11 - Chapter 6 PDF

CHAPTER - VI
SYSTEMATIC PLANT
ENUMERATION
Systematic Plant Enumeration
CHAPTER-VI
SYSTEMATIC PLANT ENUMERATION
RANUNCULACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant erect herb, leaf alternate Thalictrum

1 Plant climbing shrub, leaf opposite :
2 Leaf pinnate, terminal leaflets tendrillar JVaravelia
2 Leaf bipinnate, leaflets not tendrillar Clematis
CLEMATIS Linnaeus
Clematis gouriana Roxb. [Hort. Beng. 43. 1914. Nom.] ex DC, Syst. Nat.
1: 138. 1817; Wight, Ic. t. 933-4. 1845; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. Fl. Bombay I:
2. 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 3(2). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 89. 1984.
Climbing shrub, branchlets 6-12 ribbed, hairy, leaves bipiimately

compound, leaflets 5-7, ovate, 2-3.5 x 1.5-3cm, apex acute, margin entire,
base cuneate, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath, nerves prominent,
petiole twining. Flowers in axillary/terminal panicle, bisexual, uniseriate,
perianth white, hairy, lobes 4, stamens many, filament hairy, white,
coimective not produced beyond the anther.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-lndomalaesia.
Common in Joldal & KUSF range. FDD-80. KN-Thale jadari, Nelekuma.
NARAVELIA A. P. de Candolle
Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC, Syst. 1: 167. 1817; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 3(3). 1915. Atragene zeylanica L., Sp. PI. 542. 1753; Said, Fl. Kar.
1: 90. 1984.
Climbing shrub, branchlets glabrous, leaves trifoliately compound,

leaflets opposite, terminal modified in to tendril, leaflet ovate, 2.5-5x3-4cm,
petiole long, 5-8cm, petiolule 2cm long, glabrous above, minutely pubescent
beneath, apex acute, margin crenate, base acute. Flowers in axillary/terminal
panicle, bisexual, biseriate, sepals 4-5, deciduous, petals pale white-yellow,

stamens many, staminodes petaloid, feathery, twisted in jBruit. Fruit achene,
long, stalked, prolonged in to feathery style, style persistent, feathery.
Fl-Fr:- Oct-Dec. Distribution- Himalaya to Sri Lanka.

Common herb in Joldal KUSF, Kondajji & Thirtharameshwara range.
FDD-79. KN-Charachaia balli, Nakchikani.
NoterTendrillar nature of terminal leaflet, feathery achenes with
persistent style is the key character.
THALICTRUM Linnaeus
Thalictrum dalzelli Hooker, Ic. t. 868. 1852; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
4(3). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:92. 1984.
Stiff herb, 30-50 cm tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves compound,

bitemate, petiole auricled at base, leaflets 9, stalked, reniform, apex acute,
margin crenate, base cordate, 1.5-2cm across, veins prominent, about 7,
originating from base. Flowers in axillary/terminal, few flowered racemes,
flower small, 0.5-1cm, bisexual, uniseriate, pedicel filiform, l-2cm long,
perianth lobes 4-5, white, stamens many. Fruit sessile achenes in cluster.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-Hills of Peninsular India.

Occasional, collected once in Kalbigiri gudda. FDD-500. KN- Priyaranga.
MAGNOLIACEAE
MICHELIA Linnaeus
Michelia champaka L., Sp. PI. 536.1753; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
(Calcutta) 3: 216, t. 64. 1891; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. Fl. Bombay 1:7(3).
1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 9(6). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:37. 1984.
Evergreen tree, to 20m high, leaves simple, stipulate, alternate,

ovate-lanceolate coriaceous, 20-25x7-8cm, apex acuminate, margin
undulate, base acute, dark green above, pale beneath, stipule large,
deciduous, leaving a circular scar. Flower solitary, axillary, perianth lobes
Flnri<itir Cninnnsition of Davanacere District 41

yellow, cyclic, many, slmnens many, spirally arranged around thalamus,

caipels many, spirally arranged. Fmit capsule.
Fl-Fr. Mai-Aug. Distribution-Indomalaysia.

Common tree along roadside. FDD-104. KN-Sampige.
DILLENIACEAE
DILLENIA Liimaeus
Dillinia pentagyna Roxb. PI. Cor.t.20.1795; Hooker, Fl.Brit. India. 1:38.
1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1:6(5); Brandis 4; Flora of India 1: 156.
1993; Beddome Fl. Sylv. S. India t. 104. 1870.
Medium sized tree, to 15m high, young branchlets silky, spreading,

leaves simple, golden brown when young, dark green on maturity, oblong,
lanceolate, 9-13x920-35cm, apex acute, margin strongly serrate, base
cuneate, petiole short, winged, to 1.2cm long, glabrous above and below,
young leaves silky tomenlose, veins 18 pairs, prominent. Flowers white, in
axillaiy umbels, pedicel to 6cm long, sepals 5, glabrous, free, spreading,
corolla creamy white, petals 5, lobes obovate, stamens 5, free. Fruit
indehiscent, subglobose, fleshy, carpels 5, ovules 1-2 in each carpel.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distiibution- Occasional, In Joldal and KUSF forest range.

FDD-427. KN-Kadukanagale, Madathega, Koluthega.
ANNONACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant climbing, peduncle hooked Artobotrys
1 Plant shrub/tree, peduncle not hooked:
2 Anthers concealed by overlapping connectives:
3 Sepals connate in to trilobed cup Cyathocalyx
3 Sepals not fused in to cup:
4 Petals uniseriate, fruit multilocular, many seeded syncorpus Annona
4 Petals 2 seriate, fruit not syncarpus, 1-2-seeded Polyalthia
2 Anthers not concealed by overlapping connectives Millusa
Floristic Composition of Davumigere District 42

ARTABOTRYS R.Brown
Artabotrys zeylanicus J. Hooker & Thomas., Fl. Ind. 128. 1855: Bedd., Ic.
t. 48. 1874; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. (Calcutta) 4: 43. t. 53. Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 14 (10). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar.l: 40. 1984.
Large climbing, shrub with hooked peduncle, petiole to 5cm long,

leaves simple, alternate, shortly petioled, oblong, lanceolate, thick, glossy,
apex acute-obtuse, base cuneate-acute, 9.5-14x3.5-7cm, nerves 12 pairs,
shining, coriaceous. Flowers solitary or clustered on recurved peduncles,
peduncle 3-4cm long, pedicel 1.2-2.8cm long, bracts ovate, acute,
bracteoles at the base of the peduncle, ovate, acute, calyx 3, broadly ovate,
angular, acute, pubescent fleshy, corolla green, tuminig yellow on maturity,
petals 6, in 3+3 fleshy, hooded at base, limb flat, fleshy, oblong ovate,
acute. Fmitletsl2-15 ellipsoid, sessile, 1-2 seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Aug. Distribution-Western Ghats, Sri Lanka.

Occasional, collected once in KUSF range. FDD-372.KN-Manoranjini.
NoterHooked peduncle, fragrant white flower is the key character of
this species.
CYATHOCALYX Champion
Cyathocalyx zeylanicus Champion ex J. Hooker & Thoms., Fl. India. 127.
1855. Bedd., Ic. t. 47. 1874; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 4: 36., t.
42. 1895; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 13(9). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 41.1984.
Moderate sized tiee, leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, apex acute

glabrous, 15-17x4-8cm. Flowers 1-3 fascicled on short, woody peduncle,
calyx remotely 3 toothed, petals in 3+3 subequal, spreading above, stamens
numerous pistil solitary. Fruit berry, globose or oblong.
Fl-Fr:-Mar. Distribution-Western Ghas, Sri Lanka.

Occasional, collected once in KUSF range. FDD-606.
Floristic Composition of Davanagere District 43

MILIUSA Leschenault
Miliusa velutina (Dumal) J. Hooker & Thomas., FI. Ind. 151. 1855; Bedd.,
Fl. Sylv. t. 37. 1870; Ic. t. 87. 1874; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta)
4: 156, t. 202B. 1893; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 21(15) 1915; Said, Fl.
Kai-.1:46. 1984.
Tree, to 10m high, young parts tomentose, leaves simple, alternate,

6.5-8x3.5-5cm, shortly petioled, to 0.2cm long, broadly ovate, apex acute or
obtuse, margin entire, base slightly cordate, nerves 8-10 pairs, forming
intramarginal loops. Flowers 2-3, in each axil, calyx linear, tomentose,
receptacle cylindrical elongated, stamens numerous. Fruit berry, sub
globose purplish.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-May. Distiibution- India, Bunna.

Raie collected once in Joldal range. FDD-376. KN-Kari hassare mara.
Note:FIowers in drooping umbellate cyme is the key character of this
species.
POLYALTHIA Blume
Polyathia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 1. 1869; J. Hooker &
Thomas, in Hooker, Fl.Brit. India. 1:63: 1886; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard
(Calcutta) 4: 65, t. 868. 1893; Cooke, Fl. Bombayl: 13 1904; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 17 (12). 1915. Uvaria cerasoides Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 33. 1795;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1:48. 1998.
Small bee, 5-6m high, branchlets gray pubescent, leaves simple,

alternate, 14-18x4-6cm, petiole short, 0.4-0.6cm, elliptic, oblong, apex
subacute-acute, margin entire-undulate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath.
Flowers greenish, solitary or in 2-3 flowered cyme, sepals 3, connate at
base, petals green, 3+3, stamens many, carpels many. Fruitlets globose.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Jan. Distribution
Occasional, often cultivated. Kondajji, Harihara. FDD-872.

Polyathia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw.-Is commonly cultivated, ornamental

tree.
NoiQiAnnona reticulata L., Annona squamosa L., Annona muricata L., is
cultivated for their fruits. Annona squamosa often grow wild in Some parts
ofjagalur & Harapanahalli range hills.
MENISPERMACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves peltate:
2 Both male/female flower in umbellate cyme Stephania
2 Both male/female flower not in umbellate cyme:
3 Male flower in panicle, female flower in small
cymes, subtended by foliaceous bracts Cissampelos
3 Only male flower in panicle, not subtended by
foUaceous bracts Cyclea
1 Leaves not peltate:
4 Leaf base round, both male/female flowers in panicle Cocculus
4 leaf base deeply cordate, flowers in drooping racemes Tinospora
C I S S A M P E L O S Linnaeus
Cisampelos pareira L., Sp. PI. 103L 1753.
var. hirsuta (DC.) Forman, Kew Bull. 22: 356. 1968. Cissampelos hirsuta
Ham. ex D C , Syst. 1: 535. 1817. Cissampelos orbiculata D C , Syst. 1: 537.
1817. Cissampelos pareira var. orbiculata (DC.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Lugd-
Bat. 4: 85. 1868; Cissampelos pareira L. pro parte: Gamble, FI. Presi.
Madras 30(21). 1915.
Climbing shrub, branchlets sparsely pubescent, leaves simple,

broadly ovate, subpeltate, 3.5-8x2-4cm, apex rounded, often apiculate,
margin entire, base obtuse or rounded. Flower in axillary, cymose panicles,
staminate flower in axillary panicles, to 4cm long, bracts small, linear,
sepals 4, petals 4, connate, stamens 5, connate, pistillate flowers in long,
axillary panicles or corymbs, longer than staminate inflorescence, to 6cm
long, staminodes absent, style short, stigma 3-fid. Fruit drupe, compressed.
Fl-Fr:-June-Oct. Distribution- Tropics.

Common. Joldal, KUSF, Thirthaiameshwara, Kondajji & Honnalli. FDD-
286. KN-Parira beru, Visha boddi.

Note:Leaf extract is used in treating Asthama. Root extract in body

ache, boils. Stem extract in burns, cough, diorrhoea, dysentery, eye
diseases, head ache, jaundice, leprosy, skin diseses, snalê-bite. Some of
the practitionars says that it is very effective in urinary disorders.
COCCULUS A. P. de Candolle nom. cons.

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels in Engl., Pflanzenr. 46: 236. 1910; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 29(21). 1915. Menispermum hirsutum L, Sp. PI. 341.
1753. Cocculus villosus DC, Syst. Nat. 1: 525. 1817; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
21(20). 1901; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 97. 1984.
Climbing shrub, branchlets minutely pubescent, leaves simple,

alternate, ovate, 2-6.5x1-3cm, apex mucranate, margin entire, base rounded,
staminate flowers in axillary panicles, shorter than pistillate inflorescence,
bracts small, linear, sepals 6, in two whorls of 3 each, unequal, outer whorl
smaller, inner sepals larger, petals 3, free, outer whorl larger than inner,
covering the stamens, stamens 6, anther introse. Pistillate flowers in axillary
clusters, staminodes 6. Fruit drupe, reddish black.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Apr. Distribution- Tropical Africa and India.

Common in Joldal and other ranges in the District. FDD-257. KN-Adambu
balli, Kage mari, Sugadi balli.
Note:Root extract is given orally to avoid bed wetting in childrens,
applied externally in burning sensation, eczema, eye sores, and in
healing fractures. Some of the local pandiths claims that it is effective
in increasing sperm count and also in treating venereal diseases.
CYCLEA Amott ex Wight

Cycleapeltata (Lam.) J. Hooker & Thorns., Fl. Ind. 201. 1855; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 31(22). 1915; Sant. & Janardhana, Bull. Bot. Surv. hidia 10:
368. 1969. Menispermum pellatum Lam., Encycl. 4: 96. 1797. Cyclea
burmanni J. Hooker & Thoms., I.e.: Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 5. 1967;Sald,
Fl. Kar. 1:98. 1984.

Subscandent shrub, leaves simple, alternate, peltate, petiole long, to

2cm, lamina ovate, 6-12x3-6cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acute.
Flower in axillary panicles, staminate flower in axillary panicles, longer
than pistillate inflorescence, regular, calyx 4-6, in two whorls, lobes
companulate, petals 4-8, fused at base, stamens 4-8. Pistillate flower
irregular. Fruit Drupe, white.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Western Ghat.

Common in all parts of the District. FDD-360. KN-Padavala balli. Hade
balli.
Note:Root extract is used against small pox
STEPHANIA Loureiro
Stephania japonica (Thumb.) Miers, Ann.. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, 18: 14.
1866; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madias 29(21). 1915; Menispermum japonicum
Thunb., Fl. Jap. 193. 1784; Said, Fl. KAr. 1:100.1984.
Slender climber, leaves simple, alternate, peltate, membranous, blade

ovate/rounded, 8-12x4-6cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base cordate.
Flower greenish-yellow in axillary umbels, flowers congested in 3-6 heads,
peduncle long 2-2.4cm, staminate flower sepal 6-10, free, lobes ovate,
petals 3-5 smaller, stamens 6, fused in to one bundle, anther connate in to
terminal staminal column, pistillate lower sepals 3-5, free, petals smaller
than sepals, lobes 3-5, free, style trifid, stigma radiating. Fruit drupe, red, to
0.5 long.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Aug. Distribution- Tropical to Temperate Asia.

Common in all parts of the District. FDD-400.
NoterLeaf extract is used in treating cardiac diseases, fever, urinary
complications and wounds.

TINOSPORA Miers
Tlnospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. In Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 7:
38. 1851; Hook. f.. & Thorns. Fl. Brit. India 1: 97. 1972; Cameron, Cat. 3.
1880; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 18-19. 1901; Diels, Pflrich 46: 139. 1910;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 26. 1915.-Menispermum cordifolium Willd. Sp.
PI. 4: 826. 1806. Ill.-Wight. Ic. t. 485. 1840-43; Said, Fl. K^rl: 100. 1984.
Climbing shrub, leaves simple, alternate, broadly ovate, dark green

above, pale beneath, apex acute, margin entire, base deeply cordate, petiole
long, to 1cm. Flowers white, in axillary drooping panicles, flower
unisexual, calyx biseriate, lobes 6, outer short, inner large, corolla white,
lobes 6. Fruit drupe.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Jun. Distiibutiopn- India, Sri Lanka.

Common in Joldal, Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range, Kondajji,
Harihara. FDD-364. KN-Amioitha balli, Guduchi.
Note:Whole plant is used in treating various disorders like, aneamia,
asthama, bile related disease, bone fractures, cough, debillity,
diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia, fever, giddiness, headache, jaundice,
leprosy malaria, nocturna lemmisions, polyuria, pulmonary
tuberculosis, rheumatism, skin diseases, stomachache, vaginal &
urethral discharges, venereal diseases and vomiting.
NELUMBONACEAE
NELUMBO Adanson
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner, Fruct. I: 73. 1788; Subramanyam, Aquat.
Angiosp. 8, f. 4. 1962. Nymphaea nelumbo L., Sp. PI. 511. 1753.
Nelumbium speciosum Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 1258. 1799; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 34(24). 1915. Nelumbium nelumbo (L.) Druce, Bot. Exch. CI. Soc.
Brit. Isles 3: 421. 1914; Said, Fl.Kar.l: 86. 1984.
Aquatic, stoloniferous herb, leaves simple, alternate, long petioled,

blade circular, waxy, glaucous beneath, 40-80cm in diameter. Flower
solitary, axillary, large, 2-30cm in diameter, peduncle long, to 2m, spongy,
Fhristic Composition of Davaitagere District 48

tepals, many, outer greenish, inner petaloid, rosy white, stamens many,
filaments slender, anther linear, embaded in the pits of flat receptacle.
Fruitn aggregate of indehiscent nutlets.
Fl-Fr:- May-No v. Distribution-Indomalaysia.

Common in ponds & Lakes. Shanthisagar & Joldal range & Arishina
gudddda range. FDD-300. KN-Thavare.
NoterDried flowers is used in treating liver diseases; recommended as a
cardiac tonic. Seeds are used to check vomiting , given to children as
cooling medicine for skin diseases and leprosy, applied externally as
antidote to poisons. Root- in powder form prescribed for piles.
NYMPHACEAE
NYMPHAEA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Flower white, connective exceeding anther lobes N.nouchali
1 Flower pink, connective not exceeding anther N.pubescens
Nymphaea nouchali}^. Burman, Fl. Ind. 120. 1768; Backer & Bakh. f, Fl.
Java 1: 149. 1963. Nymphaea sfe/lafaWiUd., Sp. PI. 2; 1153. 1799; Wight,
Ic. t. 178. 1839; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 33(24). 1915;Sald, Fl. Kar.l: 84.
1984.
Aquatic, amiual herb, stem stoloniferous, leaves simple, alternate,

floating, lamina round-orbicular, 20-30x18-28cm, petiole long, veins
originating from base and diverging above, dark green above, purple
beneath, peltate, margin entire, base deeply fissure. Flower solitary, scape
long, spongy white, sepals green, petals white, arising from the base of
receptacle, stamens many, filaments yellow, connective exceeding anther
lobe, stigma orange, many, radiating over the top of the ovary. Fruit berry,
fleshy, seeds arillate.
Fl-Fr:-Sep-may. Distribution- Tropics.

Occasional collected at Shanthisagar. FDD-267. KN-Neela thavare.
Note:Drled powdered flowers are used as blood purifier.
Fhristic Composition of Davanagere District 49

Nymphaea pubescens Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 1154. 1799; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 34(24). 1915; Baker & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 148. 1963. Nymphaea
nouchali auct. non N. Burman. 1768: Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 5. 1967;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 85. 1984.
Annual, aquatic herb, leaves simple, alternate, lamina ovate-

orbicular, 30-35x30cm,margin sharply dentate, dark green above, brovm
beneath, glabrous above, hairy beneath, hairs brown. Flower solitary,
axillary, blooming in evening, sepals green, with pink spots, petals pinkish
wliite, stamens many, filament yellow, connective not exceeding anther
lobes, stigma many, orange. Fruit berry.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-May. Distribution-Tropics.
Collected at Shanthisagar. FDD-386. BCN-Kannaidile.
PAPAVERACEAE
ARGEMONE Linnaeus
Argemone mexicana L., Sp. PI. 508. 1753; Cooke Fl. Bombay 1: 27(29).
1901;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 35(25). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 104. 1984.
Prickly herb, stem and branchlets glaucous, leaves simple, piimatifid,

alternate, ashy green above, pale white beneath, latex yellow, basal leaves
petiolate, upper sessile, apex acute, margin spinous, base cuneate, upper
leaves small, clasping at base. Flower bright yellow, sohtary, axillary,
bracts 3, foliar, sepals 3, free, apex homed, deciduous, petals yellow, 6-
lobcd, in Iwo whorls, stamens many. Fruit capsule, spinous, ovoid, many
seeded.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Common. Weed in waste places. FDD-

356. KN-Arishina ummathi, Arishina kammati gida.
Floristic Composition of Davanagerc District 50

BRASSICACEAE
Key to Genera.
1 Root napiform, fmit indehiscent Raphanus
1 Root not napiform, fruit dehiscent:
2 Flower white, fruit 2-seeded Lepidium
2 Flower yellow, fruit many seeded:
3 Fruit beaked Brassica
3 Fruit not beaked Rorippa
BRASSICA Linnaeus
Brassica nigra Koch. Deutsch. Fl. 4: 713. 1833; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 34.
1901;Sald,Fl.Kar. 1:321. 1984.
Erect herb, to Im tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, alternate,

variable, lower leaves radical, rosette, lyrate, fleshy, apex obtuse, margin
undulate, base deeply sinuate, lamina, 15-20x8-12cm, upper leaves small,
entire, ovate, oblong or elliptical, 2-2.5x7.5-2cm. Flowers yellow, in
axillary racemes, sepals 4, linear, free, to 0.3cm long, diagonally placed,
corolla yellow, petals cruciform, shortly clawed, 0.5-0.8cm long. Fmit
siliqua, cylmdrical, beaked, beak empty, seeds black brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Cultivated often as an escape. FDD-195. KN-Kari saive.

Note: Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, botrytis, gangylodes, rapa are
cultivated in irrigated areas of the district.
LEPIDIUM Linnaeus
Lepidium sativum L., Sp. PI. 644. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 35(37).
1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 39(28). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:323. 1984.
Diffuse herb, branchlets often erect, leaves simple, often dissected,

radical leaves petioled, pinnatifid, cauline leaves sessile, entire, 3.5-6.9x3-
4.5cm. Flowers white, in long racemes, calyx 4-lobed, lobes small, 0.6-
0.8cm, petals white, lobes 4, 0.9-1.5cm, stamens 4-6, style short, stigma
capitate. Fruit siUcula, flat, 0.8-1.2cm apex notched, dehiscent 2-seeded.

Fl-Fr:-.Jan-mar. Occasional weed in cultivated lands of Jagalur, Davanagere

and Honnali. FDD-212. KN-Alli beeja, Kurthike.
RAPHANUS Linnaeus
Raphanus sativus L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753; Cameron, Cat. 5. 1880; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 35. 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 39(28). 1915.
Cultivated for its edible root. KN- Mulangi.
RORIPPA Scopoli
Rorippa indica (L.) Hiem, Cat. Afr. PI. 1: 26, add. 1896. Sisymbrium
indicum L., Mant. PI. 93. 1767. Nasturtium indicum (L.) DC, Syst. 2: 199.
1821 & Prodr. 1: 139. 1824; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 30(31). 1901; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 37(27). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 323. 19984.
Erect herb, branchlets hairy, leaves simple, alternate, pinnatifid,

ovate, lanceolate, apex acute, margin dentate, 5-8x2.5-3.5cm. Flowers
white, in axillary raceme, sepals 4, green, ovate, outer larger, 2cm long,
inner smaller, to 1.2cm long, petals white, lobes 4, not clawed. Fruit siUqua,
stright, not beeked, seeds brown, small.
Fl-Fr:- Jul-Sep. Distribution-Occasional herb in moist shady places of

Joldal, HonnaUi. FDD-211. KN-Kadu sasive.
CAPPARACEAE
Key to genera
IPlant herbaceous Cleome
1 Plant shrub/tree:
2 Plant armed Capparis
2 Plant unarmed:
3 Leaves simple Cadaba
3 Leaves trifoliate Crateva

CADABA Forskal
Cadabafruticosa (L.) Druce, Bot. Exch. Club. Soc. Brit. Isles 3: 415. 1914.
Cleome fruticosa L., Sp. PI. 671. 1753. Cadaba indica Lam., Encycl. 1:
544. 1785; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 43(45). 1901; Gamble, 43(31). 1915;
Said, Fl.Kar. 1:311. 1984.
Unarmed, shrub, branchlets glandular, pubescent, leaves simple,

ovate-oblong, obovate, 2.5-4xl-2cm, petiole short, to 0.3cm, apex obtuse-
subemerginate, margin entire, base obtuse, pale green above, pubescent
below. Flowers pale white, in terminal few flowered corymbs, bracts
subulate, sepals 4-lobed, lobes ovate, pale green, 0.3-0.5cm long, corolla
pale whitish green, clawed, limbs oblong, orbicular, claw narrow, 0.5-0.8cm
long, stamens 4, gland funnel shaped, gynophore to 3cm long. Fruit
cylindric 1.5-2cm long, pulp orange, evantually dehising.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-South W. India.

Common shrub in scrub jungles & in outskirts of villages. FDD-392.
CAPPARIS Linnaeus
CAPPARIS
Key to species
1 Leaves linear-lanceolate, inner sepal petaloid C divaricata
1 Leaves ovate-elliptic, inner sepal not petaloid:
2 Flowers in axillary umbels, fruit 0.6x0.6cm Csepiaria
2 Flowers in corymbs, fruit bigger than above:
3 Petals oblong-obovate Ccleghornii
3 Petals ovate-orbicular C. zeylanica
Capparis cleghornii Dunn ex Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 46(33). 1915;

Dunn, Bull. Misc. Inform. 61. 1916; Jacobs, Blumea 12: 445. 1965.
Capparis roxburghii auct. non DC.j Cooke, Fl. Bombay, 1: 46. 1901; Said,
Fl.Kar. 1:312. 1984.
Floristic Composition of Davanafjere District 53

Armed, woody, climbing shrub, branchlets hairy, pubescent, with

stipular curved spines, leaves simple, alternate, oblong or obovate, apex
obtuse or shortly acuminate, margin entire, base acute, to 3.5-8x2-5cm,
petiole to 1cm long, glabrous above, pale beneath. Flowers white, in
axillary solitary or in terminal corymbs, buds globose, tomentose, to 1.5cm
long, pedicel pubescent, 2.5-4cm long, calyx 4-lobed, lobes ovate, free in
two whorls, outer pairs large, hairy without, irmer pair smaler, 1-2x0.8-
1.5cm, corolla white, 4-lobed, lobes oblong-obovate, stamens many,
gynophore to 4cm long, ovaiy globose, glabrous. Fruit globose.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar.Distribution-Western Ghats in Kamataka.

Common shrub in Malebennur State forest. FDD-388.
Note:FIowers white, in terminal corumbs, fruit globose, green/red is the
key chrecter of this species.
Capparis divaricata Lam., Encycl. 1:606. 1785; Wight, Ic. t. 889. 1844;
Jacobs, Blumea 12: 515. 1965. Capparis slylosa DC, Prodr. 1:246. 1824;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 45(32). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:312. 1984.
Shrub, to 3m tall, branchlets covered with grayish stellate hairs,

leaves simple, linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4x0.5cm, apex rounded, margin entire,
base cuneate. Flowers axilary, solitary, calyx 5 lobes, sepals 0.5-1x1.3cm,
inner petaloid, corolla lobes 5, elliptic lanceolate, yellow. Fruit berry, to
4x3 cm, apiculate.
Fl-Fr:-Mar. Distribution-South. W. India.

Malebennur on the way to Haiihara. FDD-492. (PIate-2 A), (Figure-1)
Capparis sepiaria L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1071. 1759; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1: 48(51). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 45(33). 1915; Jacobs, Blumea
12: 489. 1965; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:314. 1984.

Armed, shrub, branches hoary tomentose, thorns recurved, leaves

simple, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2x0.5-1cm, apex
emerginate, margin entire, base acute or rounded, petiole short. Flower
white, in axillary, shortly peduncled, umbels, pedicel slender, calyx 4 lobed,
lobes ovate, petals 4 lobed, white, stamens many, filaments exserted,
recurved. Fruit globose, to0.6cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Sept. Distribution-Tropical Africa to Australia.

Common shrub in Malebennur state forest. FDD-63. (Figure-2)
NOTE:useful in skin diseases.
Capparis zeylanica L., Sp. PI, ed. 2, 720. 1762; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
45(47) 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 46(33). 1915; Jacobs, Blumea 12:
505. 1965. Capparis hornda L.f, Suppl. PI. 264. 1781; Wight, Ic. t. 173.
1839;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:315. 1984.
Armed, climbing shrub, branchlets covered with rufous gray, stellate

tomentum, leaves simple, ovate-elliptic, lamina, 3.5-6x1-4cm, glabrous,
apex obtuse, margin entire, base cuneate, petiole, 0.2-0.3cm long, stipules
modified in to spines. Flowers pale white-purplish, bud globose, tomentose,
sepals 4, lobes ovate, pale green-brown tomentose, corolla pale white,
petals ovate, stamens many, filaments long, violet-purple, exserted. Fruit
berry, subglobose, to 5x4cin.
Fl- Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distiibution-lndomalesia.

Common shrub in Malebennur state forest. FDD-74. (Plate-IB), (Figure-3)
Note:-Branchiets with grey stellate tomentum, flower pale white, fruit
subglobose is the key character.
Floristic Composition of Davanasere District 55

CLEOME Limiaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves simple Cmonophylla
1 Leaves compound:
2 Gynandrophore longer than petals:
3 Flower yellow Cgynandra
3 Flower piiik C.speciosa
2 Gynandra short Cviscosa
Cleome gynandra L., Sp. PI. 671. 1753; Ramaswami & Razi, Fl. Bangalore
205. 1973. Gymndropsis pentaphylla DC, Prodr. 1: 238. 1824; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 40(42). 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 41(29). 1915; Said, Fl.
Kar. 1:317. 1984.
Branched, viscid herb, 40-60cm tall, branchlets glandular, viscid,

cylindrical, leaves tri-pcntafoliate, alternate, leaflets obovate, sessile, 3-4x1-
2cm, apex acute, margin minutely crenate to entire, base narrow, glandular,
viscid on bodi surface. Flowers yellow, in tenninal corymbose cyme, sepals
4, free, hirsute, lobes linear, to 0.4cm, cauducous, corolla yellow, petals 4,
clawed, limb oblong recurved, 0.5-0.8cm. Fruit capsule, strigose, pale
brown.
Fl-Fr:-Sept- Apr. Distribution-Tropical.

Common herb in waste lands. FDD 640.
Cleome monophylla L., Sp. PI. 672. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 36(38).
1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 41(29). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar.l:318. 1984.
Erect herb, to 50cm tall, leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-lanceolate,

5-8x1-2cm, apex acute, margin entire, base sub-cordate, hirsute on both
surfaces. Flower white-pale purple, in terminal racemes, bracts ovate, foliar,
sepals 4, pale purple, clawed, limb ovate, stamens 6. Fruit capsule,
subcylindrical, hirsute, 6cm long, shortly stalked, seeds black tubercled.

Fl-Fr:-May-Nov. Distribution-Tropical Africa, India.

Common herb in waste lands. FDD-3.
Cleome viscosa L., Sp. PI. 672. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 2. 1838; Cooke, Fl.
Kar.l:318. 1984
Erect herb, to 80cm tall, branchlets quadrangular, viscid, leaves 3-5

foliate, alternate, long petioled, to 2cm, leaflets 2-3x0.5-1cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base cuneate. Flowers yellow, in axillary corymbs, pedicel
slender, calyx 4-lobed, lobes oblong lanceolate, petals 4, free, clawed, limb
oblong-obovate, stamens many, yellow, gynophore absent. Fruit capsule,
long 7-8cm, striate, viscid.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Nov.. Distiibvution-lndomalesia.
Common herb of waste land. FDD-1133.
Cleome speciosa Raf Is cultivated in gardens.
CRATEVA Linnaeus
Crateva magna (Lour.) DC, Prodr. 1: 243. 1824; Jacobs in Steenis, Fl.
Malesiana ser. 1, 7(4): 822. 1976. Capparis magna Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1:
331. 1790. Crateva nurvala Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 121. 1827.
Crateva religiosa auct. non G. Forster. Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 47(34).
1915; var. «Mrva/a(Ham.) J. Hooker & Thoms. in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1:
172. 1886; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 42(44). 1904; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:319. 1984.
Small tree, to 6m tall, bmchlets minutely pubescent, leaves

trifoliatley compound, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, lamina 7-15x4-7cm, petiole
short. Flower white in dense terminal coiymbs, sepals 4, adnate to disc,
corolla white, 4-lobed, lobes long clawed, stamens many, adnate to

gynophore, gynophore slender. Fruit Berry, fleshy, oblong-ellipsoid,

obovate, pale yellow, seeds dark brown, tubercled.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jul. Distribution-South Asia, Indomalaesia.

Common tree in Jagalur, Harapanahalli, Occasional in Harihara. FDD-1125.
KN-Sethu banda. Hole nekki.
BIXACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Flower whitish pink, fruit reddish, 2-valved, echinate,
seeds reddish BLxa
1 Flower yellow, fruit 3-valved, sooth, seeds not reddish Cochlospermum
BIXA Lirmaeus
Bixa orellana L , Sp. PI. 512. 1753; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 79. 1871; Cooke Fl.
Bombay 1:53(57). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 51(37). 1915; Said, Fl.
Kar. 1:281. 1984.
Small sized evergreen tree, to 6m high, branchlets glabrous, leaves

simple, alternate, broadly ovate, 20-30x10-15cm, petiole long to 8cm, apex
acuminate, margin entire, base cordate, nerves 5, prominent from base,
glabrous above, minutely pubescent below. Flower pink, in axillary
panicles, calyx sepaloid, lobes 5, free, ovate unequal, 2 lobes small, 0.6cm
long, other 3 large, 1cm long, corolla pink, petals 5, free, lobes broadly
ovate, narrow at base, to 2.5cm long, stamens colored many, filament long
to 1.2cm. Fruit capsule, sub globose, 2-valved, reddish, bristly echinate,
seeds red, many, tiigonous, covered with red powder.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Sept. Distribution- Intioduced from America.

Planted along roadside. FDD-199. KN-Kesari rangu, Amattu.
NoterCuitivated for its seeds which yields Arnatto dye. Seeds-Good
remedy for gonorrhoea. Leaves-ln Jaujndice & snake-bite.

COCHLOSPERMUM Kunth ex A.P. de CandoUe nom.com.

Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston in Trimen, Hand. Fl. Ceylon 6: 14.
1931. Bombax religiosum L., Sp. PI. 552. 1753. Cochlospermum gossypium
DC, Prodr. 1: 527. 1824; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 53(56). 1901; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 50(36). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:281. 1984.
Small sized, deciduous tree, branches minutely pubescnet, leaf

simple, alternate, palmately lobed, 10-15x6-8cm, green, glabrous above,
tomentose beneath, apex acute, margin entire/minutely serrate, base cordate,
petiole to 3-5cm long. Inflorescence axillary panicles, flower bright yellow,
large, to 6cm broad, petals 5, free, lobes emerginate at apex, stamens many,
filament fused at base. Fruit capsule, 8-10x6cm, obovoid, seeds many,
reniform, brown, covered with wooly tomentum.
FI-Fr:-Jan-Mai\ Distiibution- Introduced.

Common in Kalbigiri gudda. FDD-1001. KN- Aiisina buruga, Kadu
bumga, Ganeri.
FLACOURTIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Flower apetalous Casearia
1 Flower petalous
3 Flower unisexual, fruit globose-elliptic, large, hard, hrov^n B.Hydnocarpus
3 Flower bisexual, fruit small fleshy Scolopia
CASEARIA N.Jacquin
Casaria zeylanica (Gaertn.) Thw., Enum. 19. 1858; Whitmore in Enum. Fl.
PI. Nepal 2: 48. 1979. Vaeca zeylanica Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 290. 1788.
Casearia esculenta Roxb., Fl. Indica 2: 422. 1832; Clarke, in Hook. Fl.
Brit. India.2:592. 1879 p.p; Cooke, Fl.Bombay 1:553. 1903; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 368; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 269. 1984.

KN-Ekanayakana beru, Dodda haniche. Often found cultivated in gardens

of Medical practitioners of the district.
HYDNOCARPUS Gaertner
Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch.- Ham.) Oken in Allg Naturgesch. 3(2);
1381. 1841; Chilmaria pentandra Buch.-Ham in Trans. Linn. See. Dot.
London 13: 501. 1822. Hydnocarpus laurifolia (Dennst.) Sleumer, Bot.
Jaahrb. 69: 33. 1938; Cooke, Fl. Bombay. 1:60; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 37; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:272. 1984.
Large tree, to 20m tall, leaves simple, alternate, steeples deciduous,

lamina lanceolate, 19-22x4-5.5cm, apex acuminate, margin serrate, base
rounded or subcordate at base. Flowers in axillary cymes, unisexual,
occasionally solitaiy, calyx 5-lobed, shortly comiate at base, corolla 5-
lobed, free, scale fleshy pilose at base, stamens 5-many. Fruit berry, elliptic,
large, hard, brown tomentose.
Fl-Fr:-July. Distribution-South W. India.

Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range, KUSF, Thirtharameshwara. FDD-
689. KN-Halape, Choul moogra, Suranti.
SCOLOPIA Schreberwcw. cons.

Scolopia crenata (Wight & Am.) Clos, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 4, 8: 250. 1857,
excl. specim. Philippin. Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 78. 1871; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madias 52(38). 1915; Phoheros crenalus Wight & Ain., Prodr. 29. 1834;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1:273. 1984.
Ever green tree, to 8m high, branchlets glabrous, pale brown, armed

with spines, spines simple, straight, leaves simple, coriaceous, ,ovate-
lanceolate, 4-10.5x2.5-5cm, glossy above, pale beneath, apex narrowed,
maigin serrate, glandular, base rounded, secondary nerves 5-8 pairs.
FloHstic Composition of Davanagere District 60

Flowers white, fragrant, in axillary lax racemes Fruit berry, globose, green,
1-1 5cm in diameter
FI-Fi -Mai-Oct Distribution- India to Malaysia

Occasional in KUSF range FDD- 619 KN-Dodajapalejapli, Kodali mara
POLYGALACEAE Jl r
POLYGALA Linnaeus b ^ ^
Key to species J^J\}^
1 Flower yellow
2 Raceme long to 12cm P.elongata
2 Raceme short ] -3 cm
3 Plant with woody root stock, raceme equallmg/siightly
longer than leaves P.arvensls
3 Root stock not woody, raceme shorter than leaves P.javana
1 Flower pink
5 Leaves linear, caruncle cupular P.rosmarnifoUa
5 Leaves ovate, caruncle 3-fid to base P.persicarifolia
Polygala arvensis Willd, Sp PI (32) 876 1802 Fulygala chinensi auct.

non L, Cooke Fl Bombay I 60(64) 1901, Gamble, Fl Piesi Madras
58(42) 1915, Adema, Blumea 14 269 1966, Said, Fl Kar 2 269 1984
Erect, branched heib, loot stock woody, leaves simple, alternate,

sessile, uppei leaves oblong, lower leaves ovate, apex acute, margin entire,
base obtuse, tluck coiiaceous, 2-2 5x1-1 5cm Flower yellow, m axillary
lacemes, slightly longei than leaves, biacts small, membranous, sepals
falcate, 4-Iobed, ovate, maigin ciliate, petals yellow, lower keeled, spurred,
wings ovate, oblong, nanow at base, membranous, stamens 8, filament
fused at base, ovaiy 2-celled, ovule single Fruit capsule, emerginate,
symmetiical
Fl-Fr -Aug-June Distiibution-Cential S Asia to Indomalaysia, mcludmg

Indochinese peninsula
Common herb m waste lands and uncultivated lands FDD-171
Kuvemou Untversitv torary

Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd., Sp. PI. 3(2): 879. 1802;Cooke. Fl.
Bombay. 1:60(64). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 58(42). 1915; Adema,
Blumea 14: 273. 1966; Chandrabose & Nair, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 90(2):
125. 1981;Sald, Fl. Kar. 2: 270. 1996.
Erect-prostrate herb, to 30 cm long, leaves simple, sessile, alternate,

1.2-3.5x0.5-1.8cm, pubescent above, glabrous below, apex mucranate,
margin entire, base cuneate-attenuate. Flowers in axillary or terminal, lax
raceme, to 12cm long, bracts scaly, ovate, calyx 4-Iobed, free, unequal,
inner larger to 1.2 cm, outer smaller to 0.8 cm, glabrous, nerves prominent,
corolla yellow, petals 3, lower keeled spurred, lateral wings obovate,
clawed. Fruit capsule, unequally 2-lobed, lobes oblong, seeds black,
obovale, villous.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distiibution- Indomalaysia.

Fairly common heib in wet places. FDD-184.
Polygala javana DC. Prodr. 1: 337. 1824;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 58(42).
1915; Adema, Blumea 14: 261. 1966; Chandrabose & Nair, Proc. Indian
Acad. Sci. 90(2): 112. 1981. Polygala raoi R. K. Ban. & L.K. Ban., Proc.
Indian Acad. Sci. 28(2): 218. 1975; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 271. 1996.
Pubescent herb, branches pubescent, leaves simple, alternate, sessile,

oblanceolate, 2-3x0.5-1cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate,
pubescent above, glabrous beneath. Flowers in axillary raceme, to 8cm
long, bracts linear, to 0.1cm long, calyx 4, free, unequal, outer small, inner
large, ovate, to0.3cm long, petaloid yellow, corolla yellow with pink spur,
to 1.5cm. Fruit capsule, orbicular almost symmetric, apex notched, to 0.8cm
in diameter, hairy, covered by appendaged caruncle.
F/oristic Composition of Davanagere District 62

Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-Western Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Java.

Common herb on hill tops and rocky crevices. Kalbigiri gudda. FDD-686.
Polygala persicarifolia DC. Prodr. 1: 326. 1824; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:59.
1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 58(42). 1915; Adema, Blumea 14: 265.
\966(persicaHaefolia); Chandrabose & Nair, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 90(2):
115. 1981; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 271. 1996.
Herb, to 35cm tall, branchlets soft tomentose, leaves simple,

alternate, sessile-subsessile, shape variable, ovate or elliptic, lanceolate 2.2-
4.8x0.5-1.2cm, pubescent above, glabrous beneath, nerves obscure. Flower
purple, in axillary, long peduncled raceme, to 10cm long, sepals 4, unequal
linear to 1.8cm, ovate, outer small. 0.8-1cm long, minutely pubescent-
glabrous, corolla purple, petals 3, keel pink, spurred, laterals oblong. Fruit
capsule, orbicular, glabrous, 0.6-0.8cm in diameter, seeds villous, brown,
caiiincle 3-fid at base.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-Tropical Africa to Asia including South

China, Malesia. Joldal, Kondajji, Harapanahalli, Uchhangidurga. FDD-144.
Polygala rosmarnifolia Wight & Am. Prodr. 27. 1834; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 58(42). 1915; Rao & Razi, Fl. Mysore 486. 1981; Chandrabose &
Nair, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 90(2): 122. 1981; Said, Fl. Kar.2: 271. 1996.
Prostiate herb, often erect to 40cm long, branchlets erect, pubescent,

leaves simple, alternate, subsessile 2.8-6.8x0.8-1.5cm, linear, glabrous,
apex acuminate, margin hairy, recurved, base attenuate. Flower yellow to
2.5cm long, in axillary-extraaxillary racemes, to 3cm long, calyx 4-lobed,
lobes unequal, petals yellow, keel spurred, wings suborbicular., Fruit
capsule, unequally lobed, oblong-narrowly winged, villous, seeds brown,
hirsute, caiiincle cupular.
Floristic Composition ofDavanagere District 63

Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-South West India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb along grassy slopes. Joldal & Kalbigirigudda. FDD-678.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
POLYCARPAEA Lamarck nom. cons.
Polycarpaea corymhosa (L.) Lam., Tab. Encycl. 2: 129. 1797; Wight, Ic. t.
712. 1843: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 65(46). 1915. Achyranthes
coiymbosa L., Sp. Pi. 205. 1753; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:152. 1984.
Erect, profusely branched herb, to 40cm high, leaves simple,

opposite/whorled, sessile, linear, 1.5-2x1 cm, apex acute, margin entire, base
acute, minutely pubescent, stipule fimbriate, white, to 0.4cm long. Flowers
pinkish white, in axillary/terminal, cymose panicles, bracts scarious, sepals
5, free, pink, to 0.2cm long, petals 5, free, pink, slightly longer than calyx,
stamens 5, fused at base, adnale to petals, style simple, stigma 4-fid. Fruit
capsule, seed compressed.
FI-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution-Asia.
Common in sandy ground in Harapanahalli, Kondajji, Davanagere & Joldal.
FDD-431. KN-Arisina sasive, Poude muUu gida.
PORTULACACEAE
PORTULACA Limiaeus
Portulaca oleracea L., Sp. PI. 445. 1753; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. 1: 68(72).
1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 66(47). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar.l: 155. 1984.
Prostiate herb, root s to ck peremiial, stem and branchlets hairy, hairs

long, leaves simple, whorled, petiole short, lamina obovate, l-1.2xl.5-2cm,
apex notched, margin entire, base cuneate. Flowers in axillary cluster of 3-
8, petals yellow, lobe 5-6, notched at apex, stamens 8, style branched. Fruit
capsule, globose to 0.5cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Dec. Distiibution-Pantropics.
Common herb of wasteland. FDD-510. KN-Doddagoni soppu.

DIPTEROCARPACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Stipule amplexicaul, flowers in axillary fascicles Dipterocarpus
I Stipule not amplexicaul, flowers in axilary racemes/panicles:
2 Outer calyx large covering the inner basal portion of inner calyx:
3 Calyx 2-winged in fruit Hopea
3 Calyx 3-winged in fruit Shorea
2 Outer and inner calyx equally exposing Vateria
DIPTEROCARPUS. Gaertner
Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd., Fl. SyJv. t. 94. 1871; Gamble, 81(58). 1915;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 191. 1984.
Large deciduous tree, to 30m high, leaves simple, stipulate, stipules

large covering the bud, deciduous, leaving a circular scar, leaves simple,
ovate, 12-18x6-8cm, apex acute, inargin entire, base truncate/subcordate,
glabrous. Flowers in axillary, few flowered raceme, calyx acrescent, red, 5-
7x2cm, tubular, tube large, unequal, petals puberlous outside, stamens
numerous, anthers linear, adnate to ovary, connective slender. Fruit nut like,
with acrescent calyx, fruiting calyx winged, wings erect, 2-3-nerved, 10-
13x2-3cm.
FI-Fr: -Jan-mar. Distribution- South W. India.

Rare, collected in Joldal. FDD-437. KN- Anna-Thammana mara, Guga,
Gandu eime.
HOPEA Roxburgh nom. Cons

Hopea ponga (Deimst.) Mabberly, Taxon 28: 587. 1979. Artocarpus ponga
Dennstedt, Schluss. Hort. Ind. Malab. 30. 1818. Hopea wightiana Wall, ex
Wight & Am., Prodr. 85. 1834; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 96. 1871; Cooke, Fl.
Kar. 1:194. 1984.

Moderate sized, evergreen tree, to 20in high, leaves simple, stipulate,

stipule small cauducous, lamina lanceolate, 20-24x5-6.5cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base subtruncate. Powers in axillary-termainal, racemose
panicles, calyx acrescent, bilobed, petals ovate, lanceolate, pubescent,
stamens 15, fruiting calyx dark red, 4-5.5x1.5-2.5cm, erect oblong. Fruit nut
like, enclosed by fruiting calyx.
Fl-Fr: -Mar-May. Distribution-South. W. India.

Rare, collected in KUSF range. FDD-333. KN-Dodda bogi mara. Hire bogi
NoterMy specimen shows echinate galls in the axils of leaf, often it is
confuses as fruits, as it appears on the same position.
SHOREA Roxburgh ex C. Gaertner

Shorea roxburghii G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 813. 1831. Shorea talura Roxb.[
Hort. Beng. 93. 1814, rwm.l Fl. Ind. 2: 618. 1832; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 83(60). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar 1: 195. 1984.
Large, deciduous tree, branchiets glabrous, leaves simple,

coriaceous, dark green, glabrous above, giabracent beneath, apex acute,
margin entire/undulate, base rounded, elliptic-oblong, 6-18x4-8cm, petiole
1.5-2cm long, secondaiy nerves 11-16 pairs. Flowers white, fragrant, in
dense axillary/terminal /lateral, drooping racemes, to 10cm long, calyx
lobes 5, unequal, pubescent, corolla white, 5-Iobed, lobes hairy outside,
stamens many, epipetalous, inserted, stigma trifid. Fruit nut like, enclosed
by acrescent calyx, fruiting calyx large, 5x1.5cm, oblong, red.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution- South. W. India.

Thiitharameshwara. FDD-368. KN-Bile bovu, Aragma mara
VATERIA Linnaeus
Valeria indica L., Sp. PI. 515. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1; 86(92). 1901;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 85(61). 1915. Valeria malabarica Blume, Mus.

Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 29. 1856; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 84. 1871;Sald, Fl. Kar.l:
195. 1984.
Large evergreen tiee, to 15m high, leaves simple, stipule thick,

small, deciduous, lamina elliptic, oblong, 15-20x8-11 cm, apex acute,
maigiu entire, base acute. Flowers white, in axillary-terminal panicles,
peduncle tomentose, calyx 5-lobed, lobes equal, persistent, corolla white,
petals 5, glabrous, stamens many. Fruit fleshy, 3-valved.
Fl-Fr:-Mar. Distribution- South W. India.

Occasional in Joldal. FDD-344. KN-Bile dupa, Salu dupa.
Note:LocaI people extract oil from the seeds used in lighting the lamps.
MALVACEAE
Key to genera
1 Flower with epicalyx:
2 Plant herb/under shrub:
3 Leaves palmately lobed, epicalyx 4-16, style 10:
4 Epicalyx 5-16 Pavonia
4 Epicalyx 4 Urena
3 Leaves not lobed, epicalyx 3
5 Stigma capitate Malvastrum
5 Stigma linear Malva
2 Plant shrub/tree:
6 Leaf base cordate:
7 Flower yellow, with purple base, style unbranched,
fruit ovoid, hanging with long stalk Thespesia
1 Flower white with purple center, style 3, branched, fruit
5-angular, stalk short Abelmoschus
6 Leaf base not cordate :
8 flower axillary solitary Hibiscus
8 Flower axillary/terminal many flowered Kydia
1 Flower without epicalyx:
9 Herb. Flower small, fruit enclosed by calyx Sida
9 Herb/under shrub, fruit not enclosed by calyx Abutilon
ABELMOSCHUS Medicus
Key to species
1 Flowere pink turning purple A.angulosus
] FJower yellow with purpJe center A.moschatus

Abelmoschus angulosus Wall, ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 53. 1834; Wight,
Ic. t. 951. 1845; Hibiscus angulosus (Wight & Am.) Steud., Nomencl. ed. 2,
1: 758. 1840; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 111(118). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 97(70). 1915. Hibiscus setinervis Dumi, Bull. Misc. Inf. 324. 1914;
Gamble, 97(69). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 242. 1984.
Erect stout herb, hispid hairy throughout plant parts, leaves simple,
3-5 lobed, lobes suborbicular, 8-11.5x8-10 cm, nerves 5-7 from base,
prominent with yellow bristles, petiole long, to 6cm, hairy, apex acuminate,
margin dentate, base sub cordate. Flower pink, turning purple at maturity,
solitaiy, axillary, often in teiminal raceme, pedicel to 5cm long, hairy,
epicalyx 4, persistent, lobes ovate, to 3cm long, calyx included,
spathoceous, hairy, 5-lobed, petals pink, free, large, 3-8cm, stamens
indefinite, filaments fused to form staminal column, enclosing style and
ovaiy, anther monothecus, refiner, stigma 5-lobed. Fruit capsule, ovoid,
beaked at apex, enclosed by epicalyx hairy.
FI-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution-Tropical Asia.

Common herb in Kalbigiri gudda. FDD-70, 884.
Note: 1.There is considerable variation in leaf shape, Specimen ( FDD-
70) Shows 3 lobes, where as specimen (FDD-884) shows 5 lobes.
2. Ramaswamy in the flora of Shimoga district describes the habit as
small tree-large shrub but my observation in Davanagere district
reveals the under shrub nature.
Abelmoschus moschatus Medicus, Malv. 46. 1787; Borssum, Blumea 14:

90. 1966. Hibiscus abelmoschus L., Sp. PI. 696. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1: 112(118). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 97(69). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:243. 1984.
ssp moschatus
Erect, pubescent herb, with retrorse hairs, leaves simple, peteolate,

altemate, suborbicular, 3-7 lobed, 10-14x6-9cm, lobes triangular, hairy on

both surface, apex acuminate, margin dentate-serrate, base hastate-cordate.

Flower yellow, with purple throat, in axillary or terminal raceme, epicalyx
10, lobes linear, hairy, to 1cm long, calyx spathoceous, splitting down on
one side, deciduous, corolla yellow, with purple center, large 10-12cm.
Fruit capsule, lanceolate, to 9cm long, narrow at base, bristly hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-South East Asia and Pacific Islands.

Thirtharameshwara. FDD-103.
Note: Bristley hairs and oppressed epicalyx in fruit is the key
character.
ABUTILON Miller
Key to species
1 Flower yellow with purple center A.hirtum
1 Flower yellow without purple center AAndicum
Abutilon hirtiim (Lam.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 53. 1826; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 91(65). 1915; Borssum, Blumea 14: 168. 1966. Sida hirta Lam.,
Encycl. 1: 7. 1783; Abutilon graveolens (Hoxb.ex Homem.) Wight & Am.,
Prodr. 56. 1834; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 97 (103). 1901; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:
242. 1984.
Erect hirsute, undershrub to Im tall, branchlets viscid hairy, leaves

simple, alternate, shallowly trilobed, broadly ovate, 9-12x5-8cm, apex
acute, margin senate, base rounded, viscid hairy above, pubescent beneath,
petiole to 3 cm long. Flower axillary solitary, epicalyx absent, calyx
companulate, free halfway down, lobes triangular, to 1.2cm long, petals
yellow, with puiple base, lobes broadly obovate, to 2cm, stamens indefinite,
staminal column hairy at base, to 1.5cm long. Fruit schizocarp, 2-2.5x0.8-
1cm, exceeding calyx, seeds black reniform.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Tropical Asia. Nellur, Shanthsagar. FDD-175.

KN-Mudre gida, Tutti.

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 54. 1826; Wight, Ic. t. 12. 1838;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 96(102). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 91(65).
1915; Borssum, Blumea 14: 170. 1966. Sida indica L., Cent. PI. II 26. 1756;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 246. 1984.
Erect branched, velvety tomentose udershrub, to 1.5m tall, leaves

simple, alternate, 2-3 lobed, lobes orbicular, 9-13x5-8cm, petiole to 2-3cm
long, apex acute, margin crenate-dentate, base rounded, velvety gray
tomentose above, pubescent below. Flower yellow, axillary, solitary,
epicalyx absent, calyx fused at base, 5-lobed, hairy, to 1.2cm long, petals 5,
yellow, fused at base, tube short, lobes spreading, ovate, 2.5-3x1.5cm. Fuit
schizocarp, pubescent, mericarp up to 1.5cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-May. Distiibution-Pantropical extending to subtropics.

Common herb in waste land. FDD-852. KN-Dodda mudre gida, Hetutti.
HIBISCUS Linnaeus nom. com.

Key to species
IFlowerpink with purple throat H.aculeatus
1 Flower yellow with purple throat H.cannabinus
Hibiscus aculeatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 206. 1832; Paul & Nayar, Bull. Bot.
Surv. India 22: 195. 1980. Hibiscus furcatus Roxb. ex DC, Prodr. 1: 449.
1824, non Willd. 1809; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 106(113). 1901; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 97 (70). 1915; Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan 151. 1976;
Said, Fl. Kai-. 1:248. 1984.
Prickly under shrub, to Im tall, branchlets and stem with slender

recurved prickles, leaves simple, 3-5 lobed, lobes triangular, petiole, 9.5-
14.5x4.8-7cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base cordate-truncate, nerves
prominent, 5-7, pubescent above, prickly along nerves below, epicalyx 8-12,
lobes lanceolate, densely strigose, calyx densely hispid, lobes 5, lanceolate,

bristle tipped, 1.5-2cm long. Flower pink, with dark purple throat, solitary,
axillary, pedicel long, 3-5cm, corolla pink, with purple throat, to 6cm long,
stamens monoadelphous, anther monoecious, colored, stigma 5. Fruit
capsule, included in persistent calyx.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Mar. Distribution-Tropical Africa and Tropical Asia except

South E. Asia.
Common herb m out skirts of forest. FDD-107. KN-Betta bende. (Plate-lC)
Hibiscus cannabinus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1149, 1759; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1:. 109(116). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 99 (71). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:249. 1984.
Herb to 20cm tall, branchlets with recurved small prickles, leaves

simple, alternate, 3-5 lobed, lobes linear-oblong, 5-9.5x4.2-5.6cm,
pubescent above, bristly haiiy beneath along nerves. Flower yellow,
solitaiy, axillaiy, pedicel to 3cm long, epicalyx 8-10, lobes linear, calyx 5-
lobed, fused at base, lobes linear, hairy, 0.8-1cm recurved in fruit, corolla
yellow, with purple throat, 5-7 cm long, stamens colored, monoadelphous.
Fruit ovoid, bristly haiiy.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Jan. Distiibution-Tropics and Sub tropics.

Occasional herb. HonnaUi. FDD-630. KN-Pundi.
KYDIA Roxburgh
Kydia calycina Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 215. 1811: Wight, Ic. t. 879-80. 1844-45
Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 3. 1869; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 94(100). 1901; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 93(67). 1915. Kydia roxburghiana Wight, Ic. t. 881. 1844-
45; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:253. 1984.
Small sized tree, to 10m tall, branchlets pubescent, leaf simple,

alternate, slightly lobed, median larger, petiolate, apex acute-rounded,
margin entire, base cordate, gray pubescent above, pubescent below, 12-

15x10-14cm. Flowers an axillaiy or terminal panicles, peduncle tomentose,

epicalyx spathulate, 4-6 lobed, hairy, acrescent, 0.8-1x0.3cm, calyx hairy,
lobes 5, triangular, 0.8-1.2x0.3cm, petals 5, spathulate, white with purple
stieaks, margin fimbriate, 1-1.2cm. Fruit capsule, subglobose, 0.5-0.7cm.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Jan. Distribution-India, Burma. Thirtharameshwara near temple,

KUSF range. FDD-668, 740. KN-Nayi bende, Bellaka. (Plate-ID)
Note:The specimen (FDD-740) collected t thirtharameshwara shows the
presense of brown spots on the epicalyx and on petals but the specimen
(668) collected at KUSF range shows no such pigmentations.
MALVA Limiaeus
Key to species
1 Flower purple, exceading sepals M.sylvestris
1 Flower whitish, equaling sepals M.parviflora
Malva parvijiora L., Demonstr. PI. 18. 1753: Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 91(96).
1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 88(63). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar.l:254. 1984.
Small herb, branchlets spreading, glabrous, leaves simple, alternate,

faintly lobed, ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-4x1.5-2.5cm, apex acute, margin serrate,
base cuneate, petiole to 1.5cm long, glabrous above, minutely pubescent
below. Flower whitish-yellow, solitary, axillary often in cluster of 1-3,
epicalyx 3-5, lobes linear, 0.5-0.8cm long, calyx 5-lobed, lobes broad,
ovate, to 1cm long, corolla pale yellow, to 1.2cm long, equaling sepals
staminal column short, to 0.6cm. Fruit capsule, globose, to0.8cm, cocci 10,
minutely toothed, green.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Mediteranean region.

Weed in waste places & cultivated land. FDD-788.
Malva sylvestris L., Sp. PI. 689. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 8,8(63).
1915. var mauritiana (L.) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 819. 1867; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 1: 90(96). 1901. Malva mauritiana L., Sp. PI. 689. 1753; Sald.Fl.
Kar. 1:254. 1984.
Erect herb, branchlets stellately hairy, leaves simple, variable, often

lobed, l-4.3x0.5-2.8cm, petiole to 1.2cm, apex acute, minutely serrate, base
cmieate, glabrous above, minutely hairy below. Flower in axillary fascicle,
yellow, pedicellate, 1.2cm long, pedicel 0.8-lcm long, epicalyx 8-10 lobed,
lobe ovate, to 0.8cm long, calyx 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, minutely hairy,
corolla yellow, 3-3.5cm long. Fruit capsule, subglobose, cocci 10-12,
minutely haiiy.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Temperate and Subtropical Eurasia.

Common weed of waste places. FDD-577.
MALVASTRUM A. Gray nom. com.

Malvastrum coramandelianum (L.) Garcke, Bonplandia 5: 295. 1857;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 88(64). 1915; Borssum, Blumea 14: 152. 1966.
Malva coromandeliana L., Sp. PI. 687. 1753. Malva tricuspidata R. Br. in
Wight. Alton, Hortus Kew. ed. 2, 4: 210. 1812 {mm. Superfl.). Malvastrum
tricuspidatum (R. Br.) A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 16. 18652; Mast, in Hooker,
Fl. Brit. India. 1: 321.1876; Said, Fl. Kar. I. 255. 1984.
Erect, branching woody herb, branchlets hairy, leaves simple,

alternate, petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, nerves 5, prominent from base, lamina
3.5-5x2-3cm, petiole to 2cm long, apex acute, margin dentate, base rounded.
Flower yellow, axillary, solitary, to 2cm long, epicalyx 3-5, lobes linear-
lanceolate, to 0.6cm long, calyx cupular, lobes 5, minutely hairy, to 1cm
long, longer than epicalyx, corolla yellow, petals 5, staminal column short.
Fruit capsule, included, mericarps 14, bristly hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Aug. Distribution-Panatropical.
Common weed. FDD-404.

PAVONIA Cavanilles nom. cons.

Pavonia odorata Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 837. 1800; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
102(108). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 93(67). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:256. 1984.
Erect hairy herb, to 45 cm high, hairs sticky, leaves simple, alternate,

petiolate, sHghtly lobed, lobes 3, 5.8-9.5x3.5-5cm, green above, pale green
below, petiole 2.2cm long, apex acute, margin dentate, base cordate, nerves
3-7, prominent from base. Flower, rose colored, axillary, solitary, epicalyx
5-10, lobes linear, hairy, to 0.5cm long, calyx 5-lobed, lobes fused at base,
hairy, to 1cm long, corolla pink, petals fused at base, hairy, 1.5-2cm long,
staminal column, short, to 0.5cm. Fruit capsule, globose-sub globose, cocci
smooth, hairy, seeds many, brown, renifonn.
Fl-Fr:-All season. Distribution-East Tropical Africa, Peninsular India,

Burma.
Common herb in open forest. FDD-539. KN-Bala rakkasi, Peramuti beru,
Kare balada beru.
SIDA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant slender trailing herb, pedicel longer than petiole S.cordata
1 Plant erect herb/undershrub, pedicel equaling/shorter than petiole:
2 Leaves rhomobiodal S.rhombifolia
2 Leaves linear-lanceolate S.acuta
Sida acuta N. Burman, Fl. Ind. 147. 1768; Wight, Ic. t. 95. 1838; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1:93(98). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 90(64). 1915; Borssum,
Blumea 14: 186. 1966; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:258. 1984.
Erect, branched herb-under shrub, to 40cm high, branchlets glajjrous,

leaves simple, alternate, lineai-lanceolate, 4.2-6.2x0.8-1cm, apex acute,
maigin senate-dentate, base acute, stipules narrow, to 0.2cm long, petiole

short, to 0.5cm. Flower yellow solitary, axillary, pedicel short, epicalyx

absent, calyx cupular, 5-lobed, lobes angular, to 0.6cm long, corolla yellow,
slightly exerted. Fruit schizocarp, mericarp spreading, single seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution-Panatropical.
Common herb in waste lands. FDD-555. KN-Vish kaddi, Bhimana kaddi.
Sida cordata (N. Burman) Borssum, Blumea 14: 182.1966. Melochia

cordata N. Burman, Fl. hid. 143. 1768. Sida veronicifolia Lam., Encycl. 1:
5. 1783; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 92(97). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
89(64). 1915 (veronicifolia); Said, Fl. Kar. 1:258. 1984.
Slender herb, branchlets tiailing, glabrous, minutely pubescent,

leaves simple, alternate, ovate, 3.8-4.5x2.5-3.5cm, stipule linear, petiole to
0.5cm long, apex acuminate, margin dentate, base cordate-rounded, nerves
7-9, from base. Flower solitary, axillary, long pedicelled, to 2cm long, often
2-3 flowered, axillaiy raceme, epicalyx absent, calyx cupular, 5 -lobed,
lobes triangular, to 0.8cm long, hairy, hairs setaceous, corolla yellow, fused
at base, to 1cm long, lobes hairy at tip. Fruit schizocarp, cocci 2-toothed,
hairy.
Fl-Fr;-June-Jan. Distribution-Pantropical.
Common herb in shady places. FDD-632.
Sida rhombifolia L., Sp. PI. 684.1753; Borssum 14: 193. 1966. Sida
rhomboidca Roxb. ex Flemming, Asiat. Res. 6. 6: 178. 1810; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:258. 1984.
Erect herb, to 30cm long, leaves simple, alternate, petiolate,

rhomboidal, hirsute, 2.5-4.5x1.8-2.8cm, apex acute, margin dentate,-base
rounded, stipules modified in to spines. Flower solitary, axillary, yellow,
pedicellate, pedicel slender, 1-1.5cm long, epicalyx absent, calyx cupular,

5-lobed, lobes ovate, hairy, to 0.8cm long, corolla yellow, slightly exerted.
Fruil schizocmp, incricaip 6-7, shortly awncd.
Fl-Fr:-May-Oct. Distribution-Tropical and Subtropics.

Common herb in waste lands. FDD-580.
THESPESIA Solander ex mm. cons.

Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalz. ex Dalz. & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 19. 1801;
Borssum, Blumea 14: 116. 1966. Hibiscus lampas Cav., Diss.3: 154, t. 56, f.
2. 1787; Wight, Ic. t. 5. 1838; Gamble, 98(71). 1915; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
1 r4(121). 1901; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:261. 1984.
Unanned, small tiee, to 3m high, branchlets tomentose, leaves

simple, alternate, triangular, often tri lobed, petiolate, petiole long, to 4cm,
lamina 8-13x5-9cm, apex acuminate, margin entire-wavy, base cordate-
truncate, nerves prominent, to 5, pilose above, tomentose beneath, epicalyx
deciduous, subulate, lobes 6, calyx 5-lobed, lobes teethed, to 0.2cm long,
corolla companulate, yellow, with crimson red at center, to 5cm long. Fruit
ovoid, pendulous, on slender pedicel, 5-valved.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Oct. Distiibution-East Africa to Malaysia.

Common tiee along road side. FDD-849. KN-Buguri mara.
URENA Linnaeus
Urena lobata L., Sp. PI. 692. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 100(106). 1901;
Gamble, 92(66). 19t5; Borssum, Blumea 14: 138.1966; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:262.
1984.
ssp lobata.yai lobata
Erect herb, to 20cm tall, branchlets viscid hairy, leaves simple,

alternate, deeply lobed, lobes 3-4, triangular, 5.5-7.5x5.3-7.2cm, hispid,
haiiy above, pubescent beneath, apex acute, margin entire-minutely serrate,
Floristic Composition of Davana^cre District 76

base round-cordate. Flower solitary, axillary, pedicellate, pedicel to 0.8cm

long, epicalyx 4-lobed, lobes naiiow, to 0.8cm long, corolla pink, 5 -lobed,
lobes fused at base, to 0.8cm long. Fruit capsule, echinate, to 1cm in
diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Mar. Distribution-Pantropical.
Common herb in waste land. FDD-730.
BOMBACACEAE
BOMBAX Linnaeus
Bomhax ceiha L., Sp. PI. 511. 1753; Saldanlia & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan,
App. 2, 870. 1978; Nicolson, Taxon 28: 367. 1979. Bombax malabahcum
DC, Prodr. 1: 479. 1824; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 82. 1871; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1: 120 (127). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 99(71). 1915. Salmalia
malaharica (DC.) Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 35. 1832; Said, Fl. Kar.
2: 239. 1984.
Deciduous armed tree 25-30cm high, prickles straight, stout on trunk

and branches, grey colored, branchlets spreading, puberlous, leaves
digitately compound, 5-7 foliate, lobes elliptic lanceolate, terminal larger
12-16x5-8cm, basal ones smaller 8-10x5-7cm, apex cuspidate, acuminate,
maigin entire, base acute, petiole long 12-14cm. Flower bright red, showy,
large, calyx 5 lobed, lobes tomentose 2-3cm long, petals oblong, hairy
outside, stamens polyadalphous, filament long, slightly curved. Fruit
capsule, velvety tomentose 10-18x3-5cm, dark brown, seeds covered by
white cottony hairs.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-May. Distribution-Indomalaesia.
Common tree along roadside FDD-713. KN-Kempu buraga.

STERCULIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant herb/under shaib:
2 Petals clawed, ovary 1 locular Waltheria
2 Petals not clawed, ovary 5 locular Melochia
1 Plant Shrub/tree:
3 Fruit spirally twisted Helecteres
3 Fruit not as above:
4 Flower apetalous, unisexual StercuUa
4 Flower petalous bisexual Gouzuma
HELICTERES Linnaeus
Helictcres isora., Sp. PI. 963. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 180. 1839; Cooke, Fl
Bombay 1:128(136). 1901; Gamble 107(77). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:231.
1984.
Moderate sized, hairy slirub, to 1.5-2m high, branchlets stellately

hairy, leaves simple, alternate, petiole to 0.5-0.8cm long, glabrous, scarbid
above, minutely pubescent below, thin coriaceous, orbicular-ovate, to 4.5-
16.2x4.8-2.8cm, apex minutely acute, margin entire, base oblique. Flowers
in axillary cluster, irregular, bright red, to 2.5-3.2cm long, bracts subulate,
hairy, calyx tubular, brown tomentose, bilipped, to 1cm long, corolla red,
reflexed, lobes clawed, to 2.5-3.6cm long, staminal column deflexed, fused
with gynophore at the tip. Fruit follicle, ellepsoid, to 5x1.8cm, twisted
spirally, brown hairy, slightly winged at tip, seeds angular, numerous.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Jan. Distribution-lndomalaysia. FDD-465. Frequent in KUSF.

Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range. Joldal & Thirtharameshwara. KN-
Edamuri, Agnislirunga. (PIate-2)
NoterLocai people prepare a kind of rope from the bark of this plant
and claims that it is superior in quality which tolerate high pressure
and also serves for many years. Fruit extract is given in treating the
griping of bowels and flatulence of children . Barkextracted with water
and given in dysentry and diarrhoea. Juice of root is given twice a" day
in diabetes and in snake bite.

MELOCHIA Linnaeus
Melochia corchorifolla L., Sp. PI. 675. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1:134(142). 1901; Gamble, 110 (79). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:232. 1984.
Much branched herb, to 50cm tall, branches slightly angular, leaves

simple, alternate, ovate-oblong, to 2.5-3.6x0.8-1.5cm, apex acute, margin
senate, base rounded, petiole 0.4cm long. Flowers in terminal cluster, 6-8
flowers in each cluster, bracts subulate, lanceolate, hairy, to 0.3cm long,
calyx fused at base, corolla yellow-pink, lobes 5 to 0.6cm long, stamens 5,
comiate up to middle, style 5, free, fused at base. Fruit capsule, to 0.8cm in
diameter, globose, sparsely hairy, brown, seeds angular black.
Fl-Fr:- Jul-Nov. Distribution-Tropics.

FDD-225. Common in waste marshy places.
STERCULIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves lobed, covered with tomentum, calyx membranous,
pubescent S.villosa
1 Leaves not lobed, calyx rusty tomentose S.guttata
Sterciilia guttata Roxb., Hoit. Beng. 50. 1814 & ex DC, Prodr. 1: 482.
1824; Wight, Ic. t. 487. 1841; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 105. 1871; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1; 124(132). 1901; Gamble 106(76). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:237.
1984.
Moderate sized, deciduous tree, to 10-12m tall, branchlets pubescent,
hairs stellate, bark fibrous, leaves simple, alternate, to 10-12.5x6-8.2cm,
ovate-oblong, apex acuminate, margin entire, undulate, base subcordate,
prominently nerved, glabrous above, rusty tomentose below, stipules
cauducus, to 0.4-0.6cm long. Flowers in axillary, long peduncled panicles,
in the axil of fallen leaves, flower reddish, fragrant, polygamous, to 4cm
long, bracts lanceolate, cauducus, linear, to 0.3-0.6cm long, pedicel to
0.4cm long, calyx companulate, rusty tomentose inside, lobes reflexed,

oblong, apex acute, to 8mm long, corolla red, lobes fused in young forming
hood like structure, free at maturity, reflexed, stamens 10-12, fused,
staminal column slender, to 0-8cm long in male flowers, 0.4-0.6 in bisexual
flowers. Fruit follicle, large, ovoid, orange red, turning brown on maturity,
pubescent, seeds black.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-South W. India, Srilanka.

FDD-656.Common tree in KUSF, Joldal & Thrtharameshwara. KN-Jenu
katkala, Huli thoradu mara.
Note:This plant is leafless at the time of flowering and the seeds of this
plant are roasted and eaten by local people.
Sterculea villosa Roxb., ex DC, Prodr. 1:483. 1824; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
124(132). 1901; Gamble Fl. Madras Presi. 106(76). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:238. 1984.
Medium sized tree, to 4m height, branchlets pubescent, bark peeling,

leaves simple, alternate, crowded at tip of branchlets, covered with brown
tomentum beneath, 5-7 lobed, angular, to 20-28x18-25cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base cordate. Flowers m axillary, cymose panicles, flowers
polygamodioecious, bracts large, thick, velvety tomentose, to 0.6-0.8cm
long, calyx membranous, yellow viscid, lobes 3nerved, straight, oblong, to
0.8-1.2cm long, corolla wanting, stamens 15, fused, staminal column
recui^ved, shorter than calyx, branched at tip, anthers 10, stigma 5, simple.
Fruit follicle, beaked, red in color, villous, seeds black.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-South W. & N. E. hidia.

FDD-532. Occasional in Joldal range. KN-Bilimatthi, biUdale. (Plate-2F)
WALTHERIA Linnaeus
Waltheria indica L., Sp. PI. 673. 1753; Backer & Bakh. F., Fl. Java 1: 406.
1963. Waltheria indica L., Sp. PI. 673. 1753; Gamble 106(79). 1915;
Adams, Fl. PI. Jamaica 483. 1972; Said, Fl.Kar. 1:238. 1984.
Fhristic Composition of Davanasere District 80

Erect, branched herb, branchlets pubescent, to Im high, leaves

simple, alternate, shortly petioled- sessile, ovate, apex obtuse, margin
serrate, base obtuse, to 2-3.5x1.5-2 cm. Flowers in axillary clusters, bracts
naiTow, to 0.4cm long, linear-lanceolate, hairy. Flowers minute, 0.4-0.6cm
long, calyx pale green, lobes 5, deeply lobed, linear-lanceolate, hairy, to
0.2cm long, corolla yellow, to 0.4-0.6cm long, longer than calyx, lobes 5,
spathulate. Fruit capsule, to 0.3-0.5cm long, seeds black, reniform.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Jan. Distribution-Tropics.
FDD-469. Common in waste lands and outskirts of rocky slopes.
TILIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant herbs/shrubs:
2 Fruit echinate Triumfetta
2 Fruit not echinate Corchorus
I Plant shrub/tree:
3 Flower white, axillary solitary Muntungia
3 Flower yellow, axillary panicle/cyme:
4 Fruit winged Erinocarpus
4 Fruit lobed, not winged Gre>via
CORCHORUS Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Capsule 3-5 angled, ending in 3-radiating points Caestuans
I Capsule 3-angled, ending in one radiating point Curticifolius
Corhorus aestuans L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1079; Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3:
27. 1967. Corchorus acutangulus Lam., Encycl. 2: 104. 1786; Wight, Ic. t.
739. 1844; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1; 150(160). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 121(86). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:214. 1984.
Annual herb, to 40cm tall, leaves simple, alternate, ovate, 3.5-6x1.5-

2cm, apex acute, margin serrate/crenate, base cordate, stipules linear
subulate. Flower yellow, in axillary, 2-3 flowered clusters, sepals 5-lobed,
lobes free, petals yellow, 5-lobed, lobes fused, stamens 15, filament short,

0.3-0.4cm long. Fruit capsule, cylindrical, elongated, to 1-1.5cm long, 3-

winged, ending in 3-radiating points.
Fl-Fr:- Jan-Mar. Distribution- Pantropics.

Ocasional in Harapanahalli, common in Jagalur outskirts. FDD-31.
Cordwrus urticifolius Wight & Am., Prodr. 73. 1834 {"uriicifolius'J;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 122(87). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 216. 1984.
Annual herb, to 60cm long, leaves simple, alternate, orbicular, 3-

4."5xl-2.5cm, apex acute, maigin crenate, base cordate. Flower yellow, in
extiaaxillaiy, 2-3 flowered clusters, sepals 5, lobes lanceolate, petals 5,
yellow. Fmit capsule, slightly 3-angled, 3.5-4cm, hairy, ending in one
radiating point
Fl-Fr:-Nov-jan. Distribution- Tropical Africa through Afganisthan to

Weatem peninsular India.
Common weed in kondajji, Occasional in Harihara, Harapanahalli. FDD-
108.
ERINOCARPUS Nimmo ex J. Graham

Erinocarpus nimmonni J. Graham, Cat. PI. Bombay 21. 1839; Bedd., Fl.
Sylv. t. 110. 1877; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 1: 394. \%lA{'nimmoanus' );
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 146(155). 1901; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:216. 1984.
Small sized tree, to 7m high, branchlets pubescent, leaves palmately

5-7 lobed, suborbiculai-, 15-20xl5-20cm, apex acute, margin dentate, base
cordate,glabrous above, stellately pubescent beneath. Flowers yellow, in
axillary/terminal cymes, bracts large to 1 x 0.5cm, stellately pubescent,
calyx 5-lobed, lobes oblong, 2-3x0.5cm, corolla yellow, 5-lobed, lobes
obovate-spathulate, 2-3x0.5cm, stamens many, fused, staminal filament
pubescent, to 1cm long. Fruit indehiscentm, spiny, woody, winged.

Fl-Fr:-Apr-Oct. Distribution- South W.India.

Common in Thiitliarameshwaia, Kalbigiri gudda, Kondajji. FDD-375. KN-
Chavara, Kadu bende.
GREWIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Flower white:
2 Drupe 2-4 lobed:
3 Leaf 3-ribbed G.lawsoniana
3 Leaf 4-5 ribbed G.orientalis
2 Drupe entire:
5 Leaf glabrous beneath, apex acute/rounded:
6 Peduncle longer than petiole, drupe covered with matted
hairs G.bracteata
6 Peduncle shorter than petiole, drupe glabrous G.tiliifolia
5 Leaf glaucous hairy beneath, apex acuminate,
peduncle shorter than petiole, drupe glabrous G.hirsuta
1 Flower yellow:
7 Drupe shallowly 2-lobed, stellately pubescent G.flavescens
7 Drupe obscurely 2-4 lobed, softly pubescent G.abutilifoiia
Grewia abutilifolia Vent, ex Juss., Ami. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 4:92. 1804;
Cooke, Fi. Bombay 1:144(152). 1901; Grewia aspera Roxb. ex Roth, Nov.
PI. Sp. 245. 1821; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2:591. 1832; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
119(85). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:219. 1984.
Scaiident sluub, branchlets harshly tomentose, leaves simple,

orbicular-ovate, to 10-12x8-9cm, apex acute, margindenticulate, base
cuneate, upper surface with scattered stellate hairs. Flower yellow, in
axillary umbellate cyme, inflorescense axis shorter than pedicel. Fruit
diupe, fleshy, obscmely two to four lobed, softly pubescent.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Feb. Distribution-South. W. India.

Common, Thirtharameshwara. FDD-87. (Figure-6)
Grewia bracteata Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 243. 1821; Grewia obtusa
Wall, ex J.R. Drumm. in Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 117(83). 1915. Grewia

bracleata sensu Wight & Am., Prod. 76. 1834, non Roth, 1821; Said, Fl.
Kai-. 1:220. 1984.
Medium sized slmib, branchlets, glabrous, leaves simple, alternate,

ovate-rounded, 5-8x3-5 cm, apex acute/rounded, margin serrate, base
cordate-subcordate, 3-ribbed. Flower wliite, in axillary cymes, bud ovate,
0.5-0.8cm long, peduncle to 0.5cm long, pedicel to 1cm long, sepals 5,
lobes oblong, free, hairy outside, petals 5, lobes lanceolate. Fruit berry,
ovoid, covered with matted hairs, to 0.8cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Aug. Distribution-Western Peninsular India.

Occasional in Thirtharameshwara range. FDD-86.
Grewia flavescens A. Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 4: 91. 1804;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 119(85). 1915.Grewia pilosa Lam., Encycl. 3:
43. 1789; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 142(151). 1901; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:221. 1984.
Tree, to 5m tall, branchlets pubescent, leaves simple, alternate,

oblong 6-8x2-3.5cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base cordate, stellately
pubescent beneath, stellate hairs harsh and dense above, slightly 3-lobed.
Flower yellow, in axillary cluster, peduncle 0.2-0.3 cm long, pedicel, 0.8-
1cm long, sepals 5, lobes free, pubescent, corolla yellow, petals 5, free,
spathulate, stamens free, many, frised at base. Fruit drupe, slightly lobed.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Jun. Distribution- Tropical Africa, Western peninsular India.

Common in Belagutti on the way to Rameshwara temple. FDD-12. KN-
Sanna garakale, Kirigarakale
Grewia hirsuta Vahl, Symb. 1: 34. 1790; Wight, Ic. t. 76. 1838; Cooke, Fl.
bombay 1; 144(153). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 119(85). 1915; Said,
Fl. Kar. 1:221. 1984.

Moderate sized shrub, to 4-5m high, branchlets tomentose, leaves

simple, alternate, ovate, 4-5 ribbed, 3.5-4x6-8cm, pilose above, densely
tomentose beneath, apex acute, margin serrate, base cordate. Flower white,
in axillary cymes, peduncle long, 0.8-lcm, pedicel 0.4-0.6cm long, sepals 5,
free, elliptic, acute at both ends, densely hirsute, corolla yellow, lobes 5,
free, short, 0.6-0.8cm long, stamens many, free. Fruit drupe, entire, small,
to 0.5cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Oct. Distribution- Western Peninsular India, Sri Lanka.

Common in Thirthaiameshwaia & Jagalur. FDD-78. KN-Jana, Chikku
dippe.
Grewia lawsoniana J.R. Drumm. ex Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 117(84).

1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:222. 1984.
Climbing slirub, leaves simple, alternate, elliptic, 3-ribbed, 6.5-13x4-

6cm, apex acute, maigin senate, base cordate, glabrous/minutely pubescent,
harshly hairy beneath. Flower white, in axillary cymes, peduncle long, to
5cm, pedicel 1-1.5cm long, buds oblong, 0.5-0.8cm, apex acute, sepals 5-
lobed, lobes linear-lanceolate, pubescent, petals elliptic, apex acute, stamens
many, free. Fruit dmpe, 4-lobed, haiiy, black on maturity.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Western Peninsular India.

Common in Joldal & Jagalur range. FDD-93.
Grewia orientalis L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 964. 1762; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
117(84). 1915. Grewia colunmaris J. E. Sm. In Rees, Cyclop. 17: n. 5.
1811; Wight, Ic. t. 44. 1838; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 139(147). 1901; Said,
Fl. Kar. 1:223. 1984.
Small sized tree, 3-5m high, branchlets virgate, stellately hairy,

leaves 4-5 ribbed, alternate, glandular, suborbicular, 3-4x2.5-3cm, apex

shortly acuminate, margin serrate, base subcordate. Flower white, in

terminal corymbose cyme, llower 1-3, often many, peduncle to 0.4cm, bud
globose, pedicel to 1cm long, sepals 5-lobed, lobes oblong, hairy outside,
petals wliite, lobes 5, ovate-lanceolate, to 0.8cm long. Fruit drupe, 2-4
lobed.
Fl-Fr:- Aug-Dec. Distribution- East Tropical Africa, S. W. & E. India,

Sri Lanka, Java.
Common in KUSF range. FDD-36. KN-Udippe balli
fitrewia tUiifolia Vahl, Symb. 1:35.1790; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 108.1871;

Small tree, to 6m high, branchlets glabrous, leaf simple, petiole long,

to 3cm, blade, to 12x8cm, orbicular, apex acute, margin serrate, base sub
cordate, 5-ribbed. Flowers in axillary cymes, usually 3-flowered, peduncle
shorter than petiole, to 1cm long, petals yelow. Fruit drupe, globose, entire,
glabrous.
Fl-Fr:-Mar. Distribution-Tropical Africa.

Common in Thirtharameshwara. FDD-929. (Figure-6)
TRIUMPETTA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves ovate-rhomboidal, 3-Iobed, capsule 1cm long T.rhomboidea
1 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, lamina entire, capsule 2-3cm long T.pilosa
Triumpetta pilosa Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 223. 1821; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
147(156). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 120(86). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:
226. 1984.
Herb, 20-30cm tall, stem and branches covered by bulbous based

bristle, leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, lamina ovate-lanceolate, 8-

12x3.5-5cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base subcordate, petiole to 1cm

long, stcllalcly liaiiy on both sides Flower yellow, in axillary cymes,
pedicel short, to 0.5cm long, sepals 5-lobed, lobes linear, acute, 0.5-0.8cm
long, petals yellow, 5-lobed, lobes oblong, spathulate, shorter than sepals, to
0 4cm, stamens 10, free Fruit capsule, globose, 2-3cm long, coverd with
long hooked slender spnics
Fl-Fr - Aug-Dec. Distribution- Tropical Africa, India.

Common in Joldal. FDD-11
Triiunpetta rhomboidea N JAcq, Enum. PI. Carib. 22. 1760; Gamble, Fl.
Presi Madras 120(86) 1915 Bartamia indica L., Sp. PI. 378. 1753 [non
Triumpetta mdica Lam , 1792] Trumpetta bartramia L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10,
2 1044 1159, nom illegit Tnumfetta angnlata Lam., Encycl 3: 421. 1192;
Wight, Ic t 320 1840, Said, FI Kar 1 226 1984
Pubescent herb, 40-60cm tall, branchlets glabrous/minutely

pubescent, leaves simple, alternate, ovate/rhomboid, 3-lobed, 4.5-6 5x3-
4cm, lobes triangular, apex acute, margin serrate, base cordate, petiole
short, to 0 5cm. Flower yellow, in axillary cymes, sepals 5, lobes linear,
oblong, apiculate, to 0.3cm, petals 5, lobes oblong, 0.6-0.8cm long, ciliate,
stamens 8-15, free Fruit capsule, l-2cm long, globose, covered with curved
spines, tomentose between spines
Fl-Fr:- Sep-Dec. Distiibution- Tropical Africa, Asia. Distribution- Tropical

Africa, Asia
Common herb along roadside FDD-10 KN-Jottote, Katavani.
ELAEOCARPACEAE
ELAEOCARPUS Linnaeus
Elaeaeocarpiis serratus L, Sp PI. 515 1753, Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
152(161) 1902, Gamble, Fl Presi Madras 124(88). 1915; Merrill, J.

