactory perfor-
mance of the end zones of pretensioned
 prestressed concrete girders.
2. To ensure satisfactory control of
cracking it was found that a relatively
small amount of vertical stirrup rein-
forcement was required.
3. Tendon placement has a major in-
fluence on the distribution of stress at
transfer.
4. The magnitude of the stirrup force
is a function of the strand transfer
length, beam depth, and prestressing
force for a given cross section.
In 1965, Arthur and Ganguli pre-
sented results 2 from experimental re-
search dealing with stress distribution
in pretensioned beams. These results
were from a series of tests designed to
measure the strains in the end zones of
pretensioned prestressed concrete I
beams.
In all previous theoretical studies, in-
cluding those of Marshall and Mattock, I
it was generally found that the maxi-
mum tensile strains occurred when the
prestressing force was concentrated In
both flanges. In Arthur and Ganguli s
study just the opposite was found.
In 1966, Marshall" extended Siev-
er's*•S work on post-tensioned beams.
Marshall assumed an expression for the
rate of prestress transfer from the strands
to the concrete based on a linear varia-
tion in bond force, and then used the
results for the post-tensioned case in
combination with the expression for the
rate of transfer to obtain results for the
pretensioned case.
In 1966, Hawkins' published a paper
reviewing the existing information on
the behavior and analysis of end blocks
for post-tensioned and pretensioned
beams. He concluded that designers
should evaluate more carefully the fac-
tors likely to affect cracking. He sug-
gested that since the usual assumption
presumed cracking or the existence of a
crack, a better approach would be to
visualize the position of the cracks and
then the problem could be treated as an
equilibration of free bodies produced by
the cracks.
PCI JOURNALJNovember-December 1984
Synopsis
This paper presents a theoretical
analysis of the transfer zone stress
distribution in prestressed concrete
girders.
Finite element methods were em-
ployed as a means of modeling pre-
stressed concrete girders for the eval-
uation of the usefulness of end blocks.
The primary interest of the study
was the effect of end block removal
from the deep, thin web Washington
State Series 10 and Series 14 girders.
It was concluded that end blocks
are useful only when used for reduc-
ing the congestion of transverse rein-
forcement.
Full scale testing of end block re-
moval from a Washington State girder
is now being conducted by Washing-
ton State University.
The principal conclusions drawn from
Hawkins' review which are of interest
are:
1. End block design should be con-
sidered as a problem in the equilibrium
of free bodies produced by potential
cracks.
2. Bursting zone cracks are more dan-
gerous than spalling zone cracks.
3. The reinforcement used to control
spalling zone cracks should be placed as
close as practical to the end of the beam,
and should extend the full depth.
4. Analysis by traditional two-dimen-
sioned methods tends to underestimate
the maximum transverse strains.
S. Rectangular end blocks should not
be used on I beams.
In 1969, Yettram and Robbins pub-
lished the first of three papers on an-
chorage zone stresses in post-tensioned
members. The first paper was limited to
a study of the bursting stresses in con-
centrically loaded, uniform, rectangular
101
 Z 100
z
op
a)w
z c ea
w
LL
wW
a s 60
tiCr
01- distribution length, la
W^
qcr 40
O
Z L
uI t = transfer length
W 20 It = 1 +2 to 3 inches at
a end of member

I t /4 It/2 31t/4 le
DISTANCE FROM END OF MEMBER

Fig. 1 Variation of transfer force in pretensioned members (assumed).

sections. Finite element methods were
used to analyze the stress distributions.
The results of the analyses were then
compared with existing test data, and
with other theoretical solutions. Com-
parison with the experimental values of
Zielinski and Rowe l-' indicated that
the computed stresses were extremely
low. But, when compared with the test
results obtained by Taylor, "•' s the com-
puted stresses were found to he more
accurate. Comparison with the theoreti-
cal solutions of Guyon, Iyengar, and
Yogananda" showed considerable
discrepancy. The high surface stresses
predicted by the finite element analyses
were not predicted by their theoretical
solutions.
Late in 1970, Yettram and Robbins''
published their second paper on an-
chorage zone stresses in post-tensioned
members. Again they used finite ele-
ment methods to study the stress dis-
tributions for multiple and eccentric an-
chorages on both rectangular and I see-
tion members. The study indicated that
spalling stresses, compared to bursting
stresses, are relatively insensitive to the
horizontal positioning of the prestress-
ing forces and to the geometry of the
section. It was also found that web
bursting stresses in I sections tend to be
higher over a greater depth than the cor-
responding stresses in the equivalent
rectangular section. Spalling stresses
were found to have a smaller transverse
variation than bursting stresses. The ef-
fect of the flange in I sections was found
to reduce the spalling stresses.
The third paper by Yettram and Rob-
bins' s was published in 1971. The stress
distributions in the anchorage zone of
axially post-tensioned I sections with
end blocks were analyzed using finite
element methods. Comparisons were
made between the stresses in the mem-
bers using various lengths of end block
and an I section with no end block. It
was concluded that short end blocks,
with lengths that are less than three-

