Allotrope

solid substances that exist in more than one form. The best examples are ____ of
carbon- diamond and graphite. Both are pure carbon atoms, but they differ in the way
in which the atoms are bonded together, giving the substances very different
properties.

Amorphous
without form. Solids that do not have a crystal structure are called ______. Two
examples are glass and plastic.

Evaporation
when vaporization occurs at surface of non-boiling liquid. _____is a surface
phenomena

Melting point
the temperatrue at which a solid changes into a liquid. the ____ and freezing point of a
substance are the same.

normal melting point

temperature at which the solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atm. also called the
_____ freezing point

phase diagram
used to show the relationship between the three states of matter. The lines on the
phase diagram represent temperature/pressure combinations where two phases exist
in dynamic equilibrium

vaporization
conversion of a liquid to a gas/ vapor
condensation
the conversion of a gas/vapor to a liquid

sublimation
the conversion of a solid to a gas

deposition
the conversion of a gas to a solid

kinetic energy
moving energy that increases temperature

potential energy
saved energy within the particles, does not change temperature, but does change
phase of matter
vapor pressure
can be measured with manometer
triple point
only temperature and pressure where all three states of matter exist in equilibrium
with one another
critical point
above this temperature, no amount of pressure will liquefy the gas
intermolecular forces
the key difference between gases and liquids is that liquid particles are attracted to
each other by forces known as______
calorimeter
an insulated device used to measure the absorption or release of heat in chemical/
physical processes
specific heat
(C)- the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by one degree Celcius (sometimes called heat capacity)
heat of fusion (Hfus)(mol)
_____ is the amount of heat energy needed to melt one mole (or 1 gram) of a solid at
its melting point or freezing point
the formula is ______
heat of vaporization (Hvap)(mol)
the amount of heat energy needed to vaporize one mole (or one gram) of liquid at its
boiling (or condensation point). It is a measure of the attraction of the liquid
molecules to one another. formula_____
heat
(q or (delta)H) - the energy transferred between samples of matter because of
differences in their temperatures, moves spontaneously from higher to lower
temperatures. also called enthalapy
endothermic
phase changes that result from again of energy are called____ and include melting,
vaporization, sublimation
exothermic
phase changes that result from a loss of energy are called____ and include freezing,
condensation, and depesition
calorie or Joules
units for heat are _____ or ______.
4.18J
one calorie = ____
1 kcal
1000 cal= 1 Calorie = ____
unit cell
smallest repeatable pattern of crystalline solids
negative slope
the water phase diagram has a ______ _______
in liquids, particles are attracted to each other by forces known as intermolecular
forces or IMFs
the key difference between gases and liquids
thermochemistry
study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and changes in state
chemical potential energy
energy stored in chemical bonds of a substance
heat
(q) energy that transfers from one object to another because of a temperature
difference between them
system
part of the universe on which the attention is focused
surroundings
every other part of the universe excluding the system
law of conservation of energy
energy cannot be destroyed or created
endothermic process
process of absorbing heat from surroundings
exothermic process
porcess that releases heat to surroundings
.238 cal
1 joule =
4.16 J
1 calorie =
1 Kilocalorie
1 Calorie
heat capacity
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of an object 1 degree C
specific heat
the amount of heat it takes to raise temp of one gram of a substance 1 degree C
4.16 j/gXc
specific heat of water
C
specific heat symbol
calorimetry
the precise measurement of heat flow in or out of a system
calorimeter
devise used to measure calorimetry
enthalpy
the heat content of a system at constant pressure
heat equals enthalpy change
q = triange H
heat equals mass times change in heat times specific heat
q = mcat
thermochemical equation
chemical equation that includes enthalpy change
heat of reaction
the enthalpy change for the chemical equation exactly as it is written
heat of combustion
the heat of reaction for the complete burning of one mole of substance
molar heat of fusion
heat absorbed by oe mole of a substance as it melts to a liquid at constant temp
molar heat of vaporization
amount of heat necessary to vaporize one mole of a liquid
6.01 kJ/mol
molar heat of fusion for water
molar heat of solution
enthalpy change caused by the dissolution of one mole of a substance
Hess' law of heat summation
if you add 2 or more thermochemical equations to give a final equation, the you can
also add the heats of reaction to give the final heat of reaction
boiling point
the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas, the temperature
at which a liquid boils at sea level.
normal boiling point
the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 1 atm
kinetic theory
explanation of the behavior of molecules in matter; states that all matter is made of
constantly moving particles that collide without losing energy
crystal
solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a repeating pattern of atoms that is
present throughout the mineral
fluid
a continuous amorphous substance that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of
its container: a liquid or a gas
phase change
a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in
chemical composition
standard heat of formation
the change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of one mole of a compound
from its elements with all substances in their standard states at 25 degrees celsius
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