Arnold Arbor. 32: 194. \95\; Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaert., Fruct. 1: 202, t.
43, fig. 3. 1788.
Large tiee up to 30 m high, leaf simple, alternate, elliptic-ovate, to

6.5-9.5x3.5cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base acute, glabrous. Flowers in
axillary-exlra axillary racemes, bisexual, regular, calyx 4 lobed, lobes free,
fused at base, corolla white, petals 4, stamens many, free, beard, ovary 2
celled, villous. Fruit drupe, oblong, to2cm across
Fl-Fr. Jul. Distiibution-lndia, Sri Lanka.

Raie in KUSF and Joldal range. FDD-589. KN-Ralm beeja, Bigada mara.
LINACEAE
LINUM Linnaeus
Linum mysorense Heyne ex Bentham in Lindley, Edward's Bot. Reg. 16: t.
1326. 1830; Cooke Fl. Bombay I: 155(164). I901;GambIe, Fl. Presi.
Madras 125(89). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 262. 1996.
Erect branched herb, branched in the upper part, giving corymbose

appearance, leaves simple, sessile, alternate, linear, 3.5-4.5x1-1.5cm, apex
acute, margin serrate, base acute. Flower yellow, solitary, terminal, sepals
5-lobed, lobes comiate at base, naiTowly ovate, to 0.2cm long, corolla
yellow, petals 5, free, obovate, to 0.5cm long, stamens 5, filaments fused at
base, alternate with staminodes, staminodes minute, disc absent. Fruit
capsule, globose, to 0.2cm in diameter, seeds compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Act. Distribution-South India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb in Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range, Ammanagudda.
FDD-587.
Floristic Composition of Davanngere District 88

MALPIIIGINACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves cordate/suborbicular, eglandular, samaras with linear Wmg.Aspidopterys
1 Leaves elUptic-ovate, glandular, samaras with orbicular wing Miptage
ASPIDOPTERYS A. Jussieu
Aspidopterys indica (Roxb.) Hoclir., Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg, 19: 45.
1904; Aspidopterys wxburghianaA. Juss., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 2, 13:
267. 1840; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. Fl. Bombay 1: 158(168). 1901;Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 129(92). 1915; Said, Fl. Kart 2: 265. 1996.
Climbing shrub, leaves simple, opposite, eglandular, suborbicular, 6-

10x5.5-9cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base cordate,
glabrous/minutely pubescent above, white tomentose beneath. Flower
white, in axillary panicles, bracteate, pedicel long, slender, l-2cm long,
calyx glandular, lobes 5, petals 5, white, not clawed, stamens 10, fused at
base. Fruit samara, wings orbicular, membranous.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution-South W. India.

Occasional in KUSF range, often frequent in Harapanahalli forest range.
FDD-357. (Figure-4)
HIPTAGE Gaertner
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43 (2): 136. 1874;
Jacobs in Steenis, Fl. Malaysiana ser.l, 5: 132. 1955. Banisleria
benghalensis L., Sp. PI. 427. 1753. Hiptage madablota Gaertner, Fruct. 2:
169, t. 116.1791; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 1: 418. 1874; Cooke. Fl. Bombay.
Fl. Bombay 1: 157(167). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 128(91). 1915;
Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 267. 1996.
Laige woody climber, young branches tomentose, leaves simple,

opposite, petiolate, elliptic oblong, coriaceous, 7-15x3.5-5cm, apex acute,
FJoristic Composition of Davanagere District 89

margin entire, base acute, tomentose when young, glabrous on maturity,

iicivcs 5-7 pairs, proiuiricnl bcucatli. Flowers pinkish white, in
axillary/terminal corymbs, peduncle to 4cm long, tomentose, pedicel to 2cm
long, bracteoles 2, calyx 5 lobed, persistent, lobes oblong, 0.5-0.8x0.3cm,
gland large, corolla white, 5-lobed, petals free, unequal, posterior large, sub
orbicular-oblong, cauducus, stamens 10, one longer than the other, to 2cm
long, others equal, to 0.8cm. Fruit samara, winged, wings up to 1.2cm long.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Mar. Distribution-lndomalaesia.
Rangaianagiri betta. FDD-620. KN-Madavi latha, Aadhimurthi, Vasantha
dhUthi.
OXALIDACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves palmately compound Oxalis
1 Leaves pinnately compound Biophytum
BIOPHYTUM deCandolle
Biophytum sensitivum (L.) D C , Prodr. 1: 690. 1824. Oxalis semitiva L.,
Sp. PI. 434. 1753; Said, Fl. KAr.2: 244. 1996.
var. candolleanum (Wight) Edgew. & Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 437. 1874;
Kunth in Engl., Pflanzem. 95: 394. 1930. Biophytum candolleanum Wight,
111. 1: 161, t. 62. 1840 {'candolianum'); Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 133(95).
1915.
Small, unbranched, erect herb to 8cm tall, stem slender, hispid,

pubescent, leaves pairipimiately compound, crowded at apex, rachis to 4cm,
hairy, leaflets opposite, oblong or obovate, 8 pairs, each 0.5-0.8x0.2-0.4cm
terminal pair longer than the others, apex obtuse, margin entire, base
subtruncate. Flowers yellow, in terminal umbels, bracts linear, pedicel to
0.3cm long, calyx lobes 5, free, lanceolate to 0.2cm long, hairy, corolla
yellow, petals 5, fused at the base, apex round, spreading, to 0.8cm long,
stamens in two whorls of 5 each. Fruit capsule, ellipsoid, seeds 1-3, ovoid.

Fl-Fr:-May-Sept, distribution-Western Peninsular India, Srilanka.

Common sensitive herb in open and shady places. FDD-388. KN-
Horamuchuka, Horamuni.
NoteiPowdered seeds- applied to wounds. Decoction of roots- in
gonorrhoea.
OXALIS Linnaeus
Oxalis corniculata L., Sp. PI. 435. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
132(94). 1915; Said, Fl. KAr. 2: 245. 1996.
Procumbent herb, stem trailing, rooting at nodes, pubescent, leaf

palmately trifoliate, alternate, petiolate, to 1.5cm long, leaflets sessile,
obovate, apex round, margin entire, hairy, base cuneate. Flower yellow, in
long peduncled umbellate clusters, flowers 1-many, peducle 2cm long,
pedicel to 1cm long, calyx 5-lobed, lobes free, oblong, obtuse, hairy along
margins, to 0.3cm long, corolla yellow, lobes oblong, rounded at apex to
0.8cm, stamens 10, in 5+5, filaments fused at base, style and stigma
papillose. Fmit capsule, to 2cm long, oblong, apex acuminate, pubescent,
many seeded.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Pantropics.

Common weed. FDD-432. KN-Uppina soppu, Pullumpurachi, Hulihulichi.
Plant-Whole plant is ground in to paste and used as cure for scurvy.
BALSAMINACEAE
IMPATIENS Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Sepals linear-lanceolate:
2 Flower white-pink, stem stiff, unbranched, standard ovate,
spur as long as wing I.chinensis
2 Flower saffron colored, stem flaccid, branched,
standard orbicular, spur shorter than wing I.diversifoUa
1 Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate:
3 Acaulescent herb I.stocksii
3 Caulescent herb I.balsamina

Inipaticns halsamina L., Sp. Pi. 938. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 174(84).
1904;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 142(101). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:249. 1996.
Erect, glabrous herb, to 40cm high, leaves simple, alternate, 4-7.5x1-

2cm, lanceolate, apex acute-acuminate, margin serrate, base cuneate,
membranous, petiole to 0.3cm long, glands paired, below the apex. Flower
pink, solitaiy axillary, bracteate, bracts small, lanceolate, to 0.1cm long,
calyx 4, laterals small, green, ovate, posterior spurred, to 2cm long,
petaloid, corolla purple, petals 3, standard large rounded, wings small. Fruit
capsule, oblong haiiy, seeds ovoid brown.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution-lndomalaysia, China.

Common herb along the bunds of irrigated fields. FDD-526. KN- Kama
kundala.
NOTE: Flowers-Useful when applied to burns. Plant-used for pains in
the joints .
Impatiens chinensis L., Sp. PI. 937. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:171(181).
1904;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 139. 1915. Imatiens fascicidata Lam.,
Encycl. 1:359. 1783; Wight, Ic. t. 748. 1844; Said, Fl. Kar.2:250. 1996.
Aiuiual herb, leaves simple, sessile obovate, 2.5-6x0.5-1.5cm,

glabrous above, glaucous beneath, stipule recurved, to 0.1cm, subulate.
Flowers white-pink, axillary solitary, calyx 4-lobed, green, lip carinate, bag
shaped with long mcurving spur, to 0.8cm long, corolla purple, large, to
3cm long, standard ovate, to 1.8cm wide, wings obovate, 0.5-0.8cm long.
Capsule glabrous to 1.8cm long.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution-China, India.

Common herb in shady places. FDD-638.
Note:Plant-used externally for burns & internally in gonorrhoea.

Impatiens diversifoHa Wall, ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 139. 1834; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 140(99). 1915;Sald, Fl. Kar. 2: 250. 1996.
Erect, aimual herb, to 40cm tall, branchlets and stem flaccid, leaves
simple, opposite, oblong, obovate, sessile, glabrous above, glaucous
beneath, 0.8-3x0.4-1.5cm, apex acute-acuminate, margin serrate, base
cuneate. Flowers pink-white, solitary, axillary, calyx sepaloid, subulate, lip
saccate with incurving spur, to 0.8cm long, corolla pink white, standard
orbicular, to Icm wide, wings bilobed, basal lobe small, to 0.15cm long,
distal entire, obovate. Capsule glabrous, to 1.5cm long, seeds brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Oct. Distribution-South West India.

Common herb in open places. FDD-593.
Impatirens stocksii J. Hooker & Thomson, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4: 119. 1859;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 170(180). 1901;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1870(1294). 1936; Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan 404. 1976; Keshav
Muithy & Yogan., Fl. Coorg 88. 1990;Sald, Fl. Kar. 2: 257. 1996.
Acaulescent herb, leaves simple, opposite, ovate orbicular, 2.5-

3x1.5-2.5cm, apex obtuse, margin minutely serrate, base rounded, glabrous.
Flower white, in few-flowered axillary raceme, peduncle scape, to 10cm
long, calyx sepaloid, lip ovate spurless, petals white, standard orbicular,
wings trilobed. Capsule minutely pubescent.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Sep. Distribution-Southwest India.

Common in Joldal, Occasional in KUSF. FDD-695.

RUTACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant armed:
2 Leaves unifoliate:
3 Petiole winged, stamens many Citrus
3 Petiole not winged Atalantia
2 Leaves 3-7 foliate:
4 Climbing shrub, fruit fleshy, seeds reniform Toddalia.
4 Tree, fruit woody, seeds elliptic not reniform;
5 Leaf 3-foliate, stamens many, fruit many
10-15 celled Aegle
5 Leaf 3-7 foliate, stamens 7-12, fruit 1 celled Limonia
1 Plant unarmed:
6 Plant herbaceous Ruta
• 6 PiaiU slirub/lrcc
7 Fruit capsule, loculicidally 3-valved, seeds winged Chloroxylon
7 Fruit berry, seeds not winged:
8 Leaves 1-many foliate, opposite Euodia
8 Leaves odd pinnate, alternate:
9 Leaves aromatic, stamens alternately long and
short, anther eglandular Murraya
9 Leaves not aromatic, stamens equal, anther
with a apical gland Glycosmis
A E G L E Correa
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa, Trans. Linn. See. London. Soc. London 5:
223. 1800; Wight, Ic. t. 16. 1838; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 161. 1871; Cooke, Pi.
Bombay 1:192(204). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 161(115). 1915.
Crateva marmelos L., Sp. PI. 444. 1753;SaId, Fl. Kar. 2: 215. 1996.
Deciduous, medium sized, thorny tree, thorns axillary,

solitary/paired, leaves trifoliate, alternate, petiole, 3-5cm long, leaflets
ovate, rounded at base, terminal larger glabrous/gray pubescent. Flowers
trimerous, petals greenish white. Fruit berry, large ovoid yellowish.
Fl-Fr:- Apr-Aug. Distribution-lndoMalaysia.

Common along roadside, ofeten planted. FDD-92. KN-Bilpathre.
NoteiRoot bark-in intermittent fevers, used as fish poison

ATALANTIA Correa
Atlanta monophylla DC, Prodr. 1:535. 1824; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
187(198). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 159(113). 1915. Limonia
monophylla Roxb., PI. Cor. 1: 59. T. 83. 1798 (non L. 1771). Atalantia
floribunda Wight, Ic. t. 1611. 1850; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:216. 1996.
Medium sized, aimed tiee, to 8m tall, branchlets glabrous, rigid,

leaves alternate, unifoliate, coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic oblong, 5.8-
8.5x2.5-3.5ciii, petiole (o O.Scin long, tlionis straight, long, 1-1.5cm, apex
emerginate, margin entire, base acute or obtuse. Flowers white-cream
colored, in axillary-terminal racemes, peduncle slender, 1.5-2.5cm, pedicel
0.2cm long, calyx petaloid, creamy, 4-lobed, lobes free, stamens 8, style
short, stigma cleavate. Fruit berry, gland dotted, brown, globose, 2x2cm in
diameter, 4-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Mar. Dishibution- India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Ubbrani. FDD-SI. KN- Kadu nimbe.
NoterOil is extracted from berries and used externally in paralysis.
CHLOROXYLON A. P. de Candolle nom.cons.

CItloroxylon swietenia DC. Prodr. 1:625. 1824; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 11. 1869;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 218(231). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 152(109).
1915. Swietenia chloroxylon Roxb., PI. Cor, t. 64. 1796; Said, Fl. Kar.
2:217. 1996.
Deciduous tree, to 6m high, branchlets tomentose, leaves piimately

compound, leaflets alternate, to 25 in number, ovate-oblong, to 2.5xlcm,
apex obtuse, margin entire, base acute. Flowers in panicles,
axillary/terminal, to 8cm long, calyx short, 5-lobed, corolla white, ^-lobed,
imbricate. Fruit capsule, to 2.5cm long, seeds winged.
Floristic Composition ofDavnnagere District 95

Fl-Fr:-Apr-Sept. Distiibution-South West India, Sri Lanka.

Common in Haiapanalialli and Jagalur. FDD-1100.
Following species of Citrus is often cultivated for their fruits.
Citrus aruntifolia (Clniston. & Panz.) Swingle; Citrus aurantium L., KN-
Jambira. Sakkare kanchi; Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. KN-Chakkotlia, Sihi
kanchi.
Citrus liino/i (L.) Buim. f. KN-Madhala; Herale kayi; Citrus medica L.
KN-Nimbe.
EUODIA J. R. Foister & J. G. A. Forster

Euodia lunu-akenda (Gaeitn). MeiT. Philipp. J. Sci. 7: 378. 1912. var.
lumi-ankenda {cvudia lunar-ankenda); Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
148(105). 1919.(Evodia). Fagara \unu-ankenda Gaeitn. Fruct. 1. 334. t. 68.
f. 9. 1788. Euodia roxburghiana Benth. Fl. Hongs. 59. 1861; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India. 1:487. 1875; Brandis 112. E. triphylla (Wt.) Beddome Fl. Sylv.
S. India, Anal. Gen. 41. t. 62. 1870;SaId, Fl. Kar. 2;218. 1996.
Ever green, dioecious tiee, 10-12m tall, young branchlets puberlous,

leaves tiifoliate, opposite, aromatic, 8-I2x3-5cm, elliptic-oblong, apex
acuminate, margin entire, base obtuse, petiolule to 0.8cm long, nerves to 16
pairs, not prominent. Flowers fragrant, white, in axillary paniculate cyme,
flowers small, to 0.4cm in diameter, tetiamerous, fragrant, female flowers
with 4 staminodes, sepals 4-lobed, petals white, 4-lobed, stamens 4, inserted
at the base of the disc, ovary deeply 4-lobed, 4-celIed, stigma 4-lobed. Fruit
globose, light brown, 2-valved, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Sri Lanka, Malay peninsula.

Occasional in Hoimalli. FDD-117, KN-Mungappe.
Note: Root and its bark extract boiled in oilan given to improve
complexion. Leaf extract is administered orally in fever
GLYCOSMIS CoiTea
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC, Prodr. 1: 538. 1824; Mitra &
Subramanyam, J. Arnold Aib. 50: 155. 1969; Stone in Dassanayake &

Fosberg, Fl. Ceylon 5: 449. 1985. Limonia pentaphylla Retzius, Obs. Bot.
5: 24. 1788 [non Limonia pentaphylla Roxb.]. Glycosmis cochinchinensis
auct: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 153(109). 1919. Glycosmis arborea auct.:
Gaiidlii in Said, & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan 384. 1976; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:219.
1996.
Large shrub, to 4m tall, branchlets minutely pubescent, leaves

alternate, pinnately compound, 5-15x2.5-5cm, apex obtuse, margin serrate,
base acute. Flowers white, in axillary panicle, to 8cm long, pedicel short, to
0.2cm long, calyx 5-Iobed, lobes fused at base, to 0.2cm, hairy, corolla 5-
lobed, lobes free, ovate, to 0.3cm, stamens 10, free, filament flat, broad at
base, ovaiy 5-loculed, ovule 1, in each locule, style short, stigma globose.
Fruit berry, to 1cm in diameter, globose white.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distiibution-India, Myanmar.

Comon in Chennagiri range. FDD-40. KN-Vade madige, Manikya beeja.
NoterRoot is powdered and mixed with sugar and given orally In high
fever. Bark extract is used in snake bite.
LIMONIA Linnaeus
Limonia acidissima L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 554. 1762; Stone in Dassanayake &
Fosberg, Fl. Ceylon 5: 451. 1985. Schinus limonia L., Sp. PI. ed. 1, 389.
1753. Hesperethusa acidissima (L.) Roemer, Syn. Mon. Hesper 1: 38. 1846.
Feronia elephentum Correa, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 5: 225. 1800; Wight,
Ic. t. 15. 1838; Beddome, Fl. Sylv. t. 121. 1871; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
191(203). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 160(114). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:
220. 1996.
Large armed tree, to 20m tall, leaves alternate, pinnately compound,

rachis winged, 12-15cm long, leaflets opposite, obovate, 2.5-3.5x:l.5cm,
apex obtuse, margin entire, base cuneate, brownish green when young.
Flower yellowish green, in axillary cluster, corolla 5-6 lobed, lobes

yellowish green, stamens 10, filaments short, fused at base, anther purple,
linear, stigma sessile, fusiform. Fruit berry, ovoid-globose, green when
young, brown on maturity, pericarp hard, grey colored, to 8-20cm in
diameter, pulp brownish, fleshy, seeds many smooth.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Juii. Distribution- India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Java.

Common roadside tree. Occasionally in outskirts of the villages. FDD-83.
KN-Belada haimu, Belavatte kayi.
MURRAY A J. G. Koenig ex irmaeus

Key to species
1 Aromatic deciduous tree, leaflets 11-25,flowersin
many flowered corymbs M.koenigii
1 Non aromatic evergreen tree, leaflets 5-7,flowersin
few flowered corymbs M. paniculata
Miirraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2; 315. 1826; Hooker, Fl. Brit,
bidia. 1:503.1875; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 156(111); Brandis 113;
Beddome Fl. Sylv. S. India Anal. Gen. 44. 1870. Bergera koenigii L. Mant.
PI. 565. 1771;Sald, Fl. Kar. 2:221. 1996.
Aromatic, large shrub-small tree, to 5m tall, branchlets glabrous,

leaves impairipimiately compound, rachis to 18cm long, leaflets 11-25,
petiolule to 0.2cm long, elliptic ovate, apex acuminate, margin serrate
undulate, base cuneate unequal, glands prominent, dark green above, pale
beneath, each 1.5-3.5x1.5-2cm. Flowers white, in axillary/terminal
corymbose cyme, calyx 5-Iobed, glandular, corolla pale white, lobe 5, ovate.
Fruit beny, sub globose, to 1cm in diameter, green, turning purplish black
on maturity, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:- Mar-Oct. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indo China,

S.China.
Cultivated. FDD-515. KN-Karibevu.
NoterBark and root-externnaly used to cure eruptions and bites of
poisonous bite.

Murraya paniculata{L) W. Jack., Malay. Misc. l:No.5, 31. 1820. Chalkas

paniculata L. Mant. 1:63. 1767. Murraya exotica L. Mant. PI. 563. 1771.
'Murraea'.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 1:502. 1875; Brandis 118; Beddome Fl.
Sylv. S. India Anal. Gen. 44. t. 7. F. 2. 1870;Sald, fl. Kar. 2:221. 1996.
Large shrub, to 2m high, branchlets spreading, minutely pubescent,

leaves impairipiimately compound, 15-20 cm long, leaflets 5-7, petiolule
0.5cm, leaflets opposite-subopposite, ovate-elliptic, apex acuminate, margin
entire, base acute, glabrous, gland dotted, aromatic, 2-4.5xl.5-2cm. Flowers
white, in axillary-tenninal corymbs, calyx 5-lobed, lobes triangular, small,
0.2-0.4cm long, acute, petals 5-lobed, yellowish white, free, lobes obovate,
0.5-0.8cm, stamens 10, inserted on the disc, style long, stigma capitate.
Fruit berry, red-purphsh black on maturity, 1-2 seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Oct. Distribution- Native of South East Asia.

Occasionally in wild, Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range & KUSF
range. FDD-520. KN- Kadu kari bevu.
Note:Powdered leaf is applied on fresh cuts
TODDALIA A. Jussieu nom. cons.

Toiidalia asiatica (L.) Lam., III. 2: 116. 1797. Paullinia asialica L., Sp. PI.
365. 1753. toddalia aculeata Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 249. 1805; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 179(190). 1901.
var. gracilis Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 151(107). 1915; Said, Fl.
Kar. 2:224. 1996.
Scandent, armed shrub, prickles recurved, branchlets often climbing,

leaves trifoliateely compound, alternate, petiole to 1cm long, prickly,
petiolule 0.1cm often sessile, elliptic oblong, dark green, apex acuminate,
margin entire, base acute, gland dotted. Flowers white, unisexual, in
axillary-terminal panicled cyme, calyx small, to 0.1cm, 5-lobed, lobes

fused, petals 5, free, stamens 8, longer than the petals, pistillode globose.
Fruit berry, globose, gland pitted, fleshy 5-6 lobed.
Fl-Fr:- Jan-Jul. Distribution-South India.

Common shrub in outskirts of villages. FDD-477. KN-Keppali, Mgache.
Note: Root and bark useful in constitutional debility and in
convalascence.
RUTA Linnaeus
Ruta graveolens L., a stiongoly scented herb is cultivated as medicinal
plant in some part of the distiict. KN- Nagadali soppu.
Note: Plant extract is used as abortificient.
Leaf extract-Used in rheumatic pains and also in treating hysteria.
BURSERACEAE
Key to Genera
I Flower 3-merous leaflets 7 Canarium
1 Flower 5-merous, leaflates more than 7:
2 Branchlets tomentose, not peeling, flower in panicles,
drupe not winged Garuga
2 Branchlets glabrous, bark peeling, flower in axillary racemes,
drupe trigonous, winged Bosweliia
BOSWELLIA Roxburgh ex Colebrooke

Bosweliia serrata Roxb. ex Coleb., Asiat. Res. 9: 379, t. 5. 1807; Bennet in
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 1: 528. 1875. Chloruxylun dupada Ham., Joum.
Mysore 1: 184. 1807, mm. subnud. Bosweliia glabra Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 207.
1811; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 124. 1871; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 198(210). 1902;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 168(120). 1915. Bosweliia serrata var. glabra
(Roxb.) Bemiet in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 1: 528. 1875; Said, Fl. Kar.
2:198. 1996.
Deciduous tree to 15m high, branchlets pubescent, spreading, bark

peeling in thin flakes, leaves impairipinate 16-I8cm long, leaflets 17-23,
thin coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate 2.5-5x1.5-2.5cm, apex acute-obtuse,
maigin senate-crenate, base acute, petiole to 3cm long, petiolule sessile.

Flower pinkish white, in axillaiy panicles. Fruit drupe, trigonus, brown,

pyrenes 3, each 1 seeded, winged, enclosed in heart shaped pyrene attached
to the inner angles.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution- Central & Nortli West India.

Occasional in Harapanahalli, Kondajji & Honnalli range. FDD-690. KN-
Sambrani maia., Guggula mara. Reported by Saldanha in Davanagere-
KFP-6201.
CANARIUM Limiaeus
Canarium strictum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 138. 1832; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 128.
1871;Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 202(214). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
172(123). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:199. 1996.
Large evergreen tree, branchlets rufous, leaves impairipirmately

compoud, leaflets 7, 8-15x4-7cm, elliptic-oblong, apex acute, margin
crenate-serrate, base acute, glabrous above, tomentose beneath. Flower
white, bisexual, in axillaiy racemes, disc intrastaminal, hairy, trimerous,
often unisexual. Fruit drupe, elliptic, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Sept. Distribution-South W. India.

Occasional in Joldal. FDD-841. KN-Halu maddi, Manda dupa.
GARUGA Roxburgh
Garuga pinnata Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 208. 1811; Wight, Ic. t. 1594. 1850;
Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 118. 1871; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:199(211). 1902;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 169(121). 1915.
Deciduous tree, to 20m high, branchlets pubescent, leaves

impairipimiate, crowded at the tip of branchlets, 20-30cm long, petiole to
lOcni long, leaflets 13-19 pairs, subtended with galls, apex acuminate,
margin crenate-seiTate, base subacute, secondary nerves prominent, 10-15
pairs. Flower pale yellow, in axillaiy branched raceme, to 15cm long, calyx

pubescent, 5-lobed, lobes companulate, corolla yellow, inserted above mid

hypantliium, stamens 10, free. Fruit drupe, globose, 1-2x0.5-1cm, yellowish
green, fleshy, pendulous, 1-5 rugose, each pyrene 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-India, Burma.

Common in Jagalu range. FDD-854. KN-Goddena mara.,
MELIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Seeds winged:
2 Leaves pairipinnate, stamens inserted, staminal tube cup shaped ...Soymida
2 Leaves impairipinnate, stamens free Toona
1 Seeds not winged:
3 Leaves 2-3 pinnate, flower 5-6 merous, stigma capitate Jêlia
3 Leaves once pinnate, flower 5-merous, stigma 3-lobed Azadirachta
AZADIRACHTA A Jussieu
Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 19: 221, t. 2, f. 5.
1830; Wight, Ic. t. 17. 1838; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 177(127). 1915.
Melia azadirachta L., Sp. PI. 385. 1753; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 14. 1869; Said,
Fl. Kar. 2:232. 1996.
Ever green tree, leaves odd pinnately compound, often even pinnate,
leaflets 13-17, each 3.5-5.5x1-1.5cm, ovate, lanceolate, apex acuminate,
margin serrate, base cuneate, unequal. Flower pinkish white, in axillary
panicles, bisexual, pentamerous, 0.3-0.4cm long, sepals free, corolla white,
petals 5-Iobed, lobes ovate, stamens 10, filaments fiised to form staminal
column, colunm purplish, lO-fid at tip, anthers slightly exerted, style long,
stigma 3-lobed. Fruit dmpe, cylindrical, green, pulpy, to 0.8cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jun. Distribution-Common cultivated along roads.

Common plat along roadside. FDD-537. KN-Olle bevu.

MELIA Linnaeus
Melia dubia Cav., Diss. 7: 364. 1789; Backer & Bakh. R, Fl. Java 2: 120.
1965. Melia composita Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 509. 1799; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 12.
1869; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 176(126). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 234.
1996.
Medium sized tree, 6-8m high, leaf bipinnately compound, leaflets

alternate, dark green, to 20 cm long, leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5-
4x1.2cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate. Flowers white, in
long peduncled axillary panicles, flowers pentamerous, calyx sepaloid,
sepals 5, free, lobes ovate, small, to 0.1cm long, petals white, 5-lobed, lobes
oblong, to 1cm long, filament fused to form a column, bluish pink, much
longer than corolla, tip 10-12 lobed. Fruit drupe, ellipsoid, fleshy, 0.8-lcm
in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Aug. Distribution-India to Australia.

Common tiee in Thirtharameshwara. FDD-1107. KN-Hebbevu, Kadu bevu.
SOYMIDA A Jussieu
Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Jussieu, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 19:251,
t. 22, f. 26. 1830; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 8. 1869; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1:215(228). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 185(133). 1915. Swietenia
febrifuga Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 17. 1795; Fl. Ind. 2:398. 1832; Said, Fl. Kar.
2:236. 1996.
Deciduous tree, to 15m high, leaves pairipinnately compound,

leaflets 8-10, ovate, apex obtuse, margin entire, base acute. Flowers in
axillary panicles, to 20cm long, calyx 5-lobed, lobes free, corolla white, 5-
lobed, free. Fruit capsule, obovoid, to 7cm long, seeds flat.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Jun. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Common in Jagalur. FDD-1064.

TOONA (Endlicher) Roemer

toona ciliata Roemer, Nat. Fam. Syn. Hesper. 139. 1846; Sant., Fl.
Khandala ed. 3, 38. 1967. Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Rottler, Ges. Naturf.
Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 2: 198. 1803; Wight, Ic. t. 161. 1839; Bedd.,
Fl. Sylv. t. 10. 1869; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 217 (230). 1902; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 186(133). 1915; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 236. 1996.
Deciduous bee, leaf evenpiimately compound, leaflets ovate-oblong,

8-16x2.5-5cm, apex acute-acuminate, margin entire, base oblique. Flowers
white, in axillary panicles, calyx 5-lobed, lobes fused, small, corolla white,
petals 5, stamens 5, free, inserted on disc, ovary pentalacular, style long
stigma globose. Fruit capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Sept. Distribution-India to Australia.

Common tiee in Joldal & KUSF range. FDD-706. KN-Nandi vruksha,
Gandha garike.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
ERYTHROXYLUM Linnaeus
Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 88. 1798; Hooker, Fl. Brit.
Ind.l: 414. 1884; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 127(90). 1915; Sethia indica
DC, Prodr. 1: 576. 1824, nom. siiperjl Erythroxylum indicum (DC.) Bedd.,
Fl. Sylv. t. 81. 1871; Said, Fl. Kar.2: 258. 1996.
Medium sized, tree-large shrub, leaves simple, alternate-fascicled on

branches, obovate, petiolate, 2.5-4.8x1.5-2.2cm, stipule intrapetiolar,
membranous, apex emerginate, margin entire, base acute. Flowers white,
solitary or in fascicles of 1-3 flowers, calyx 5-lobed, lobes triangular,
corolla white, 5-lobed, lobes free, obovate-oblong, stamens 10,
monoadelphous, ovary tricarpellary, style 3. Fruit drupe, reddish purple, to
0.8-1 cm, cylindrical.

Fl-Fi:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Joldal & Thirtharameshwara. FDD-359. KN-Deva dari,
Kuruvaru mara, Gandagiri.
OPILIACEAE
CANSJERA A. L. Jussieu nom.com.
Cansjcra rlieedii Gmelin, Syst. 1:280. 1791; Wight, Ic. t. 1861. 1852;
Scandent shrub, branchlets pubescent, leaves shnple, alternate, ovate,

3.5-6x2-3cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate. Flowers in
axillary, spikes, to 3cm long, pubescent, flowers white, bracteate, perianth
lobes 5, reflexed, tubular, to 0.8cm long, stamens 5, filament to 0.6cm, disc
ovate, covering the ovary, unilocular, stigma 4-lobed. Fruit drupe.
Fl-Fr;-Aug-Nov. Distribution-E.Asia to N.Australia.

Occasional in Thirthaiameshwara and Harihara range. FDD-820.
(Figure-36)
CELASTRACEAE
Key to Geneara
1 Plant climbing shrub, leaves alternate Celastrus
1 Plant erect shrub/tree, leaves alternate/opposite:
2 Leaves alternate, Fruit capsule, seeds arillate:
3 Capsule loculicidal 3-valved Maytenus
3 Capsule loculicidal 3-5 angled Euonymus
2 Leaves opposite, fruit drupaceopus, seeds not arillate Cassine
CASSINE Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Flower small 0.2-0.3cm, in short, corymbose cymes Cglauca
1 Flower large 0.4-0.5 cm, in long, corymbose paniculate cymes C.paniculata
Cassine glauca (Rottb) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 114. 1891; Ding Hpu in
Steenis, Fl. Malaesiana ser. 1, 6: 286. 1962. Mangifera glauca Rottb., Nye
Kongel. Norske. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 2: 534. t. 4, f. 1. 1783. Elaeodendron

roxburghii Wight & Am., Prodr. 157. 1834; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 148. 1871;
Said, Fl. Kar 1:93. J 996.
Evergreen tree, 8-10m high, branchlets reddish, glabrous, leaves

simple, opposite, elliptic, obovate, thin, coriaceous, 5.5-11x2.5-4cm, apex
acute, maigin crenulate-serrulate, base acute, nerves 4-5, prominent, margin
often reflexed inwards. Flower yellowish green, small 0.2-0.3cm, in short,
axillaiy, dichotomously branched corymbose cymes, stamens 4, inserted on
the fleshy disc, disc 3-lobed, filament white, curved inwards. Fruit drupe,
ovoid, green, 2-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jun. Distribution- India to Malaysia.

Common in deciduous forest of Joldal, Malebeimur & Honnalli range.
FDD-41. KN-Mukkaritte, Irkuli, Mukkarki.
Cassinepaniculata (Wight & Am.) Lobreau-Callen, Adansonia ser. 2, 15:

220. 1975; Elaeodendron paniculatum Wight & Am., Prodr. 157. 1834;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 212(152). 1918; Said, in Fl. Kar 1:93. 1984.
Large tree, leaves simple, altemate, ovate-lanceolate 5.5-8.5x2-

3.5cm, apex acute, margin bluntly crenate, base acute. Flower pale yellow,
large 0.4-0.5 cm, in long, coiymbose paniculate cymes, in axjJJary
dichotomously forked corymbose paniculate cymes. Fruit dmpe, fleshy, 2-
seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Mai-Oct. Distribution-Western Ghats.

Occasional in KUSF Joldal range. FDD-255.
CELASTRUS Linnaeus
CelastruspaniculatusWiM., Sp. PI. 1: 1125. 1797; Wight, Ic. t. 158. 1839;
1918. Celasims rothiamis Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 5: 423.

1820, non Wight & Am., 1834. Celastrus multiflorus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 389.
1824, non Lain. 1785; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 94. 1996.
Straggling shrub, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, alternate,

petiolate, broadly ovate-elliptic 6-18x4-8cm, petiole to 1.5-2cm, apex acute,
margin senate-crenate, base acute, glabrous. Flowers polygamous, greenish
white, in axillary/terminal panicles, calyx 5-lobed, fused at base, lobes
obtuse, to 0.4cm, corolla greenish white, petals 5-lobed, spreading ovate,
disc broad, 5-lobed, stamens 5, inserted on the margin of disc, filaments
short,, anther oblong, staminodes in female flower, ovary tricarpellary, style
short, stigma 3, branched recurved. Fruit capsule, 3-lobed, lobes ovoid,
subglobose, seeds red, enclosed in fleshy aril.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Sept. Distribution-India to Malaysia.

Common sluub in Joldal, Thirtharameshwara & KUSF range. FDD-140.
KN-Kaiigonne, Karigavane, Bhavanga beeja, Kangondhi balli.
EUONYMUS Linnaeus
Euonymus indicus Heyne ex Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2: 409. 1824; Wight &
Am., Prodr. 160. 1834; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 203(146). 1918;Sald, Fl.
Kai-. 2:95. 1996.
Evergreen tree, to 6m tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple,

opposite, ovate, 5-6x1.5-2.5cm, subcoriaceous, apex obtusely acute, margin
crenate, base cuneate, olive green above, pale beneath, reddish on maturity.
Flower pink, in axillaiy/terminal panicles, petals 5-lobed, lobes red,
obovate, lacinate at apex, sepals 5, lobes pale green. Fmit capsule, to 1cm
long, 5-winged, 5-valved, orange red.
FI-Fr:-Apr-Sept. Distribution-Southwest India.

Occasional in Joldal range. FDD-374. KN-Kanukittuli.

MAYTENUS Molina
Key to species
1 Armed shrub, laves pubescent, apex emerginate M.emerginata
1 Unarmed shrub, leaves glabrous, apex obtuse-acuminate M.rothiana
Maytenus emerginata (Willd.) Ding Hou in Steenis, Fl. Mlesiana ser. 1, 6:

241. Celastrus emerginatus Willd., Sp. PI. 1: 1128. 1798. Celastrus
monlanus Roth in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 5: 427. 1819; Roth, Nov. PI.
Sp. 154. 1821; Wight, Ic. t. 382. 1840. Gymnosporea munlana (Roth)
Bentham, Fl. Austral. 1: 400. 1863; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 233(247). 1902;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 209(150). 1918. Gymnosporea emerginata
(Willd.) Thwaites, Enum. 409. 1864; Gamble, 210(151). 1918; Said, Fl.
Kar. 2:97. 1996.
Aimed undersluub, leaves simple, alternate, petiole short to 0.5cm

long, lamina elliptic-obovate, 4-6x2.5-3cm, apex emerginate, margin
crenate, base cuneate, subcoriaceous. Flowers in axillary branched cymes,
calyx 5-lobeed, lobes ovate, 0.5-0.8cm, petals 5, inserted on tlie margin of
the disc, disc fleshy flat. Fruit capsule, globose to 0.5cm across, seeds
arillate.
Fl-Fr.- Dec-Apr. Distribution-IndoMalaysia.

Scattered in Joldal range.FDD-877. KN-Halumanike, Thandrasi. (Figure-7)
Maytenus rothiana (Walpers) Lobreau-Callen, Adensonia ser. 2: 15: 223.

1975; Catha rothiana Walp., Rep. 1: 532. 1842. Celastrus serrulatus Roth,
Nov. PI. Sp. 156. 1821, non R.Brown, 1810. Gymnosporia rothiana (Walp.)
Lawson in Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind 1: 620. 1875; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
232(246). 1902. Maytenus wightiana Babu, Bull. Bot. Surv. hid 10: 349.
1969; Said, Fl. Kam.2: 97. 1996.

Unarmed scandent slirub, to 4m high, branchlets pubescent, leaves

simple, alternate, broadly elliptic-obovate, 7-11x3.5-5.5cm, apex obtuse,
margin serrate-crenate, base acute, thick coriaceous, green glabrous.
Flowers whitish yellow, in axillary fascicles, sessile. Fruit capsule, globose,
6-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Jun. Distribution- Southwest India.

Occasional in Joldal range. FDD-82. KN-Ankli, Kankada.
RHAMNACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant climbing shrub, fruit winged Ventilago
1 Plant erect, straggling shrub/tree, drupe ovoid not winged:
2 Tree/shrub, leaf palmately veined îziphus
2 Climbing shrub, leaf pinnately veined Scutia
SCUTIA (Commerson ex A. P. de Candolle) Brongniart nom. cons.

Scutia myrtina (N. Burman) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 44: 168. 1875;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 223(160). 1918. Rhamnus circumscissus L. f,,
Suppl. 152. 1781; Sant, Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 44. 1967; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:168.
1996.
Armed under shrub, 2-3 m high, prickles angular, recurved,

branchlets slender, glabrous, leaves simple, alternate, ovate 1.5-2xlcm,
nerves not prominent, apex mucranate, margin entire, base rounded-
cuneate, glossy above, pale beneath. Flower greenish white, in axillary
cluster, calyx 5-lobed, lobes ovate, adnate to the base of disc, corolla
greenish white, 5-lobed, clawed, apex emerginate, stamens 5, inserted on
the disc. Fruit drupe, globose, pink.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jul. Distribution-Burma, Central & Peninsular India.

Common in scrub jmigles of Harapanahalli & Kondajji range. FDD-535.
KN-Kumdi hannu.

Note:The present specimen differ from the other members in not

having prominent 3 nerves. " Suessenguth in Pfam. ed. 2, 20d: 58,1953,
identity of this specimen with Rhamnus myrtinus is questioned. (See
Santapau, in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 44. (1967).
VENTILAGO Gaertner
Ventilago madraspatana Gaertner, Fruct. 1: 223, t. 49, t. 2.
l78S;(maciraspatana) Wight, Ic. t. 163. 1839; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
238(253). 1902;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 218(156). 1918 ;Sald, Fl. Kar.
2:169. 1996.
Climbing slirub, branchlets minutely pubescent, leaves simple,

alternate, ovate, 10-16x5-8cm, apex acute, margin crenate/entire, base
cuneate, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath, nerves prominent.
Flowers in axillary/terminal panicles, greenish white, calyx 5-lobed, lobes
green, ovate, comiate at base, keeled, persistent, corolla greenish white, 5-
lobed, lobes obcordate, hooded, stamens 5, antipetalous, connate at base,
comiective hooded, disc 5-angular, style linear, stigma bifid. Fruit nut like,
grey colored, winged, wings linear-oblong, glabrous.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Mar. Distribution-Western Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Java.

Common shrub in plains, often along road sides in outskirts of villages.
FDD-478. KN-lthala, Pappali chekke.
ZIZIPHUS Miller
Key to species
1. Prickles one recurved, other straight:
2 Branching zig-zag, leaves brown tomentose beneath Z.nummularia
2 Branching not zig-zag, leaves white tomentose beneath Z.mauritiana
1. Prickles both recurved Z.oenoplia
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., Encycl. 3: 319. 1789; Sant. in Jour. Bombay

Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 802. \953.-Z.jiijuba Lamk. Encycl. 3: 318. 1789 (nom
Mill. 1768); Lawson, Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 632. 1875; Cameron, Cat. 21.

1880; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 240. 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 219.
1918. lll.-Wight. Ic. t. 99. 1838;Sald, Fl. Kar. 2:171.1996.
Armed shrub, leaves simple, alternate, ovate-elliptic, 3.5-5x2.5-3cm,

apex acute, margin entire, base acute, petiole short, to 0.2cm, glabrous
above, white pubescent beneath, prickles paired, one straight, another
recurved. Flowers in axillary fascicled cymes, calyx 5-lobed, fused at base,
triangular, tomentose out side, glabrous within, corolla 5-lobed, greenish
wliite, obovate, reflexed, disc 10-grooved, stamens 5, style 2, stigma
simple. Fmit dmpe, globose, fleshy, brownish, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-Tropics.
Common in Honnalli, Harihara & Kondajji. FDD-488. KN-Bore, Yelachi
hannu.
Zizipus nummularia (N. Burman.) Wight. & Am. Prodr. 162. 1834;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 220(158). 1918. Rhamnus nummularia \^. Burm.
Fl. Ind. 61. \16S.Rhamnus rotundifolia Lam., Encycl. 3: 319. 1789; Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 1: 241(257). 1902; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:171. 1996.
Profusely branched, armed shrub, branches zig-zag, puberlous,

leaves simple, ovate-elliptic, velvety brown tomentose beneath, apex acute,
margin serrate, dark green above, pale beneath, prickles paired, one straight,
another recurved. Flower in axillary fascicle/cymes, calyx 5-lobed, lobes
triangular, corolla pale yellow, 5-lobed, lobes rounded at apex, hooded,
stamens 5, included, disc 10-ribbed. Fruit drupe, globose, orange-yellow.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Sept. Distribution-Western Peninsular India.

Common shrub in Jagalur, Honnalli. KN-Huhelachi. FDD-1069.

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Miller, gard. Diet. ed. 8, 3. 1768; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 220(158). 1918. Rhamnus oenoplia L., Sp. PI. 194. 1753; Said, Fl.
Kar. 2:171. 1996.
Armed, straggling shrub, prickles solitary, recurved, branchlets rusty

pubescent, leaves simple, alternate, obliquely ovate, 3.5-6.5xl.5-2cm, apex
acute, margin entire, base cuneate unequal, glabrous above, silky pubescent
beneath, 4-5 nerved from base. Flower greenish, in axillry fascicles, calyx
5-lobed, tubular, lobes tiiangular, corolla 5-lobed, lobes deflexed, hooded,
stamens 5, included, disc pitted, 5-angled. Fruit drupe, black.
Fl-Fr:- Jun-Jan. Distribution- Pantropics.