102
 Fig. 2. I section, quarter symmetry model.

Fig. 3. Quarter symmetry model of I section with

rectangular end block.

Fig. 4. Quarter symmetry model of end block

with transition length equal to twice the
length of the end block.

PCI JOURNAUNovember- December 1984 103

 0.05

C Q- the total applied force

q= Q /4ab
I
0.04
W
a
C.)
O O
u_ W
1 loaded area of
WO
0.03
I
I
quarter symmetry model
—^ Z
J

Z
W
w 0.02 /
Uniform I section b
section with rectangular end block
0- — '-- End block with short transition
I End block with long transition
a 0.01 , (~^^
W

a
H 0 4 e 12 16 20 24 28 32
DISTANCE FROM END OF MEMBER, X (inches)

Fig. 5a. Comparison of transverse tensile force, axial post-tensioned members with and
without end blocks.

quarters of the depth offer little advan- where

tage in reducing transverse tensile
stresses. The analyses indicated that the
required transverse tensile reinforce-
ment was greater when end blocks were
provided.
In 1977, Zia and Mostafa YO presented
results from an extensive literature sur-
vey on the development length required
for prestressing strand. The primary im-
portance of their research to this paper is
that they proposed a new equation for
the transfer length of prestressing
strand. The equation accounts for the
effects of strand size, initial prestress,
and concrete strength at transfer. It is
applicable to concrete strengths ranging
from 2000 to 8000 psi (14 to 55 MPa).
The effect of both sudden and gradual
release were considered and the fol-
lowing equation for transfer length was
suggested:
1,=1.5f
f P'db-4.6
J ci
f,a = initial stress in prestressing
strand, before losses, ksi
R, = compressive strength of con-
crete at time of initial prestress,
ks i
d b = nominal diameter of prestress-
ing strand, in.
METHODOLOGY
Of the different approaches reviewed,
the finite element method best esti-
mates the state of stress in the transfer
zone, assuming an elastic distribution
occurs.
Therefore, a general eight node
three-dimensional solid element, with
three translational degrees of freedom
per nodal point was selected for the
purpose of analysis. Linearly elastic,
isotropic and homogeneous material
properties were assumed. As noted by
 l tY
0.05
a 11 Q: the total applied force 2'
I. q= Q/4ab
II 11
W 0.04
L7 1 1 a
ar W
0
IL U
0=
W 0.03 1 I
Pretensioning load
J
0
2 W ` b —z
W Unicorm I section
I- 0.02 --' I section with rectangular end block
a _— End block with short transition
W a
4'
End block with long transition
W 0-01
0
z l-
a

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

DISTANCE FROM END OF MEMBER, X (inches)

Fig. 5b. Comparison of transverse tensile force, axial pretensioned members with and
without end blocks.

many researchers these assumptions are
clearly questionable since no allowance
is made for stress redistribution due to
cracking, time-dependent effects, or
plastic deformation.
Yettram and Robbins found that Pois-
son's ratio has little effect, therefore, it
has been assumed to be 0.167 through-
out this paper, and Young's modulus for
concrete has been assumed as 4.03 mil-
lion psi (28,000 MPa).
For the purpose of analysis, a % in.
(9.5 mm) diameter strand has been as-
sumed on all but the Series 10 and
Series 14 girders for which '/s in, (12.7
mm) diameter strand is assumed.
Pretensioning Transfer Rate
Highly stressed concrete acts as a
plastic material rather than as an elastic
material. Therefore, highly stressed
areas tend to have large plastic defor-
mations. Due to these large deforma-
tions, strand slippage, and assumed lo-
calized material failures, the transfer
length for pretensioned loading is di-
vided into regions.
In this analysis, the transfer length is
assumed to consist of two regions: one of
zero bond stress and one of linearly
varying bond stress.
For simplicity, the region of zero bond
stress has been taken as one-half the
length of the leading elements in the
finite element idealization of the end
zone. It should he noted that had it been
assumed that transfer begins at the end
face of the girder, the results would then
he higher tensile stresses over the initial
portion of the end zone.
Fig. 1 depicts the assumed force dis-
tribution over the transfer length. This
force distribution presumes that the en-
tire pretensioning force, at initial trans-
fer, is transmitted over the transfer
length portion of the development
length.

