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SP – LA REVIEWER
2. Egyptian Temple Courts
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE - royalty and the privileged classes
- is the art, planning, design, throughout the centuries have
management, preservation and continued to influence the design and
rehabilitation of the land and the design actualization of gardens
of human-made constructs.
- The scope of the profession includes 3. Hellenistic and Roman Gardens
architectural design, site planning, - Greeks did not own private gardens.
housing estate development, They did put gardens around temples
environmental restoration, town or and they adorned walkways and roads
with statues, but the ornate and
urban planning, urban design, parks and
recreation planning, regional planning, pleasure gardens that demonstrated
landscape urbanism, and historic wealth in the other communities is
preservation. seemingly absent.
- Roman gardens had many
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT characteristics in common with
contemporary gardens. The garden was
- A practitioner in the field of landscape
a place of peace and tranquility, a refuge
architecture.
from urban life, and was invested with
GARDEN DESIGN religious and symbolic meanings.

- essentially concerned with enclosed

4. Islamic Gardens
private space.
- Byzantine gardens were based largely
LANDSCAPE DESIGN on Roman ideas emphasizing elaborate
mosaic designs, a typical classical
- concerned with the design of enclosed feature of neatly arrayed trees as well as
space, as well as unenclosed space man-made structures such as fountains
which is open to the public. and small shrines which gradually grew
to become more elaborate as time
progressed.
HISTORY OF GARDEN DESIGN:

A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, 5. Chinese and Japanese Gardens

set aside for the display, cultivation, and - Chinese Gardens intended to be viewed
enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. from within the garden and are intended
as a setting for everyday life.
- Japanese Garden with a few exceptions,
were intended to be viewed from within
1. THE HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON
the house, sort of like a diorama.
- The gardens were built in 600 BC to
cheer up Nebuchadnezzar's homesick
6. 19th Century Onwards
wife, Amyitis. The king decided to
- Urban Planning was introduced;
recreate her homeland by building an
combination of modern planning with
artificial mountain with rooftop
the tradition of landscape gardening
gardens.
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that gave Landscape Architecture its iv) Ambience and Comfort.

unique focus. Transportation should be
convenient, the amenities should be
sound, beautiful and quiet
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED
environment. Also, it should be
- an American landscape designer and available for relaxation and
father of American landscape amusement.
architecture, famous for designing many v) The architecture suitable for shelter
well-known urban parks, including from wind and rain, offering
Central Park and Prospect Park in New facilities for relaxation, dining and
York City. sightseeing.

Central Park Features:

Classification of Landscape:
a) Unobtrusive bridge in Central Park
1) Regular Landscape:
designed by Calvert Vaux
- Takes architectural space arrangement
b) Wollman Memorial Skating Rink
as the main subject of land focuses on
c) Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir
orderliness, symmetry or equilibrium.
d) Bethesda Terrace
e) Bethesda Fountain designed by Emma
2) Natural Landscape:
Stebbins
- Features as having no axis and no
f) "Meer" (Dutch for lake)
traceable curves. It is changeable,
g) Belvedere Castle
plentiful, profound and implicative.
h) Metropolitan Museum of Art
i) Sculptures
3) Composite Landscape
j) A wide variety of flora and fauna
- Features both the Regular and Natural
Landscapes; makes use of the scenic
focal point and the separate view
THEORY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE methods.
Landscape is an active environmental Comparative Analysis of Natural and Regular
component, inseparable for human needs, and Landscape
varies but basically composed of:
Criteria Regular Natural
- Land - Plants Landform Levels of different Rolling and varied,
- Water - Building elevation and no transformation
shape or artificial
Criteria for Landscapes: arrangement
Water Bodies Geometric Natural curves
i) The clean environment, fresh air Building Axial and Symmetrical or not
and unpolluted water should be symmetrical
Roads and Geometric Outer borderlines
ensured Squares of squares and
ii) Noise should be controlled roads are freely
iii) Plants should be diverse and curved lines, curved
undulating natural
luxuriant
Planting Orderly and random
Design rhythmed arrangement