Common in scrub jungle of Kondajji, Jagalur, & Uchangi durga.. FDD-588.
KN-Karisure mullu, Kalabore.
VITACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves simple:
2 Plant glabrous, tendril leaf opposed Cissus
2 Plant white wooly, tendril inflorescense opposed Ampelocissus
1 Leaf palmatly compond/trifoliate Cayratia
AMPELOCISSUS Planchon nom.cons.

Amphelocissus tomentosa (Roth) Planchon, Vigens Amer. 375. 1884 & in
A. & C. DC, Monogr. Phan. 5:376. 1887; Gamble, 230(165). 1918. Vitis
tomentosa Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 157. 1821; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
252(268). 1903; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:178. 1996.
Climbing shrub, branchlets covered with brownish wool, leaves

simple, alternate, palmately 3-5 lobed, broadly ovate, 10-15x10-14cm, apex
acute, margin denticulate, base cordate-acute, brown tomentose above, pale
white tomentose beneath, tendril inflorescense opposed, coiled, 3-forked.
Flowers in leaf opposed, long peduncled cymes of 3-7 flowers, calyx small,

5-lobed, lobes membranous, tubular, 0.1-0.2cm, corolla red, petals 5, lobes

oblong, to 0.3cm across, stamens 5, stigma faveolate. Fruit berry,
subglobose, black on maturity.
Fl-Fr:- Apr-Sept. Distribution-South West India.

Common in Joldal, Thirtharameshwara. FDD-797. KN-Kadu drakshi.
(Figure-5)
NoterThis plant shows variation in leaf character, some leaves in the
basal region is entire while in the upper region it is palmately 3-5 lobed
and leaf base in some cordate and in others it is acute.
CAYRATIA A. Jussieu nom.com.

Key to species
1 Leaf 6-9-lobed Cpedata
1 Leaf trifoliate Ctrifolia
Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagn. in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris). 1:345.

1911; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 236(169). 1918; Cissus pedata Lam.,
Encycl. 1: 31. 1783. Vitis pedata (Lam.) Wall, ex Wight. & Am., Prodr.
128. 1834; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 257(274). 1902. Vitis canaremis Dalzell
in Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 123. 1851; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:179.
1996.
Climbig herb, leaf compound, pedately 6-9 foliate, leaflets elliptic 4-

16x3-9cm, apex acute-acuminate, margin crenate, base asymmetrical.
Flower white, in axillary cymes, 4-merous, calyx cupular, small, 4-lobed,
corolla white, lobes 4, style subulate. Fruit berry, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Jan. Distribution-Indomalaesia.
Common in KUSF range. FDD-917.
Cayratia trifoUa (L.) Domin, Bilblioth. Bot. 89; 371. 1927. Vitis trifoUa L.,
Sp. PI. 203. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 254(271). 1903. Cissus carnosa
lam., Encycl. 1:31. 1783. Vitis carnosa (Lam.) Wall, ex Wt. & Am., Prod.

127. 1834; Wt., Ic. t. 171. 1839; Gamble, FI. Presi. Madras 237(169). 1918;
Said, Fl. Kar. 2:180. 1996.
Climbing shrub, leaves trifoliate, leaflets ovate, 3.5-6x2-4cm,

glabrous/slightly pubescent above, tomentose beneath, apex acute, margin
senate, base acute. Flowers greenish yellow, in axillary long peduncled
cymes. Fruit berry, globose, to 1x1 cm across.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution- India, Sri Lanka to China.

Common in Jagalur, KUSF range and Joldal range & Arishina gudddda
range. FDD-835.
CISSUS Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant climbing, stem quadrangular, succulent Cquandrangularis
1 Plant not climbing:
2 Leaves ovate-orbicular, young parts with white
powder beneath Cpallida
2 Leaves 3-5 angled, with tawny tomentum beneath Cvitiginea
Cissus pallida (Wight & Am.) Steudel, Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 1: 372. 1840;
Pianchon in A. & C. DC, Monogr. Phan. 5:477. 1887; Gamble, FI. Presi.
Madras 234(167). 1918. Vitis pallida Wight & Arn., Prodr. 125. 1834;
Cooke, FI. Bombay 1:249(265). 1902; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:182. 1996.
Erect shrub, 2-3 m high, young branches covered with white-

glaucous powder, leaves ovate-orbicular, lobe entire, 12-18xl5-20cm, apex
acute-acuminate, margin crenate, base deeply cordate, palmately 5-nerved
from base. Flower white, in leaf opposed umbellate cyme, peduncle thick.
Fruit berry, 1-seeded.
FI-Fr:-May-JuI. Distribution-E.Africa. W.Himalayas, Central and 5outh

India.
Common in Uchangi durga and Harapanahalli. FDD-861. KN-Mandaka
balli.

Cissus quadrangularis L., Mant. 39. 1767; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
233(167). 1918. Vitis quadrangularis Wall, ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 125.
1834; Wight, Ic. t. 51. 1838; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:250(266). 1902; Said, Fl.
Kar. 2:182. 1996.
Slender climbing shrub, tendril leaf opposed, stem succulent,

quadrangular. Leaves small, entire or slightly 3-5 angled, ovate, 3-5x2-3cm,
apex acute, margin crenate, base acute-cordate. Flowers white, in leaf
opposed, cymose umbel. Fruit beny, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Oct. Distribution-India to Malaesia.

Common in Davanagere, Jagalur and Kondajji. FDD-785.
Cissus vitigenea L., Sp. PI. 117. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 234(167).
1918. Vitis linnaei Wall, ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 126. 1834; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 252(268). 1903; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:182. 1996.
Erect shrub, rarely scandent, branchlets clothed with grey tomentum,

leaves 3-5 angled, 5-15x8-12cm, entire, apex acute, margin irregularly
crenate, base cordate, hairy above, densely tomentose beneath, palmately 3-
veined from base. Flower greenish yellow, in umbellate cyme. Fmit berry,
obovoid.
Fl-Fr:-May-July. Distribution-Westem peninsular India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Joldal and Kondajji. FDD-866.
LEEACEAE
LEEA Linnaeus nom. cons.
Key to species
1 Leaves 1-pinnate Lasiatica
1 Leaves 2-3-pinnate JLAndica

Leca asiatica (L.) Ridsdale in Manilal, Bot. Hist. Hort. Malab. 189. 1980 &,
Fl. Silent Valley 61. 1988; Phytolacca asiatica L., Sp. PI. 441. 1753. Leea
crispa van Royen ex L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 627. 1767; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 240(171). 1918. Leea herbacea Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. 14:
228. 1823; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras, 240(171). 1918; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1: 260(277). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 240(171). 1918. Leea
edgeworthii Santapau, Fl. Khandala 54. 1953; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:174. 1996.
Small shrub/mider siuoib, to 80cm to Im high, leaf 1-pinnate, leaflets

5-7, oblong -lanceolate, 8-16x4.5-6cm, apex acute-acuminate, margin
seixate, base cordate, nei"ves prominent, dark green, glabrous. Flowers
wliite, in leaf opposed, coiymbose cyme, flower bisexual, calyx 5-lobed,
lobes pale green, 0.5-0.8cm long, petals 5, lobes shortly connate at base,
stamens 5, inserted between corolla lobes. Fruit berry, 0.6-0.8cm in
diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Sept. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Common in KUSF & Joldal range. FDD-487. KN-Kadu murudrakshi.
Leea indica (N. Bunnan) Merril, Philipp. J. Sci. 14: 245. 1919. Staphylea
indica N. Burman, Fl. Ind. 75, t. 23, f. 2. 1768. Aquilicia sambucina L.,
Mant. PI. 211. 1771, mm. illeg. Leea sambuciana Willd., Sp. PI. 1: 1177.
1798, mm. illeg. ; Wight, Ic. t. 78. 1838; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 260(277).
1902;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 240(172). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 2:174. 1996.
Small sized shrub, leaves 2-3 pinnate, alternate, stipules large,

deciduous, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 8-16x3-6cm, apex acuminate, margin
serrate, base truncate, pinnately veined. Flowers pale green, terminal/leaf
opposed, coiymbose cymes, bisexual, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, pale green-
white, connate at base, stamens 5, included. Fruit berry, globose, to 0.5cm in
diameter.

Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jul. Distribution-China, India to Australia.

Common in Joldal & KUSF range. FDD-489. KN-Thannunuka, Andilu.
SAPINDACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant climbing
herb Cardiospermum
1 Plant shrub/tree:
2 Leaves simple Dodonaea
2 Leaves compound:
3 Calyx deeply 4-lobed, fruit tubercled Dimocarpus
3 Calyx 5, in 2 series, Fruit smooth Sapindus
CARDIOSPERMUM Linnaeus
Cardiospermum helicacabum L., Sp. PI. 366. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 508. 1841;
1918; Mukerjee, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. I: 80. 1980; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:192. 1996.
Pubescent, tendrillar, climbing herb, stem glabrous, fuiTowed, leaves

bipinnately compound, petiole 1.8-2cm long, leaflets 3.5-4x0.8-1cm, ovate-
elliptic, apex acuminate, margin irregularly lobed. Flowers in
axillaiy/terminal, few flowered, umbellate cymes, basal flowers in the cyme
is modified in to tendril, peduncle 9-10 cm long, pedicel 0.8-1.2cm long.
Flower 0.5-0.8x0.5cm, greenish yellow, polygamous, calyx 4-lobed, lobes
free, outer 2 smaller, hairy, inner 2 larger, membranous, petals 4, outer 2
smaller, inner 2 slightly larger, white, stamens 8, filament 0.8-1.5mm long,
unequal. Fruit capsule, 3-winged, seeds black, globose, aril black, cordate.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Jan. Distribution-Tropics.
Common herb along hedges. FDD-294. KN-Batte kayi balli, Bekkina budde
gida.
NQte:Plant extract is used in treating rheumatism, and also to provide
stifness to limbs.

DIMOCARPUS Loureiro
Dimocarpus longan Lour., Fl. Cochinc. 233. 1790; Leenhouts, Blumea 19:
122. 1971. Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steudl, Nomencl. Bot. 1: 328. 1921;
Backer & Van den Brink, Fl. Java 2: 136. 1965; Mukerjee, J. Econ. Tax.
Bot. 1: 80. 1980. Euphoria longana Lam., Encycl. 3: 574. 1792; Bedd., Fl.
Sylv. t. 156. 1871; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 267(285). 1902; Gamble, Fl.
Tree to 8m high, branches lenticellate, leaves pairi pinnate, alternate,

10-15 cm long, leaflets 3-4 pairs, lateral opposite/sub-opposite, elliptic or
ovate-lanceolate, 7-13x2-4cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base acute,
unequal, nerves 10-15 pairs, prominent. Flower white, in axillary/terminal
panicle, unisexual, regular, to 0.3cm long, peduncle 10-15cm long, pedicel
to 0.3cm long, calyx deeply 4-lobed, connate, persistent, petals white, 5-
lobed, free, villous, cauducous. Fruit schizocarp, tubercled, 1-seeded cocci,
seeds arillate.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Sept. Distiibution- Tropics.

Fairly conmion in Chemiagiri, Honnali, Jagalur, Harapanahalli. FDD-461,
576. KN-Kendala.
Note: My specimen collected at Joldal range shows impairipinnate
leaves, where as specimen collected at Jagalur shows pairlpinnate
leaves.
DODONAEA P.Miller
Dodonaea viscosa N. Jacq., Enum. Syst. PI. Carib. 10. 1760; L., Mant. Alt.
228. 1771; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 269(287). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madias 253(181). 1918. Ptelea viscosa (N.Jacq.) L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 173, non.
L., 1753; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:194. 1996.
Evergreen, woody slirub, to 1.5m tall, leaves simple, alternate,

shortly petiolate oblong or oblanceolate, 4-5.2x1.5-2cm, often crowded on

the branchlets, green, shining, viscid, apex acute, margin entire, base
narrow. Flowers in axillary, few flowered cymes, pedicel 0.5cm long,
flower greenish yellow, polygamous, stamens 8-10, inserted on tlie disc.
Fruit capsule, yellowish green, 3-winged, wings prominent, seeds black.
Fl-Fr-All sesons. Distribution-Tropics.

Fairly common in Malebennur state forest, kondajji, Honnalli and
HaiapanaJialli. FDD-296. KN-Angaraka, Bondare.
Note: Leaf extract is used as abortifacient. Some of the practitioners
uses plant extract in treating Epilepsy and paralysis.
SAPINDUS Linnaeus
Key to species
1 leaflets emerginate at tip, inflorescense rusty pubescent S.emarginatus
1 Leaflets acuminate at tip, inflorescense pubescent S.laurifolia
Sapindus emarginatus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 54. 1794; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t.
154. 1871; Gamble, FI. Prcsi. Madras 250(178). 1918. Sapindus laurifolius
var. emerginatu.s Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 267(184). 1902;Sald, Fl. Kar.
2:196. 1996.
Deciduous tree, to 9m tall,branchlets tomentose, leaves even pinnate,

6-10 cm long, petiole 3.5-4cm long, leaflets 6-8, thick, coriaceous, oblong-
obovate, 2.5-10x3-9cm, apex emerginate, margin entire, base cuneate,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in axillary panicle, rusty
tomentose, to 10 cm long. Fruit drupe, brown, ovoid, 3-lobed, 1-1.5x2-2,5
cm, fleshy.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution- India, Sri Lanka.

Not frequent. Joga, Yerehalli, Kukkuwada. FDD-2I3. KN-Antuwala,
Norekayi.
Sapindus laurifolia Valil, Symb. 3: 54. 1794; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
250(178). 1918 {'laurifolius'). Sapindus trifoliata auct. non. L.: Hiem in
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 1: 682. 1875, pro parte; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:196. 1996.

Medium sized tree, to 8m tall, leaves pairipimiately compound,

alternate, rachis 4-8cm long, leaflets 3-pairs, sub opposite, lower leaflets
3x1.5cm, upper pairs 9x3.5cm, leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, apex acute,
margin entire, base rounded, brown on drying, rachis brown tomentose.
Flower polygamous, in terminal panicles, peduncle minutely furrowed, with
brown pubescent hairs, to 12cm long, sepals 5, unequal, corolla white, free,
villous, stamens 8-10, inserted on the disc. Fruit drupe.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Scattered in Joldal range. FDD-157. KN- Arathala, Atala kayi, Burugukayi,
Anterele.
ANACARDIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves simple;
2 Seed supported with fleshy false fruit:
3 Flower polygamodioecious:
4 Petiole with pair of spur hke appendage drupe partly/wholly
enclosed by hypocarp Holigarna
4 Petiole without spur, hypocarp large soft, orange red/yellow ...Anacardium
3 Flower unisexual, false fruit small, hard, green Semecarpus
2 Seed not supported with false fruit;
5 Flowers polygamous, fruit heart shaped Mangifera
5 Flower bisexual, fruit globose, small Buchanania
1 Leaves odd pinnate;
6 Stamens 5, style 3, ovary 1-celled Rhus
6 Stamens 10, styleS, ovary 5-celled Spondias
ANACARDIUM Linnaeus
Anacardium occidentale L., Sp. PI. 383. 1753; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 163.
1871; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 260(185). Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:20.
1886; Said, Fl. Kai". 2:203. 1996.
Tree to 9m tall, branches pubescent or glabrous, bark rough, wood

brownish, leaves thick coriaceous, elliptic obovate, 12-16x4-7cm, apex
emerginate, margin entire, base rounded. Flower greenish with red streaks,
in axillary panicles, calyx 5, lobe unequal, petals lanceolate white, turning

red with age, stamens 1- 2 fertile, remaining reduced to staminodes. Drupe

renifonn, greenish-grey, hypocarp pyriform, yellowish or reddish, fleshy,
seeds reniform.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-A native of America.

Cultivated. FDD-513. KN-Geru.
BAUCHANANIA Sprengel
Bauchanania axillaris (Desr.) Raman, in Said, and Nicolson, Fl. Hassa.
374. 1976. Mangifera axillaris Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3; 697. 1782.
Buchanania aungustifolia Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 262. 1820; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 203.
1996.
Tree, 10-12 m tall, bark grey, wood greyish brown, branches

glabrous, leaves coriaceous, blade oblong-obovate, 15-18x5-6cm, apex
obtuse or retuse, margin entire, base acute, nerves 9-15 pairs, petiole to 3cm
long. Flower white in axillaiy long panicles, Fruit dmpe globular to 2cm.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jun. Distribution-South India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Joldal range. FDD-661. KN-Emme murukalu, Muradi gida.
HOLIGARNA Hamilton ex Roxburgh nom.cons

HoUgarna fcrruginea Marchand, Rev. Anacard. 171. 1868; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 268(191). 1918. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2: 37. 1876; Said, Fl.
Kar. 2: 205. 1996.
Tree, to 12m tall, branches glabrous, laves 10-14x3.5-6cm, alternate,

clustered at the end of branchlets, obovate-oblanceolate, 18-24x7-9cm, apex
obtuse/acute, base cuneate, glabrous beneath, nerves 12-16 pairs, petiole 2-4
cm long, with deciduous spurs. Flower white in panicles, feruginous, petals
white. Fmit drupe, 2.5-4x1-2.5cm, ovoid, black, when ripe, completely
enclosed in hypocaip.

Fl--Fr:-Jan-May. Distribution-South West India.

Occasional in KUSF range. FDD-358. KN-Sanna hole gara, Gotegeru.
MANGIFERA Linaeus
Mangifera indica L., is Common tree, often found wild in some part of the
district as an escape. KN-Mavinamara.
RHUS Linnaeus
Rhus mysorensis G. Don, Syst. 2:74. 1832; Heyne ex Wight & Am., Prodr.
172. 1834; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:272(290). 1902;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
264(188). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:208. 1996.
Shrub, to 3m high, branchlets armed, tomentose, leaves trifoliately

compound, leaflets ovate-obovate, unequal, median larger 3-4x2-2.5cm,
lateral smaller, to 2x1.5cm, apex obtuse, margin dentate, base acute.
Flowers in axillary-terminal panicle, to 10cm long, polygamodioecious,
calyx 5-lobed, petals yellow, stamnes 5. Fruit drupe, dry, to 0.5cm across.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Jan. Distiibution-lndia.
Common in Jagalur and Davanagere range. FDD-1067.
SEMECARPUS Linnaeus f.
Semecarpus anacardium L. f, Suppl. PI. 182. 1781; Wight, Ic. t. 558.
1842; Bedd., Sylv. t. 166. 1871;Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 278. 1904; Hooker
Fl. Brit. India. 2;30. 1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 266(190) 1919; Said,
Fl. Kar. 2:208. 1996.
Small tree, to 8m tall, trunk short, thick, bark brown, rough,

branchlet tomentose, leaves alternate, obovate-oblong, 18-22x6-9cm, apex
rounded or obtuse, base subacute or rounded glaucous, hairy beneath,
nei-ves 18-20 pairs, petiole 2-2.5 cm long. Flowers unisexual, in terminal or

axillary panicles, male flowers 2-4mm, greenish white, sub sessile, calyx
lobes 5, petals 5, free, stamens 5, inserted at the base of the disc, pistillode
rudimentary, hairy. Drupe obliquely ovoid yellowish.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Jan. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in Dry deciduous forest of Harapanahalli, Jagalur range. FDD-
551. KN-Godde geru. Dodda mampli, Gangeruka.
SPONDIAS Linnaeus
Spondias pinnata (L.f) Kuntz., Prelim. Report For. Pegu 44. 1875; Airy
.Shaw & Forman, Kew Bull. 21:8. 1967. Mangiferapinnata L. f, Suppl. PI.
156. 1781. Spondias mangifera Willd., Sp. PI. 2:751. 1799; Bedd., Fl. Sylv.
t. 169. 1872; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:281(299). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 261(186). 1918; Spondias acuminata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2:453. 1832;
Said, Fl. Kar. 2:209. 1996.
Deciduous tree, to 6m high, branchlets glabrous, leaves pinnately

odd compound, leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate, to 12x5.5cm, apex acute, margin
entire, base cuneate, nerves intramarginal, to 18 pairs. Flowers yellow, in
axillary/terminal panicle, to 20cm long, polygamous, stamens twice the
number of petals. Fruit drupe, ovoid, 1-5 seeded.
Fl-Fr:-May-Aug. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Occasional in Thirtharameshwara range.
FABACEAE {nom. alter. PAPILIONACEAE)

Key to Genera
1 Trees:
2 Leaf trifoliate:
3 Flower white-with purple shade:
4 Pod, entire, distinctly2-5 jointed, seeds 2-5 Ougeinea
4 Pod beaked, 1-seeded Pongamia
3 Flower red:
5 Stamens 9+1, pod woody tomentose, 1-seeded Butea
5 Stamens 10, podtorulose, 3-4 seeded Erythrina

2 Leaf impairipinnate:
6 Pod winged,l-2 seeded Pterocarpus
6 Pod torulose, seeds 30-40 Sesbania
1 Plants Herbs/shrubs;
7 Flowers yellow:
8 Leaflets less than 3mni broad Aeschynomene
8 Leaflets more than 3mm broad:
9 Leaves gland dotted beneath:
10 Glands red resinous, leaf 3-foliate:
11 Pod round-oblong, compressed, seeds 1-2 Rhynchosia
11 Pod linear-oblong, flat, septate, seeds 5-7 Atylosia
10 Glands black, leaflets 2 Zornia
9 Leaves not gland dotted:
12 Stamens diadelphous:
13 Stamens 9+1:
14 Calyx acrescent:
15 Calyx lobes, glabrous, veined Paracalyx
15 Calyx tomentose, not veined Dumasia
14 Calyx not acrescent:
16 Pod linear subterete Vigna
16 Pod oblong, turgid, depressed between seeds Cajanus
13 Stamens 5+5,stipules scarious Smithia
12 Stamens monoadeiphous:
17 Stipules sheathing Stylosanthes
17 Stepules if present not sheathing Crotalaria
1 Flowers other than yellow:
18 Herbs/shrubs:
19 Stipules scarius, calyx glumaceous Alysicarpus
19 Stipules scarius/not, calyx not glumaceous:
20 Pod loment with 1-seeded, indehiscent, folded joints Uraria
20 Pod not as above:
21 Venation strikingly striate Tephrosia
21 Venation not striate:
22 Plant covered with appressed, centrifixed hairs Indigofera
22 Plant glabrous/pubescent without centrifixed hairs:
23 Bracts foliar, pod included, 1-2 seeded Flemingia
23 Bracts not foliar, pod flat sevaral jointed Desmodium
18 Climbing/ twining herbs:
24 Stamens monoadeiphous:
25 Leaf pinnately 3-foliate, pod tawny villous Teramnus
25 Leaf 3-7foliate, pod appressed pubescent Neonotonia
24 Stamens diadelphous:
26 Flower pink:
27 Pod oblong ribbed along the dorsal suture Caanavalia
27 Pod flat thin, often indented Pseudarthria
26 Flower other than pink:
28 Flower purple/ red or white:
29 Pod turgid with stinging hairs Mucuna
29 Pod flat without stinging hairs:

30 Bracts and bracteoles, corolla red colored,

pod linear septate Shuteria
" 30 Bracts and bracteoles not colored, corolla
white pod torulose, hairy Glycine
28 Flower violet/ blue:
31 Leaves odd pinnate:
32 Plant woody climber/tree flower small,
pod samaroid Dalbergia
32 Plant twining shrub,flower large, pod not samaroid:
33 leaves pinnately trifoliate:
34 Flower blue, pod flat continuos Doilichos
34 Flower violet, pod flat subcylindric Phaseolus
33 Leaves not pinnately trifoliate ..; Clitoria
31 Leaves even pinnate corolla white, pod oblong,
seed black with red tip or white Ahrus
ABRUS Adanson
Key to species
1 Seeds red and black A.precatorius
1 Seeds pale white/yellow A.pulchellus
Abrus precatorius L., Syst. Nat. ed.l2, 472. 1767; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 349(247) 1918; Verdcourt, Kew Bull. 24: 240. 1970; Said, Fl. Kar
1:415.1984.
Slender, twining shrub, leaves pairipinnately compound, branchlets

scarious, stipules linear, leaflets 12-16 pairs, leaflet 0.8-lx0.3-0.5cm,
obovate, apex roimded, base rounded, appressed hairy on both sides.
Flowers white, in axillary raceme, calyx tubular, hairy, corolla white-rose,
standard much exerted, broadly ovate, wing narrow, oblong, keels curved,
stamens monoadelphous (9). Pod thick, oblong, crowded in axillary
racemes, turgid to 4cm long, beacked, seeds 2-8, ovoid, scarlet red with
black spot, shining.
FI-Fr:-Jan-Mar: Distribution-India.
Thirtharameshvara, Harapanahalli. FDD 504. KN-Gulaganji
Note:Seeds-Used in nervous disorders and cattle poisoning. Polution of
seeds- used as suppository to bring about abortion.

Abrus pulchellus Wall, ex Thwaites, Enum. 91. 1859; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1:359(383). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 349(247). 1918; Verdcourt,
KewBull. 24: 246. 1970; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:415. 1984.
Twining shrub, leaf pinnately compound, leaflets 9-12 pairs, oblong,

Flowers in axillary long racemes, calyx 5-Iobed, fused, corolla rose/white.
Fruit pod, flat, appressed pubescent. Seeds pale yellow/white.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution- IndoMalaysia, China. Occasional in

Ucchangidurga. FDD-729. KN-Bili gulaganji. (Plate-3A)
NoterMy specimen differs from others in having pale yellow seeds
without black spot
AESCHYNOMENE Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Flowers yellowish pink small, pod straight on the
upper surface, papillose A.indica
1 Flower yellow, large, pod indented, echinate A.aspera
Aeschynomene aspera L., Sp. PI. 713. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 299. 1840;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 331 (234). 1918. Rudd, Reinwardtia 5; 29. 1959;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1:416. 1984.
Peremiial erect underslirub, stem soft, brown/black, smooth, leaves

impairipinnately compound, alternate, leaflets 30-35 pairs, leaflet oblong,
0.5-lx.2cm, apex mucranate, margin entire, base obtuse, stipules linear, stiff
setaceous, to 0.5cm long. Flowers yellow, in 2-4 flowered, axillary or
terminal raceme, calyx hairy, tubular, to 0.4cm long, bilipped, upper lobes
small, round, lower larger, corolla yellow, to 0.8cm long, standard broadly
cuneate, keel petals hairy, stamens 10, in 5+5. Pod woody, echinate, 8-9.5x
1cm, waited on both sides, indented along both margins.

Fl-Fr:- Jan-Mar. Distribution-Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan,

Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Tropical Africa.
Common in Joldal on the way to Ammanagudda. FDD 247. KN-Alagina
gida, Thanakali.
Aeschynomene indica L., Sp. PI. 713. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 405. 1840;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 331 (234). 1918; Rudd, Reinwardtia5: 30. 1959;
Said, Fl. Kar.l:416. 1984.
Annual erect, glabrescent herb, branchlets cylindrical, glabrous,

stipules ciliate, lanceolate, purplish, leaves alternate, impairipinnately
compound, leaflets 27-35 pairs, sensitive, leaflet oblong, 1-2x1.5mm, apex
obtuse, margin entire, stipules lanceolate not setaceous. Flower creamy
yellow or flame colored, solitary, axillary or 2-4 flowered in axillary
raceme, calyx cupular membranous, to 0.3cm long, lobes slightly bilipped,
hairy, corolla 5, exserted, to 0.5cm long, standard broadly ovate, wings
obtuse, stamens 10, isodiadelphus. Pod linear, long, slightly curved, 3-
4x.4cm long, indented on one margin and entire on the other, papilose,
aiticles 4-8, jointed, seeds renifoim, dark purple.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Frequent in marshy shady places of Joldal,

Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range.
FDD-375. KN-Bendu kasa.
Note:My specimen differs from others in the number of leaflets, instead
of 31-71 as reported in Flora of K a r n a t a k a by Saldanha et.al., it has 27-
35 leaflets.
ALYSICARPUS Desvaux num. Cons.

Key to species
1 Leaf 1-foliate.
2 Pod moniliform:
3 Pod 4-7 jointed A.monilifer
3 Pod 2-4 jointed A.glumaceous
2 Pod not moniliform.
4 Pod rugose, 2-3 jointed A.buplerifolius
4 Pod subterete, 4-8 jointed A.vaginalis

1 Leaves 1-3 foliate:

5 Upper leaves trifoliate, lower unifoliate,
Pod angular, wrinkled A.heterophyllus
5 Leaves not as above, Pod subglobose, joints 3-5 A.rugosus
Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) D C , Prodr. 2:352. 1825;Cooke, FL

Bombay 1:347(370). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 338(239). 1918.
Hedysarum buplerifolium L., Sp. Pi. 745. 1753; Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 194.
1805; Said in Fl.Kar. 1:417. 1984
1 Leaves dimorhic, lower ovate, upper linear-lanceolate var.hybridus

1 Leaves uniform:
2 Leaves linear-lanceolate, pod 4-8 jointed viLr.bupleurifolius
2 Leaves obovate, pod 1-3 jointed vza gracilis
var. bupleurifolius
Prostrate herb, leaves alternate, simple, linear, lanceolate or oblong,
shortly petioled, apex acute, base obtuse, margin entire, glabrous or sparsely
haiiy. Inflorescence axillary, slender raceme, 1-2 in axil of each bract,
bracts straw colored, linear, calyx glumaceous, pale brown, companulate,
ciliate, longer than the first joint of the pod, corolla red, included, slightly
longer than the calyx, stamens diadelphus (9+1). Pod slightly moniliform,
joints 4-8, apiculate, glabrous, brownish, seeds 3-6, ovoid, rounded at both
ends.
Fl-Fr :-Aug-Oct. Distribution-India: Throughout, Sri Lanka, Pakistan,

Nepal, Burma, Malaysia, Polynesia, Mauritius. Common in open lands and
in open forest. Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range, kondajji,
Malebemiui-. FDD 304.
Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) Dc. Prodr. 2: 352. 1825; Hooker, Fl. Brit,
hidia 2: 158. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 338(239). 1918. Hedysarum
buplerifolium L. Sp. PI. 742. 1753.

\ai.gracilis (Edgew) Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:158. 1876;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 338. 1918. Alycicarpus gracilis Edgew. &i. J.
Linn, Soc.Bot. 9:312. 1869.
Prostrate herb, leaves alternate, 1-foliate, linear or oblong, entire,

prominently veined, stipules linear, apex acute, margin entire, 2.5-3.5x5-
1cm. Flowers in axillary, raceme, peduncle long, to 2cm, 2-flowers in the
axil of each bract, calyx glumaceous, ovate-oblong, to 0.8cm long, corolla
dark purple, slightly exerted. Pod cylindrical, glabrous, green, jointed, joints
1-3, not constiicted, smooth, seeds ovoid or sub orbicular, purplish brown.
Fl-Fr:- Aug-Oct. Distribution- India- Andrapradesh, Bihar, MP, Rajasthan,

Tamilnadu, UP. Joldal. Kalbigiri gudda. FDD 404.
Alycicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. Prodr. 2: 352. 1825; Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India. 2:158. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 338(239). 1918. Hedysarum
biipleurifolium L.. Sp. PI. 742. 1753.
\ai.liybridus DC. Prodr. 2: 352. 1825. Alycarpus buplerifolius (L.) DC. Var
intermedins Haines Bot. Bih. Om. 2; 258. 1920; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:418. 1984
Prostrate herb, branchlets glabrous, leaves dimorphic, lower ovate to

0.5-1.5x0.5-1cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base rounded/obtuse, upper
leaves linear-lanceolate, 1.8-3x0.2-0.4cm, stipules scarious, setaceous, to
0.6cm. Flowers in axillary racemes, to 3.5-6cm long, flowers crowded at the
tip, pale yellow, calyx longer than the first joint of the pod, to 0.6cm long,
tube 0.4-0.5cm long, lobes haiiy, corolla yellow. Pod moniliform, 3-5
jointed.
Fl-Fr-Aug-Nov. Distribution-India. Joldal, Arishinaghatta reserve forest.

FDD 311
Alycicarpus glumaceous (Vahl) DC. Prodr 2: 353. 1825. Andrews, Fl. Ang.
Egypt. Sudan 2. 175. 1952; Shah in Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 60; 296.

1963. Hedysarum glumaceum Vahl, Symb. Bpt. 2: 106. 1791. Hedysarum

violaceum Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 137. 1775 (non Linn). 1753. H.rugosum
Willd. Sp. PI. 3 (2); 1172. 1803. Alysicarpus violaceous (Forsk.) Schindl. in
Fedde. Report. 21: 13. 1925. A.rugosus (Willd.) DC. Prodr. 2: 353. 1825;
Baker; J.Hooker Fl. Brit. India. 2:159. 1876; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 348.
1902. Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 338(239). 1918.
Erect or prostrate herb, branches ascending, hairy, leaves simple,

alternate, 1-foliate, petiole short, to 0.4cm long, elliptic-oblong, apex acute,
apiculate, margin entire, sparsely hairy, to 4-5X0.4-0.8cm, stipules ovate,
apex acute, margin ciliate, stiaw colored, to 0.5cm long. Flowers in axillary
raceme crowded, bracts ovate, ciliate, straw colored, calyx glumaceous,
companulate, 4-lobed, longer than the first joint of the pod, densely villous
at apex, corolla purplish, included. Pod moniliform, green exserted, 2-4
jointed, joints stiongly ribbed, seeds ovoid, shining, brown with white
stieaks.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Kondajji. FDD 5. Common.
Alycicarpus heterophyllus (Benth. ex Baker) Jefri & Ali in Biologia

(Lahore) 12:13. 1966. A.veginalis (L.) DC. var heterophyllus Benth. ex
Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. lndia.2:158. 1876.
Decurrent spreading herb, branchlets with stiff hairs, striations

prominent and longitudinal, stipules linear, leaves 1-3 foliate, variable,
basal leaves simple, upper trifoliate, elliptic, 1.5-3.2x0.5-2cm, apex and
base subacute, upper leaves linear, 2.5-5.8xlcm, undersurface hirsute,
nerves prominent, calyx hirsute, corolla bluish-pink, stamens diadelphous
(9+1). Pod moniliform, 1.5cm long angular, wrmkled seeds orbicular.
Fl-Fr-June-Dec. KUSF range. Abundant. FDD 480.

Alycicarpus monilifer (L.) DC, Prodr. 2: 353. 1825; Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India. 2:157. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 338 (239). 1918. Hedysarum
monoliferm L., Mant. 102. 1767; Said, Fl. Kar.l:418. 1984
Prostrate herb, leaves simple, elliptic-oblong, l-2x.5-lcm, apex

obtuse, base cordate, margin entire, pubescent. Flowers in axillary raceme,
pink coloured, calyx hairy, slightly longer than or equaling the first joint of
the pod, corolla pink, stamens monoadelphus. Pod moniliform, 1-
1.5x0.2cm, joints 4-5, subglobose.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-India, Pakistan, Burma, Ethiopia. Central E.

Africa.
KUSF range. Common, FDD 481.
Alycicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC, Prodr. 2: 353. 1825:Cooke, Fl. Bombay

1:348(371). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 338(239). 1918;Verdcourt,
Kew Bull. 24:67. 1970. Hedysarum rugosum Willd., Sp. PI. 3:1172.
1802;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:420. 1984
Erect herb, to 60 cm tall, branchlets slightly pubescent, leaves

simple, alternate, linear-oblong, 3-6x5-0.8cm, stipules triangular, 0.5-0.8cm
long. Flowers in axillary raceme, 3-5.6cm long, pedicel to 0.3cm long, pair
of flowers in each bract, pink colored, calyx brown/pale, straw colored,
tubular, 0.3-0.5cm long, exceeding the first joint of the pod, lobes shorter
than tube, imbricate, 0.8-1cm long. Fruit moniliform, joints 3-5, articles,
subglobose, smooth.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-NoV. Distribution-India.Burma.
Common in Yerehalli out skirts. FDD 546.

Alycicarpus vaginalis D C , Prodr. 2:352; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:346(369).

1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 338(239). 1918. Hedysarum vaginale L.,
Sp. PI. 746. 1753; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:421. 1984.
Prostrate branched herb, leaves 1 foliate, petiole long, 4-8 mm,

leaflet, ovate or obovate, 5-3.5x0.4-1.5cm, apex emerginate, apiculate,
margin entire, base cordate, veins prominent beneath, stipules pale white,
linear, covering completely or most part of the base of the petiole. Flowers
in axillary raceme, calyx free, longer than the first joints of the pod, linear,
acute, corolla pink slightly exserted, stamens 9+1, diadelphous. Pod not
monoliform, slightly tetragonous, joints 4-8, glabrous, seeds 4-8.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-India, Afghanistan, Introduced in America.

Common weed of open forest and grassy slopes. FDD-491.
NoterDecoction of roots used fagainst coughs
ATYLOSIA Wight & Amott.

Key to species
1 Erect shrub, leaflet oblanceolate, pod grey silky pubescent A.lineata
1 Climbing shrub, leaflet obovate, pod grey canescent A.albicans
Atylosia albicans (Wight & Am.) Bentham in Miq., PI. Jungh 243. 1852.
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 369(260) 1918. Canthawspermum albicans
Wight & Am., Prodr. 256. 1834. p.p.; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:422. 1984.
Pubescent twining herb, leaves trifoliate, alternate, leaflets 2.5-

3.2x2-2.5cm, broadly ovate/obovate, apex rounded, margin entire, veins
prominent, hairy, gray tomentose below. Flowers in axillary raceme,
yellow, calyx cupular, hairy, teeths shorter than tube, corolla yellow,
standard refluxed backwards, stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod oblong,
naiTow at apex, compressed, covered with grey hairs, seeds 6-8, sub
reniform, dark brown.

Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-South West India, Sri Lanka. Frequent in open

forest of Jagalur, Honnali, Malebennur. FDD-419.
Atylosia Uneata Wight & Am., Prodr. 258. 1834; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
368(260). 1918. Atylosia lawii Wight, Ic. t. 93. 1838; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:422.
1984.
Erect under shrub, stem grooved, densely tomentose, leaf trifoliate

alternate, leaflet variable, median larger, rhomboidal, lateral ovate, apex
acute, base rounded, nerves prominent, 3-nerved, densely tomentose,
glandular beneadi. Flowers yellow, in axillary 1-4 flowered cyme, calyx
tubular, lobes unequal, hairy glandular, corolla yellow, stamens 9+1.Pod
oblong, grey silky pubescent, 2-3 seeded.
Fl-Fr:- All season. Distiibution-Common in uncultivated & open forest of

Thirtharameshwara. FDD-558.
BUTE A Roxburgh ex Willdenow nom. Cons

Key to species
1 Tree, lower calyx brown tomentose, tooth shorter than laterals ..B.monosperma.
1 Woody climber, calyx velvety, tooth longer than laterals B.superba.
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taubert, in Engler & Prantl. Pflenzenfam. 3 (3):

366. 1894; Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 66. 1967. Erythrina monosperma
Lam., Encycl. 1: 391. 1785. Butea frondosa Koenig ex Roxb., Asiat. Res. 3:
469. 1792; Bedd., Fl. Sylv . t. 176. 1872; Cooke, Fl. Bombay I: 371(395).
1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 357(252). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:423.
1984.
Medium sized, deciduous tree, leaves piimately trifohate, alternate,,

leaflets unequal, teraiinal larger, rhomboidal, laterals ovate unequal sided,
30-50x20-22cm, apex rounded, base cuneate, nerves 6-7 pairs, prominent
beneath, brown silky tomentose, coriaceous. Flowers brick red, large, 3.5-

6.8cm, in axillary racemes, bracts and bracteoles small, calyx olive green,
lobes 5, united, velvety outside, corolla red, much exerted, standard broad,
keel slightly longer than standard, beaked, stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod
flat, oblong, lathery, tliickened along the suture, seeds solitary, brown
glabrous.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-mar. Distribution-India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Burma,

Indonesia, Thailand, Indo-China. Common along roadside and occasional in
forest in Thirtliarameshwara. FDD 55.
NoterSeed extract is given to expell round worms. Seed is also known to
act as antifertiiity agent. Gum-used in dysentry. Bark & seed - In snake
bite.
Butea superba Roxb., PI. Cor. 1; 23. t. 22. 1795; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
372(396), 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 358(252). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar.
1:423. 1984.
A large climbing shrub, leaves pinnately trifoliate, leaflets unequal,

median larger rhomboidal, 18-22x20-24 cm, laterals ovate, 16-18x18-20
cm, petiole long, to 15cm, dark green above, brown/silky pubescent below,
neiTes 6-8, prominent beneath. Flowers slightly larger than B.monosperma,
yellowish red, in axillary racemes, calyx companulate, dark brown,
tomentose. Pod distinctly stalked, oblong, base narrow, broader at the tip.
Fl-Fr-Jan-Mar. Distribution-India- AP, Bihar, Kamataka (Reported from

Uttarkannada by Cooke.) MP, Maharastra, Orissa, Tamilnadu, UP,
Westbengal. World-Burma. Thailand, Indo-China, Sri Lanka.
Thirtliarameshwara and Joldal range. (PIate-3B)
Note.'Cooke has reported this specimen from Uttarakannada and none
of the floeas in the State has reported, present report reveals its
distribution in the Dakshina kanada region.
CAJANUS A. P. de Candolle. nom. cons.

Key to species
1 Corolla yellow, purple veined, pod brownish black, seeds upto 8...Ccajan
1 Corolla yellow, not purple veined, 4-6 seeded, with golden
yellow hairs Cscarbaeoides
Floristic Composition of Davanaeere District ^ '»'*

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh, Publ. Field Columbian Mus. Bot. 2: 53.
1900. Cytisus cajan L., Sp. PI. 739. 1753. Cajanus indicus. Sprengel., Syst.
Nat. 3: 248. 1826; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 408(435). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 369 (261). 1918. Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth, Helios 11: 133. 1893;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1:424. 1984.
Erect, much branched, bushy shrub, leaves trifoliate, alternate,

leaflets elliptic-oblong, apex mucranate, soft pubescent above, gray
pubescent below. Flowers yellow, in long peduncled, axillary raceme, cal}^
cupular, corolla yellow, standard much exerted, with purple stripes. Pod
densely hirsute in young, pubescent at maturity, straight, brownish, seeds up
to 8, discoid, mud brown colored.
FI-Fr-Aug-Nov. Distribution-cultivated, rarely in wild. Jagalur. FDD-566.

KN-Thogari bele.
Cajanus scarbaeoides (L.) du Petit. Thou. Diet. Sci. Nat. 6: 617. 1817.
Dlichos scarabaeoides L. Sp. PI. 726. 1753. Cajan scarabaeoides van der
maesen in Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 84. 4: 183. 189. 1985. Atylosia
scarabaeoides Benth. in Miq. PI. Jungh 242. 1852; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.
2:215. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 369(261). 1918. Dolichos
scarabaeoides L. Sp. PI. 726. 1753.
Slender, twining shrub, branchlets with gray pubescence, stipule

tiiangular, acute, leaves tiifoliate, 5cm long, leaflets oblong, obovate, 2-
4.5xl-2cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base cuneate, pubescent, petiole
2cm long, petiolule, 1-1.5mm long. Flowers in axillary clusters, 3-6-flower
in each cluster, flowers to 7mm across, calyx tube pubescent, lobes hnear,
acute, as long as the tube, corolla yellow, standard to 8.5x5mm, wings
8x2mm, keel 9x2mm, stamens diadelphos (9+1), ovary wooly. Pods with
golden yellow spreading hairs, with transverse depressions, seeds 4-6.
T71r>firiSf Cnmnnvifinn nf rinvnnnaprc Di^frirt 135

Fl-Fr:- Sept-Mar. Distribution-India. Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands,

Mauritous, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Costal Western Africa, Jamica.
Occasional in KUSF, common in Thirtharameshwara, Jagalur, Honnali.
FDD 240.
CANAVALIA A. P. de candolle nom. Cons.