PCI JOURNAUNavernber-December 1984 105

Normalization of Results
For easier comparison, all of the re-
sults presented have been normalized.
The vertical tensile stresses have been
normalized by dividing the computed
stress by the total applied force Q, and
multiplying by the total web area, 4ab.
The comparisons of tensile force have
been normalized by dividing the com-
puted transverse tensile force per unit
length by the total applied load.
Axially Prestressed Girders
If the end zone of an I beam, with a
uniform cross section (Fig. 2), is modi-
fied to have a rectangular cross section
(Fig. 3) there can be a substantial
change in the distribution of vertical
stress. Yettram and Robbins 8 • I7.1 found
that short end blocks induced the great-
est change in the case of axially post-
tensioned members which were loaded
at their centroids.
To our knowledge, only results for
end blocks that abruptly terminate have
been presented in the literature.
Therefore, the effect of adding a transi-
tion has been investigated.
Two lengths of transition were
studied. The length of the transitions
were assumed to be equal to the length
of the block and to twice the length of
the block (i.e., short and long transitions,
respectively). For each case a standard
rectangular end block was presumed to
precede the transition. Fig. 4 depicts the
model with a long transition.
A comparison of the total tensile force
is shown in Figs. 5a and 5b, for post-ten-
sioned and pretensioned models, re-
spectively. It is clear from the figures
that provision of a transition between
the rectangular end block and uniform I
section is advantageous. However, the
total transverse tensile force, repre-
sented by the area under the curves,

U) 0.5
W -- Uniform I section
l — — I section with rectangular end block
—'— End block with short transition
W 0.4 "'-- End block with long transition
J
Z.
W 0
Q-the total applied force
qz Q/4ab
I
l -• 0.3
W

>N ^ar 0.2

H 0.1
w -

IX
W
a 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

DISTANCE FROM END OF MEMBER, X (Inches)

Fig. 6. Transverse tensile stress induced by axial post-tensioning.

106
 Uniform I section fY 12
0.05 — --I section with rectangular end block
End block with short transition
a 0.04 i---'r End block with long transition
H 1iys loaded area of
^^ U 0.03 \. quarter symmetry model °

W 0.02 `11^`Q= the total applied force

1``q= Q/4ab T
O W 0.01 1% H^
LiJ
b
rV) ^^ 8 12 16 20 24

I d 0.0
a 4^ 2$` 32
Z a - o-ol_^ ~J
a ^
a- o

~ ~ -0.02
DISTANCE FROM END OF MEMBER ,X(inches)

Fig. 7a. Comparison of transverse tensile force, eccentrically post-tensioned members

with and without end blocks.

^Y 12 i
Uniform I section t^'1
0.05 -- I section with rectangular end block Z"
^- — End block with short transition
End block with long transition
0
0.04
a Pretensioning load a
W 0.03
WM 1i Q= the total applied force
OO 0.02 ^1 q= Q^4ab Z

la1 J 0.01
[L
Or CL 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
W a 0.0

z a
M o -o.ol __-' -
i- i-
-0.02
DISTANCE FROM END OF MEMBER, X (inches)

Fig. 7b. Comparison of transverse tensile force, eccentrically pretensioned members

with and without end blocks.

PCI JOURNALJNovember-December 1984 107

 — UNIFORM I SECTION tric pretensioned loading assumed to
pass through the end face nodal position