SIX ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN
1. COLOR
- All surfaces have some inherent color
which is perception of different light
wavelengths. It is important to use a
complementing color scheme
throughout the yard.
- Color Theory
o Primary Colors
o Secondary Colors
o Tertiary Colors
o Complementary Colors
o Analogous Colors
o Contrasting Colors
Landscape Color Psychology
Perception of Distance
- deep hues like black, green, and cool
shades of blue, can make a home appear
further away
- bright, warm colors make objects
appear to be closer
Mood and Atmosphere.
- Vibrant reds, oranges, and yellows
convey excitement and are most
appropriate in active areas.
- Cool shades, like blues and greens, are
tranquil colors that work well in areas
designed for relaxation.
2. LINE
- Linear patterns are used to direct
physical movement and to draw
attention to areas in your garden
Line in Landscaping
- Line is inferred by bed arrangement and
the way these beds fit or flow together
- Line is also created vertically by changes
in plant height and the height of tree
and shrub canopies.
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- Line in a small area such as an entrance
or privacy garden is created by
branching habits of plants, arrangement
of leaves and/or sequence of plant
materials.
3. FORM
- Form can be expressed through trees
and shrubs of various shapes and sizes
which create natural patterns
4. MOTION
- When a three-dimensional form is
moved, motion is perceived, bringing in
the fourth dimension, time as a design
element. Motion here however shoulder
be considered in relation to the
observer.
5. TEXTURE
- Plants with varying textures can add to
the atmosphere of your outdoor area.
Texture describes the surface quality of
an object than can be seen or felt.
6. Scale
- outdoor design should balance the size
of the buildings it surrounds; refers to
the size of an object or objects in relation
to the surroundings.
- Size refers to definite measurements
while Scale describes the size
relationship between adjacent objects.
NON – VISUAL ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
1. Sound-auditory perception
- Having a profound effect on the way we
experience space, sounds can loud or
soft, natural or artificial, pleasant or
noisy, and so on.
2. Fragrance-olfactory perception
- In landscape design the scent of flowers
or leaves most often stimulate our sense

of smell, but a wide range of pleasant
and unpleasant olfactory perceptions
exist.
3. Touch-Tactile and kinesthetic perception
- Through skin contact we receive a
variety of sensations-hot and cold,
smooth and rough, sharp and blunt, soft
and hard, wet and dry, sticky, malleable
and so on
FORM DEVELOPMENTS
1) Geometric Forms
- Components, connections and
relationships follow strict laws of order
inherent within the mathematics of the
various geometric shapes.
2) Naturalistic Forms
- may appear erratic, frivolous whimsical
and random but will likely have more
appeal to the pleasure-seeking,
adventurous side of the user.
LANDSCAPE INNOVATORS
ANTONI GAUDI I CORNET
- a Spanish Catalan architect from Reus
and the best known practitioner of
Catalan Modernism. Gaudí's works
reflect an individualized and distinctive
style.
MARTHA SCHWARTS
- an American landscape architect; is in
the fine arts as well as landscape
architecture, and her projects range
from private to urban scale.
JOHN ORMSBEE SIMONDS
- a visionary landscape architect, planner,
educator, and environmentalist.
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Simonds was an original modernist
landscape architect and one of the most
influential and well-known of his time.
- Simonds moved the focus in landscape
architecture from plants to the idea of
plants and human relationship. He
created a movement of change from
landscape specialists to landscape
environmentalists, urban designers, and
regional planners
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
1. Unity
- One of the basics of landscape design is
creating a central theme to build your
outdoor plan upon. A unified look is
important to a beautiful landscape
design.
- Unity can be achieved by using mass
planting and repetition.
2. Balance
- The plants, walkways, and other
features of your outdoor plan should be
laid out in an asymmetrical design that
complements the entire yard.
- Balance in design refers to the
equilibrium or equality of visual
attraction.
There are three different ways to achieve
balance:
Symmetrical Balance
- duplicates the garden design on one
side of a clearly defined central axis and
repeats the exact same design on the
opposite side. Each side of the design is
a mirror image of the other with no
variation in color, texture, or other
elements.
Asymmetrical Balance

- is less rigid with natural curves and
more variety in the design. The center
point may not be obvious and balance is
achieved through mass and weight
rather than color, texture, and plant
types.
Radial Balance
- works in a circular pattern from a center
point to produce a balanced
appearance. Sunflowers, wheels, and
other round elements can produce
radial balance.
3. Transition
- Changes in colors, plant styles, and
accessories will blend better with
planned transitions to slowly move into
the new look.
- Transition is gradual change.
- Is a logical sequence that introduces a
change in style slowly rather than all at
once.
4. Proportion
- Plan a design that incorporates trees and
shrubs that are relative to the size of the
people and things around them.
- Proportion refers to the size of parts of
the design in relation to each other and
to the design as a whole.
5. Rhythm
- The patterns created with colors and
lines give the landscape design a natural
rhythm that is relaxing and enjoyable.
- Rhythm is achieved when the elements
of a design create a feeling of motion
which leads the viewer's eye through or
even beyond the designed area.
6. Focalization
- With the use of lines, form, and balance,
you can develop a landscape design with
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specific focal points to draw interest and
turn heads.
- Involves the leading of visual
observation toward a feature by
placement of this feature at the
vanishing point between radial or
approaching lines.
7. Repetition
- Repetition of these patterns and
rhythms, in just the right amount, gives
your outdoor design the perfect look
without being overpowering.
- Repetition refers to the repeated use of
features like plants with identical shape,
line, form, texture and/or color
8. Simplicity
- Can be achieved by elimination of
unnecessary detail.
FUNCTIONAL LANDSCAPES
Philippine Urban Landscapes: Challenges and
Problems
- Forest Depletion
- Forest to Grassland, pavement &
Structures
- Climate Change
- Environmental Problems
- Loss of Biodiversity
Sustainable Development
- development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their own needs
o connection with nature & healthy,
functioning systems are keys to
human survival.
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o to conserve resources, to promote KINDS OF LANDSCAPES:

health & wellbeing, to halt
1. FUNCTIONAL LANDSCAPES
environmental degradation
- landscapes that provide services for the
benefit of the earth, its life forms &
Landscape Architecture in the Philippines resources

R.A. 9053 - Philippine Landscape Architecture Common Functions

Act of 2000
- improve quality of life
Human Benefits: - protect people, properties, plants,
animals
- Changing + Development
- promote healing and wellness
- To produce desirable effects for human
- accommodate various activities
use and enjoyment
- add interest, beauty, inspiration,
- Outdoor Spaces such as hardscape and
cultural enhancement
softscape
- support resource generation
Scope: - improve microclimate

- Protection
- Conservation Comparative Analysis of Buildings and
- Rehabilitation Landscapes
- Enhancement of Ecological System and
BUILDINGS LANDSCAPES
Quality of Life
Reduce quality of life of Improve quality of life of
many other living forms many living forms
Activities Involved:
Reduce biodiversity Protect biodiversity
- Planning Disrupt ecological balance Restore ecological balance
Destroy natural habitat Provide natural habitat
- Designing Contribute to more heat Naturally cool the outdoor
- Specifying (urban heat island effect) environment
- Supervising Pollute the water Clean and retain the water
Do not absorb stormwater Absorb stormwater
- Administering
Contaminate the soil Maintain soil health &
- Directing fertility
Cover/ remove topsoil Recycle nutrients
Design Objectives: Contribute to erosion Control erosion
Contribute air pollution Cleans the air
1. Order Deteriorate without Regenerate without
2. Function Human Intervention human intervention
3. Aesthetics Use up a lot of resources Produce food, raw
materials or natural
Design Considerations resources

1. Economic Conditions
2. Environmental Conditions
3. Available Technologies & Materials
4. Function
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USES AND FUNCTIONS OF FUNCTIONAL 2. WELLNESS LANDSCAPES

GARDENS - Promote good physical
- Condition & mental health
Used for teaching research & learning
- Maintain well-being of humans
o Learning Landscape
o Science Garden 3. ENABLING GARDENS
o Botanic Garden
- Elements include
o Arboretum
o Raised beds
Provide good access & proper directions to o Hanging baskets
humans o Vertical gardens
o Walkways & Roadway System
o Shallow pans
o Bicycle-Friendly Landscape o Raised water feature
o Nocturnal Landscape o Paving
o Promenade/Esplanade o Tactile Beds
Soften or add interest in buildings o Teaching Pavilions

o Balcony Garden 4. PLAYGROUNDS

o Greenwall
o Courtyard
- Recommended Elements
o Skygarden o Colorful or attractive to children
o Greenroof o Safe, non-toxic materials
o Garden Bridge o Promote physical activities or play
o Terraced Garden
o Stimulate imagination & creativity
o Pocket Garden
o Foundation Planting o Movable or interactive parts
o Sturdy, yet flexible furniture
Promote biodiversity & ecological balance o Promote local culture, games,
o Zoological Parks materials
o Wildlife/Animal Corridor o Observable by others
o Urban Forest Park
o Nature Park
5. LEARNING LANDSCAPES
o Forest Parks
o Ecological Parks - Recommended Spaces & Elements
o Safari Parks/Animal Sanctuaries o Elevated walks / paths
o Mangroves & Natural Wetlands o Shade, furniture & other amenities
o Multi-functional spaces
Provide nourishment, flavors, medicine
o Nature: sun, plants, animals, rocks
o Edible or Herb Garden o Observation deck / teaching
o Fruit Orchard
pavilion
o Productive Landscape
o Medicinal Garden o Relevant & responsive materials
o Wetland/pond/lagoon
Promote culture & religion o Interactive or movable elements
o Cultural Landscapes
o Heritage Parks
o Spiritual Landscapes
o National Parks