Key to species
1 Leaflets elliptic/ elliptic ovate, pod linear oblong Gensiformis
1 Leaflets ovate, shortly acuminate at apex, pod flat Ccathartica
Canavalia cathartica Thouras. J. Bot (Desv.) ser. 2, 1: 81. 1813; Sauer,

Brittonia 16: 158. 1964. Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. var turgida Baker in
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:196. 1876;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:426. 1984.
Large twiner, leaves pinnately trifoliate, rachis 7-8cm long, alternate,

leaflets membranous, ovate, laterals 7-8.5x5-6.5cm, terminal 3.5-4.5x3-
4cm, apex shortly acuminate, margin entire, base rounded 6-7 nerved, basal
pairs opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers in axillary, long peduncled
raceme, peduncle to 18 cm long, flower pink, to 3cm long, calyx 5-lobed, to
1.5 cm long, hairy, lobes unequal, upper larger than the lower and 2-lobed,
lower 3-lobed, median one larger than laterals, hairy, corolla pale pink,
stamens monoadelphus (10). Pod inflated, to 9x3cm, turning brown on
drying, 8-12 seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Dec. Distribution-South East Asia. Malebennur. FDD-431.

Note:My specimen differs from others in having unequal sized terminal
and lateral leaflets.
Canavalia ensiformis (L.) D C , Prodr. 2:404. 1825; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:

373(397). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 359(253). 1918; Sauer, Brittonia
16:142. 1964. Dolichos ensiformis L., Sp. PI. 725. 1753. Canavaliagladiata
auct. noil D C : Wight, Ic. t. 753. 1844; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:426. 1984.

Woody twiner, leaves trifoliate, 20-22cm, alternate, leaflets elliptic

ovate, apex acute, apiculate, margin entire, base rounded, 15-16.5x6.5-
7.5cm, stipules triangular, deciduous. Flowers lilac/white in axillary lax
racemes, calyx tubular, long, bilipped, corolla white/lilac, exerted. Pod
thick woody, linear, oblong, slightly curved, sutures thick, prominently
keeled, apex pointed, seeds dark brown.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution- Pantropical.Throughout India. Malebermur.

FDD-712. KN-Thamate balli, Shambi kayi.
Note:Fruits- If eaten create abdominal complaints and hernia.
CLITORIA Linnaeus
CUtoria ternatea L., Sp. PI. 753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 380(405). 1902;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 365 (258) 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:428.1984.
Large climbing shrub, leaves pirmately compound, alternate, leaflets

5-7, broadly ovate, 2-3.5x1.5-2.8cm, apex rounded, margin entire, base
rounded. Flower violet/blue, with yellow streak, axillary, solitary, calyx
green or pale green, tubular, corolla bluish violet, petals 5, standard broadly
ovate, with yellow streaks in the throat, prominently veined, stamens 9+1,
diadelphous. Pod linear, slightly curved, green when young, turning brown
on maturity, beaked, seeds 6-10, round.
Fl-Fr:-All season. Distribution-Throught India, Bhutan, Burma, China,

Thailand, Indonesia, Australia, Zambia, Western Africa, British Hondurs,
West Indies, Tropical America, Mexico, SE USA. Cultivated and also along
hedges. KN-Shanka puspi.
Note:It is observed that some of the plant bears white flowers without
blue border and some bears blue flowers with yellow throat on
standard petals.

CROTALARIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves simple:
2 Flowers blue:
3 Branchlets angular, bracts foliaceous Cverrucosa
3 Branchlets not angular'
4 Prostrate herb, standard yellow with purple streak Cbifaria
4 Erect shrub, standerd white, wing blue Cheyneana
2 Flower yellow:
5 Corolla equaling the calyx:
6 Leaves exstipulate:
7 Leaves obovate, silky villous on both sides Cdubia
7 Leaves linear-oblanceolate, pubescent on both sides ..Cepunctata
6 Leaves stipulate
8 Pod included Ccalycina
8 Pod exserted Cmysorensis
5 Corolla exceading the calyx
9 Prostrate herb
10 Branchlets silky
11 Leaves cordate, pod flat silky, 1-2 seeded Chebecarpa
11 Leaves oblong-elliptic, pod oblong, seeds 20 Cprostrata
10 Branchlets hirsute not silky, pod oblong 8-10
seeded Cevolvuloides
9 Erect under shrub/shrub
13 Branchlets silky brown pubescent, pod oblong
velvety 10-15 seeded Cjuncea
13 Branchlets pubescent/glabrous,
14 Stipules semilunate Cwalkeri
14 Stipule not as above
15 Stem 3-angled, pod cylindrical Ctriquetra
15 Stem furrowed, pod oblong:
16 Pod velvety Cohtecta
16 Pod glabrous Cretusa
1 Leaves trifoliate"
17 Prostrate herb Cmedicaginea
17 Erect shrub Cpallida
Crotolaria bifaria L. f. Suppl. PI. 322. 1781; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.2:69.
1875; Wight, Ic. t. 30. 1838; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 294(313). 1902;Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 293 (207). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:432. 1984
Trailing hairy herb, leaves simple, alternate, membranous, 'ovate,

apex obtuse, margin entire, base cuneate, 1-3x0.5-0.8cm, petiole short,
sparsely hairy, branchlets 4 -angled in young, stipules lanceolate. Flowers
Floristic Composition ofDavanasere District 138

solitary, axillary, blue, standard yellow outside with purple striation,

slightly exceeding tlie calyx, connate at base, upper two fused, lower 3, free.
Pod globose, ovoidup to 2cm, green with black patches.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-India, South West India, Sri Lanka. Joldal

range & Arishina gudddda range, Joldal. FDD 531.
Crotalaria calycina Sclirank, PI. Rar. Hort. Monac. t. 12. 1817; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 298(317). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras, 295(209) 1918;Sald,
Fl.Kar. 1:432. 1984
Erect, branched herb, to 60cm long, branchlets brown silky hairy,

leaves simple, alternate, vaiiable, shortly petioled, ovate-linear-lanceolate,
2.2-.2x0.8-1.2cm, apex acute, margin entire. Flowers in terminal raceme, to
10cm long, bracts and bracteoles foliar, calyx fused at base, tubular, tube to
4mm long, lobes lanceolate, to 1cm long, free, clothed with silky hairs,
corolla yellow slightly exserted, standerd ovate-oblong, stamens
monoadelphous (10). Pod included or as long as calyx, to 2x5cm.
Fl-Fr: -Aug-Dec.Distribution-Throughout India, Pakistan, Tropical Africa,

Bangladesh, Nepal, Buthan, China, Malaysia, Australia. Common in Joldal
range & Arishina gudddda range, Kaggi RF. FDD 549. (Plate-3C),
(Figure-8)
Crotolaria dubia Grahm, ex Bentham, London, J. Bot. 2: 568. 1843;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras, 296 (209). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:432. 1984
Erect, pubescent herb, leaves simple, alternate, silky pubescent-

villous on both sides, obovate, membranous, 5.4-6x2.5-3cm, apex acute,
base obtuse, margin entire. Flowers in condensed raceme, corolla as long as
calyx, yellow, standard oblong, sparsely hairy on back. Pod equaling the
calyx.
Fl-Fr:-.Sep-Nov. Distiibution-South India. Kondajiji. FDD-131. (Figure-9)

Crotalaria epunctata Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 210.

1851. Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras, 295 (208).1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:433. 1984
Erect, profusely branched herb, to 60cm tall, pubescent, haks

appressed, leaves simple, exstipulate, oblanceolate, apex mucranate, margin
entire, base cmieate, 3.5-5.2x1-1.5 cm. Flowers in terminal, 3-6 flowered
raceme, to 9cm long, bracts minute, subulate, to 0.2cm long, calyx
pubescent, appressed brown hairy, corolla yellow, included, 1.5-2cm long,
equaling calyx, stamens monoadelphous (10). Pod oblong, glabrescent,
brown velvety haiiy, to 1cm long, seeds 6-10.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution-India, IndoMalaysia, China. Common in

Joldal, Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range. In open forest region. FDD-
233.
Crotalaria evolvuloides Wight ex Wight & Arn., Prodr. 188. 1834; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras, 292(206). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:432. 1984
Prostrate herb, to 40cm high, branches hispid, ascending, leaves

simple, alternate, shortly petioled, 1.5-3x0.5cm, broadly ovate-oblong, apex
obtuse, notched, margin entire, base obtuse, stipules linear. Flowers in
terminal raceme, peduncle, 3-3.5cm long, flower 0.3-0.7cm long, bracts
deciduous, bracteoles linear, calyx lobes lanceolate, fused at base,
pubescent, almost equaling or slightly longer than the corolla, pale white or
ash colored, corolla yellow, with purple streak on the back, slightly exerted.
Pod oblong, brown-yellow, pubescent, curved backwards, 0.5-0.8cm, seeds
5-8.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-South W. India, Sri Lanka. KUSF range and

Chennagu-i. FDD-313.

Crotalaria heyneana Grahm ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 187. 1834; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1:300(320). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 297(210). 1918;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1:434. 1984.
Underslmib, to 40cm tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple,

elliptic-lanceolate, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate, stipulate,
cauducous, membranous, glabrous. Flowers whitish blue, in terminal
racemes to 5cm long, calyx 5-lobed, lobes to 1cm long, corolla 5-lobed,
.standard white, wings blue, equaling calyx or slightly exceeding calyx.
Fniitpod, oblong, 10-seeded.
Fl-Fr;-Oct. Distribution-South. West India.

Common in Joldal range. FDD-10. (Figure-10)
Crotalaria hebecarpa {DC.) Rudd in Phylologioa 54:28. 1983. Goniugyna

hiria DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris 4:92. Jan 1825: Ali. in Taxon 16. 463. 1967.
Hallia hirta Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1169. 1802. Heylandia latebrosa. Sensu Baker
in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:65. 1876, non (L) DC. 1825; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras, 280. 1918.
Prostrate, annual herb, to 35cm tall, branchlets dichotomous, silky,

leaves simple, cordate, 5-9x4-7mm, chartaceous, apex obtuse, margin
entire, base truncate. Flowers solitary, axillary, to 4mm long, pedicel, to
2mm long, calyx pubescent, corolla yellow, exserted. Pod flat, to 4x2.5mm,
silky, compressed haiiy, style persistent, seeds reniform.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distiibution-Tliroughout India except North-East India,

Sri Lanka. Thuppadahalli State forests. FDD-487.
Crotalaria juncea L., Sp. PI. 714.1753; Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 193.1805;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 297(210). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:434.1984.
n'inyUtir Cnmnosition of Davanasere District 141

Errect, herb, branchlets covered with brown silky hairs, furrowed,

leaves simple, to 6x1.5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate. Flower
yellow, in terminal raceme, calyx 5-lobed, to 1.5cm long, corolla yelow,
exserted. Fruit pod, velvety tomentose, 10-15 seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Honnali, FDD-548.
Crotalaria medicaginea Lam., Encycl .2: 201. 1786; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
302 (322). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 299 (211). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar.
1:436. 1984.
var neglecta (Wight & Am.) Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:81.
1876; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 302(322). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
300(212). 1918. Crotalaria neglecta Wight & Am., Prodr. 192. 1834; Said,
FL. Kai-. 1:437. 1984.
Prostrate, diffuse herb, with ascending branches, leaves trifoliate,

1.5-3cm, leaflets obovate, margin entire, base obtuse, 0.4-0.9x0.2-0.6cm,
glabrous above, pubescent below. Flowers yellow in axillary racemes, calyx
fiised, to 0.2cm long, hairy, lobes unequal, corolla yellow exserted, to 4mm
long, stamens diadelphous, 5+5. Pod globose, 0.2-0.4cm long, seeds black,
triangular, 2-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-India, Malaysia. Joldal, KUSF, Joldal range &

Arishina gudddda range. Not frequent.
FDD-178.
Crotalaria mysorensis Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 338. 1821; Cooke, Fl.Bombay 1:
294(314). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 295(208). 1918.

Erect herb, branchlets woody, covered with ferruginous silky hairs,

leaves simple, linear-oblong, 4-6x1-1.5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base
cuneate, stipulate, stipule prominent, to 0.4cm long. Flowers yellow, in lax
racemes, calyx 5-lobed, lobes to 1cm long, corolla yellow equaling calyx.
Fruit pod, glabrous, exserted.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Dec. Distribution-South. West India.

FDD-733. Joldal on the way to ammanagudda. (Figure-11)
Crotalaria obtecta Graham ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 185. 1834.

wai.glabracens (Bentham) Baker, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:79.
1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 297(210). 1918. Crotalaria glabracens
Bentham, London J. Bot. 3: 563. 1844;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:437. 1984
Moderate sized, under slirub, branchlets furrowed, minutely

pubescent, leaves simple, stipules small, to 0.2cm long, subulate, elliptic, 5-
8x2.5-3cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acuminate. Flowers in axillary,
long peduncled raceme, to 9cm long, pedicel 0.5cm long, flowers, 2x1.5cm,
calyx tomentose, 1.2-0.4cm long, lobes hairy, lanceolate, corolla yellow,
exserted, to 1.5x0.5cm. Pod, 2.5-3x1.5cm, turgid, velvety hairy, seeds 6-8.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-South W. India. Maravanji. FDD 110/242.
Crotalaria pallida Alton, Hort. Kew. 3: 20. 1789; Adams, Fl. PI. Jamaica
345. 1972. Crotalaria mucronata Desv., J. Bot. 3: 76. 1814; Backer 8c
Bakh. f, Fl. Java 1: 584. 1963. Crotalaria striata D c , Prodr. 2: 131. 1825;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 303 (323). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
301(212). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:438.1984
Undershrub, leaves trifoliate, leaflets elliptic, glabracent, apex acute,

margin entire, base acute/obtuse, 6.2-8.5x3-4.8cm. Flowers yellow in

terminal raceme, corolla exserted, stamens monoadelphous, 10. Pod

glabacent, subglobose, seeds up to 15.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution-Throughout India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan,

Tropical Africa & America. Common in open lands and roadsides.
Honnalli, Harihara, Jagalur & Shanthisagar. FDD-489.
Crotalaria prostrata Rottl. ex Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 747. 1809; Roxb.
ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 241. 1825; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 293 (313).
1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 292. 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:439. 1984.
Prostrate herb, branchlets covered with silky hairs, stipules 0, leaves

simple, oblong, elliptic, to 2x1 cm, charetaceous, base obtuse-rounded, apex
subacute, maigin entire, appresed pubescent on both sides, nerves obscure,
bracts subulate, persistent, bracteoles linear. Flowers in racemes, leaf
opposed, with 2-4 flowers in each cluster, peduncle filiform, calyx
pubescent, lobes linear, corolla yellow, exserted, stamens monoadelphous
(10). Pod oblong, to 2x0.5cm, glabrous, shortly stipitate, much exceeding
the calyx.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Throughout India, Java, Sri Lanka, Nepal,

Indonesia, Pakistan. HarapanahaUi, Joldal. FDD-701. (Figure-12)
Crotalaria retusa L. Sp.Pl. 715.1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:298(318). 1902;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 293(207). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:440.1984.
Underslu-ub, to 30cm tall, branchlets furrowed, glabrous or minutely

pubescent, leaves simple, obovate, to 13x4cm. Flower yellow in terminal
raceme, to 8cm long, calyx 5-lobed, lobes to 1cm long, corolla yellow
lobes, 1.5-1.8cm long, exserted. Pod exserted, glabrous, many seeded.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Tropica.

Common in Honnali outskirts. FDD-746. (Plate-3D)

Crotaalaria triquetra Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 34.

296(209). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:442. 1984
Suffruticose herb, to 50cm tall, stem and branches 3-angled,

minutely pubescent, stipules small, lanceolate, refluxed, pubescent, apex
acute, leaves simple, shortly petioled, ovate-oblong, membranous, to
2.5x0.8cm, pubescent beneath, apex obtuse, margin entire, base rounded.
Flowers in 1-2 flowered raceme, leaf opposed, peduncle, to 2cm long,
pedicel, to 0.5cm long, calyx, 0.4-0.6cm, long, silky pubescent, lobes
triangular, hairy, corolla exserted, to 1cm long, yellow. Pod oblong, seeds
15-20.
Fl-Fr:-Nov. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka. Joldal. FDD-126.
Crotalaria verrucosa L., Sp. PI. 715. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 200. 1839; Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 1: 299(319). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 297(210).
1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:442.1984.
Erect, undershrub, to 60cm tall, branchlets, 4-angled, stipules

foliaceous, 1-1.2x0.5-0.8cm, leaves simple, 4.5-8x2.5-4.5cm, ovate-broadly
rhomboidal, apex obtuse, margin entire, base attenuate, minutely
glabrescent above, pubescent below. Flowers in axillary, raceme, 9cm long,
flowers, 1.5-2.3cm, calyx tubular, pubescent, lobes lanceolate, corolla
bluish white, stamens monoadelphous (10). Pod oblong, cylindrical, brown
when dry, pubescent, nerves prominent, seeds 18-20.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Throughout India, Burma, China, Malaysia,

Mauritius, Tropical Africa & America. Malebennur. FDD-423.

Crotalaria walked Am., Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur.
18(1):328. 1840; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras. 297(210).1918. Crotalaria
semperflorens var walkeri (Am.) Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2:78.
I876;SaId, Fl. Kar. 1:443. 1984.
Undersluub, to 60cni tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, elliptic,

to 6-llx4-6cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate, stipule prominent,
semi-lunate. Flower yellow, in long racemes. Pod exserted, pubescent, 10-
Mseeded.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution-SouthWest. India.

Chennagiri. FDD-987. (Figure-13)
DALBERGIA Linnaeus f. nom.com.

Key to species
1 Plant woody climber:
2 Branchlets armed, flower white, stamens monoadelphous D.lwrrida
2 Branciilets unarmed, llower purple, stamens diadelphous D.voluhilis
1 Plant tree:
3 Stamens 5+5:
4 Leaflets 9-11 pairs, stipules linear, flowers in panicles,
standard broader than long D.paniculata
4 Leaflets 11-15 pairs, stipules minute, cauducous, flowers in
loose panicles, standard broader than long D.lanceolaria
3 Stamens 9:
5 Leaflets 3-5, pod oblong, minutely apiculate D.sissoo
5 Leaflets 7-9 or more, pod not apiculate D.latifolia
Dalbergia horrida. (Dennst.) Mabberly, Taxon 26:538.1977;Thoth. & Nair,

Taxou 30:46.1981. Ameriinmm horridum Dennst., Schl. Hort. Ind. Malab.
34. 1818. Dalbergia sympathetica Nimmo in Graham, Cat. Bombay PI. 55.
1839; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 398(424). 1902. Dalbergia multiflora Heyne
ex Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist .70: 59. 1901;Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 381(269). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:444.1984.

Large shrub small tree often climbing, armed on trunk, branchlets

pubescent, twisted, leaves impairipinnately compound rachis pubescent to
8cm long, leaflets, 11-15 pairs, obovate, 0.8-2.2x0.5-1cm, altermate, apex
emerginate, margin serrate, base rounded, pubescent above, densely hairy
beneatli. Flowers white, in axillary paniculate cyme, to 6cm long, peduncle
pubescent, calyx 5-lobed, gamospalous, 0.2-0.3cm long, hairy, upper lobes
2, broad, lower larger, corolla white, 0.5-0.7cm long, petals clawed standard
ovate, emerginate, to 0.3cm, stamens monoadelphous. Pod strap shaped,
oblong, hairy, 1-3 seeded, 3-4.5x0.8-1.5cm.
Fl-Fr:-Dec. Distribution-South W. India. -Ubbrani state forest & on the way

to Belagutti. FDD-547.
Dalbergia lanceolaria L. f, Suppl. PI. 316. 1781; Cooke, Fl. Bombay

1:399(425). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 383(270). 1918. Dalbergia
frondosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3:226. 1832; Wight, Ic. t. 266. 1840; Prain, Ann.
Roy. Bot. Card. (Calcutta) 10 (1); 93, t. 76. 1905;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:444. 1984.
Deciduous tree, 12-15m tall, often armed on trunk, branchlets rusty

pubescent, spreading leaves pinnately compoud, rachis, to 10cm long,
leaflets alternate, 11-15, obovate each 1.8-3x0.8-1.2cm, apex emerginate,
maigin entire base rounded acute, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath
peteolule to 0.4cm, stipule minute, cauducous. Flowers pale pink to
tenninal/axillary panicles, 3-4cm, clayx tubular, lobes 5, unequal, lowers
longer equalling the tube hairy to 0.2cm, crorolla pale pink, standard
shghtly broader than long to 0.6cm, stamens 10, in 5+5, pod purplish
brown, lanceolate, 6-8.5xl.5-2cm, apex obtuse, base acute 1-3 seeded.
Fl-Fr:- Mar - May. Distiibution. Through tout India-Srilanka, Mayjcnmar.

Homialli. Ubbrani state forest. FDD-792.
NoterBark extract is given intermittent fever, its infusion given
internally in dyspespia.

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb., PL Cor. t. 113. 1799; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:396
(422). 1902; Prain, Aim. Roy. Bot. Card.(Calcutta) 10 (1):80, t. 62,
1905;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 383(270). 1918; Wight, Ic. t. 1156. 1846;
Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 24. 1869; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:444.1984.
Large, deciduous tree, to 18m tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves

impairipiimately compound, 12-18cm long, petiole 6cm long, leaflets
alternate, orbicular-elleptic, 7-9 pairs each 4.5-9.2x3-6.5cm, apex obtuse,
margin entire, base obtuse, glabrous above, puberlous beneath. Flowers
white, in axillary, branched panicles, on the old wood, calyx glabrous, 5-
lobed, lobes slightly unequal, upper lobe slightly larger, corolla white,
standard orbicular, to 0.3cm, stamens 9, monoadelphous, pod oblong,
lanceolate, apex and base
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Sept. Distiibution-Andaman islands, Peninsula, Bihar, Gujarat,

Rajasthan, Sikkim, UP & West Bengal.World-Nepal, Malaysia.
Common in Ubbrani stae forest. FDD-745.
Note:Whole plant parts are ground in to paste and applied in leprosy.
Dalbergia paniculata: Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 114. 1799;Cooke, Fl. Bombay

1:399 (426). 1902; Prain, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card (Calcutta) 10 (1):87, t. 68.
Deciduous tree, to 13m tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves

impairipiimately compund, to 8cm long, leaflets 9-15, petiole 2cm long,
alternate, oblong, apex obtuse, margin entire, base obtuse, to 1-3x1-2cm,
apex obtuse, margin entire, base obtuse, to 1-3x1-2cm. Flowers white, in
terminal-axillary panicles, to 6cm long, calyx glabrous, 0.2-0.3cm, corolla
white, standard ovate, to 0.4cm long, stamens 10, in 5+5. Fruit pod,
glabrous, stipitate, 5-7x1 cm, lanceolate, seeds 1-2.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Sept. Distribution-Pennensular India, Myanmar.

Common along road side.FDD-773.

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3:223. 1832; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 25.
1869;Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:395(421). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 384
(270). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:446.1984.
Medium sized, semi deciduous tree, branches drooping, leaves

impairipinnately compound, to 8cm long, peteole to 2.5cm, leaflets 3-5,
broadly ovate, alternate, apex acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate, 4.5-
6x3.2-4.5cm. Flowers yellow, in axillary panicles, to 5cm long, calyx
tubular, hairy, lobes subequal, to 0.2cm, hairy, corolla yellow, to 0.4cm
ic5ng, standard slightly emerginate, to 0.2cm long, stamens 10, diadelphous.
Fruit pod, stiap shaped, 4.5-7cm long, glabrous, apex acute, base cuneate,
1-4 seeded, reniform.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Apr. Distribution-Throughout India, Bangladesh, Bhutan,

Myanmar, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Sikkim.
Common along roadside. FDD-584.
NOTE:Decoction of leaves- useful in gonorrhea. Wood extract is useful
in leprosy, boils eruptions.
Dalbergia volubulis Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 191. 1805; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1; 400
(427). 1902; Prain, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. (Calcutta) 10 (1): 100, t. 85. 1905;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 384(270). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:446.1984.
Climbing shrub, leaves impairirpinnately compoiund, to 12cm long,

glabrous, leaflets 9-14, oblong or obovate, apex obtuse-acute, margin entire,
base cuneate, to 2.5-3.2x1.5-2cm. Flowers purple, in axillary panicles, calyx
tubular, tube short, 5-lobed, slightly unequal, corolla purple, to 0.6cm long,
stamens 10, in 5+5. Fruit pod, stipitate, 3.5-9x1.2cm, apex obtuse, 1-2
seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Apr. Distribution-India, Bangladesh, Burma, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Joldal range. FDD-548. (Plate-4B)
Note:Juice of leaves- used as gargle in sore throat & applied to
aphthalmia. Root Juice in gonorrhea.

DESMODIUM Desvaux nom. Cons.

Key to species
1 Leaves simple:
2 Petiole winged D.triquetrum
2 Petiole not winged:
3 Branchlets triangular D.triangulare
3 Branchlets not triangular:
4 Flower purple D.benthami
4 Flower white-violet:
5 Leaves fulvous tomentose beneath, branchlets angled D.velutinum
5 Leaves sparsely pubescent, appressed grey pubescent,
beneath, branchlets not angled D.gangeticum
1 Leaves trifoliate:
6 Bracts orbicular, persistent, flower hidden D.pulchellum
6 Bracts not orbicular, flowers not hidden:
7 Slender herb D.pyronli
7 Erect herb/undershrub:
8 Branchlets angular D.triangulare
8 Branchlets not angular:
9 Flower violet-white D.heterocarpon
9 Flower pink/purplish lilac:
10 Lateral leaflet half of the terminal,
standard orbicular D.ferruginium
10 Lateral leaflet small, standard broadly ovate D.laxiflorum
Desmodium benthamii Balkar. in Joum. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 63: 328.
1966. Desmodium bmchyslachyum Grab. ex. Benth. in Miq. PI. Jungh. 223.
1852. non Sclilechl. 1838; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:171. 1876; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1: 347. 1918. D.benthamii Ohashi in Ginkgoona 1: 248.
1973.
Slender undershrub, to 50cm tall, branchlets appressed hairy, slightly

angular, stipules linear, to 0.5cm long, leaves simple, alternate, glabrous
above, white silky pubescent below, turning brown on dry, 2.5-3.8x1.5-2.8
cm, leaves in upper region near flowering axis is small, petiole 1.2-2cm
long, ovate-obovate, apex obtuse, emerginate, margin entire, base cordate.
Flowers in axillary/terminal raceme, to 6cm long, bracts ovate, flower
purple, calyx to 0.2cm long, clothed with dense white hairs, corolla exerted,
purple. Pod sessile, 0.3-0.5cm long, articles 1-2, as long as broad, hairy.

Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution- Occasional in KUSF range. FDD-725.

(Figure-15). Note: This species is reported endemic to West Bengal,
present collection from the district extends its distribution to
Davanagere district. This species is not reported in any of the published
district flora and State floras of Karnataka. Hense it is a new record to
Karnataka.
Desmodiuni ferrugineum Wall, ex Thw. Enum. PI. Zeyl. 87. 1859;

D.rufescens Wight & Am. Prodr. 228. 1834. non DC. Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India 2:171. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 346. 1918.
Erect, undersliiub, to 1.5m tall, branchlets appressed hairy, stipules

triangular, brown, hairy, leaf tiifoliate, lateral leaflet half of the terminal,
2.5-3x1.5cm, apex obtuse-apiculate, margin entire, base obtuse. Flowers in
axillary, long peduncled, raceme, 15-19cm, 2 flowers in each cluster, bracts
awn shaped, subulate, pedicel to 0.5cm long, calyx 2mm long, hairy,
cupulai", lobes 4, lanceolate, corolla purple to lilac, standerd orbicular,
stamens diadelphous (9+1), filament to 0.1cm long. Pod reflexed, indented
on both margins, 3cm long, articles 5-8, longer than broad, appressed
pubescent.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-India Sri Lanka.

Thiithaiameshwaia, Joldal. FDD 218/302. (PIate-3E)
Note:This species is not reported in any of the published District flora
and State floras of Karnataka. Hense it is first report from Davanagere
district.
Desmodiuni ganseticum (L.) DC. Prodr. 2; 327. 1825; Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India. 2:168. 1876; Wight, Ic. t. 271. 1840; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:356(379).
1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 345(244). 1918; Knaap-van Meeuwen,
Reinwaidtia 6: 249. 1962. Hedysarum gangeticum L., Sp. PI. 746.
1753jSald, Fl. Kar. 1:.451. 1984.

Woody undershrub, to Im tall, branches not angled, stipules

narrowly ovate, apex setaceous, to 1cm long, leaves simple, alternate, to
8x5cm, oblong, obovate, sparsely pubescent, chartaceous, base obtuse, apex
acuminate, margin entire, glabrascent above, tomentose below, petiole 2cm
long, bracts linear, 3mm long. Flowers in axillary racemes, peduncle 5cm
long, calyx lobes tiiangular, corolla violet/whitish. Pod hooked, pubescent,
to 2x0.3cm. articles 4-8, lower margin curved, upper deeply indented.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

FDD-218/302.KUSF. Kondajji, Joldal, Honnalli.
NoterMy specimen differs from others in having small leaves in the axil
of which inflorescence develops.
Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC, Prodr. 2: 337. 1825; Backer & Bakh.f.,
Fl. Java 1: 607. Hedysarum heterocarpon L., Sp. PI. 747. 1753. Hedysarum
polycarpiim Poiret in Lam., Encycl. 6: 413. 1805. Desmodium polycarpon
(Poiret) DC, Prodr. 2: 334. 1825. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:354(377). 1902;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 346(244). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:452. 1984.
Erect undershrub, to 60cm tall, stipules ovate, to 1cm long, scarious,

pink on drying, leaves tiifoliate, alternate, petiole, 3cm long, leaflets
unequal in size, lateral ones half of the median, obovate, termmal 6-6.5x2-
3.5cm, laterals 3.5-4xl.5-2cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base obtuse,
petiolule 0.3cm. Flowers in axillary racemes, peduncle to 1cm long, bracts
broadly ovate, pedicel 2-3mm long, flower to 5mm long, calyx tubular, tube
0.8-1mm long, corolla violet 0.4-0.6cm, stamens diadelphous(9+l). Pod
hooked, lower margin indented, upper straight, articles 6-8, longer than
broad.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Sept. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,

Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Rhukjoi, 'Japan,
Pacific Island, Austraha. FDD-170. Ammanagudde.
Note:C.Saldanha in Flora of Karnataka describes the leaf nature as 1-3
foliate but my specimens shows only trifoliate nature.

Desmodium laxiflorum D C , Ann. Sci. Nat.(Paris) ser. 1, 4: 100. Jan. 1825;

1918. Desmodium dijfusum D C , I.c, non (Willd) D C , Nov. 1825.
Hedysarum diffusum D C , I.e., non (Willd.) DC. Nov. 1825. Hedysarum
reciirvaliim Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 358. 1832. Desmodium recurvatum (Roxb.)
Graham ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 226. 1834; Wight, Ic. t. 374. 1840;Sald,
Fl. Kar. 1:452. 1984.
Erect, pubescent under shrub, to 1.5m tall, branchlets quadrangular,

thin, angled, leaves pinnately 3-foliate, alternate, rachis 4-6cm long, stipules
long, narrowly triangular, acuminate, stipulate, terminal leaflet large, to
8x4.5cm, laterals small to 4x2cm, membranous, ovate, apex acute, base
rounded or acute, margin entire, minutely pubescent on upper surface,
densely appressed silky hairs beneath. Flowers in axillary or terminal
panicles, peduncle tomentose, 2cm long, calyx tube companulate, 5-lobed,
stiigose, teeth longer than the tube, corolla whitish blue, standard petal
white others blue, obovate, stamens (9+1) diadelphous. Pod slender 3-4cm
long, curved, articles 7-9, oblong, compressed, sutures not rounded, articles
longer than broad, joints not prominent.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution-India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,

Bunna, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines,
Malaysia.
Common in Joldal. FDD 430/222 (Plate-3F)
Notc:My specimen differs from the specimen KFP 3060 of C.Saldanha
in leaf size.
Desmodium pulchellum (L.) Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 83. 1861; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 353(376). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 344(243)., 1918.
Hedysarum pulchellum L., Sp. PI. 747. 1753. Phyllodium pulchelum (L.)

Desvaux, J. Bot. Ser. 2, 1: 124. 1813; Ohashi. Ginkgoana 1:276. 1973;Sald,

Fl. Kar. 1:453. 1984.
Undershrub, to 3m high, branchlets pubescent, leaves trifolate,

leaflets elliptic-ovate, tenninal larger 8-12x4-6cm, laterals small 3-6x2.5-
3 cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acute, minutely pubescent. Flowers in
axillaiy long raceme 10-15cm, bracts large orbicular, l-1.5xlcm, pubescent,
persistent, enclosing flower, flower 3-5, hidden in the bracts. Pod jointed,
segments 1-3.
Fi-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution- China, IndoMalaysia.

Common shrub in Joldal range. FDD-571, 720. (Plate-4A)
Desmodium pyronii DC. proud. 2: 324. 1825. D.wighti, Graliam ex Wight

& Am. Prodr. 266. 1834; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:169. 1876; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 346.1918.
Erect, slender herb, to 1.5m tall, stem bluntly 4angled, with finely
dull green hairs, leaves trifoliate, to 9cm long, terminal leaflet rhomboidal,
lanceolate, 5x3.5cm, laterals ovate, to 4x3cm coriaceous, base obovate,
apex acuminate, margin entire, lateral nerves 4-5 pairs, petiole 3-4 cm long,
petiolule to 1mm long. Flowers pink to 0.5cm long, ca;yx 5-lobed.
Fl-Fr:- Sept-No v. Distiibution- India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range. FDD 536.
Desmodium triangularae (Retzius) Menill, J. in J. Arnold Aibor 23: 170.

1942. Hedysarum triangularee Retz. Obs. Bot. 3: 40. 1783.
var congestum (Wight & Am.) Santapau, Kew Bull. 276. 1948. Desmodium
congestum Wall, ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 224. 1834. Wight, Ic. t.- 209.
1839. D.cephalotes yai.congestrum (Wight & Am) Prain in J. Asiat. Soc.

Bengal 66: 389. 1898; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 352. 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 344(242). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar.l:454. 1984.
Moderate sized shrub, to 2m tall, with triquetrus stem, appressed,

silky hairs, leaf alternate, trifoliate, rachis to 4cm long, stipules linear,
bristle pointed, leaflets obovate, median 8x4cm, lateral ones 5x3cm, apex
acuminate, margin entire, base elliptic-oblong, lateral nerves 7-8 pairs,
bracts linear, subulate, ciliate, cauducus. Flowers in axillary crowded
umbel, flowers sub sessile, clyx companulate, densely silky, teeth
lanceolate, corolla reddish. Pods slightly curved, to 2.5x0.4cm, jointed widi
appressed silky hairs, intended on both margins, dark brown.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal,

Burma, Thailand, China, Malaysia, Cambodia, Australia, New Guinea.
Malebennur, Chennagiri. FDD-716.
Desmodium triquetrum (L.) DC. Prodr. 2: 326. 1825; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1: 355(378). 1902; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:163. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 345 Hedysarum triquetrum L. Sp. PI. 746. 1753. Tadehagi
triquetrum (L.) Ohashi, Ginkgoana 1: 290. 1973; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:455. 1984.
Erect under shrubs, stem triangular, hairy in young parts, leaves 1-

foliate, petiole 0-5-4cm long, winged, lamina ovate, oblong or obovate
lanceolate, 4-15xl.5-6cm, coriaceous, base truncate or sub cordate or
rounded, apex acute, margin entire, hairy along margin, stipules 0.5-1cm
long, linear lanceolate, venation reticulate, slightly hairy on the nerves,
main nerves prominent. Flowers in raceme to 30cm long, axillary or
tenninal, flowers bluish purple, pedicel to 0.5cm long, bracts subulate,
calyx lobes 5, unequal, united, lower linear/acute, upper deltoid, petals 5,
free. Pod 2-3x0.5cm, slightly indented along margins, oblong flat seeds
yellow.

FI-Fr:-Sept-Jan. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Thailand, Indo-

Cliina, China, Malaysia, Pacific Islands, New Caledonia, Australia.
Common in KUSF, Malebenur. FDD 717.
Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. Prodr. 2: 328. 1825: Hedysarum

velutinwn Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 1174. 1802. Desmodium lasiocarpum (Beauv.)
DC, Prodr. 2: 328. 1825. Desmodium latifolium Roxb. ex DC, Prodr. 2:
328. 1825; Wight, Ic. t. 270. 1840; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 356(380). 1902;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 346(244). 1918. Hedysarum latifolium Roxb., Fl.
Ind. 3: 350. 1832;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:456. 1984.
Undershrub, 2-3m high, branches fulvous hairy, leaves 1-foliate,

ovate 10-16x6-9cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acute. Flowers in
axillary, long raceme, violet, 2 in each bract. Pod covered with hooked
hairs, upper suture entire, lower indented.
Fl-Fr:- Sept-Nov. Distribution- India- Throughout. World- Nepal, Sri

Lanka, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, China, Malaysia, Pacific
Taiwan, Madagaskar, Tropical Africa.
Ammanagudda. FDD 495.
DUMASIA A. P.de Candolle

Dumasia villosa DC, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) ser. 1, 4: 96. 1825; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 361(385). 1902: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 351(247). 1918.
Dumasia congesta Grahm ex Wight & Am., 206. 1834; Wight, Ic. t. 445.
1841;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:457.1984.
Twiner, branchlet tomentose, leaf trifoliate, to 10cm long, leaflets

almost equal or median slightly larger, leaflets broadly ovate, apex
acuminate-acute, margin hairy, entire or slightly wavy, base obtuse, median
leaflet 17x9.5cm, laterals 14x6.5cm, stipules lanceolate, to 0.5cm'long.
Flowers in axillary, long peduncled, raceme, to 15cm long, pedicel to 1.5cm
long, flowers 1.5-2cm long, calyx companulate, 1.5-2cm long, almost

equaling the corolla, lobes greenish-gray, with white velvety hairy, lobes
almost free to base, persistent, corolla pink-lilac, to 2cm long, exserted. Pod
linear, pale green, with velvety hairy, 2x0.5cm, continuous, constricted
between tlie seeds, 2-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution- India-Western ghats & Eastern ghats, Sri

Lanka, Bhutan, China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Madagascar, Tropical Africa.
Thirtharameshwara. FDD 395.
Note:my specimen differs from CJS 15892 of C.Saldanhas in having
tomentose branchlets, bigger leaf and pod with 2-seeds.
ERYTHRINA
Key to species
1 Armed tree, prickles pale yellow, leaflets tomentose beneath Kstricta
I Armed/unarmed tree, leaflets glabrous E.suberosa
Erythrina stricta Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 251. 1832; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 175. 1872;
1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:459. 1984.
Deciduous, armed tree, to 15m tall, branchlets pubescent, armed with

conical pale yellow, prickle, leaves trifoliate, to 6cm long, peteole to 12cm
long, armed with sharp prickles, leaflets broadly ovate, tomentose beneath,
apex acute-subscute, margin entire, base subcordate, to 6-11.5x7.2-13.5cm,
glabrous, secondary nerves 5-8 pairs. Flowers scarlet red in fascicles of 2-3,
calyx pubescent, split on one side up to base, to 1.5cm long, corolla scalrlet
red, standard 4.5x2cm. Fruit pod, brownish, o 10cm long, 3-4seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Mai-. Distribution-India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, East Tibet,

Buima, Vietnam, Laos, China.
Common in open forest and along road side. FDD-494.
Note:Bark- used in powder form for treating fever, asthama, some
practitioners claims that it is effective in treating leprosy, epilepsy.
Flowers- antidote to poison.

Erythrina suberosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 253. 1832; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
367(392). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 354 (250). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar.
1:460. 1984.
Deciduous, armed tree, to 15cm tall, branches pubescent, armed with

stout conical prickles, leaf trifoliate, to 12cm long, glabrous above,
pubescent beneath, broadly ovate, thin coriaceous, 8.5-10.2x1 l-12cm, apex
obtuse/acute, margin entire, slightly lobed, base truncate. Flowers scarlet
red, in densely capitate, long receme, 8-10cm long, calyx splitting into 2-
lips to 3cm long, pubescent, corolla scarlet red, 3.5-4cm long, standard 3.2-
3.6x7.5cm. Fruit pod, stipitate, 2-5 seeded, 9.5-13.2x1.2cm.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Burma, Indo-China.

KUSF range. FDD-724.
FLEMINGIA Roxburgh ex W.T. Aiton nom.com.

Key to species
1 Leaves simple
2 Flower purple/rosy inserted, bracts hirsute, longer than pedicel...F.6rflcto//fl
2 Flower white exserted, bracts pubescent, shorter than pedicel ..F.strobilifera
1 Leaves trifoliate, corolla purplish yellow F.macrophylla
Flemingia bracteata (Roxb.) Wight, Ic. t. 268. 1840; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
391 (416). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 378(266). 1918. Hedysarum
bracteatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 351. 1832. Flemengia strobilifera
vox.bracteata (Roxb) Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:227. 1876; Said, Fl.
Kar. 1:461.1984.
Erect sluub, leaves unifoliate, ovate to ovate-lancelate, to 12x5.5cm,

peduncle nearly straight, bracteoles longer than pedicel. Flower purple,
bract hirsute, longer than pedicel. Pod oblong, rounded, completely
concealed by persistent bracteoles.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Throughtout India, Myanmar, China.

KUSF range, Yerehalli and Kondajji. FDD-736.

Flemengia macrophylla (Willd) Prain ex Merril, Philip. J. Sci. Bot. 5: 130.

1910. Crotalaria macrophylla Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 982. 1802. Flemengia
congesta Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed . 2, 4:349. 1812; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 340.
1832;Wight, Ic. t. 390. 1840; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 392 (418). 1902;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 378(267). 1918. Maughania macrophylla (Willd)
Kuiitze, Revis. Gen. PI. 1: 199. 1891; Bocker & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 1: 638.
1963 {MauganiayMd, Fl. Kar. 1:462. 1984.
Shrub, to Im tall, branchlet pubescent, hairs grey, appressed, leaf

tiifoliate, to 10cm long, leaflet elliptic-lanceolate, 12.5-18.4x5.5-7.4cm,
apex acuminate, margin entire, base obtuse, petiole angled. Flowers in
axillary, congested raceme, to 4cm long, bracts foliaceous, 0.4-0.6 cm long,
flowers small, to 0.5cm long, calyx tubular, to 0.1cm long, lobes to 0.4cm
long, corolla purplish, standard obovate, stamens diadelphus. Pod oblong,
0.8-1.2x0.4cm, pubescent, 2-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Thioughout India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal,

Bhutan, China, Malaysia, Australia, Cultivated in Africa.
Kondajji. FDD-737. (Figure-14)
Flemengia stobilifera (L.) R. Brown in Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 4: 350.

1812 ; Wight. Ic. t.267. 1840; Cooke. Fl. Bombay 1: 390(416).
1902;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 377(216). 1918. Hedysarum strobeliferum
L., Sp. PI. 746. 1753. Maughania strobelifera (L) St. Hil. ex Kuntze, Revis.
Gen. PI. I: 199. 1891: Backer & Bakh. f, Fl.. Java I: 638. 1963
{MoghaniayMd, Fl. Kar. 1:463.1984.
Bushy shrub, 1-1.5m tall, branchlets tomentose, stipules 0.3cm long,

scarius, lanceolate, cauducus, leaves simple, 9.5-11cm long, petiole 0.6-0.8
cm long, ovate- lanceolate, apex acute-acuminate, base rounded, margin
entire, glabrous above, hairy along midrib, silky pubescent beneath.

Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, to 13 cm long, bracts membranous,

prominent and persistent, to 3x3cm long, orbicular, glabrescent, nerves
prominent, flowers small to 6mm long, peduncle 0.2-0.4cm long, calyx
tubular, tube 1mm long, lobes setaceous, corolla exserted, white, standard
orbicular, stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod curved, 2-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Mai-. Distiibution-lndia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan,

Bangladesh, Burma, China, Malaysia, West Indies Mauritius.
Thirtharameshwara, Joldal. FDD-172.
Note:Root- used in epilepsy, hysteria.
GLIRICIDIA Humboldt, Bonpland et Kunth

Glirlcidia septum (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. Rep. 1:679. 1842. Glihcidia
maculata (Steud.) Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 6:393. 1824.
Deciduous tiee, to 6m tall, branchlets pubescent, leaves

impairipinnately compound, altemate, leaflets 12-14 pairs, opposite, rachis
to 14cm long, petiole to 3cm long, leaflets thin, coriaceous, elliptic-
lanceolate or elliptic ovate, 2-5.5. Flowers pale pink-rosy white, in axillary
raceme, to 15cm long, flowers to 1.5cm long, calyx cupular, glabrous,
corolla much exserted, to 0.9cm long, standard sub-orbicular. Fruit pod,
woody, linear-oblong, narrow at both ends, yellowish, 10-13cm long,
slightly constricted between the seeds, seeds 5-7, compressed, pale brown.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-May. Distribution-Planted throughout, native of South America

FDD-746.
INDIGOFERA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Prostrate herb:
2 Leaves simple, corolla red, pod cylindric, beaked I.cofdifolia
2 Leaves compound:
3 Leaf trifoliate, pod filiform, slightly winged at base of suluie I.prostrata
3 Leaf odd pinnately compound, pod ellipsoid, white hirsute I.linnaei
1 Erect herb/undershrub

4 Leaflets three, pod linear narrowly winged along margin ..I.trifoUata

4 Leaflets more than 3, pod not winged along margin:
5 Plant covered with brown tomentum I.hirsuta
5 Plant pubescent I.cassioides
Indigofera cassioides Rottler ex DC, Prodr. 2:225. 1825; Ali, Bot. Notiser
111:569. 1958. Indigofera pulchella auct.non Roxb., 1832; Wight, Ic. t.
367. 1840; Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:101.1876; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1:320(341.) 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 313(221). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:469. 1984.
Deciduous shrub, branchlets glabrous, leaf rachis long, to 13cm,

leaflets 13-23, alternate, leaflets elliptic-oblong, apex emerginate, 2-
3x1.3cm. Flowers pink in racemes, to 14cm long. Fruit pod, stright,
cylindrical.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution-India.
Rare, collected in Thirtharameshwara, near temple. FDD-746. (Figure-16)
Indigofera cordifolia Heyne ex Roth Nov. PI. Sp. 357. 1821; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India. 2:93; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 309 (218). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:470. 1984.
Prostrate, white tomentose herb, to 40cm tall, leaves simple, ovate-

cordate, pale green, with white wooly hairs, 0.2-0.5x0.5-0.6cm, alternate,
crowded at flowering and fruiting stage, apex mucranate, margin entire,
base cordate, sessile. Flowers in axillary, condensed racemes, to 10cm long,
shortly pedicelled, to 0.2cm long, calyx tubular, white, hairy, sepals
setaceous to 0.1cm long, corolla pink, exserted, to 0.3cm long, stamens
diadelphous (9+1). Pod oblong, cylindric, beaked 0.3-0.1cm long, pale
white, with persistent style, 2-seeded, seeds round, brown.

Fl-Fr:-July-Oct. Dishibution-India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Cape Verde

Islands, Mauritius, Niger, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Socotra, Indonesia,
Australia.
Common in open hills and forests of kondajji, Thirtliarameshwara. FDD
402.
Indigo/era liirsiita L. Sp. PI. 1062.1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2:96.1876;
Gamble Fl. Presi. Madras 312(221). 1919.
Erect, densely pubescent herb, branchlets covered with brown hairs,

leaves odd pinnately compound, to 14cm long, leaflets subopposite, elliptic-
oblanceolate, 3.5-4.5x2.5cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base subacute.
Flowers pink in axillary racemes. Pod stright, tetragonous, covered with
brown hairs.
Fl-Fr:-Sept. Distiibution-Tropics.
Common in open forests. FDD-919.
Indigofera linnaei Ali. Bot. Notiser 111; 549. 1958; Backer & Bakh. F., Fl.
Java 1: 591. 1963. Hedysarum prostratum L., Mant. PI. 102. 1767.
Indigofera enneaphylla L., Mant. PI. 272. 571. nom. illeg., Wight. Ic. t. 403.
1840; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 312(332) 1902: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
309(218). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:472. 1984.
Profusely branched, gray pubescent herb, leaf odd piimately

conipouiul. racliis 1.5-1.8cni long, leaflets 5-7, to 0.8x0.3cm, lower ones
slightly smaller, oblong, obovate, apex obtuse, margin entire, base cuneate,
appresed haiiy. Flowers in axillaiy raceme, sub capitate, 10-15 flowered,
flowers 0.2-0.4cm long, calyx tubular, to 2mm long, lobes setaceous, haiiy,
corolla bright red, to 0.6cm long exserted, stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod
turgid, 4 mm long, ellipsoid-subovoid, hirsute, brown, 2-seeded.

Fl-Fr:- Aug-Dec. Distribution - Throughout India, Pakistan, Nepal,

Bangladesh, Bunna, Thailand, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia.
Common in open forest of Honnali & Chennagiri. FDD 413.
Indiffofera prostrata Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 1226. 1802; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 310(219). 1918; Sant., Fl. Kliandala ed. 3. 55. 1967; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:473.1984.
Prostrate, branched herb, 25-40cm tall, branchlets appressed hairy,

leaf trifoliate, to 4cm long, petiole 1.5-2cm long, leaflet obovate, appressed
haiiy, apex obtuse, apiculate, base acute. Flowers purple, in axillary
clusters, to 0.6cm long, 4-6 flowered, calyx to 0.1cm long, hairy, corolla
puiple-pink, to .3cm long, exserted. Pod filiform, 1.5-2.5cm long, appressed
haiiy, slightly winged along margin, seeds up to 6.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distiibution-India- Goa, Gujarat, Kamataka, Kerala,

Mahaiashtia, Orissa, Tamilnadu, Endemic.
Kaggi forest, Joldal & Basavapura. FDD-498. (Plate-4D)
Indigofera trifoliata L., Cent. PI. II. 29. 1756; Wight. Ic. t. 314. 1840;
1918; Al; Fl. W. Pak. 100: 78. 1977; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:474. 1984.
Erect undershrub, branchlets pubescent, leaves trifoliately

compound, to 2cm long, leaflets obovate, sub sessile, 1-1.5x0.5cm,
apperessed haiiy, hairs pale white, glandular beneath, glands brownish,
apex rounded, apiculate, margin entire, base acute. Flowers pink, in axillary
clusters of 4-8 flowers, pedicel to 0.2cm long, flowers 0.4-0.6cm long,
calyx 0.1-0.2cm long, 5-lobed, lobes Imear, hairy, corolla pink 0.2-0.6cm
long, exserted, stamens diadelphus 9+1. Pod linear, 1-1.5x0. l-0.2cm,
brown, slightly angled, deflexed, winged along margins, 4-6 seeded.

Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, China,

Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Australia,
Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range, Tuppadalli. FDD-72.
MUCUNA Adanson nam. cons.

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC, Prodr. 2:405. 1825; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
365(389). 1902; Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan 259. 1976. Dolichos
puriem L. in Stickman, Herb. Amb. 23. 1753. Sizolobium pruriens (L.)
Medicus, Vorles. Churpfalz. Phys.-Ocon. Ges. 2:399. 1787. Mucunaprurita
W. Hooker, Bot. Misc. 2:348. 1830 nom.superfl.; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
356(251). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:478. 1984.
Annual twmer, branches tomentose, leaves 3-foliate, alternate,

petiole long, 10-12cm, leaflets unequal, median larger, rhomboidal, laterals
ovate, 6-12x10-11cm, apex acute, margin entire, base rounded. Flowers in
panicle, bluish-violet. Pod turgid, curved, covered with brown stinging
bristles.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Tropics.
Common in Thirtharameshwara. FDD-220
Note:Seeds are used in treating epilepsy.
NEONOTONIA (Wight & Am.) Lackey

Neonatonia wightii (Wight & Am) Lackey in Phytologia 37; 210. 1977.
Glycine wightii (Grahm ex Wight & Am.) Verdcourt in Taxon 15: 35.1966.
Nolonia wightii Graham ex Wight & Am. Prodr. 208. 1834. Johnia wightii
(Wight & Arn.) Wight & Arn. Prodr. 449. 1834. Glycine javonica auct. non
L., Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 351. ^, 1918;Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:183.
1866.
Climbing herbs, branchlets angular, slender, densely clothed with

deflexed gray hairs, stipules small, to 5mm long, leaves trifoliate, leaflets

unequal, terminal large 4-6x4-3.5cm, base ovate, apex acute, margin entire,
petiole 5cm long, petiolule to 3mm long, bracts small. Flowers in racemes,
axilary, to 15 cm, long, flowers reddish/pink, small, calyx tube companulate,
corolla exerted, stamens monoadelphous, 10 in number. Pods linear villous
densely hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Feb. Distribution-India, Tropical Africa, Indonesia.

Belagutti, Thirtharameshwara, Harapanahalli. FDD 210/227
OUGEINIA Bentham
Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochr., Ann. Cons. Jard. Dot. Geneve 13 &
14: 51. 1909; Ali, Fl. W. Pakistan 100: 341. \911{oogeinsis) Dalbegia
ougeinemis Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 220. 1832; Wight, Ic. t. 391. 1840. Ougeinia
dalbergioides Benth. In Miq., PI. Jungh. 216. 1852; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 36.
1869; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 350 (373). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
240(340). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:480. 1984.
Deciduous tree, to 10m tall, leaf tiifoliate, to 15cm long, petiole to

5cm long, leaflets broadly ovate, coriaceous, glabrous above, slightly
pubescent beneath, 8.5-13.5x5.8-10.5cm, apex retuse, margin crenate, base
cordate. Flower rose coloured, in axillary, fascicled raceme on the old
wood, 3-5cm long, pedicel to 1cm long, calyx pubescent, to 0.5cm long,
companulate, corolla rose coloured, much exserted, to 1.5cm long, standard
broad, to 0.8cm, stamens diadelphoous. Pod linear, flat, disticntly 2.5
jointed, joints longer than broad, to 7cm, seeds 2.5, brown on maturity.
Fi-Fr:-Apr-May. Distribution-India, Nepal.

Joldal, Haiapanahalli outskirts, not frequent. FDD-497. KN-Kari honne.
Note:Bark- when incised furnishes a kino- like exudation, which is
used in dysentry & diarrhoea; in decoction given when the urine is
highly coloured; used as fish poison.

PARACALYX Ali
Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.) Ali, Univ. Studies Karachi 5(3):95. 1968.
Cylista scariosa Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 92. 1795; Wight, Ic. t. 1597. 850; Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 1:386(412). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Mackas 371(262). 1918;
Said, FI.Kar. 1:481. 1984
Climbing undershrub, branchlets tomentose. Leaves pinnately

trifoliate, rachis 6-9cm long, leaflets rhomboid-ovate, 5-9x4-6cm, apex
acute, margin entire, base acute, pubescent, nerves prominent beneath.
Flowers yellow, in racemes, to 15cm long, calyx scarious, 2-3.5cm long,
persistent, prominently nerved, enclosing corolla and pod, corolla yellow,
slightly exserted, 1-1.5cm long. Pod enclosed, pubescent, falkate.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Mar. Distribution- Indomalaya.

Common in outskirts of forest, Jagalur, Homiali, Joldal, KUSF range. FDD-
695. KN-Kadle nam.
PONGAMIA Ventenat
Pongamiapinnata (L.) Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 385. 1899; Thoth., Bull.
Bot. Surv. India 3: 418. 1962; Taxon, 30: 44. 1981. Cystisus pinnatus L.,
Sp. PI. 741. 1753 (non Denis pinnata Lour.). Galedupa indica Lam.,
Encycl. 2: 594. 1788. Pongamia glabra Vent., Jard. Malm. t. 177. 1872;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 402 (429). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 385
(272). 1918. Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 68:
303. 1971; Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan 248.1976;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:482.
1984.
Evergreen tree, to 15m tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves alternate,

impairipiimately compound, leaflets 7, opposite, rachis to lAcm- long,
peteolule 0.3-0.5cm, each 4.5-5.8x2.8-4.5cm, elliptic-oblong, apex shortly
acuminate, margin entire, base rounded-cuneate. Flowers pale pink/white,

in axiallary and terminal panicled raceme, to 10cm long, pedicel short,

calyx cupular, brown pubescent, to 0.4cm long, corolla longer than calyx,
much exserted, to 0.8cm long, standard orbicular, 0.4-0.5cm. Pod oblong,
compressed, minutely beaked, narrow at base, 3.5-4x2-2.5cm, 1-seeded,
seed reniform, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-India, Pakistan, Banglsdesh, Malaysia,

Australia, Polynesia, Micronesia.
Common roadside tree, often in wild. KUSF, Kondajji. FDD-738.
Note:Seeds- used as external appilication in skin diseases.Oil from seeds
is useful in cutaneous affections, also applied externally in herpes. Fresh bark
extract is applied externally in bleeding piles. Leaf extract is applied on
ulcers infested with worms. Juice of roots used for closing fistulous
sores & for cleaning foul ulcers, given internally with equal quantities
of coconut milk & lime water for gonorrhoea.
PSEUDARTHRIA Wight & Amott

Pseudathria viscida (L.) Wight & Am., Prodr. 209. 1834: Wight, Ic. t. 286.
1840: Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 304(366). 1902: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
334 (236). 1918. Hedysarum viscidum L., Sp. PI. 747. 1753;Sald, Fl. Kar.
1:482. 1984
Glandular viscid, straggling under shrub or large herb, 1-1.5m long,

branchlets viscid, hairy, hairs brown, leaves trifoliate, alternate to 17cm
long, petiolule to 2mm long, median larger, 4.5-6x2.5-4cm, broadly ovate
or rhomboidal, apex acute, margin slightly wavy, ciliate, base cuneate,
pubescent below, glabrous above, laterals 1.8-2.4x1.4-1.6cm, ovate, stipules
linear, lanceolate, to 0.4cm long. Flower in axillary or terminal, long
peduncled raceme, bracts subulate, to 2mm long, peduncle 13cm long,
pedicel 0.6-0.8 cm, flower to 0.4-0.9cm across, calyx tubular, lobes linear,
lanceolate, haiiy, corolla slightly exserted, purplish to 0.5cm long, standard
orbicular. Pod linear to oblong, flattened, suture thick, indented between the
seeds, viscid hairy, margin cihate, 1.5-0.5cm long, seeds 4-6, brown.

Fl-Fr:-Jan-Feb. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Vietnam, Laos,

Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Tropical Africa.
Joldal, Kondajji, Malebennur. FDD-416.
Note:PIant extract is used in treating rliematism.
PTEROCARPUS N Jacquin nom. Cons.

Pterocarpiis marsupium Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 116. 1799: Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 21.
385(271). I9I8; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:484.1984.
Large deciduous tree, to 18m tall, leaves odd pinnately compound,

rachis 7-16cm, leaflets 5-7, alternate, elliptic-oblong or ovate, apex
emerginate, margin entire, base rounded-truncate, glabracent, shining,
turning brown/oily green on drying. Flowers golden yellow, in axillary
panicle, peduncle 10-18cm long, flowers 1-2.5cm long, calyx 0.8x0.2cm,
cupular, dark brown, corolla 1-1.4x0.5cm, golden yellow, standard
orbicular, stamens mono/isodiadelphus. Pod orbicular, winged,
indehiscent.2-seeded.
FI-Fr:-June-Jan. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Kukkavada. FDD-147.
RHYNCHOSIA Loureiro nom. Cons

Key to species
1 Prostrate/trailing herb Kminima

1 Erect shrub/undershrub:
2 Calyx acrescent, to 1cm in fruit, pod 1-seeded Krufescens
2 Calyx not as above, pod 2-seeded Ksuaveolens
Rhynchosia minima (L.) D C , Prodr. 2: 385. 1825. Cooke. Fl. Bombay 1:

388 (414). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 375 (364). 1918. Dolichos
minima L., Sp. PI. 726. 1753;Sald, Fl, Kar. 1:487. 1984.

Slender, trailing herb, branchlets glabrous, leaves trifoliate, alternate,

median larger tihan laterals, broadly ovate, median 2.2-3.4x1-1.5cm, laterals
1.4-2x1-1.2cm, pubescent above, glandular hairy below, apex obtuse, base
cuneate, margin entire. Flowers in axillary raceme, calyx tubular, hairy,
corolla yellow, slightly exserted, stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod brown,
haiiy, to 1.4x0.5cm, slightly curved, apex apiculate, septate, seeds 3-5,
black estrophiolate.
Fl-Fr:-Feb. Distribution-India, Pantropical.

Shanthisagarrange. FDD 111.
Rhynchosia rufescens (Willd.) DC, Prodr. 2: 387. 1825; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 373(263). 1918. Glycine rufescens Willd., Ges. Natur f. Freunde
Berlin Neue Schriften 4: 222. 1803; Said, Fl. Kar.487.1984.
Erect underslirub, branchlets trailing, stipules small, linear to 0.3cm

long, leaf tiifoliate, alternate, median larger, 1.4-2.5x0.4-1.8cm, laterals 1-
1.4x0.4-0.6cm, apex acute, margin entire, base obtuse, broadly ovate,
minutely pubescent. Flowers in axillary, few flowered raceme, peduncle
slender, to 8cm long, flowers 0.5-0.8cm long, calyx acrescent, large, lobes
free to base, 0.3-0.8cm long, ovate, apex obtuse, margin entire, brown
hairy, covering the fruit up to tip, corolla yellow, included, to 0.4cm long.
Pod 0.5cm long, brown or pale pink, to 0.7x0.3cm, apex apiculate,
subglobose, strophiolate.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-June. Distribution-India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia,

Malaysia.
KUSFrange, Jagalur.. FDD-71.

Rhynchosia suaveolens (L. f.) DC, Prodr. 2: 387. 1825; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 374 (264). 1918. Glycine suvaveolens L. f, Suppl. PI. 326. 1781;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1:498.1984.
Undershrub, to 80cm tall, branchlets viscid, pubescent, leaf trifoliate,

3-4 cm long, petiole 2.8-3cm long, leaflets almost equal or median slightly
larger, ovate, oblong, 1.5-3x1.2-2cm, apex acute, margin entire, base
obtuse, hairy on both sides, hairs white, appressed, petiole to 2mm long.
Flower in axillary pairs, small, to 3mm long, calyx tubular, tube to 2.8mm
long, hairy, lobes linear-lanceolate, corolla exserted, yellow, stamens
diadelphous (9+1). Pod pubescent, oblong, septate, 2-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Common along outer forest skirts. FDD 401.
SESBANIA Adanson
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret. in Lam. Encycl. 7:127. 1806;Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India 2:115.1576; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 323(221 ).1918. Robinia
grandijlora L. Sp. PI. 722. 1753; Said, Fl.Kar. 1:489. 1984.
Medium sized tree, to 10m tall, branchlets pubescent, leaves

pairipinnately compound, leaflets 26-40, to 20cm long, oblong or obovate,
each 2.2-2.5x1-1.2cm, apex slightly mucrnate, margin entire, base obtuse.
Flowers in 2-4 flowered raceme, flowers large to 8cm, calyx cupular, 5-
lobed, lobes small, to 0.8cm long, corolla white-pale pink, large, to 7cm,
standard broadly obovate. Pod pendulous, slightly angular-quadrangular,
cui-ved, to 30cm long, seeds upto 30, brown.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distribution-India, cultivated throughout, cultivate and

naturalized in tropical Africa and Asia, probably a native of Indonesia.
Cultivated. FDD-889.

SHUTERIA Wight & Amot npm. Cons

Shuteria vestita Wight & Am., Prodr. 207. 1834; Wight, Ic. t. 165. 1839;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 361(384). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 350
(247). 1918;Sald, Fl.Kar. 1:489. 1984.
Climbing herb, braiichlets slightly pubescent, leaf trifoliate, to 14cm

long, leaflets mieqval, petiole to 5cm long, petiolule 0.2-0.8cm long,
rhomboidal-ovate, apex acute, margin entire, base round, slightly pubescent
above, pubescent below, nerves prominent, pink colored below. Flowers in
axillary, long peduncled raceme, to 6cm long, flower pink- purple red, calyx
hairy, lobes lanceolate, hairy, corolla exserted, 0.3-0.5cm long, standard
orbicular, stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod linear, 3.5-0.5cm long, slightly
curved, hairy, seeds 5-7.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-June. Distribution- India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, South East

Asia, China. Bhatlii hill, Joldal, Santhebennur FDD-410.
SMITHIA Alton mm. Com.

Key to species
1 Stem bristly S.setulosa
1 Stem not bristly:
2 Flower axillary, 1-2, pedicel short S.conferta
2 Flowers in terminal raceme, pedicel long, flower 5-6 S-sensitiva
Smithia conferta J. E. Smith, in Rees, Cyclop. 33: n. 2. 1819: Gamble, Fl.

Presi. Madras 329(232). 1918; Steenis, Reinwardtia 5: 445. 1961: Sant, Fl.
Khandala ed. 3. 58. 1967. Snulhia êminifera Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 352. 1821;
Gamble, I.c; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:491. 1984.
Branched, diffuse herb, branchlets not bristly, stem glabrous,

branchlets ascending, leaves pinnately compound, rachis 1.5-2cm long,
hairy, leaflets 4-5 pairs, opposite each 0.4-0.6x0.2cm, obovate, bristly hairy,
apex obtuse, drawn out in to a bristle, margin entire, base rounded. Flowers

in pairs, in the upper axis, pedicel short, bracts and bracteoles scarious,
bristle tipped, calyx bilipped, rigid, entire, nerves parallel, bristly hairy on
back, petals yellow, 0.5-1.2cm long, exserted, stamens diadelphous (5+5).
Pod 0.5-0.8 cm long, joints turgid.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-April. Distribution- India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Burma, South

China, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines,
Australia.
Chennagiri, Honnalli. FDD 660.
Sniithia sensitiva Alton, Hort. Kew. 3:496. 1851; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
335(357). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 329(232). 1918; Said, FI.
Kar. 1:492. 1984.
Procumbent herb, branchlets woody, leaves pinnately compound,

pairipinnate, piimae 3-10 pairs, oblong, each 0.5x0.2cm, rachis ciliate on
both sides. Flowers in raceme, to 10cm long, flowers 5-6, corolla yellow.
Pod 4-5 jointed, enclosed in calyx.
FI-Fr:-Aug-Mar. Distribution-Tropical asia, Africa.

Jagalur. FDD-429.
Smitia setulosa Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew gard. Misc. 3:208.1851;

Bedd., Ic. t. 243. 1874; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:337(359). 1902; Gamble, Fl.
Presr Madras 329(232). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:493. 1984.
Erect herb, branchlets bristly haiiy, leaf pinnately compound, rachis

to 7cm long, pinnae 7-9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2x0.5cm. Flowers in
panicle, to 20 cm long, calyx hairy, rigid, corolla yellow. Fruit jointed,
joints 10, turgid.
Fl-Fr:-Jan. Distribution-South W. India.

Chennagiri range. FDD-345.

STYLOSANTHES Swartz.
Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retzius) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 77.
1931; Verdcourt, Kew Bull. 24: 59. 1970. Stylosanthes mucranata Willd.,
Sp. PI. 3: 1166. 1802, nom. illegit, Bedd., Ic. t. 294. 1874; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 334 (356). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 326(230). 1918;
Said, Fl.Kar. 1:495.1984.
Rigid, tomentose under shrub, 50-80cm tall, leaves trifoliate,

alternate, leaflets 0.5-1x0.2-0.4cm, leaflets elliptic, ovate, hairy on back,
nei-ves prominent, 4-5 pairs, apex mucranate, margin entire, hairy, base
acute, stipules linear, prominently 3-nerved, bristled tipped, to 0.4mm long.
Flowers in condensed spike, in axillary/terminal, bract foliar, membranous,
haiiy, calyx cupular, 0.3-0.4cm long, lobes ciliate, unequal, upper 2-lobes
fused, corolla yellow, with puiplish streak, to 0.8cm long, exserted,
standard orbicular, 0.5-0.8cm long, stamens monoadelphous. Pod sessile,
compressed, 0.6-1cm, hooked at apex, style persistent.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-June. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Arabia, Madagaskar,

Tropical Africa. Common in Joldal. FDD-431.
T E P H R O S I A Persoon nom. Cons.

Key to species
1 Plant tomentose:
2 Leaflets 3-5, often solitary, pod 10-12 seeded T.pulcherrima
2 Leaflets 9-15, pod 6-10 seeded:
3 Pod wooly tomentose T.villosa
3 Pod ubescent T.hookeriana
1 Plant not tomentose, glabracent:
4 Plant procumbent, pod pubescent T.pumila
4 Plant erect undershrub, pod glabrous T.purpurea
Tephrosia hookeriana Wight & Am., Prodr. 212. 1834; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 320 (226). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:497. 1984.

Medium sized shrub, to 80cm tall, leaf oddpimiately compound,

alternate, racliis 9-Ilcm, leaflets 19-23, leaflets equal, obovate-oblong, apex
rounded, tip mucranate, margin entire, base rounded-obtuse, glabracent
above, brown pubescent below, petiolule 0.8-1.2cm long. Flowers in
axillary racemes, leaf opposed, peduncle 2.5-3cm long, bracts small, to
3mm long, flowers subsessile, petiole to 1mm long, calyx companulate,
hairy, lobes unequal, 3-lobed, lobes velvety hairy, acute, corolla pink,
exserted, standard obovate, white, hairy on back. Pod flat, oblong,
pubescent, curved, 3.5-5.2x0.4-0.6cm, compressed, apex spiniscent.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Sept. Distribution. India, Sri Lnka, Bangladesh.

Thirtharameshwara. FDD 229.
Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Persoon, Syn. PI.2:330.1807; Brummit, Soc.

Brot. Bol.ser.2,258.1968. Ga/egapumila Lam., Encycl. 2:599.1786. Galega
rocumbem Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13:547.1822. Tephrosia
purpurea var.pumila Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2:113.1876; Cooke,
FI. Bombay 1:325(347). 1902. Tephrosia rocumbens (Buch.-Ham) Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 320(226). 1918; Said, Fl, Kar. 1:497.1984.
Procumbent herb, branchlets pilose, leaf odd pinnate, leaflets 5-11,

obovate, to 1.5x0.8cm, apecx acute, margin entire, base acute. Flower pale
white, in 1-3 fascicles, axillary . Pod pubescent, 11 seeded.
Fl-Fr:-June-Oct. Distribution-Tropics.
FDD-528. (Figure-18)
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Persoon. PI. 2: 329. 1807. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
325 (346). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 320 (226). 1918. Burmmit. Soc.
Brot. Bol. Ser. 2, 240. 1968. Cracca purpurea L., Sp. PI. 752. 1753.
Tephrosia wallichil, Graham ex Fawcett & Rendel, J. Bot. 55: 35. 1917.

Tephrosia homiltonii J. R. Dnimmond ex Gamble 320 (226). 1918;Sald, Fl.

Kar. 1:493. 1984.
Erect undershrub, to Im tall, leaf odd pinnately compound, rachis 5-

7cm long, alternate, leaflets 7-19, opposite, shortly petiolulate 1-2.5x0.5-
1cm, apex mucranate, margin entire, base acute, pubescent below. Flowers
purple/pink, in axillary, leaf opposed, long racemes, to 8cm, flowers
clustered at the tip, bract shorter than the pedicel, to 0.3 cm long, calyx
copular, to 1mm long, sparsely hairy, corolla purple, to 0.5cm long, exerted,
.stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod flat, to 3cm long, minutely pubescent, 6-8
seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Throughout the season. Distribution-India, Nepal, Bhutan, South

Asia, Australia, Tropical & South Africa, Introducedd in Tropical America.
Common along open forest. FDD 246. (Figure-19)
Tephrosia pulcherrima (Wight, ex Baker) Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras

319(225). 1918. Tjinctoria Pers. var. pulcherrima Wight, ex. Baker in
Hooker, Fl. Brit. hidia2:112. 1876.
Undererb, branchlets angular fulvous hairy, leaves odd pinnately

compound, alternate, leaflets 3-5, often simple in lower and upper branches,
terminal one longer than the laterals, 1.5-7x0.8-2.2cm, leaflets opposite,
oblong-obovate, apex emerginate, margin entire, base obtuse, glabrous
above, white pubescent below, lateral nerves obscure. Flowers in long
peduncled raceme, to 8cm long, flowers 0.8-1.2cm long, orange red/flame
colored, calyx companulate, 0.2cm long, white hairy, corolla 0.4-0.6cm
long, brownish hairs on back, stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod flat, thin,
slightly curved, brown hairs on the surface, to 4cm long.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Kukkawada, Joldal. FDD-239/234. (Figure-17)

Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 329. 1807; Wight 8L Am., Prodr.
212. 1834; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 326(347). 1902; Brummit, Soc. Brot. Bol.
Ser. 2, 224. 1968. Crocca villosa L., Sp. PI. 752. 1753. Tephrosia villosa
var. incana (Roxb.) Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:113. 1876. Tephrosia
hirta (Ruch-Ham) Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 318(225). 1918; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:499.1984.
Erect silky, villous herb, leaf odd pinnately compound, alternate,

rachis to 6cm high, stipules linear, to 0.4cm long, hairy, leaflets 9-15,
obovate, 0.6-0.8x0.2-0.4cm long, apex obtuse, margin entire, base cuneate,
upper surface glabrous or minutely pubescent, undersurface pubescent with
white, silky appressed hairs. Flowers in axillary, few flowered raceme, to
6cm long, bracts linear, flowers 0.5-0.8cm long, calyx to 0.3cm long, hairy,
lobes lanceolate, corolla pink to 0.5cm long, standard orbicular, hairy on
back, stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod tomentose 2.5-3x0.2-0.4cm, falkately
cuiTed upward, margin hairy, apex acuminate, seeds 6-8.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-India, Pantropical.

Lakshmi range and Thirtharameshwaia. FDD 232.
TERAMNUS P. Brown.
Teramnus mollis Bentham, J. Liim. Soc, Bot. 8 265. 1865; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 352(249). 1918: Verdcourt, KewBull. 24: 276. 1970. Glycine
mollis Wight & Am., Prodr. 209.1834. p.p. Teramnus labialis var. Mollis
Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. Indis. 2:184. 1876: Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
364(387). 1902; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:500. 1984.
Twiner, branchlets strigose, leaves trifoliate, 8-12cm long, leaflets

almost equal, or median slightly longer, ovate lanceolate, 5.5-7x2.8-3.5cm,
apex acute, margin entire, base obtuse, petiole 3.5-4.5cm long, petiolule to
0.5cm long, glabrous, hairy along midrib. Flowers in axillary, racemes, to

10cm long, flowers small, 0.2-0.4cm long, calyx companulate, to 0.2cm

long, lobes strigose, corolla pink exserted, to 0.5cm long, standard obovate,
stamens monoadelphus. Pod linear, slightly curved, to 4x0.2cm, hairy along
margins apex apiculate, brown on dry, 8-10 seeded.
Fl-Fr:- Sept-Jan. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh,

Brnma, Indonesia. Kalbigiri gudda. FDD-353. (PIate-4F)
URARIA Desvaux
Key to species
1, Leaflets orbicular, flowers in elongated raceme U.rufescens
1 Leaflets elliptic, flowers in dense oblong racemes U.logopodioides
Uraria logopodioides Desvaux, J. Bot. 1: 22. 1813; Uraria alopecuroides

Sweet, Hort, Brit. ed. 2, 148. 1830; Wight, Ic. t. 290. 1840; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 336(237). 1918. Uraria rependa Wall, ex Bentham in
Miquel, PI. Jungh, 213. 1832; Baker in Hooker, FI. Brit. India. 2:156. 1876;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1:500. 1984.
Trailing undershrub, branchlets ascending, pubescent, leaves

variable, 1-foliate, often 3-foliate, intermixed, ovate-elliptic, 6-8x1.5-2cm,
apex obtuse, with mucranate tip, margin entire, base cuneate. Flowers m
tenninal racemes, racemes dense, conspicuous in having white hairy calyx,
to 3cm long, calyx lobes tubular, lobes longer than tube, white, hirsute, 0.5-
0.8 cm long, lobes persistent, covering the fruit, corolla blue, exserted. Pod
brown, glabrous, 2-seeded, covered by hairy calyx.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-June. Distribution:-India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Bhutan, South

China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia.
Kondajji. FDD-96.
Uraria rufescens (DC.) Schindler in Fedde, Rep. 21: 14. 1925. Desmodium
rufescens D C , Aim, Sc. Nat. 4: 101. 1825. Uraria hamosa Sweet (Hort.

Brit. ed. 2, 149.1830; nom) ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 222. 1834; Wight, Ic. t.
284. 1840; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 336(237). 1918; Said, in Fl. Kar.
1:501.1984.
Undershrub, to Im tall, branchlets pubescent, hairs brown, leaf

tiifoiiate, to 14cm, stipules lanceolate, to 4rmn long, median leaflet larger,
ovate-oblong, 7-9x4-4.8cm, laterals 3-3.5x1.8-3.2cm, apex mucranate,
margin entire, base obtuse-round, glabrous above, minutely pubescent
below, hairs white. Flowers in long peduncled raceme, to 20cm long,
axillary, flowers pink to 4mm, pedicel 0.5cm long, calyx companulate,
corolla pink, standaid orbicular, stamens diadelphous (9+1). Pod 0.8-
1.1x0.2cm, slightly hairy, joints 7-8, gray-greenish, segments inflated,
appeals like piled one up on other.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distiibution-India, Nepal, Bhutan, South-West China,

Taiwan, Malaysia, Australia, Polynesia.
Kondaiji. FDD-354. (Figure-20)
ZORNIA J.F.Gmelin
Key to species
1 Leaflets lanceolate-ovate, stipules strongly nerved Z.diphylla
1 Leaflets oblong ovate, stipules not strongly nerved Z.gibosa
Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 318. 1807. Hedysarum diphyllum L.
Sp. PI. 247. 1753. Z.zeylonesis Pers. Ic: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
325(229). Z.diphylla (L.) Pers. VM zeylonensis (Pers) Baker in Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India 2:148. 1876; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 506. 1984.
Glabracent, prostrate herb, branchlets glabracent, leaves broadly

ovate, 1.5-2.5x0.5-lcm, glabrous, apex obtuse, margin entire, base obtuse.
Flower in axillary racemes, yellow, sessile, 0.4-0.8cm long, bracts
prominent, enlarged in fruit, 0.8-2.2cm long, straw colored, prominently

nerved. Fruit 1.5-2.5cm long, enclosed or slightly exserted, 2-3 jointed,

apically with glochidiate prickles, seeds 3-4.
Fl-Fr:-AIl season. Distribution-India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma,

China, Malaysia, Thailand-Kondajji.
Harapanahalli, Thirtharameshwara, Kondajji, Honnalli. FDD. 303, 231, 56
Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe, Linnaea 15:192. 1841; Mohlenbrock, Webbia

16:112. 1961; Zornia diphylla auct. non (L.) Persoon; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1;334(355). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 325(229). 1918;Sald, Fl. Kar.
1:506. 1984.
Procumbent herb, stipules peltate, foliar, 0.5-lx0.5cm, leaves 2

foliate, leaflets oblong, 1-2x0.5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acute,
pubescent, gland dotted beneath. Flowers in axillary/terminal racemes,
bracts foliaceous, peltate, prominently nerved, enclosing sessile flower,
corolla yellow, to 0.4cm long, stamens monoadelphous. Pod to 1x0.2cm,
pubescent, with scarbid prickles.
Fl-Fr:-May-Nov. Distribution-India, Pakistan, Burma, Bhutan, China,

Malaysia, Thailand.
Common among grasses. FDD-716.
Note:Several membersof the genus Dolichos, Glycine, Phaeseolus, and
Vigna are cultivated as vegetable crops.
CAESALPINIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant armed:
2 Prickly climbing shrub :
3 Pod winged at apex Pterolobium
3 Pod oblong, subtorulose, 2-4 seeded Moullava
2 Prickly shrub not climbing, petals yellow, pod oblong ovoid,
beaked with style Caesalpinia
1 Plant unarmed ;
4 Leaves simple, deeply emerginate Bauhinia
4 Leaves compound, apex not as above :
5 Fertile stamens 3, pod indehiscent Tamarindus
5 Fertile stamens 6-7, pod dehiscent Cassia

BAUHINIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant climbing shrub, flower brick red B.phoenicea
1 Plant not climbing, shrub/tree, flower not brick red/green/white :
2 Stamens 10, all fertile, corolla white, fading yellow B.racemosa
2 Stamens less than 10, corolla not white,
3 Leaves less than 6cm long, fertile stamens 3, staminodes 7 ....B.galpinii
3 Leaves more than 6cm long, fertile stamens 3-5:
4 Plant deciduous at the time of flowering, fertile stamens 5 ..B.variegata
4 Plant not deciduous at the time of flowering,
fertile stamens 3-4 B.purpurea
Bauhinia galphinii Brown, Gard. Chron,. 9:725. 1891; Bor and Raizada,
Some Beut. Indian climbers & Sluiibs 71, PI. 23. 1954.
Large scandent shrub, leaves simple, alternate, ovate-oblong, apex

emerginate margin entire, base cordate, 5x4cm, prominently nerved, nerves
9, from the base. Flowers scarlet red, in axillary or terminal corymbs, calyx
5-lobed, fused in bud, splits on one side on maturity, petals 5, scarlet red,
unequal, long clawed, stamens 10, fertile 3, sterile 7. Fruit pod, red, flat,
tliickend along one suture.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution- Cultivated as an ornamental plant. FDD-712.
Bauhinia phoenicea Heyne ex Wight & Am., Prod. 296. 1834; Gamble,
Fl.Piesi. Madras 408 (289). 1921. Phamra phoenicea (Wight & Am)
Bentham in Miq., PI. Jungh. 262. 1852. .Bauhinia benthamii Bedd., Ic. t.
107. 1874(benthami). Said, Fl. Kar. 1:377. 1984.
Large, scandent shrub, leaves simple, alternate, ovate, oblong, apex

emerginate, base cordate, margin entire, 8.5-14x5-10cm, prominently
nerved, nerves 8-9, from the base. Flowers scarlet red, in axillary or
terminal, few flowered corymbs, calyx 5-lobed, fused in bud, splits on one
side on maturity, petals 5, scarlet red, unequal, long clawed, stamens 5, all
fertile. Fmit pod. red flat, thickened along one suture.

Fl-Fr:-Jan- Mar. Distribution- Western Ghats. FDD-956.

Common in KUSF range.
Bauhinia racemosa Lam., Encycl. 1: 390. 1785; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 182.
1872; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 406 (288). 1921. Pilostigma racemosa
(Lam.) Bentham in Miq., PI. Jungh. 262. 1852; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:377. 1984.
Moderate sized, deciduous tree, with drooping branches, leaves

simple, alternate, 2.5-6x3.5-4cm, broder than long, minutely pubescent,
apex emerginate, base sub cordate, margin entire, 7-9 nerved. Flowers white
or creamy, in axillary racemes, calyx tubular, limbs long, spathoceous, 5-
toothed, reflexed, petals 5, white/creamy, stamens 10, all fertile, filament
short. Fruit pod, brown, woody, turgid, curved, indehiscent, seeds 10-20,
compressed.
Fl-Fr:- Sept-Apr. Distribution- Indomalaysia China.

Common in druy deciduous forest of Joldal. FDD-748.
Bauhinia variegata L. Sp. PI. 375. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2: 284.
1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 406(288). 1924; Brandis 258; Beddome
FL. Sylv. S. India 92. 1877. B.candida Aiton. Hort. Kew ed. 1, 2. 49. 1789;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1:378. 1984.
Medium sized tree, leaves simple, alternate, coriaceous, ovate,

8.5xlOcm, 11-15 nerved, glabrous above, pubescent below. Flowers large,
pink or purple/ white, petals 5, one of them brightly colored, often yellow or
pale white, stamens 5, all fertile, filament curved, uneqval. Fruit pod, flat,
glabrous, stalked, dehiscent.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution- Originating in China. Cultivated. FDD-832.

Bauhinia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 375. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.2: 284.
1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 407(258). 1921; Beddome FL. Sylv. S.
India 92. Phanera purpurea (L.) Benth. In miq. PI. Jungh. 262. 1852; Said,
Fl. Kai. Vol 1.378. 1984.
Moderate sized tree, 8-10m tall, leaves simple, alternate, oblong or

orbicular palmetly 9-11 nerved, 5.8-11.5x5-11.8cm, apex obtuse, margin
entire, base cordate. Flowers large, purple, showy, in terminal panicles,
calyx tubular, splitting in to two segments, angular, petals 5, oblong
lanceolate, puiple, clawed, stamens 10, 3-4 fertile filaments stout at base,
remaining staminodes, unequal. Fruit pod, flat, linear oblong, greenish,
purple.
Fl-Fr:- Aug-Jan. Cultivated in Garden. FDD
CAESALPINIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant unarmed, pod twisted Ccoriaria
1 Plant armed, pod not twisted:
2 Leaflets smsll, to 0.2cm, pedicel prickly, pod bristly Qmimosoides
2 Leaflets more than 0.2cm, pedicel not prickly, pod not hirsute:
3 Stipules foliaceous, persistent, pod prickly Ccrista
3 Stipules not foliaceous, deciduous, pod not prickly:
4 Flower red/yellow in corymbs, filaments red/yellow ...Cpulcherrima
4 Flower yellow in panicles, filaments not as above Cdecapetala
Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 532. 1800; Cooke., Fl.
Bombay 1: 413(440). 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 394 (279). 1921;
Said, Fl. Kar. 379. 1984.
Unarmed, medium sized tree, leaves bipirmately compound,

alternate, pinnules 6-8 pairs, leaflets 20-30 pairs, sessile, oblong, 0.5-
1X0.2cm, apex emerginate, base cordate, margin entire. Flowers cream
colored, in axillary and terminal panicles, calyx cupular, small, petals 5,

oy:>icinuin: riiuii i:,numcruiiun
shortly clawed, stamens 10, all fertile, filament short. Pod flat spirally
twisted.
Fl-Fr:-JuI-Nov. Distribution-Occasional collected once in joldal range.

FDD-914.
Caesalpinia crista L., Sp. PI. 380. 1753 emend. Dandy & Excell, J. Bot. 76:
179. 1938; Hattink, Reinwardtia 9(1):20. 1974. Guilandina nuga L., Sp. PI.
ed. 2, 1:546.1762. Caesalpinia nuga (L.) Alton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 3: 32.
1811; Cooke, PL Bombay 1:411(438). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
393(278). 1921. Caesalpinia scandens Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 209.
1821. Caesalpinia paniculata (Lam.) Roxb. ex DC, Prodr. 2: 482. 1825;
Wight, Ic. t. 36. 1838; Said, Fl. Kar. 379. 1984.
Medium sized, armed tree, prickles recurved, leaves bipinnately

compound alternate, brown tomentose, pinnules 6-8 pairs, leaflets 6-10
pairs, 2-2.8x1.5cm, ovate-oblong, apex mucranate, margin entire, base
acute, stepules foliaceous. Flowers yellow, in axillary or tenninal raceme,
bracts linear, larger than buds, sepals 5, free, tomentose, petals 5, yellow,
clawed, smaller petal red in colour, stamens 10, all fertile filament short,
haiiy, hairs silky. Pod ovoid, densely prickly.
Fl-Fr:-.Sept-Dec. Distribution- Tropics. Occasional, collected in Harihara.

FDD-529.
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 89.

1931; Sant & Waugh, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 108. 1963. Reichardia
decapetala Rotli, Nov. PI. Sp. 212. 1821. C.sepiara Roxb., [Hort. Beng. 32.
1814, nom.] Fl. Ind 2: 360. 1832; Wight, Ic. t. 37. 1838; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 394 (279). 1921; Said, Fl.Kar. 1:379. 1984.