b RECTANGULAR END BLOCK located on the vertical axis of symmetry

_ - END BLOCK WITH SHORT
TRANSITION and at one-third the depth of the top
..... flange reveals similar results. The in-
TRANSOCONWITH LONG crease is roughly 5 percent of the total
LJ 0.6
applied load between the uniform I
I
(n section model and the long transition
J 0.5 model. In relation to the total transverse
Q-THE TOTAL APPLIED
2 FORCE tensile force in the uniform I section,
Z q=Q/4 ab this amounts to a 57 percent increase.
Uj 0.4 A comparison of transverse force per
inch of length along the centroidal axis
w
v> is made in Figs. 7a and 7b for the two
w 0.3 different loading conditions. It is clear
> from these figures that provision of an
z end block, with or without a transition,
0.2 \\ increases the total tensile (spalling)
force to be resisted near the end of the
w ^ member. The analyses revealed that
0.1 \`
a ^. bursting stresses may occur even for ec-
centrically loaded members. Further
I I i analysis of the bursting stress was not
0 2 4 6 made.
DISTANCE FROM END OF The transverse tensile stress induced
MEMBER, X (inches) by eccentric post-tensioning is shown in
Fig. 8. Here comparison indicates a
Fig. 8. Transverse tensile stress induced one-third reduction in the magnitude of
by eccentric post-tensioning. the maximum transverse stress with the
provision of an end block. Comparison
also indicates that there is an increase in
transverse tensile stress with longer
does not change appreciably. The aver- transitions.
age transverse tensile stress is plotted Provision of end blocks for eccentri-
for the post-tensioned loading cases for cally pretensioned girders serves little
each model geometry as shown in Fig. 6. purpose unless they are required to re-
The longer transition obviously pro- duce steel congestion. For the post-ten-
vides the best reduction in the magni- sioned cases studied, a two-thirds in-
tude of the average transverse tensile crease in end cross-sectional area results
stress. in a doubling of the required transverse
reinforcement.
Eccentrically Prestressed Girders For the concentrically post-tensioned
examples provision of an end block with
These same sections where then a transition is clearly beneficial. The
modeled with an eccentric post-ten- two-thirds reduction in bursting stress
sioning load centered in the flanges. substantially reduces the probability of
The analyses indicate that there is cracking.
nearly a two-fold increase in the total A complete treatment of anchorage
transverse tensile force when end zone stresses in post-tensioned girders
blocks are added. is presented in a two-part series of re-
Repeating the analyses for an eccen- ports by Breen and Stone.2t 22

108
WDOT Series 10 and 14
Thin Web Girders
The primary interest in this investi-
gation was a modeling of the stress dis-
tribution in deep, thin web precast pre-
stressed girders. It is felt that the end
blocks typically used on these girders
are unnecessary. Therefore, a model
study was deemed useful as one means
of evaluating whether the end blocks on
these girders could be eliminated.
Typical details of the State of Wash-
ington's Department of Transportation

42

2.875 L ,Ifs

2.625 +1} @01.75

++
+ } 12 16.5

1 ^

iI-1
1 E

73.5 A 1 I A

I I
I 1 I

1IN-
END 4AX
I ! BLOCK

3
++++ ++++
g +++++ +++++
+++++ +++++ 175 SECTION
A—A

64@1.75 WEB ONLY,

1/2 OF VERTICAL)
^ 24
VIEW SCALE
VERTICAL END VIEW
(Dimensions in inches

Fig. 9. WDOT Series 10 details.

PCI JOURNALJNovember- December 1984 109

Series 10 and Series 14 standard precast
girders are shown in Figs. 9 and 10.
The transfer zone stress distribution
was first analyzed for both girders as-
suming a 30 in. (762 mm) end block with
a standard transition 7 ft 6 in. (2.29 m)
long. Then, assuming a uniform cross
section for the entire length of the
model, the transfer zone stress distribu-
tion was reanalyzed.
The half symmetry models used in the
analysis for the Series 14 are shown in
Fig. 11. Due to program and storage lim-
itations, a relatively coarse discretiza-
tion was required.
A' in. (12.7 mm) diameter strand was
assumed, and the transfer loading was
applied as outlined earlier along the
center of gravity of the harped strands,
and along the center of gravity of the
straight strands. Eleven harped strands
and thirty straight strands were used for
this analysis.
The effect of the harping angle on the

24
1.5

510 I @I.75
+l+_
-^ +I+-r
I++I

I I
I
r1-5^I
A I I A
58.0 _
{
J
16
{
I I
I I
Y
v
0
__
3 + + p MIN—
+++{I ++++- z MAX
6 +++++ +++++- w
+++++ +++++-
75
62
'14-4i .75
24 SECTION
A—A

VERTICAL END VIEW WEB ONLY 1

( 1/2 VERTICAL.)
( Dimensions in inches
VIEW SCALE

Fig. 10, WDOT Series 14 details.