6. ACCESSIBLE LANDSCAPES
- Characteristics
o Easily Navigable
o Consistently Design Wayfinding
Elements
o Clear Organization
o Outstanding Landmarks
7. SENSORY GARDENS
o Fragrant and Edible Plants
o Various Colors, Forms, Texture
o Sound Producing Elements
o Elements that attract Wildlife
8. THERAPEUTIC GARDENS
- Outdoor garden spaces designed to
meet the physical, psychological, social
and spiritual needs of the people using
the garden.
- Can be applied to health care facilities,
retirement homes, correctional
facilities.
Forms of Therapeutic Gardens
o Alzheimer’s Garden
o Healing Garden
o Rehabilitation Garden
o Restorative Garden
o Senior Community Garden
o Cancer Garden
o Enabling Gardens Meditation
Gardens
Design Objectives of Therapeutic Gardens
1) Create positive distractions i.e. friendly
wildlife, nature sounds
2) Promote active & passive activities:
sensory stimulation-movement-control
3) Provide sense of safety & security
4) Frame & direct views to nature
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PROMINENT NATURAL LANDFORMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Laguna Lake, Laguna-Rizal
- Largest lake in the Philippines with surface
area of 900+ km2
Taal Volcano, Batangas
- Second most active volcano in the
Philippines, one of the lowest volcano in the
world with 311m elevation.
Mount Mayon, Legazpi, Albay
- Renowned with the “perfect cone”; declared
the first national park; now a natural park;
declared by UNESCO in 2016 as the
centerpiece of Albay Biosphere Reserve.
Mount Pinatubo, Zambales+Tarlac +Pampanga
- Second-largest terrestrial eruption of the
20th century covering a dense forest and
provinces with lahar, and had an impact to
the entire world.
Ilocos Norte Sand Dunes, Ilocos Norte
- 85km2 sandy coastal desert, one of the
National Geological Monuments or
significant geological formations in the
Philippines by NCGS.
MANMADE GARDEN EXAMPLES:
Local Gardens:
 UST Garden, Manila
 Rizal Park, Manila
 Okada Fountain, Manila
 San Miguel Corporation, Ortigas CBD
 Ortigas Greenway, Ortigas CBD
 Washington Sycip Garden of Nature, UP
Diliman
 Ciudad de Victoria, Bocaue, Bulacan
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 GK Enchanted Farm, Angat, Bulacan of landscape architecture in the

 Lubao Bamboo Nature Park, Lubao, Philippines and the creation of a
Pampanga separate board for Landscape
 Monasterio de Tarlac, San Jose, Tarlac Architecture for that of Architecture.
- Most Outstanding Professional of the
Year in 1994
International Gardens:
Horacio Dimanlig
 Gardens by the Bay, Singapore
- One of the nine Outstanding Pasiguenos
 Butterfly Garden, Terminal 3 Changi
for his exemplary work in landscape
Airport, Singapore
architecture
 Cactus Garden, Terminal 1 Changi Airport,
- Most Outstanding Professional of the
Singapore
Year in 1995
 Orchid Garden, Changi Airport, Singapore
 Enchanted Garden, Changi Airport, Zenaida C. Galingan
Singapore
- One of the founding members of
 Orchid Garden, Changi Airport, Singapore
Philippine Association of Landscape
 Forest Valley, Jewel Changi Airport,
Architects (PALA)
Singapore
- Most Outstanding Professional of the
Year in 1996

PROMINENT NAMES IN LANDSCAPE Felix Peronilla Jr.

ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
- A strong advocate for the protection and
conservation of the environment
- Most Outstanding Professional of the
Ildefonso P. Santos Jr
Year in 1998
- Father of Philippine Landscape Architecture
Jose Wilfrido Jr. Dizon
- Proclaimed National Artist for Architecture
in 2006 - Part of the filing and lobbying of the
- Well Known Projects passage of the Landscape Architecture
o Loyola Memorial Park, Manila Bill, R.A. 9053
o Eternal Gardens Memorial Park, - Most Outstanding Professional of the
Caloocan Year in 2001
o Caliraya Lake Resort, Laguna
Paulo G. Alcazaren
o Batulao Village Club, Batangas
o Imus Town Plaza, Imus, Cavite - Known for his contribution to the
o Tagaytay Highland Resort advancement and promotion of the
o Tree Sports Club, Kuala Lumpur, profession thru Journalism.
Malaysia - PFFA Excellence Awardee in 2009 with
Alab ng Haraya
Ricardo H. Hilario II
- Most Outstanding Professional of the
- Organized and chaired for PALA a Year in 2001
legislative lobby that worked for the
passage of a law regulation the practice
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Salvador R. Bautista

- Credited for his significant contribution for

the advancement of the Landscaping
Industry
- Most Outstanding Professional of the Year
in 2007
- Outstanding Ornamental Horticulturist
Award

Socorro B. Atega

- Credited for helping establish BS Landscape

Architecture in University of San Carlos,
Cebu, the first offering program outside UP
Diliman.
- Most Outstanding Professional of the Year
in 2008