^Systematic flant Lnumcratiun
Prickly shrub, branchlets tomentose, prickles recurved, leaves

bipinnately compound, pinnae 10-12 pairs, opposite, small to 0.8-1.5X0.2-
0.6cm, ovate-oblong, pubescent, apex obtuse, base cuneate, margin entire.
Flowers golden yellow, in axillary or terminal raceme, sepals 5, pubescent,
petals 5, golden yellow, stamens 10, all fertile uneqval, filament hirsute.
Pod pale brown, turgid, oblong, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-April. Distribution-Indomalaysia, China.

Common in open plains of Harapanahalli. FDD-977.
Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam., Encycl.l: 452. 1785; Wight, Ic. t. 392.

1840;Cooke. Fl. Bombay. 1:412. 1903; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.2: 256. 1878.
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 394(279). 1924; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:380. 1984
Prickly armed shrub, often climbing, plant parts prickly and bristly
with glandular base, reddish, leaves bipiimately compound, rachis with
recurved spines, piimae 15-18 pairs, leaflets 10-12 pairs, 0.5-0.8X0.2-
0.4cm, oblong, obtuse at both ends. Flowers bright yellow, in terminal
racemes, calyx reddish 5, unequal, pubescent, corolla yellow petals 5,
unequal, stamens 10, all fertile. Pod obovoid, shortly beacked, bristly, green
when young, pale brown on maturity.
Fl-Fr:-. Nov-Feb. Distribution- South West India, Sri Lanka, Burma.

Common herb in Joldal and KUSF range. FDD-817.
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Obs. Bot. PI. Indiae Occ. 166. 1791;
Baker; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2: 255. 1878; Cameron, Cat. 30. 1880;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 413. 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 394(279).
1921; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:380. 1984.
Prickly slirub, leaves bipinnately compound, alternate, leaflets 6-12

pairs, 1-1.5X0.5-1cm, ovate, apex obuse, margin entire, base cuneate,

stepule scaly. Flowers yellow or red, in terminal racemes, sepals 5, unequal,

spathulate, light green or pale yellow, corolla 5, yellow or red, unequal,
clawed, stamens 10, 5+5, filaments unequal, red, hairy. Pod narrow at both
ends, dark brown at maturity
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution- Introduced, often cultivated. FDD.
CASSIA Liimaeus
Key to species
1 Stipule auricled, prominent, reniform Cauriculata
' 1 Stipule not as above:
2 Leaves more than 20 pairs, less than 0.5cm wide Cmimosoides
2 Leaves less than 20-pairs, more than 0.5cm wide;
3 Leaves without glands
4 Leaflets 4-8 pairs, stipules linear, flowers in
lax raceme, droping CJistula
4 Leaflets 14-pairs, stipules absent, flowers in racemose
panicle not drooping Csiamea
3 Leaves with 1-few glands on peteole/rachis;
5 Viscid/hirsute herb;
6 Viscid glandular herb, leaflets 2 pairs,
stamens 5, all fertile Cabsus
6 Hirsute herb, leaflets 4-5 pairs, stamens 10,
2 fertile, filament swollen at the middle Chirsuta
5 Glabrous herbs/undershrub;
7 Leaflets 3-5 pairs;
8 Flower solitary/ in axillary pairs, stamens 10,
upper 3-staminodes minute, 7 fertile unequal Ctora
8 Flower in racemes, stamens 9, 2-fertile large,
7-sterile, small Coccidentalis
1 Leaflets 5-10 pairs;
9 Pod flat;
10 Pod thin papery, slightly curved Csenna
10 Pod thin, not papery, stright, transversely barred ...Qsuffruticosa
9 Pod slightly turgid Csophera
Cassia absus L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753; Cooke. Fl. Bombay 1: 424(451). 1903;
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2;265. 1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 403(285).
1919;Sald, Fl. Kar.1.381. 1984.

Erect, viscid herb, leaves alternate, hairy, hairs glandular silky,

leaflets 2-pairs, broadly ovate, 2-3.5x1.2-2.5cm, apex obtuse, margin entire,
base cuneate. Flowers in raceme, in terminal or leaf opposed, reddish,
calyx 5, hairy, free, corolla reddish-yellow, lobes small, stamens 5, all
fertile. Fruit pod, straight compressed, glandular hairy, seeds blackish,
shining 4-6.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Feb. Distribution-Paleotropics. Comon herb in Ammanagudde.

FDD-976. (PIate-5A)
Cassia auriculata L., Sp. Pl.379.1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:421(448).

Erect, much branched, shrub, to 1.5m tall, leaves ipampmnately

compound, alternate, 1.8-3.4x1.2cm, leaflets 8-11 pairs, glabrous above,
pubescent below, elliptic-oblong, apex obtuse-apiculate, base rounded,
ciliate, stipules auricled, appendaged at base. Flowers yellow, in terminal or
axillary racemose corymb, bracts auricular, cauducus, green, calyx 5, free,
greenish yellow, hooded, subequal, corolla yellow, lobes 5, clawed, claw
long, limbs orbicular, stamens 7, unequal, staminode 3, small. Fruit pod,
flat, 13-15cm long, thin, yellowish.
Fl-Fr. All seson. Distribution-lndomalaysia.

Common herb in out skirts & Waste lands. FDD-1036.
Cassia fistula L., Sp. PI. 377. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 417(444). 1903;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 400 (283). 1919. C.rhombifolia Roxb., Fl. hid. 3:
334. 1832; Wight, Ic. t. 269.1840. Said, Fl. Kar. I: 382. 1984.
Medium sized, deciduous tree, leaves pirmately compound, 35-40cm

long, leaflets to 8-pairs, ovate-oblong apex acute, base cuneate, glabrous,
4.5-8x2.6-6.9cm. Flowers bright yellow, in axillary lax raceme, 40-50 cm

long, drooping, calyx 5, free, slightly hairy, corolla bright yellow, slightly
unequal, free, prominently nerved, stamens 10, all fertile, lower 3-long &
curved. Fruit pod, cylindrical, long, smooth, straight, black, seeds many,
covered, with whitish pulp.
Fl-Fr> Mar-Sept. Distribution- China, Indomalaysia.

Common herb. FDD-856. KN-Kakke gida.
Cassia hirsuta L., Sp. PI. 378. 1753: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 401(284).
1919; Said, Fl.Kar. 1:383. 1984.
Annual hairy herb, leaves pairipinnately compound, opposite, leaf

base gland dotted, pulvinous, leaflets 4-5 pairs, ovate, apex acute, margin
entire, hairy, 8-10x3 5 cm. Flowers yellow, in terminal corymbose panicle,
bracts hooded, hairy, calyx 5, free green when young, pale yellow on
maturity, corolla yellow 5-lobed, clawed, limb wedge shaped, prominently
neiA'ed, stamens 10, fertile 2, sterile 8. Fruit pod, slightly curved, hu-sute.
Fl-Fr:-.Sept-Dec. Distribution- Tropical America.

Jagalur & Harapanahalli. FDD .1119. KN-Kambali thangate.
Cassia mimosoides L., Sp. PI. 379. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 423(450).
1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 403(285). 1921; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 384.
1984.
Prostrate, hairy herb, leaves pairipirmately compound, glands above

the base, leaflets sessile, 40-50 pairs, small, linear, to 0.6cm, apex acute,
base narrow, margin entire. Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary or in 1-2 few
flowered fascicles, in upper axis, calyx 5, jfree, petals yellow, subequal,
shortly clawed, stamens 10, 5-long straight, 5-small curved, all fertile. Fruit
pod, slightly curved.
Fl-Fr:- Jan-Nov. Distribution- South West India.

Common herb in Joldal. FDD-790. KN-Mullu thangate.

Cassia occidentalis L., Sp. PI. 377. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 424(452).
1984.
Amiual, glabrous, erect herb-mider shrub, leaves pairipinnately

compound, alternate, gland above the leaf base, stipules linear & prominent,
leaflets 3-6 pairs, 3.8-5.2X1.5-3cm, ovate, apex acute, base acuminate,
margin entire, young leaves brownish. Flowers yellow, in axillary, terminal
racemes, calyx 5, free, green in young and yellow on maturity, hooded,
petals 5, yellow, clawed, unequal, stamens 2 long, remaining small
staminodes. Fmit pod, flat, constricted between the seeds.
Fl- Fr:-Through out the year. Distribution-Tropics. Common herb in all
parts of the district. FDD-905.
Cassia senna L., Sp. PI. 377. 1753. Cassia aunguslifolia Valil, Synb. Bot.
1:29. 1791; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 423(450). 1903; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Inia. 2:
264. 1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 404(286). 1919; Said, Fl. Kar.l:385.
1984.
Erect, branched under shrub, 1-1.5cm tall, leaves pinnately

compound, leaflets 4-8 pairs , ovate, lanceolate, 1.5-3.5x0.5-0.7cm,
glabrous above, pubescent below, apex apiculate, margin entire, base
cuneate. Flowers yellow, in axillary raceme. Fruit pod, short, slightly
curved, compressed, flattened, strongly nerved.
Fl-Fr:- Jul-Sept. Distribution- North E. Africa & Arabia.

Collected in Jagalur. FDD-1004.
Cassia siamea Lam., Encycl. 1: 648. 1785; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 427(454).
1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 402(285). 1921. Cassia flohda Vahl,

Symb. Bot. 3: 57. 1794; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 179. 1872; Said, Fl. Kar.l:386.
1984.
Medium sized tree, leaves pairipinnately compound, eglandular,

branchlets glabrescent, leaflets 7-10 pairs, ovate-oblong, 2.5-5xl-2cm,
glabrous above, pilose beneath, apex obtuse, margin entire, base obtuse.
Flowers yellow, in terminal corymbose panicles, calyx 5, free, dark green,
orbicular, petals 5, yellow, free, rounded, stamens 10, 7 fertile, 3-sterile, 3
of fertile stamens larger, others small. Fruit pod, flat, lethery, green,
tomentose.
Fl-Fr:- May-Sept. Disliibulion-Soulh E. Asia.

Common cultivated in waste lands. FDD-822. KN-Seeme thangate mara.
Cassia sophera L., Sp. PI. 379. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.2: 262.1878.
Cooke, Fl. Bombay. 1: 446. 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 401
(284). 1921 .Said, Fl. Kar. 1:386. 1984.
Erect shrub or under shrub, leaves pairipinnately compound, glands

on the petiole, leaflets 8-10 pairs, 2.5-4.2x0.8-1.5cm, elliptic, lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, apex acute, base rounded, margin entire, ciliate. Flowers
yellow, in axillary or terminal corymb, calyx 5, free, unequal, corolla
yellow 5, free, stamens 10, 6-7 fertile, 2-with long filament, staminodes 3-4.
Fruit pod, slightly curved, compressed, transeversly septate.
Fl-Fr :-Sept-Oct. Distribution-Tropical Asia.

Common herb. FDD-734. KN-lIi thangate.
Cassia suffruticosa Koenig ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp.213. 1821; Wight & Am.,
Prodr. 289. 1834. Cassia glauca Lam. var suffruticosa (Koen. ex-Roth)
Baker in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:265.1878;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:386.1984.

Undershrub, to Im tall, branchlets glabrous, leaflets 8-12 pairs, to

4x1.5cm, apex obtuse, maigin entire, stipules linear, persistent, glands on
all pairs of leaflets, petiole eglandular. Flower yellow in axillary corymb,
2cni across, stamens 10 all fertile. Fruit pod flat, thin, transversely barred.
Fl-Fr>Oct-Dec. Joldal. FDD-581. (Plate-SB)
Cassia tora L., Sp. PI. 376. 1753; Cooke, FI. Bombay 1: 420 (447). 1903;
Branched, erect herb, leaves pairipinnately compound, alternate,

glands on the petiole, leaflets 3-pairs, the lowest pair small, with glands
between leaflets, 2-3.4x1.5-2.2cm, obovate-minutely hairy, apex obtuse,
margin entire, base subacute. Flowers yellow, in axillary, 2-few flowered
clusters, calyx 5, free, unequal, corolla yellow, obovate shortly clawed,
stamens 10, 7-fertile, unequal, 3-upper ones staminodes, small. Fruit pod,
apiculate, subtetiagonal, linear.
Fl-Fr:-.Sept-Nov. Distribution-Tropics.
Common herb in waste lands. FDD-970. KN-Betta thangate.
DELONIX Rafinesque
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 396 (280). 1921. Poinciana
elata L. Cent. PI. 2: 16. 1756; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:260. 1886.
Moderate sized tree, leaves bipinnately compound, pinnules 13-15

pairs, leaflets 20-30 pairs, oblong, apex obtuse, base uneqval, margin entire,
8.5-9.7x1.5-2.2mm, sepals 5, oblong, ovate, fused in bud, fi-ee at maturity,
green or pale yellow out side, red inside, petals 5, 4-red, one smaller, white
with pink spots, clawed, stamens 10, free, all fertile, filaments long, red.

enlarged at base. Fruit pod, flat, long, oblong, slightly curved, green when
young, black or brown on maturity.
Fl-Fr:- Sept - Mar. Distribution - Cultivated along roadsides. KN-

Vatlianarayani.
MOULLAVA Adans.
Moullava spicata (Dalz.) Nicolson in Mani., Bot. Hist. Hort. Malab. 181.
1980; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:392. 1984. Caesalpinia spicata Dalz., in Hooker's J.
Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3:90. 1851; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:443; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 397(281); Wight, Ic. t. 1995. 1853;Sald, Fl. Kar.l:392. 1984.
Prickly climbing shrub, stem pubescent, leaves bipinnately

compound, rachis prickly, 10-15cm long, pinnae, 9-pairs, leaflets 6-8 pairs,
each 2-3x1-1.3cm, ovate-oblong, apex obtuse, margin entire, base truncate.
Flowers in long axillaiy and terminal spike, 10-15cm long, calyx reddish, 5-
lobed, petals 5, orange yellow, free, inserted on the throat of the calyx tube,
stamens 10, all fertile. Fruit pod, to 9x1.5cm, 2-4 seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-South W.India. KN-Mullodu balli.

Occasional Kukkawada range. FDD-621.
PTEROLOBIUM R.Brown ex Wight & Am. nom.cons

Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Sant. & Wagh, Bull. Bot. Surv. India
5:109.1964. Reichardia hexapetal Roth, Nov. Pl.Sp. 210.1821. Caesalpinia
lacerans Roxb., Fl. lnd.2: 367. 1832. Pterolobium indicum A. Rich., Tent.
Fl. Abyss. 1: 247. 1847; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 395(280). 1919.
Pterolobium lacerans auct. non R. Br.;Wight, Ic. t. 196. 1839; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:392. 1984.

Armed woody shrub, leaves bipimiately compound, rachis to 16cm

long, covered with prickles, pinnae 6-9pairs, each 2-2.5cm long, leaflets 4-
7pairs. Flowers whitish yellow. Pod pinkish red, winged at apex.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-South West. India.

Common slirub in Jagalur and Harapanahalli range. FDD-237. (Plate-5E)
lôteiParkinsonia aculeata L., and Peltophorumpterocarpum (DC.) Baker

ex Heyne is cultivated in gardens. Tamarindus indica L., is common road
side tree and also cultivated for its commercially valuable fhiit.
MIMOSACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant armed:
2 Plant herbaceous, leaves sensitive Mimosa
2 Plant shmb/tree, leaves not sensitive:
3 Pod spiral, moniliform Pithecellobium
3 Pod not moniliform:
4 Stamens 10, pod linear, twisted on ripe Dichrostacltys
4 Stamens indefnite, pod flat, oblong Acacia
1 Plant unarmed:
5 Leaves bipinnate, pinnae one pair Jfylia
5 Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 10-12 pairs Albizia
ACACIA P. Miller
Key to species
1 Leaves reduced, petiole modefied in to phylloclade A.auriculiformis
1 Leaves well developed:
2 Plant straggling shrub;
3 Pod thin, flat, suture straight:
4 Pinnae 10-12 pairs, leaflets 50-60 pairs, tip mucranate,
corolla slightly longer than calyx, pod glabrous A.pennata
4 Pinnae 8-12 pairs, leaflets 25-30 pairs, tip not mucranate,
corolla twice the length of corolla, pod velvety
tomentose in young A.torta
3 Pod thick, fleshy, wrinkled, indented along seeds Asinuata
2 Plant shrub/tree:
5 Flowers in globose heads:
6 Pod compressed, deeply indented along margin A.nilotica
6 Pod not compressed, not indented along margin:

7 Head yellowish white, pod oblong, apex obtuse, brown

tomentose, epressed between the seeds out side,
seeds 10-12 AJeucophloea
7 Heads orange, pod subcylindric, apex hooked, thick,
glabrous, 4-6 seeded A.farnesiana
5 Flowers in elongated spikes.
8 Pinnae 4-6 pairs, leaflets 14-20 pairs, pod strap shaped,
flat, apex apiculate A.ferruginea
8 Pinnae 10-12 pairs, leaflets 30-40 pairs, pod flat,
apex subacute Axhundra
Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd., Sp. Pi. 4:1078. 1806; Bedd., Fl. Sulv.t. 50.
1870 {sandra); Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 428(303). 1919 (sundra);
Kostermaiis in Dassanayake, Fl. Ceylon 1: 482. 1980. Mimosa chundra
Roxb. ex Rottler, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Shriften 4:207. 1803;
Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 225. 1811 (sundra). Acacia catechu Willd. wax.sundra
Prain, J.Asiat.Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66: 508-510. 1898; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1:448(477). 1903; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:397. 1984.
Small tree, branchlets glabrous, leaves 10-14cm long, stipular spine

0.3cm long, hooked. Flowers spike, white. Pod flat.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Sept. FDD-961.
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 1083. 1806; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 52.
1870; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 445(473). 1903; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:292.
1875. Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 426 (301). Mimosa farnesiana L. Sp. PI.
521. 1753. Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Am., Prodr. 272. 1834;
Wight, Ic. t. 300. 1840; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:398. 1984.
Medium sized, armed thorny tree, branchlets brownish, glabrous,

leaves bipiimately compound, stipules modefied in to spines, leaflets 14-20
pairs, spines straight. Flowers yellow, in axillary globose heads, heads
yellow, sepals 5, fused, lobes angular, green, corolla yellow, petals 5, fused

in to tube, stamens exerted. Pod brown, oblong, curved, pulpy, apex

hooked, seeds more than 10, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jan Oct. Distribution-Tropics.

Common tree in Joldal, Kondajji, Jagalur and Harapanahalli. FDD-581.
KN-Karijali, Kasthuri jali.
Acacia ferruginea DC. Prodr. 2: 458. 1825; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 51.1870;
1919; Kostermans in Dassanayake, Fl. Ceylon 1: 484. 1980. Mimosa
ferruginea (DC) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 561. 1832. non Rottler. 1803; Said, Fl.
Kar. 1:398. 1984.
Deciduous tree, branchlets brownish, leaves bipinnately compound,

alternate, leaflets 15-20 pairs, stipular spines minute, glands above the
pulvinous leaflDase, leaflets linear, oblong, spines laterally compressed,
cui-ved. Flowers pale yellow, in axillary fasciculate spike, calyx
companulate, lobes acute. Pod flat, lanceolate.
FI-F:-Mar-Jul. Distrebution-South West India. Common in Malebennur

state forest, Joldal , Kondajji and Jagalur. FDD-881. KN-Banni mara,
Shamivruksha
Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 1083. 1806; Bedd., Fl. Sylv.
t. 48. 1870; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 447(475). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 427 (302). 1924; Kostermans in Dassanayake, Fl. Ceylon 1: 486.
1980. Mimosa leucophloea Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 150. 1800; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:399. 1984.
Moderate sized, deciduous, thorny tree, branchlets yellowish-violet,

leaves bipinnately compound, alternate, tomentose, stipular spines slightly
hooked, gland neai" the middle of the petiole, pinnae 5-6 pairs, leaflets 20-
25 pairs, elliptic or linear, obtuse, narrow, 4.5-6x1-1.5mm. Flowers in

heads, white or creamy in panicle, axillary, calyx companulate, minutely

lobed, corolla white, longer than calyx. Pod flat, slightly velvety tomentose,
slightly twisted, seeds 8-12, flat, rounded.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution - IndoMalaysia.

Common in Harapanahalli forest ranges. FDD-648. KN-Bilijali.
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile, F. Aegypt. 111. 79. 1813. Mimosa
nilotica L., Sp. PI. 521. 1753; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:399. 1984.
ssp. indica (Bentham) Brenan, Kew Bull. 12: 84. 1957; Sant., Fl.
Khandala ed. 3. 83. 1967; Kostermans in Dassanayake, Fl. Ceylon 1: 488.
1980. Acacia arabica auct. non (Lam.) Willd., 1806; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 47.
425 (301). 1919. Acacia arabica var. indica Bentham, London J. Bot. 1:
500. 1842. Acacia nilotica var. indica (Bentham) Hill, Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Hai-vard univ. 8; 9. 1940; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:400. 1984.
Small sized, armed tree, branchlet grey tomentose, leaves bipinnately

compound, pinnae 4-5 pairs, leaflets 18-25 pairs, elliptic, apex rotund,
margin entire, base obtuse. Flowers in heads, yellow, fragrant, in axils. Pod
monoliform, apex homed, seeds brown shining.
Fl-Fr:- March-Aug. Distribution- Paleotropics. Common in scrub jungles.

Malebennur, Jagalur. FDD-534.
Note:Seeds are kept in water for overnight and the extract taken is
known to control diabetes, seed is ground in to pase and applied to heal
fractures, seed extract is applied externally to cure leucoderma and
piles.
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 1090. 1806; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
451(480). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 429(304). 1924; Kostermans in
Dassanayake, Fl. Ceylon 1: 489. 1980. Mimosa pennata L., Sp. PI. 522.
1753; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:400. 1984.

Prickly climbing shrub, or large shrub, leaves bipinnately compound,

pauipiimate, pinnae 12-15 pairs, leaflets 50-60 pairs, leaflets linear. Flowers
in white creamy heads in panicles, calyx 5-lobed, green/grey, connate,
corolla creamy/white, slightly longer than calyx. Pod flat, strap shaped.
FI-Fr:- June-Aug. Distribution- Paleotropics. Common in scrub jungle,

kondajjii, Jagalur. FDD-574. KN-MuUu sige, Kadu sige.
Note:Stem extract is used in haemorrhage.
Whole plant-Intestinal disorders, leprosy, snake bite,wounds and sores.
Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merrill, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 24(2): 186.
1935;Sant., Fl. Kliandala ed. 3, S4.1967,Mimosa sinuata Lour., Fl.
Cochinch. 653. 1790. Acacia concinna (Willd.).DC., Prodr. 2:464.
1825;Cooke, Fl. Bombayl:450(479).1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
429(304). 1919; Said, Fl.Kar. 1:401.1984.
Prickly climbing shrub, branches brown pubescent, leaves long to

9cm, piimae 4-7 pairs, to 4cm long, gland between uppermost pair of
pinnae, leaflets 20-25 pairs. Flowers in heads, white. Fruit pod fleshy,
wrinkled on diy, indented along sutures, depressed between seeds, seeds
10-14.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Mar. Distribution-lndomalaya, China.

Common in Jagalur outskirts. FDD-692. (Plate-5C)
Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. 410. 1915; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madias 428(304). 1924. Mimosa torta Roxb., Fl. hid. 2; 566. 1832.
Acacia caesia auct. non Willd.: Wight & Am., Prodr. 278. 1834; Cooke, Fl.
Large prickly climbing shrub, pubescent, leaves bipiimately

compound, pinnae 8-12 pairs, leaflets 20-30 pairs, oblong-elliptic, apex

obtuse, base truncate, thorns straight, intemodal. Flower yellow, heads in

axillary/terminal pedunculate fascicles, calyx 5-lobed, copular, petals 5,
united. Pod flat, strap shaped, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Sept. Distribution- Paleotropics. Common in Honnalli& Jagalur

forest. FDD-607. KN-Kempu sige, Kadu sige.
Note:A.auriculiformis is cultivated in social forestry for pulp used in paper
industiy.
ALBIZIA Durazzini
Key to species
1 Flower sessile A.odoratissima
1 Flower pedicellate:
2 Pinnae 2-pairs, leaflets 3-4 pairs A.lebbeck
2 Pinnae more than 2-pairs, leaflets more than 15-pairs:
3 Stipules foliaceous, head in panicles Achinensis
3 Stipules linear, head in 1-3 fascicles .A.amara
Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin, Encycl. 19 Siecle 2: 34. 1838; Bedd., Fl.
Sylv. t. 61. 1870; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 432(306.) 1924. Mimosa
amara Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 122. 1799; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:403. 1984.
Deciduous, unarmed tree, branchlets yellowish, pubescent, leaves

pairipiimately compound, pinnae 6-9 pairs leaflets 20-25 pairs, leaflet
linear, elliptic, 3.5-5x0.5-1mm apex acute, base unequal, margin entire,
stipules linear. Flowers in heads, in 1-3 fascicles creamy, often in 1-2
fasicled, subsessile, calyx tube long, companulate, to 0.3cm long, 4-lobed,
corolla creamy /yellowish, lobes 5. Fruit pod, flat, leathery, light brown,
margin undulated, seeds more than 10, suborbicular.
Fl-Fr:-June-Jan. Distribution-South W.India, Sri Lanka, Africa. Common

in scrub jungles, and frequently planted in forestry. FDD-675. KN-Chigare.
Note:Seed extract is applied externally in piles, flowers are ground in to
thick paste and externally applied to inflammation, boils and ulcers.
Leaves- useful in ophthalmia.

Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill, Amer. J. Bot. 3: 575. 1916; Sant, Fl.
Kliandala ed. 3, 86. 1967. Mimosa chinensis Osbeck, Dag. Ostind. Resa
233. 1757. Mimosa stipulata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 549. 1832 (stipulacea.).
Fl. Presi. Madras 433(307). 1919; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 403. 1984.
Medium sized tree, branchlets minutely pubescent, leaves

bipinnately compound, glands several, pinnae 12-15 pairs, leaflets 30-50
pairs, oblong, apex acute, base truncate, stipule foliaceous. Flowers in
panicles, head pinkish-white, in panicles, calyx 5, fused, corolla pinkish,
white. Pod reddish brown.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution- Indomalaya.

Common in Jagalur range forest. FDD-868. KN-Hotte bage.
Noterlnfusion of bark - used as a lotion for cuts, scabies and skin
diseases.
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bentham, London J. Bot. 3: 87. 1844; Bedd., Fl. Sylv.
t. 53. 1870; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 452(481). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 432(306). 1919. Mimosa lebbeck L., Sp. PI. 516. 1753. Acacia
lebbeck (L.) Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 1066. 1806; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:403. 1984.
Large deciduous, unarmed tree, leaves bipiimately compound, glands

at the base of petiole and in between the upper most pair of pinnae. Pinnae
2-5 pairs, leaflets 4-8 pairs, each 2.5-4xl-2cm, oblong or obovate, apex
obtuse, base rounded, unequal. Flower greenish yellow, heads globose,
calyx tubular, toothed, corolla fuimel shaped, greenish yellow, lobes
lanceolate. Pod flat, to 18cm long, pale brown, attenuate at base, seeds
glabrous, shiny, brown.

Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution-Paleotropics. Not frequent. Jagalur,

Malebennur. FDD-674. KN-Dodda bage, Kalbage.
Note:Plant extract is used in snake bite and scorpion sting. Bark and
seeds extract is applied externally in piles. Root bark- in powder form
used to strengthen gums. Leaves-extract in treating night-blindness.
Albizia odoratlssima (L. f.) Bentham, London J. Bot. 3: 88. 1844; Bedd.,
PL Sylv. t. 54. 1870; Cooke Fl. Bombay 1: 452(482). 1903; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 431(306). 1924. Mimosa odoratissima L. f, Suppl. PI. 437.
1781;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:403. 1984.
Medium sized, unarmed tree, leaves bipinnately compound,

alternate, glands at base and also between upper pinnules, pinnae 3-5 pairs,
leaflet oblong, apex obtuse, base oblique, pubescent. Flowers creamy,
fragrant, heads in umbellate corymb. Pod flat, tomentose, oblong,
compressed, seeds to 12.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Jun. Distribution-Indomaesia. Common in Honnalli & Jagalur

range forest. FDD-1084. KN-Kadu bage, Betta sujjulu
Note:Bark extract is applied externally in treating leprosy.
Leaves-boiled in ghee used as remedy for cough.
DICHROSTACHYS Wight & Amott nom.cons.

Didirostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Ain., Prodr. 271. 1834; Wight, Ic. t.
357. 1840; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 184. 1872; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:440
(468). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 419(297). 1919. Mimosa cinerea L.,
Sp. PI. 520. 1753; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:406. 1984.
Armed, small tree, branchlets ending in a spine, leaves evenpiimate,

pinnae 8-10 pairs, leaflets 10-18 pairs, sessile, linear-oblong. Flowers in
spikes, to 4cm long, upper half with fertile, yellow flowers, lower half with
pink flowers. Pod linear, compressed, 6-10 seeded.

Fl-Fr:-Jan-Oct. Distribution-India, Australia, Africa.

Common in Harapanahalli, Kondajji. FDD-699. (PIate-5 D).
MIMOSA Liimaeus
Mimosa pudica L., Sp. PI. 518. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 441(470).
1984.
Prickly prostrate herb, to under shrub, leaves bipirmately compound,

"sensitive, piimae 2-3 pairs, leaflets 20-30 pairs, leaflets elliptic-oblong,
glabrous above, bristles appressed beneath, apex acute, base truncate,
margin ciliate. Flowers in heads, pinkish, in axillary, 2-3clusters. Pod flat,
bristly along margin, slightly curved, homed.
Fl-Fr:-Tluoughout the year. Distribution-Tropical America. Common weed

of waste land. FDD-867. KN-Muttidare muni, Nachke gida.
Note:Leaves and root -used in piles and fistula. Leaves- rubbed into a
paste applied to hydrocele. Leaf and stem- in scorpion-sting and snake
bite.
PITHECELLOBIUM Martins
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bentham, London J. Bot. 3: 199 1844; Bedd.,
Fl. Sylv. t. 188. 1872; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 454(485). 1903; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 434(308). \92A.{Pithecellobium)\ Mimosa dulcis Roxb., PI.
Cor. t. 99. 1798. Inga dulcis (Roxb.) Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 1005,1806; Wight,
let. 198. 1839; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:409. 1984.
Medium sized, armed tree/under shrub, leaves bipirmately

compound, pinnae 1 pair, leaflets 1-2 pair, stepule modified into spine,
spine erect, leaflet ovate-elliptic, 1.5-3.8xlcm, glabrous, apex obtuse, base
obtuse, margin entire. Flowers globose heads, in axillary spikes, calyx
companulate, lobers triangular, corolla white, tubular, stamens many,

monadelphous, exerted, filament white. Pod spirally twisted, reddish brown

or pale white, seeds black.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-April. Distribution-Introduced &om tropical America. Common

along hedges often cultivated. FDD-860. KN-Sihi hunase.
XYLIA Bentham
Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub., Bot. Centralbl. 47: 397. 1891; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 417(295). 1925, Mimosa xylocarpa Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 100.
1798. Xylia dolabriformis Bentham, J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 417. 1842; Bedd.,
Fl. Sylv. t. 186. 1872; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 436(465). 1903; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:409. 1984.
Medium, sized, deciduous, unarmed tree, leaves bipinnately

compound, piimae 1 pair, leaflets 3-5 pairs, glands between the pinnae,
leaflets 4.5-16.5x2-7cm, upper most pair largest, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic
oblong, apex acute, base round, margin entire. Flowers white, in axillary,
long peduncled heads, calyx 5-lobed, tubular, lobes triangular, corolla
white, petals free or basally connate, stamens 10, free, exerted. Pod large,
woody, flat, sickle shaped, septate between the seeds.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Sept. Distribution-IndoMalaysia Not frequent-Karlbigiri,

Rangappana Gudda and Joldal. FDD-1083. KN-Jambe. (Plate-5F)
Note:Decoction of the bark is given to expel worms, applied externally
in leprosy, Oil from the seeds is applied in rheumatism, piles and
leprosy.
ROSACEAE
Rosa multijlora Thunb., Fl. Jap. 214. 1784; Baker & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 1:
520. 1963.
Climbing shrub, leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 7, ovate, apex

acute, margin serrate, base acute, glandular beneath, stipules pictinate.

Flower pink, in corymbs, bracts pictinate, deciduous, sepals 5, lobes ovate-

lanceolate, petals many, pink.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Native of China & Japan.

Cultivated. FDD-818.
DROSERACEAE
DROSERA Linnaeus
Drosera burmannU Valil, Symb. 3: 50. 1794; Wight, Ic. t. 944. 1845;
19I9;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:265. 1984.
Acaulescent herb, 10cm long, leaves simple, in basal rosette,

orbicular, l-1.3xlcm, stem leaves and branches reddish, glandular. Flower
white, in terminal, few-many flowered raceme.
FI-Fr:-Mar- Aug. Distiibution-West Africa to North E.Australia. Common

in moist open places along tanks. Shanthisagara, Chennagiri. FDD-745.
(Plate-6A). Note:Reddish glandular plant parts with shining water droplets
on the plant, draws the attention in the fields near streams.
COMBRETACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant climbing:
2 Fruit with 4 membranous wing Combretum
2 Fruit not winged:
3 Flowers in simple/branched racemes, apetalous, calyx white... Calycopteris
3 Flowers in corymb, petals 5, calyx tubular green Quisqualis
1 Plant shrub/tree:
4 Flowers spicate Terminalia
4 Flowers in heads Anogeissus
ANOGEISSUS Wallich ex Guillemin & Perrottet

Anogeissus latifolia (DC.) Wall, ex Guill. & Perr., Fl. Seneg. Tent. 1: 280.
1832; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 15. 1869; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 482( 512)! 1903;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 466(330). 1919. Conocarpus latifolia Roxb. ex
DC, Prodr. 3: 17. 1828; Wight, Ic. t. 994. 1845; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:47. 1996.

Moderate sized, deciduous tree, to 20 m high, branchlets pubescent,

leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-ovate, chartaceous, 5-llx4-8cm, apex
acute, margin entire, base rounded, petiole short, to 0.5cm long, secondary
nerves prominent beneath, to 10 pairs. Flowers white, in pedunculate heads,
calyx pinkish yellow, tubular, 5-lobed, refluxed, tube short, to 0.3cm long,
petals wanting, stamens 10, in 2 whorl of 5 each. Fruit drupe, in globose
paniculate heads, to 1cm long, brown, narrowly 2-winged, subtended by
persistent calyx.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Jan. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Common tree in Joldal, Honnalli, Malebennur and KUSF range. FDD-492.
KN-Dindiga.
CALYCOPTERIS Lamarck
Calycopteris floribonda Lam., Encycl. 2(2): 485, t. 357. 1793; Cokke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 481(512). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 467(331). 1919;
Saldanlia & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan, Append. 2, 871. 1978. Getomia
jhmhwuia Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 87. 1798; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 47. 1996.
Scandent shrub, branchlets tomentose, leaves simple, opposite,

tomentose, elliptic-oblong or ovate, 5-8x2-3 cm, apex acuminate, margin
entire, base rounded, resinous pitted beneath nerves, secondary nerves 4-5
pairs, petiole short, to 0.3cm. Flowers in axillary panicle, to 15cm long,
calyx tubular, 5-lobed, tube long, persistent, acrescent, petals wanting,
stamens 10, in 2 bundles of 5 each. Fruit clustered in terminal panicles,
ovoid or ellipsoid, 5-ribbed, subtended by acrescent calyx, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Apr. Distribution-Indomalaysia. Common shruby climber in

KUSF & Joldal range. FDD-494. KN-Baguli ball, Marasuthu balli.

COMBRETUM Loefling «om. com.

Combretum latifolium Blume, Bijd. 641. 1825; Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3,
91. 1967. Combretum externum Roxb.[ Hort. Beng. 28, 1814, nom.\ ex G.
Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 414, 422. 1827; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Straggling climber, branchlets pubescent, leaves simple, opposite,

ovate-elliptic or oblanceolate, 6-14x4-6cm, apex acute, margin entire, base
acute, coriaceous, nerves to 7 pairs, prominent, pale brown above, white
beneath, petiole to 2cm long. Flowers white, in axillary spikes or panicles,
18-20 cm long, calyx tubular, mouth broad, 4-lobed, constricted above the
ovaiy, petals 4, free, lobes oblong, apex truncate, stamens 8 in 2 whorls of 4
each. Fruit diy, nondehiscent, 4-5 winged, brown-red.
Fl-Fr:-lndomalaysia. Common in Joldal. Harapanahalli & KUSF range.

Thirlhaiameshwaia. FDD-687. (Plate-6B)
Noter-Brown winged fruits draws the attention in the field.
TERMINALIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves without gland T.bellirica
I Leaves with glands:
2 Fruit winged:
3 Wings 3 T.paniculata
3 Wings 5:
4 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, villous beneath T.alata
4 Leaves oblong, glabrous/not villous beneath T.arjuna
2 Fruit not winged T.chebula
Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 379. 1821. Pentaplera
tomentosa Roxb. ex DC, Prodr. 3: 14. 1828. Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.
ex DC.) Wight & Am., Prodr. 314. 1834; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 17. ,1869;
1919;Sald,Fl. Kar. 2:49. 1996.

Moderate sized, deciduous tree, 20-25 m high, branchlets villous,

spreading, leaves simple, opposite, thick, coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-
lanceolate, 9-20x5-10 cm, apex acute, margin entire, base truncate-cordate,
petiole to 2 cm long, glands on the mid nerve at the base of leaf, secondary
nerves, 18-21 pairs, prominent beneath, glabrous above, tomentose beneath.
Flowers yellow, in axillary branched spike. Fruit drupe, to 4 cm wide,
elliptic, 5-winged, wing equal, thick.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-India. Rare tree, collected once in KUSF

range. FDD-522.
Note:-l. Leaves grey hairy beneath, fruit equally 5-winged is the
charecteristic feature of this species.
2. Bahadur and Gaur (Indian J.Forestry 3(4): 367. 1980) have
seggregated the foreasters' Terminalia tomentosa complex In to 3
species viz. T.crenulata Heyne ex Roth, T.coriacea (Roxb.) W. & A. and
T.alata Heyne ex Roth. The typical variety of the last taxon is said to
have a rather restricted distribution in Central India while
yar.nepatensis is reported from the submontane .SW belt of N.India.
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC) Wight. & Am. Prod. 214. 1834; Clarke,
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2: 447. 1878; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 479. 1903;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 465. \9\9.-Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. ex DC.
Prodi-. 3: 14. 1828. Ill.-Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. T. 28. 1869; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:50.
1996.
Large ever green tree, to 30 m high, branchlets crowned, spreading,

stem exuding red resin on fresh cut, leaves simple, opposite/alternate, thick,
coriaceous, oblong-oblanceolate, apex obtuse, margin crenate, base obtuse-
sub cordate, 5-11x3-5 cm, petiole to 1.5cm long, glands paired, on the
petiole near the lamina, secondary nerves 14-16 pairs, prominent beneath.
Flowers pale yellow, in axillary panicles, calyx tubular, connate at base
with ovary, petals wanting, stamens 10, in 2 whorls of 5 each. Fruit drupe,
dark brown, 5-winged, wings equal.

Fl-Fr:-Mar-Jun. Distribution- Occasional in Joldal & Thirtharameshwara.

Joldal. FDD-654. KN-Bili matti, Hole matt.
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertner) Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 198. noS^'bellarica);

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 463(328). 1919. Myrobalanus bellarica
Gaertner, Fruct. 2: 90, t. 97. 1791; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 50. 1996.
Medium sized tiee, to 15 m high, branchlets pubescent, with leaf

scars, leaves simple, alternate, often crowded at tlie tip of branclilets, gland
absent, leaves obovate, apex rounded,shortly acuminate, base connate,
margin entire, minutely pubescent above, pubescent below, nerves 6-8
pairs, petiole long, to 8cm. Flowers pale yellow, in axillary or terminal
spike, to 8cm long, peduncle pendulous, calyx 5-lobed, tubular, lobes
tiiangular, recurved, adnate to the base of ovaiy, villous, petals wanting,
stamens 10, in 2 whorls. Fruit drupe, ovoid, globular, 2.5-3.5xl.5-2cm, grey
tomentose, obscurely 5-angled.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Aug. Distribution-lndomalaysia.
Not frequent. Collected at Kalbigiri gudda. FDD-592. KN-Thare mara.
Terminalia chebula Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 31. 1788; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
478(509). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 464(328). 1919. Myrobalanus
chebula (Retz.) Gaertner, Fruct. 2: 91, t. 97. 1791.
Tree, 10-15 m tall, branchlets clothed with silky haks, leaves simple,
lamina elliptic, apex obtuse, margin entire, base rounded, 6-12x4-6cm, pair
of glands at the tip of petiole. Flowers in terminal/axillary spikes, pale
yellow. Fmit ovoid, 3-5x1.5-2.5cm.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jul. Distribution-Inia, Myamnar, Sri Lanka.

Conmion tree in Ubbrani state forest. FDD-519. KN-Alale kayi.

Terminaliapaniculata Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 383. 1821; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1;
2:51. 1996.
Tree, 12-15m liigh, branchlets pubescent, leaves simple, alternate or

subopposite, elliptic-oblong, 15-25x6-9cm, apex acute, margin entire, pair
of glands at base. Flowers in axillary spikes, flower whitish yellow, calyx 5-
lobed, lobes hairy outside, 0.3-0.5cm across, petals white. Fruit 3-winged,
wings unequal, brownish red, median larger than laterals.
Fl-Fr:-June-Sept. Distribution-South West India.

Common tiee often planted along roadsides. FDD-697. KN-Mathi.
NoteiQuiscalis indica L., is cultivated as ornamental plant in gardens.
MYRTACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Fruit berry;
2 Calyx limb enclosed in bud. Fruit large ovoid, seeds many Psidium
2 Calyx limb open in bud, berry small, seeds 1:
3 Pedicel long, calyx long, not produced beyond the ovary Eugenia
3 Pedicel short, calyx long, produced beyond the ovary Syzygium
1 Fruit capsule Eucalyptus
SYZYGIUM J. Gaertner nom. com.

Key to species
1 Flower white:
2 Flower in corymbose panicles, berry globose, purple S.caryophyllatum
2 Flower in small umbellules, berry globose white S.zeylanicum
1 Flower other than white:
3 Flower greenish white, fruit purple S.operculatum
3 Flower pink with purplish red throat S.cumini
Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 6: 16.

1931. Myrtus caryophyllaaius L., Sp. PL 472. 1753 (non Thumb.) Syzygium
caryophylloeum auct. Non Gaertn; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 480. 1919.
Eugenia corymbosa Lam., Encycl. 3: 199. 1789; Cooke, Fl. Bombay.l: 522.

1903; E.caryophyaea Wight., Ic. t. 540. 1842; Duthic in Hooker, Fl., Brit.
India. 2: 490. 1878; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 27. 1996
Large shrub-small evergreen tree, to 4m high, branchlets terete4,

leaves simple, opposite, subcoriaceous, gland dotted, 3.5-8x2-3.5cm, apex
obtuse, margin entire, base acute, nerves prominent beneath. Flower white,
in terminal, corymbose panicles, pedicel short, to 0.1cm, calyx turbinate,
lobes 4, to 0.3cm long, petals white, 4-5 merous, stamens indefhite, inserted
along the margin of calyx, filament incurved. Fruit berry, globose, purple,
black on ripe, to 6mm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:- Distribution-Western India, Sri Lanka.