110
applied loading was introduced by re-
solving the applied forces into vertical
and horizontal forces applied at the
center of gravity of the harped strands.
The results of the analyses are shown in
Figs. 12a and 12b for the Series 10 gird-
ers and in Figs. 13a and 13b for the
Series 14 girders,
Using the base of the girders as a ref-
erence, the maximum total tensile force
was found to occur along a horizontal
section 21.57 in. (548 mm) above the
base for the Series 10, and 28.33 in. (720
m) above the base for the Series 14. Al-
though these are not necessarily the
sections along which the absolute max-
imuins occur, they suffice for the pur-
pose of comparison. It should be noted
that the maximum tensile stress line will
not occur at mid-depth if the prestress-
ing force is applied predominantly to
one flange.
A comparison of the transverse tensile
force for a Series 10 girder with and
without end block is shown in Fig. 12a.
It is clear from the figure that a two-fold
increase in total transverse tensile force
occurs with provision of the end block.
Comparison of the transverse tensile
stress shown in Fig. 12h indicates that a
30 percent reduction occurs in the max- Fig. 11. Half symmetry models of WDOT
imum tensile stress when the end block Series 14 girder.
is present.
Similar comparisons of transverse ten-
sile force and transverse tensile stress
are made for a Series 14 girder in Figs. 1. Transverse tensile stresses can be
13a and 13b. reduced significantly for concentrically
Since the tensile strength of concrete loaded girders by provision of an end
will be exceeded for typical transfer block. A transition length equal to twice
loads, little advantage is gained by pro- the length of the end block was found to
vision of the end blocks. Therefore, the provide the best reduction in transverse
end blocks can only serve on these gird- stress.
ers to reduce the congestion of trans- 2. For eccentrically loaded girders,
verse reinforcement. the maximum transverse tensile stress is
reduced by provision of an end block.
However, the total transverse tensile
CONCLUSIONS force increases. It was also found that
the maximum transverse tensile stress
The results of the analyses outlined in tends to increase with increases in
this paper indicate the following major transition length or with increases in ec-
conclusions: centricity.

PCf JOURNAL/November-December 1984 111

 0,024 0 =TOTAL APPLIED FORCE Q 0.6 4 = TOTAL APPLIED FORCE
Y = 21.57 Y021.57
; TTF = TOTAL TENSILE FORC b" q =0 /(the web area)
0.020 a 0.5
V
_O

0.016 0.4
N
C
ai
C
U 0.012 0.3
_w . g A
m
U)
m
`TTF •O.13300
0.008 0.2
C

0.004 TF . 0.06360 0.1

•^
4)
T
4
0 4 8 12 16 0 4 8 12 16
Distance from end of member, X (inches) Distance from end of member, X (inches)

Fig. 12a. Comparison of transverse tensile f= ig. 12b. Comparison of transverse tensile
force in WDOT Series 10. stress in WDOT Series 10.

0.024 0 = TOTAL APPLIED FORCE 0.72 Q =TOTAL APPLIED FORCE

Ys28.33 Y =28.33
C3 TTF = TOTAL TENSILE FORCE b}, q -0 /{fhe web area)
d 0.60-
a)
U
0
0.016 OAB
as I
A
0.012 • 0.36-
\TTF-0.1301 R U,
a) 4
a) \
` 0.009 C0.24
B
I- C
C
C ^A\ \\
a
s
H
OD04
I TTF=0.0N. 4 0.12

C `m
a
0 4 9 12 16 0 4 8 12 16
Distance from end of member, X (inches) Distance from end of member, X (inches)

Fig. 13a. Comparison of transverse tensile Fig. 1 3b. Comparison of transverse tensile
force in WDOT Series 14. stress in WDOT Series 14.

112
 3. The provision of end blocks on Se-
ries 10 and Series 14 girders can only
serve to reduce the congestion of the
transverse vertical reinforcement.
DESIGN
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Based upon the results of this
study, it is recommended that for con-
centrically loaded members end blocks
be considered. The two-thirds reduction
in transverse stress found for the mem-
bers studied clearly indicates the ad-
vantages, although little reduction in the
total transverse force occurs.
2. For eccentrically loaded members,
it is recommended that end blocks be
deleted as they offer no real advantage
in the reduction of transverse tensile
REFERENCES
1. Marshall, W. T., and Mattock, A. H.,
"Control of Horizontal Cracking in the
Ends of Pretensioned Prestressed Con-
crete Girders," PCI JOURNAL, V. 7,
No. 5, October 1962, pp. 56-74.
2. Arthur, P. D., and Ganguli, S., "Tests on
End-Zone Stresses in Pretensioned Con-
crete I beams," Magazine of Concrete
Research, V. 17, No. 51, June 1965, pp.
85-96.
3. Marshall, W. T., "A Theory for End Zone
Stresses in Pretensioned Concrete
Beams," PCI JOURNAL, V. 11, No.2,
April 1966, pp. 45-51.
4. Sievers, H., "The Computations of Seat-
ings and Abutments for Bridge Piers,"
DerBauingenieur, V. 27, No. 6, 1952, pp.
202-213.
5. Sievers, H., "Stress Conditions in the Vi-
cinity of Anchorage Plates in Prestressed
Tendons of Prestressed Concrete Struc-
tural Units," Der Bauingenieur, V. 31,
No. 4, 1956, pp. 134-135.
6. Hawkins, N. M., "Behaviour Design of
End Blocks for Prestressed Concrete
Beams," Civil Engineering Transactions,
Institution of Engineers, Australia,
V. CE8, No. 2, October 1966, pp. 193-
202.
7. Yettram, A. L., and Robbins, K., "An-
PCI JOURNAL'November-December 1984
stress and are justifiable only to reduce
congestion.
3. In reference to the Series 10 and
Series 14 girders in use by the State of
Washington's Department of Transpor-
tation, it is recommended that end
blocks be provided only if deemed nec-
essary by quality control. Proper consol-
idation in the anchorage zone of these
girders may be difficult to achieve. If
end blocks are provided to reduce the
congestion, it is recommended that the
width of the thickening be kept to a rnin-
i.mum and that the transition length not
exceed the length of the end block.
Full scale testing of end block re-
moval from a Washington State girder is
now being conducted by Washington
State University for the State of Wash-
ington Department of Transportation.
chorage Zone Stresses in Axially Post-
tensioned Members of Uniform Rectan-
gular Section," Magazine of Concrete
Research, V. 21, No. 67, June 1969, pp.
103-112.
8. Zielinski, J., and Rowe, R. E., "Distribu-
tion of Stress in Anchor Blocks," Engi-
neering, V. 189, No. 4899, March 1960,
pp. 347-348.
-348.
9. Zielinski, J., and Rowe, R. E., "An In-
vestigation of the Stress Distribution in
the Anchorage Zone of Post-tensioned
Concrete Members," Research Report
No. 9, Cement and Concrete Association,
London, September 1960, p.32.
10. Zielinski, J., and Rowe, R. E., "The
Stress Distribution Associated With
Groups of Anchorages in Post-tensioned
Concrete Members," Research Report
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113
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APPENDIX — NOTATION
a = one-half of section depth, in.
b = one-half of web width, in.
l„ = distribution length, in.
l r = length of prestress transfer, in.
Q = total applied prestressing force
v„ = transverse tensile stress, psi
q = Q14ah
Y = distance of maximum tensile force
NOTE: Discussion of this paper is invited. Please submit
your comments to PCI Headquarters by July 1, 1985.
114
Structural Division, ASCE, V. 97,
No. ST3, March 1971, pp. 807-24.
18. Yettram, A. L., and Robbins, K., "An-
chorage Zone Stresses in Post-tensioned
Uniform Members with Eccentric and
Multiple Anchorages," Magazine of
Concrete Research, V.22, No.73, De-
cember 1970, pp. 209-218.
19. Yettram, A. L., and Robbins, K., "An-
chorage Zone Stresses in Axially Post-
tensioned I section Members with
End-Blocks," Magazine of Concrete Re-
search, V. 23, No. 74, March 1971, pp.
37-42.
20. Zia, P., and Mostafa, T., "Development
Length of Prestressing Strands," PCI
JOURNAL, V. 22, No. 5, September-
October 1977, pp- 54-65.
21. Stone, W. C., and Breen, J. E., "Behavior
of Post-Tensioned Girder Anchorage
Zones, PCI JOURNAL, V. 29, No. 1,
January-February 1984, pp. 64-109.
22. Stone, W. C., and Breen, J. E., "Design of
Post-Tensioned Girder Anchorage
Zones," PCI JOURNAL, V.29, No.2,
March-April 1984, pp. 28-61.
from base of girder or centroid
fN = initial stress in prestressing strand,
before losses, ksi
fc'j = compressive strength of the con-
crete at time of initial prestress,
ksi
db = nominal diameter of the prestress-
ing strand, in.