Common cultivated tree. FDD-845.
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels in U.S.D.A. Bur. PI. Industr. Bull. 248: 2.
1912; Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3. 92. 1967. Myrtus cumini L., Sp. PI. 471,
1753. I'ji^cnca Jainbolona Lam., Encycl. 3: 198. 1789; Wight, Ic. t. 535.
1842. Syzygium jamholammi (Lam.) DC, Prodr. 3: 259. 1828; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 481(340.). 1919; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:27. 1996
Moderate sized tiee, to 13 m high, branchlets often pendulous, leaves

simple, opposite, decussate, coriaceous, shinig above, glabrous beneath, 10-
15x4-5.5cm, peltate, ovate-elliptic oblong, apex obtuse-acuminate, margin
entire, base subacute, secondary nerves prominent beneath. Flower pmk
with purplish throat, sweat scented, in long trichotomous cymes on old
branches, flower to 0.8cm long, calyx 0.4cm long, lobes obscure, pale
green, petals calyptrate. Fruit berry, globose, purple, to 4 cm long,
subtended by truncate calyx limb, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr;-May-Oct. Distribution-lndomalaysia, Sri Lanka, Australia.

Common, cultivated. FDD-514. KN-Nerale.
Note:fresh juice is given with goat's milk in diarrhoea for childrens.

An aqueous extract of the seeds found to cause marked, prolonged

decrease in blood sugar.
Syzygium operculatum (Roxb.) Nicolezu in Pfamilien. II. 7. 85. 1893;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1: 481(340). 1919; Eugenia operculata Roxb. Fl.
hid. 2: 486. 1832; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:498. 1876. p.p. Brandis 322.
Medium sized tree, to 10 m high, branchlets brownish, leaves simple,

opposite, thin, coriaceous, broadly ovate-orbicular, 8-14x2.5-6cm, apex
acute-rounded, margin entire, base cuneate, secondary nerves prominent, to
12 pairs. Flower greenish white, in axillary, trichotomous cymes on old
branches, calyx companulate, to 0.4cm long, lobes 4-5, short. Fruit berry,
ovoid, dark purple on ripe, 0.5-1.5cm.
Fl-Fr:-May-Sept. Distribution-Cultivated. FDD- 585. KN-Nayi nerale.

NoterRoot- Boiled down to the consistence of syrup, applied to the
joints by rubbing in rheumatic pains.
Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC, Prodr. 3: 260. 1828; Wight, Ic. t. 73. 1838;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 479(338). 1919. Myrtus zeylanicus L., Sp. PI.
472. 1753. Eugeniaspicala Lam., Encycl. 3: 201. 1789; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1: 490(521). 1903; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:32. 1996.
Small tree, to 10m high, branchlets quadrangular leaves simple,

opposite, ovate-lanceolate, 6.5-8.5x2.8-3.5cm, apex acuminate, margin
entire, base narrow, petiole to 0.3cm. Flower white, in axillary, short
peduncled, panicles, calyx gland dotted, tubular, tube long, turbinate, lobes
conspicuous, 4-5 lobed, petals white, deciduous. Fruit bery, subglobose, 1-
seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-May. Distribution-IndoMalaysia, Sri Lanka.

Occasional tree in Joldal range. FDD-733. KN-Gedde pannerale,
Kuimerale.

fôteiEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.; Eucalyptus citrioidora Hook.;

Eucalyptus globulus Labill, cultivated in some part of the district in social
forestry for its stem used in paper industry.
Eugenia codyensis Manaro KN-Kadu jambu nerale and Psidium guava L.,
is cultivated in some part of the district in gardens for its edible fruit.
LECYTHIDACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Stamens fused in to hood over ovary Couroupita
1 Stamens free Careya
CAREYA Roxburgh
•Careya arborea Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 218. 1811; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 205. 1872;
Small sized, deciduous tree, to 8m high, branchlets glabrous/slightly

pubescent, leaves simple, alternate, obovate, 8-22x4-10cm, glabrous, apex
shortly acuminate, margin crenate-denticulate, base cuneate, pimmately
veined. Flowers in few flowered terminal spike, peduncle woody, flower 4-
merous, foetid, calyx longer than ovary, lobes 4, hairy, persistent, petals 4-
lobed, free, fleshy, pale yellow/white, lobes oblong-elliptic, stamens many,
cormate at base. Fruit berry, globose, crowned with persistent calyx,
fibrous.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Apr, flowering, Oct-Jan fruits. Distribution-Himalaya to Sri

Lanka.
Common in Joldal, KUSF, Honnalli, Kondajji, Harapanahalli, often along
roadside. FDD-482. KN-Kavalu, Hennu mathi, Daddala. (Plate-6C)
COUROUPITA Aublet
Couroupita guianensis Aublet Hist. PI. Guiane 708. t. 282. 1775; Curtis.
Bot. Mag. Tt. 3158 & 3159. 1832; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 265. 1984.
Deciduous tree, 30-40m high, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple,

clustered at the tip of branches, oblong-obovate, 10-25x8-14cm, apex acute,

margin entire, base cuneate, glabrous above, pubescent along nerves

beneath. Flower yellow, with red tinge inside, on old trunk, valyx 5-lobed,
pale green, stamens many, fused in to two bundles, forming hood like
structure on ovary, hoods fleshy. Fruit large, pale brown, woody, globose
20-3 0cm in diameter, seeds many.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution- India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka.

Common along roadside. FDD-391. KN-Naga linga pushpa
NoteiBarringtonia acutangula (L.) GaertnerKN-Hole kowa, Neeru
kanagilu.
MELASTOMATACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant herb/undershrub.
2 Inflorescense a helicoid cyme,flowertri merous JSonerila
2 Inflorescense capitate/in short cymes,flower4-5 merous Osbeckia
1 Plant shrub/tree:
3 Inflorescense axillary umbel/fassicle, flower 4-merous,
petals small Memecylon
3 Inflorescense terminal fassicle/solitary, petals large, showy Melastoma
MELASTOMA Linnaeus
Melastoma malabathricum L., Sp. PI. 390. 1753 (malabalhrica); Cooke.
Fl. Bombay. Fl. Bombay 1:500(532). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
495(350). 1919; Saldanha & Dhawan, PI. India t. 67. 1984; Said, Fl. Kar.2:
38. 1996.
Under shrub, to 5m high, branches villous, leaves simple, opposite,

elliptic-lanceolate, 8-I5x4-6cm, apex acute, marginentire, base acute,
scarbid. Flower pink, in terminal cluster of 4-5 flowers, calyx 5-lobed,
tubular, tube companulate, corolla 5-lobed, petals large, showy.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-India.

Occasional in Joldal & Ammanagudde. FDD-389. KN-Ankarke, Nekkare.

MEMECYLON Linnaeus
Memecylon umbellatum N. Burman, Fl. Ind. 87. 1768; Cooke. Fl. Bombay.
Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 95. 1967; Said, Fl. Kar.2: 40. 1996.
Large shrub, to 8m liigh, branchlets with adpressed scales, leaves

simple, opposite, ovate-elliptic, 8-12x4-5cm, apex acute, margin entire,
base cuneate. Flowers blue, in axillary umbels. Fruit berry.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution- South West India.

Occasional in Joldal. FDD-284. KN-Arachara.
OSBECKIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Flower pentamerous:
2 Leaves eUiptic, calyx with simple bristles O.minor
2 Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, caljoc with conspicuous bristles:
3 Branchlets fleshy, calyx lobes obtuse O.graciiis
3 Branchlets woody, calyx lobes acute O.virgata
1 Flower tetramerous O.zeylanica
Osbeckia gracilis Beddome, Madras J. Lit. Sci. ser. 3. 1: 45. 1864; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 494(349). 1919; Hansen, Ginkgoana 4: 77. 1977. O.
sublaevis Cogn. in DC, Monog. 7:321.1895; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
492. 1919. a lineolata Gamble, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 241. 1918; Said, Fl.
Kar. 2: 42. 1996.
Small herb, to 20cm high, branches bluish, fleshy, glabrous, leaves

simple, opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 3-6x2.5-3cm, 3-ribbed, apex acute,
margin entire, base cuneate, pubescent above, glabrous beneath. Flower
purple, in terminal corymbose cymes, calyx 5-lobed, lobes obtuse, bristly
hairy, bristles conspicuous, ovate, apex ciliate, petals 5, lobes ovate, ciliate.
Fruit capsule.
Ftoristic Composition ofDavanagere District 212

Fl-Fr:-Sept-Mar. Distribution-South India.

Occasional in Joldal & Kondaji. FDD-283.
Osbeckia minor Triana. O.aspera, Wight. Ic. t. 377; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 492. 1919.
Small herb, to 20cm long, branchlets strigose, leaves simple,

opposite, elliptic, 1.5-2x0.5-0.8cm, apex acute, margin entire, base obtuse,
bristly hairy above, green on drying. Flower purple red, solitary, terminal,
c^lyx 5-iobed, lobes ovate, appendaged, bristle tipped, petals purplish red, 5
lobed, ciliate, stamensS, equal. Fruit capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Mar. Common herb in Joldal. FDD-269. (Figure-21)
Osbeckia virgata D. Don ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 323. 1834; Wight, Ic. t.
376. 1840; Hansen, Ginkgoana 4: 107. 1977. Osbeckia octandra auct. non
DC. C. B. Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:521.1879; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 493(348). \9\9{p.p). O.cupularis D. Don ex Wight & Arn., Prodr.
323. 1834(/7./?.nom. conf); Said, Fl. Kar.2: 41. 1996.
Slender, undershrub, to 40cm high, branches woody, leaves simple,

opposite, lanceolate, 3.5-6x2-3cm, bristly hairy above, glabrous beneath,
hairy along nerves. Flower pink, solitary/in terminal fascicles of 2-3 flower,
calyx 5, lobes emerginate, bristly hairy, petals 5, pink, lobes broadly ovate,
ciliate. Fruit capsule.
FI-Fr:- Mar. Distiibution - Occasional in KUSF. Thirtharameshwara. FDD-

275.
Osbeckia zeylanica L. f, Suppl. Plant. 215. 1781; Gamble, Fl.'Presi.

Madras 494(349). 1919; Hansen, Ginkgoana 4: 43. 1977; Said, Fl. Kar.2:
43. 1996.

Erect herb, to 30ctn high, branchlets and stem 4 angled, leaves

simple, opposite, elliptic-oblong, 2.5-3.2xl.5-2cm, apex acute, margin
entire, base acute, minutely hairy. Flower pink, solitary/in terminal fascicle,
bracts foliar, calyx 4-lobed, tubular, sub globose, stelletly hairy,
appendaged, corolla pink, 4-lobed, lobes broadly ovate, rounded, stamens 4,
anther linear, yellovy^, ovary partly enclosed by calyx tube, tetralocular, style
and stigma simple. Fruit capsule, seeds minute, black brown.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Common in KUSF range. FDD-106.

(Figure-22)
LYTHRACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant herbaceous:
2 Flowers in spike/raceme, capsule septecidally dehiscent Rotala
2 Flowers in cymes/solitary, capsule irregulerly dehising mmannia
1 Plant shrub/tree:
3 Flower 6-merous:
4 Calyx pale brown, fruit loculicidally 3-6 valved,
seeds winged Lagerstroemia
4 Calyx red, fruit dhising irregularly, seeds not winged Woodfordia
3 Flower 4 merous JLawsonia
AMMANNIA Liimaeus
Ammannia baccifera L., Sp. PI. 120. ll53(Ammannia); Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1: 509 (541). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 510 (360). 1919. Ammannia
salicifolia Hiem in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr.: 278. 1871(non Monti); Cooke, Fl.
Herb, prostate or spreading leaves simple, lanceolate, 3-4x1-1.5cm,

apex obtuse, margin entire, base cuneate-amplexicaul. Flowers subsessile,
in axillary cymes, dark red, petals absent, calyx lobes 4, red, alternate with
4-teeths, stamens 4. Fruit capsule, brown-red, longer than calyx, irregularly
dehising, seeds minute red.

Fl-Fr.-Dec-Apr. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in marshy places. FDD-261. KN- Kari sannigida, Agnivarya,
Kallarive.
LAGERSTROEMIA Linnaeus
Lagestromia parviflora Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 66. 1795; Wight, Ic. t. 69. 1840;
Fl. Presi. Madras 513(362). 1919; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:12. 1996.
Medium sized tree, 10-12cm high, leaves simple, opposite, 4-10x3-

6cm, elliptic or oblong, 1.5-3x2-2.5cm, apex acute, base cuneate/rounded,
glaucos beneath, petiole 2-4cm long. Inflorescence a panicle, calyx pink,
persistent, petals wliite, stamens 4-6. Fruit capsule, ovoid, oblong, with
persistent calyx, bearing a ring inside, purple, seeds many, winged.
Fl-Fr:-April-Dec. Distribution-Western India, Myanmar.

Common tree in Joldal & KUSF range. FDD-543. KN-Chennangi.
Note:This plant is the most dominent taxon in several forest regions of
the district.
Lawsonia inermis L., is common cultivated plant in gardens.
ROTALA Liimaeus
Key to species
1 Capsule 3-valved, petals 5:
2 Leaves lanceolate, petals obovate, retuse Rdensi/lora
2 Leaves linear-oblong, petals fimbriate Rfimbriata
1 Leaves orbicular, petals 4, capsule 4-valved Krotundifolia
Rotala densiflora (Roth ex Roemer & Schultes) Koechne. in Engl. Bot.

Jalub. Syst. 1: 164. 1880; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 508(359). 1919; Van
Leeuwen, Blumea 19: 55. 1971; Cook, Boissiera 29: 82. 1979. Ammennia
densiflora Roth ex Roemer.& Schultes., Syst. Veg. 3; 304. 1818. Rotala
roxburghiaana Wight, Ic. t. 260 B. 1840(nom.;7/eg.); Said, Fl. Kar. 2:15.
1996.

Divericately branched, aquatic herbs, rooting at basal nodes, leaves

lanceolate, l-2.5cm long, lower leaves small, opposite, sessile. Flower
axillary, pale reddish, bracts foliar, bracteoles 2, linear, as long as calyx,
calyx triangular, 5-lobed, appendages 3, petals 5, connate at the periphery of
calyx tube, obovate, retuase, stamens 5, filaments short. Fruit capsule, 3-
valved.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution-Southeast Asia.

Common herb in wet moist places along margin of ponds. FDD-41.
Rotala fimbriata Wight, Ic. t. 217. 1839; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
508(359). 1919; Cook, Boissiera 29:80. 1979. Ammania pentandra var
fimbriata Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:569. 1879; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:16.
1996.
Small herb, leaves simple, oposite/whorled, linear-oblong, to

1x0.6cm, apex acute, margin entire, base subamplexicaul. Flowers pink,
solitary, axillary, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, fimbriate, stamens 5. Fruit
capsule, ellipsoid, 3-valved.
Fl-Fr:- Sept-Nov. Distribution-IndoMalaysia.

Common herb in moist places of HarapanahaUi. FDD-1073. Reported by
Saldanha et.al, in Flora of Kamataka. KFP-4571.
Rotala rotundifolia (Roxb.) Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. 1:175. 1880; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 509(359). 1919; Cooke, Boissiera 29:49. 1979. Ammannia
ronmdifolia Buch'Ham. fix Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1:446. 18290; D. Don. Prodr. Fl.
Nepal. 220. 1825; Cooke, FL. Bombay 1:508(540). 1903; Said, Fl. Kar.
2:18. 1996.
Herb, leaves subsessile, orbicular, apex rounded, base cuneate.

Flowers in terminal spike, petals 4. Fruit capsule, 4-valved.

Fl-Fr:- Dec. Distribution- Southeast Asia.

Common in marshy places of Joldal range. FDD-253.
WOODFORDIA SaHsbury
Woodfordiafruticosa (L.) Kurz, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 40: 56.
1871; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madias 511(361). 1919. Lythmm fruticosum L.,
Sp. PI. ed. 2, 641. 1762. Woodfordia floribunda Saisb., Parad. Lond. ^. 42.
1806; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 510(543). 1903.
Large shrub, 2-4m high, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, opposite,

oblanceolate, 8-12x2-3cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cordate, minutely
pubescent above, grey pubescent beneath. Flower white, in axillary
fascicles, calyx tubular, 6-lobed, lobes petaloid, red, 1-1.2cm long, petals 6,
white, stamens 12, inserted on calyx tube. Fruit capsule, oblong, included,
seeds small, many.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Jun. Distribution-India, China, Tropical Africa. Occasional.

Jagalur. FDD-851.
ONAGRACEAE
LUIDWIGIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves linear-lanceolate:
2 Petioe long, to 2cm, stamens 4, capsule 1-1.5cm long Lperennis
2 Petiole short, to 0.5cm, stamens 8-10, capsule 3x0.5cm Loctovalvis
1 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, capsule 2-2.5cm long J^prostrata
Ludwigia octovalvis (N. Jacquin) Raven, Kew Bull. 15:476. 1962 & Steenis
Fl. Malaysiana 8:101. 1977. Oneothera octovalvis N. Jacquin, Enum. Syst.
PI. 19. 1760. Jussiaea sujfrnticosa L., Sp. PI. 388. 1753; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 1: 516(549). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 516(365). 1919 (non
Ludwigia suffruticosa Walt.). Jussia villosa Lam., Encycl. 3:331. 1789;

Fruticose herb, to Im tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple,

subsessile, petiole to 0.5cm long, linear, subsessile, 2-8x0.5-1cm, apex
acute, maigin entire, base cuneate. Flowers in axils, solitary, calyx 5-lobed,
lobes ovate, petals tubular, stamens 8-10. Fruit capsule, cylindric, to
3x0.5cm, pubescent.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Common in moist places of Davanagere

and Harapanahalli. FDD-785.
Ludwigiaperennis L., Sp. Pi. 119. 1753; Raven, Reinwardtia 6: 367: 1963.
Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 101. 1967. Ludwigiaparviflora Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1:
419. 1832; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. 1: 517(550). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Herb, 20-40cm long, branchlets glabrous, slightly angular, leaves

simple, alternate, linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5x0.4-0.8cm, petiole long, to 2cm,
apex acute, margin entire, base acute, glabrous. Flower axillary, solitary,
tetramerous, calyx 4-lobed, lobes acute at apex, to 0.1-0.3cm long, petals 4,
yellow, lobes 4, 0.3-0.4cm long, stamens 4. Fruit capsule, 1-1.5cm long,
narrow at base, wide above.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-East Africa, Iran, Indomalaysia.

Common herb in out skirts of forest & along streams. FDD-322.
Ludwigia prostrata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 441. 1820; Wight, Ic. t. 762. 1844;
Slender herb, branchlets procumbent, glabrous, leaves simple, ovate-

lanceolate, 2.5-6.5x0.5-1cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate.
Flower solitary, axillary, 4-5 merous, sepals 4-5, lobes 0.2cm long, ovate.

acute at apex, petals 4-5, yellow, lobes ovate, 0.3-0.5cm long, stamens 4-5.
Fruit capsule, 2- 2.5cm long, trigonous.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jun. Distribution- E. Asia, Indomalaysia. Occasional herb in

Joldal range. FDD- 367.
TRAPACEAE
TRAPA Linnaeus
Trapa nutans L., Sp. PI. 120. 1753. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino in
linuma, Somuku-Dzusetus ed. 3, 1:137. 1907; Sant. & Wight, Bull. Bot.
Surv. India 5:109. 1963. Trapa bispinosa Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 234. 1815;
Gamble, FI. Presi. Madras 518(366). 1919.
Floating, aquatic herb, leaves dimorphic, submerged leaves

pectinate, opposite, floating leaves crenulate, ovate-rhomboidal, 2-3x2.5-
3.5cm, apex acute-sub acute, base cuneate, glabrous above, tomentose
beneath, petiole inflated at the middle.
Collected in Shanthisagar tank in vegetative stage. FDD-786.
PASSIFLORACEAE
PASSIFLORA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Stipulefiliform,berry, globose, to 2cm across P.foetida
1 Stipule ovate notfiliform,berry to 6cm across P.subpeltata
Passiflora foetida L., Sp. PI. 959. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
524(370). 1919; Said, Fl.Kar. 1: 279. 1984.
Viscid, hirsute climbing sluub, brachlets striate, silky hairy, leaves

simple, alternate, 8-12x3.5-7cm, apex acute, base cordate, margin dentate,
lamina obscurely 3-lobed, petiole to 3cm long, stipules small, fimbriate,
tendril axillary, simple. Flower white, axillary, sohtary, peduncle hairy, to
4cm long, pedicel short, involucre of bracts 3, calyx 5-lobed, hairy, corolla
Floristic Composition of Dmwiagere District 219

white, petals small, inserted on calyx tube, corona cupular, with many
fimbriate appendages, stamens 3, attached to gynandrophore, filaments
short. Fruit berry, globose, to 2cm across, green.
Fl-Fr. Jan-Jun. Distribution- Introduced from America. Common climber

along hedges. FDD-434. KN-Kukki balli.
Passiflowra subpeltata Orteg, Nov. Rar. PI. Hort. Matrit. 6: 78. 1798;
Green, Kew Bull. 26: 557. 1972. Passiflora calcarata Masters, Trans. Linn.
Soc. London 27: 638. 1871; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 524(370). 1919;
Said, Fl.Kar. 1:279. 1984.
Stiaggling herb, leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, stipule foliar,

ovate, lanceolate 2x1 cm, lamina trilobed, 6-9x7-8cm, tendril axillary.
Flower white, axillary solitary, bracts ovate, lanceolate to 1cm long, calyx
5, green, lobes oblong, corolla white, with purple base. 5 lobed, corona
white, outer long to 2.5cm, inner small, to 0.5cm long, stamens 5, filaments
fused to gynophore, style branched, stigma bilobed. Fruit berry to 6cm
across.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Aug. Distribution- Introduced from Madagascar.

CUCURBITACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Flower white:
2 Tendril simple/bifid:
3 Leaf 3-5 lobed tendril simple, corolla fimbriate
along margin Trichosanthes
3 Leaf 5-7 lobed, tendril branched, corolla not fimbriate Diplicyclos
2 Tendril simple:
4 Corolla deeply partite Solena
4 Corolla broadly funnel shaped Cpccinia
1 Flower yellow:
5 Tendril simple:
6 Leaves angular, 3-5 lobed, bracts large reniform JMomordica
6 Leaves faintly 5 lobed, bracts small Cucumis

5 Tendril not simple, 2-3 fid:

7 Both male & female flower solitary, tendril 3-fid Citrullus
7 Maleflowerin raceme, female solitary, tendril not 3-fid:
8 Fruit angular, strongly ribbed JLuffa
8 Fruit ovoid large angular not ribbed Cucurbita
CITRULLUS Linnaeus
Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Mansf f. Die Kulfurfl. Beit. 2: 421 1959;
Backer, fl Java 1:300, 1963; Raiz. in Indian For. 94:437, 196S Momordica
lanata Thunb. Prodr. Fl. Cap. 13, 1194-Citrulluss colocynthis (L.) Schard.
in Linnaea 12:414, 1836; Clarke in Hook, Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 620. 1885;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 537. 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 536(378)).
\9\9-Cucumis colocynthis L. Sp. PI. 1011. 1753. I l l Wight. Ic. t. 418,
1840-43; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 308. 1984.
Monoecious herb, branchlets creeping, leaves pinnatified, ovate, 3-

lobed, 8.5-11.6x4.5-6.5cm, pinnules 2-2.8x0.6-1cm, apex obtuse, margin
entire, base cordate, tendril bifid, in leaf axil, hirsute. Flowers unisexual,
axillaiy, solitaiy, calyx pale green, hirsute, fused, tubular, to 1cm long,
lobes recurved at apex, corolla yellow, lobes recurved to half of the calyx,
tluoat hairy, apex acute, stamens 3, filaments free, to 0.4cm long, 1-antlier
single celled, other 2-bicelled. Fruit globose, green.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Sep. Common along hedges Honnali and other places. FDD-

380. KN-Dodda hale, Havu mekke kayi.
COCCINIA Wight &Amott

Cocinia grandis (L.) Voigt. Hort. Suburb. Calc. 59. 1845. Chakrava, Fase.
Fl. Ind. 11:23.1982. Bryonia grandis L. Mant. PI. 126. 1767. Coccinia
indica Wight & Ain. Prodr. 347. 1834; Cooke, FL. Bombay 1:538(572).
1984.

Slender herb, stem angular, leaves palmately lobed, alternate,

prominently nerved, 10.5-14.8x14.5-15.8cm, apex acute, margin dentate,
base cordate, tendril simple, slender, leaf opposed, glabrous-minutely
pubescent. Flower solitary, axillary, white, unisexual, calyx tubular,
companulate, glabrous, 5-lobed, green, 1.5-2.8cm long, corolla white,
funnel shaped, hairy inside, lobes acute, grooved, 3.2-4.3cm long, stamens
3, filaments fused to form a column, column stout, anthers fused, 1-celled,
others 2-celled, style slender, stigma papillose. Fruit berry, cylindrical-
ovoid, green, with white streaks on surface, turning red on maturity, 3.5-
6.2x2-2.5cm.
Fl-Fr.-Apr-Oct. Distribution-Cultivated. Common often cultivated for its

edible fruit. FDD-385. KN- Sihi thonde, Thondekayi.
CUCUMIS Linnaeus
Key to species
I Leaves faintly 3-5 lobed Cmelo
1 Leaves palmately 5-7 lobed Csativus
Cucumis melo L. Sp. PI. 1011. 1753. Cucumis callosus (Rottler) Cogn. in
Engler, Pflanzem. 88: 129. 1924; Chakravar, hidian Cucur. 100. 1959 &
Fasc. Fl. Ind. 11: 31. 1982. Cucumis melo var. agrestis Naud., Ann. Sci.
Nat. ser. 4, 11: 73, 12: 110. 1859; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 535(569). 1903;
Slender herb, branchlets prostrate, scarbid, monoecious, leaves

simple, alternate, sub orbicular, often lobed, lobes 3-7, 6.5-9.2x3.8-5.2 cm,
apex obtuse, niaigin senatc-crenate, base cordate, petiole, 0.5-2cm long.
Flowers in axillary, 2-3 flowered clusters, unisexual, yellow, calyx tubular,
1.2-2cm long, lobes spreading, corolla yellow, campanulate, lobes oblong,
3.5-4cm long, acute, minutely hairy inside, stamens 3, filaments free, to
1.2cm long, unicelled, others 2 stamens bicelled, style short, to 0.4cm long,

stigma obtuse. Fruit ovoid, green, with white streaks, 5-6x3.5-4cm, seeds
oblong, ovoid, compressed, white.
Fl-Fr:-Sep-Nov. Comon along hedges and also cultivated for its edible
fruits. FDD-279. KN-Karbuja, Kekkerike.
Cucumis sativus L., Sp. PI. 1012. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 260. 1884;
Branched, hirsute herb, branchlets prostrate, hairy, leaves simple,

alternate, broadly ovate, hairy, 12.5-18.6x8-10 cm, palmately nerved,
nerves 5-7, tendril simple, slender. Flowers in axillary, few flowered
clusters, yellow, calyx fused, 0.8-2.1cm long, campanulate, hairy, corolla
yellow, 1.5-3.8cm long, oblong, acute, hairy inside the throat, stamens 3,
anthers curved. Fruit berry, cylindrical, oblong, pale green when young,
turning yellow-red on maturity.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Cultivated for its edible fruit rarely, as an escape. FDD-

315. KN-Southe balli.
DIPLOCYCLOS (Endlicher) Post & Kuntze

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey in Kew Bull. 15: 352. 1962; Chakrav.
Fasc. Fl. Ind. 11:48. 1982. Bryoniapalmata L., Sp. PI. 1012. 1753; Cooke,
Chakrav. Indian. Cucur. 138. 1959;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:297. 1984.
Tuberous, slender climber, leaves simple, alternate, scabrid above,

smooth below, palmately 5-lobcd, 5.5-9.5x2.5-3.8cm, lobes obovate, apex
sub acute, margin crenulate, tendril slender, long, bifid, in leaf axil. Flowers
pale yellow, in axillary clusters, calyx tubular, to 1.5cm long,,lobes
spreading, triangular, apex acute, slightly hairy, corolla pale yellow, 1.2-
2.8cm long, lobes hairy inside, stamens 3, to 1cm long, filaments free, 1-

anther unilocular, other 2-bilocular. Fruit globose, pale green, seeds black,
resembling "Shiva linga."
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common along hedges. FDD-309. KN-Shivalinga balli.
LAGENARIA (Molina) Standley

Lagenarla leucantha (Duch.) Rusby, Mem. torr. Bot. Club 4(1): 43, 1896;
Chkravar. in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 1701); 66, 1959. Cucurbita leucantha
Duch. in Lamk. Encycl. 2: 150, 1786. Lagenaha vulgaris ser. Mem. Soc.
Phys. Hist. Nat. Genev 3(1): 25, t. 2, 1825; Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit.
Ind. 3:613. 1879; Cameron, Cat. 42, 1880; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 546,
1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 543, 1919; Cogn. And Harms in Engl.
Pflreich 88: 201. 1924;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:308. 1984.
Monoecieous climber, leaves simple, alternate, cordate, orbicular,

9.3-19.5x8.5-14.5cm, rigid haiiy, prominently nerved, nerves 5-7, apex
acute, margin entire-undulate base cordate, rigid pubescent above,
pubescent below, petiole to 2.5cm long. Flowers yellow, in axillary
racemes, to 5cm long, calyx tubular, tube narrow, to 2cm long, lobes fused,
tiiangular, hispid, corolla yellow, to 4cm long, lobes spreading, hairy along
the throat, prominently nerved, nerves 5, stamens 3, 1-unilocular 2-anther
bilocular. Fruit berry, globose, pubescent when young, glabrous on
maturity, oblong, ovate, to 20cm across, seeds white.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Common in outskirts of villages. Belagutti. FDD-454. KN-

Kahi sore balli, Halugumbala.
NoterSevaral species of luff a is cultivated for its edible fruit.
MOMORIDICA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Fruit fusiform, angular M.cymbalaria
1 Fruit ovoid, muricate M.dioica

Momoridica cymbalaria Fenzl ex Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, 12: 134.
1859; J. Hooker in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 540. 1817; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1: 531 (564). 1903. Luffa tuberosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 717. 1832; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 532(376). 1919; Chakravar. Indian Cucur. 81. 1959 & Fasc.
Fl. Ind. 11: 74. 1982;Sald, Fl. Kar. 299. 1984.
Monoecious herb, branchlets trailing, leaf simple, reniform-

orbicular, alternate, 3-5 lobed, 2-2.5x3-4.2cm, apex acute, margin entire,
base cordate, hairy above, glabrous below, nerves 5-7, prominent, tendril
simple, in the leaf axil, petiole to 1.5cm long. Flower unisexual, in axillary
racemes, staminate flowers in long peduncled, axillary raceme, to 4cm long,
calyx companulate, to 1.5cm long, lobes lanceolate, apex recurved, hairy,
corolla pale yellow, lobes spreading, stamens 2, one dithecus and other
trithecus, filament curved, pistillate flowers solitary, axillary, to 2cm long,
style long, stigma 3-lobed. Fruit pepo, fusiform, pubescent, longitudinally
ribbed.
Fl-Fr:-June-Oct. Distribution-Africa to India.

Common in Dry parts of the district. Jagalur, Harapanahalli, kondajji. FDD-
271.KN-Kadavanchi.
Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 605. 1805; Wight, Ic. t. 505,
506. 1841; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 529(563). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 532(375). 1919; Chakravar. hidian Cucur. 91. 1959; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:300. 1984.
Dioecious, climber, root tuberous, branchlets hairy, leaves simple,

alternate, broadly ovate, 3-5 lobed, pubescent, prominently nerved, petiole
1.5-2cm long, eglandular, lamina 8.5-12x9.5-12.2cm, apex acute-ebtuse,
margin entire, base cordate, male flowers in long peduncled axillary
racemes, to 10cm long, bracts spathoceous, to 0.7cm across, calyx fused,

lobes linear-lanceolate, to 1.5cm long, corolla yellow, tubular, 5xl.5-2cm,

stamens 3, pistilate flowers solitary, axillary, bracts small, to 0.2cm long.
Fruit pepo, ovoid, muricate, 4-2.5cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr: -Sept-Oct. Distribution-India to Malaysia. Common in out skirts of

villages. FDD-85. KN-Karchiballi, Midihagala, & Giddahagala.
NoteiMamordica charantla (L.) Roem (Hagala kayi) is cultivated for its
edible fruit.
SOLENA Loureiro
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi in Said, & Nicol. Fl. Hassan 179.
1976. Bryonia amplixicaulis Lam., Encycl. 1: 496. 1785; Wight, Ic. t. 502.
1841. Solena heterophylla Lour., Fl Cochinh 1: 514. 1790. Melothha
heterophylla (Lour.), Cogn. in A & C. DC, Monogr. Phan. 3 : 618. 1881;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 540 (575). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
539(380). 1919; Chakravar. Indian Cucur. 159. 1959. Melothha
amplexicaulis (Lam.) Cogn. In A. & C. DC, Monogr. Phan. 3: 621. 1881:
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 539(380). 1919; Chakravar. Indian Cucur. 146.
1959. Melothria angulata Chakravar. Indian Cucur. 146. 1959. Melothria
angulata Chakravar. in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50: 899. 1952 & Fasc.
F l . I n d . l l : 7 8 . 1982; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:302. 1984.
Dioceous climber, Leaf lobed, highly variabel in shape, entire, lobed,

cordate or sagittate, 4.5-6x3-4cm, apex acute, margin minutely denticulate,
base cordate.. Male flowers in axillary, short corjonbs, pistillate flower
axillary, solitary, petals creamy white, deeply 5-partite, stamens 3, free,
staminodes 3. Fruit berry, ovoid.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Oct. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, China and Java.

Common in Ammana gudda, occasional in Uchangi durga. FDD-307.

TRISCHOSANTHES Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Male raceme with large bract, berry ovoid-globose T.tricuspidata
I Mlae raceme with small bract, berry ovoid-conical T.cucumerina
Trischosanthes cucumerina L., Sp. PI. 1008. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1:
527(561). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 529 (373). 1919;Chakravar.
Indian Cucur. 31. 1959; Trichosanthes anguina L., Sp. PI. 1008. 1753;
Chakiavar. Indian Cucur. 35.1959. Trichosnathes cucumeriana var.
anguina (L.) Haines, Bot. Bihar Orissa 388. 1922; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 304.
1984.
Monoecious herb, stem and branches scarbid, leaves membranous,

palmately 3-5 lobed, broadly ovate, 4-7x3.7-6.5cm, apex acute, margin
entire, base cordate, tendril 2-3 fid. Male and female flowers in axillary
racemes, corolla white, calyx large, lacinate, staminal filament fi"ee, anthers
fused. Fruit beriy, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution- Peninsular India. Rare collected once in Male

machi kere. FDD-450. KN- Kahi padavala.
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour., Fl. Cochinch.2: 589. 1790. Modecca

bracteata Lam., Encycl. 4: 210. 1797. Trichosanthers palmata Roxb., Fl.
Ind 3: 704. 1832; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1; 526(500). 1903. Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 529(374). 1919. Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt; Hort.
Suburb. Calc. 58. 1845; Chakravar. Indian Cucur. 44. 1959.
Large climbing shrub, leaves 3-5 lobed, broadly ovate, 14-20x13.5-

18cm, scarbid. Male flowers in axillary raceme, bracteate, bracts large,
female flowers solitary, in some cluster of 2-4, calyx tubular, tube tong to
8cm, lobes dentate, corolla white. Fruit berry, ovoid, smooth, 5-7cm across.

Fl-Fr:-Apr-Jun. Distribution-India to China and Japan.

On tlie way to Ammanagudde temple. Not frequent. FDD-351. KN-
Kagemari balli.
BEGONIACEAE
BEGONIA Linnaeus
Begonia integrifolia Dalx. In Hooker's J. Bot. Kew. Card. Misc. 3:230.
1851; Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2:648. 1879; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
1:584; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 645(385). 1919.
Succulent tuberous herb, to 10cm long, leaves simple, alternate,

orbicular, 14-18x14-16cm, apex acuminate, margin minutely serrate, base
deeply cordate, petiole long, 7-9cm. Flowers in dichotomous cyme, axillary,
polygamodioecious. Fruit capsule, 3-winged.
Fl-Fr:- Jul-Sept. Distribution-South W. India.

Common in KUSF range. FDD-179. (Plate-6D)
CACTACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Stem flat, jointed, flower 5-8cm long Opuntia
1 Stem not flat, not jointed, flower large 10-15cm long:
2 Stem 3-4angled, ovary with tuft of hairs Eriocereus
2 Stem 6-angled, ovary without tuft of hairs Cereus
CEREUS Miller
Cereus peruvianas (L.) Miller, Card. Diet. ed. 8, 4. 1768; Backer & Bakh.
f, Fl. Java 1: 317. 1963. Cactusperuvianus L., Sp. PI. 467. 1753; Said, Fl.
Kar.l: 140. 1984.
Large shrub, to 4m tall, branchlets strongly 6-angled, green,

glabrous, fleshy to 12cm wide, armed with spines, wooly. Flowers large, to
12.5cm long, bom laterally on branchlets, white, perianth lobes tubular,
white, stamens many, included. Fruit berry, pale yellow, ovoid.

Fl-Fr:-Jul-Sept. Distribution- Introduced from America. Occasional, planted

as hedge plant in Jagalur. FDD.438.
ERIOCEREUS Berger
Eriocereus bonplandii (Pfeiffer) Riccoboni, Boll. Reale Orto Bot.
Giraidino Colon. Palermo 8: 238. 1909. Cerus boplandii Parm ex Pfeiffer,
Enum. Diagn. Cact. 108. 1837;Sald, Fl.Kar.l. 140. 1984.
Armed, succulent shmb, branchlets strongly 3-4 angled, grey

colored, to 8cm wide, spines straight, 6-10, greyish green. Flower white,
solitary, axillary, on a spiny areole, to 20cm long, perianth lobes hairy,
petaloid, stamens many, colored, anther dehising longitudinally, ovary
covered by tuft of hairs.
Fl-Fr: - Jan-Mar. Distribution- Southern South America.

Common hedge plant in Harapanahalli & Jagalur out skirts. FDD-1101.
OPUNTIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant unarmed, flower rose colored O.cocheniUifera
1 Plant armed, flower other than rose color:
2 Spines 1-2 per areole, greyish, brown tipped O.vulgaris
2 Spines more than 3 per areole, yeliow, not brown tipped:
3 Spines thick, flower bright yellow, fruit purphsh O.stricta
3 Spines slender, flower yellow, turning red, fruit reddish O.elatior
Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Miller, Gard. Diet. ed. 8, 4. 1768; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 548(387). 1919 (coccinellifera). Cactus cochenillifer L., Sp.
PI. 468. 1753;Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:141. 1984.
Erect, unarmed, much branched shrub, joints flat, obovate-oblong,

green, latex milky white, glabrous. Flower solitary, axillary, large, rose
colored, to 6cm long, perianth lobes, ovate-obovate, stamens longer than
Floristic Comvosition of Davanaeere District 229

petals, exserted, style slender, stigma 5. Fruit berry, red, fleshy, covered
witli small spines.
Fl-Fr;- Jan-Aug. Distribution- Introduced jfrom Mexico.

Common in out skirts of Jagalur. FDD-213. KN-Keede kalli.
Opuntia elatior (Willd.) Miller, Gard. Diet. ed. 8, 4. 1768; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 548(387). 1918; Backer & Bakh. f. Fl. Java 1: 317. 1963.
Cactus elatior Willd., Enum. PI. Suppl. 34. 1814; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:141.
1984.
Erect, armed, succulent shrub, to 2m tall, branchlets fleshy, green,

glabrous, flattened, oblong-obovate, armed with yellowish straight, slender
spines. Flower axillary, yellow, turning red-rose colour, petals 3.5cm long,
stamens many, included. Fruit berry, obovoid, prickly, red colored, many
seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Aug. Distribution-Occasional collected once in Jagalur. FDD-

1098.
Opuntia striata var dillenii (Haw.) Haworth, Syn. PI. Succ. 191. 1812.
Cactus strictus Haw., Misc. 188. 1803. var. dillenii (Ker-Gawler) L.
Benson, Cat. & Succ. J. America 41: 126. 1969. Cactus dillenii Ker-
Gawler, Edwards' Bot. Reg. 3: t. 255. 1818;Sald, Fl. Kar.l. 141. 1984.
Armed succulent shrub to 2m tall, branchlets fleshy, jointed, flat,

obovate to 20cm long, covered with many areoles, bearing yellow spines,
spines hard, some curved to 3cm long. Flowers axillary, bright yellow,
petals ovate-obovate to 2cm long, stamens many, included. Fruit berry,
globose, purple, fleshy, many seeded.
Fl-Fr:- Jan-Aug. Distribution- Introduced from America. FDD-198.

Common along hedges & out skirts. KN- Papas kalli, Nagadele kalli.
Fhristic Composition ofDavanagere District 230

Opuntia vulgaris Miller, Card. Diet. ed. 8, 1. 1768; Backer & Bakh. f. Fl.
Java 1: 316. 1963. Opuntia monocantha (Willd.) Haw., Suppl. PI. Succ. 81.
1819; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 548(387). 1919. Cactus monocanthos
Willd., Enum. Pi. Suppl. 33. 1814. Cactus indicus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 475.
1832;Sald, Fl. Kar.l:141. 19.
Succulent shrub, 2.5-3m tall, branchlets glabrous, green, fleshy,

jointed, flat, ovate, armed with straight grayish, 1-2 spines, grayish, brown
tipped, leaves scaly, cauducus. Flowers solitary, calyx 5-lobed, lobes
tubular, biseriate, unequal, outer small, inner large, tube armed with small
red tinged spines, corolla multiseriate, lobes spreading, basally connate, red,
stamens many, yellow exserted, style stout solitary, stigma branched. Fruit
berry, red, pear shaped, spiny.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Aug. Distribution- Introduced from America.

Common hedge plsnt in Harapanahaslii. FDD-692.
AIZOACEAE
TRIANTHEMA Linaeus
Trianthema decandra L., Mant. 79. 1767; Wight, Ic. t. 296. 1840; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 551(381). 1919.
Prostrate herb, leaves simple, opposite, thick, subsucculent, ovate, to

1-2x0.6-0.8cm, petiole sheathing. Flowers in axillary, cluster, perianth lobes
4-5, pink. Fruit circumsessile capsule, splitting in to 2-parts.
Fl-Fr:-.Iul-Sept. Distribution-lndomalaysia.
Coninioii in open places of Jagalur, Harihara and Davanagere.

MOLLUGINACEAE
Mollugo Linnaeus
Key to species
1 leaves radical, flowers in trichotomous cymes M.nudicauHs
1 Leaves cauline,flowersnot in trichotomous cymes:
2 Flowers in axillary umbels M.cerviana
2 Flowers in dichasial cymes M.pentaphylla
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Seringe in DC, Prodr.L 392. 1824;Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 1: 559 (594). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 553(390). 1919.
Phamaceaum cerviana L., Sp. PI. 272. 1753.
Prostrate herb, branchlets glabrous, ascending, leaves simple,

whorled at nodes, 1-1.6 x0.8-lcm, apex acute/round, margin entire, base
narrow, glabrous, stipules narrow, linear, crowded. Flower axillary, in 3-4
flowered umbellate cluster, pedicel to 1cm long, bracts white, membranous,
sepals free, elliptic, obovate, to 0.3cm long, persistent, enclosing fruit,
stamens 5, filament slightly connate at base. Fruit capsule, to 0.4cm, as long
as /slightly shorter tlian sepals, seeds brown.
Fl-Fr:-June-Sept. Distribution- Paleotropics.

Common weed in wet places.. FDD-287.
Mollugo nudicaulis Lam., Encycl. 4: 234. 1797; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
553(390). 1919.
Herb, branchlets spreading, stem leaf less, glabrous, leaves simple,

radical, 5.5-1.2cm, spathulate, elliptic oblong-obovate, apex acute, margin
entne, base obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers in branched
trichotomous cyme, pedicellate, to 1cm long, bracts membranous, perianth
6, white, to 0.6cm, ovate, apex acute, stamens 3. Fruit capsule, ellipsoid as
long as sepal.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Joldal. Harapanahalli. FDD-582.

Mollugo pentaphylla L, Sp. PI. 89. 1753: Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 558(594).
1903: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 553(390). \9\9.MollugasthctaL., Sp. PI.
ed. 2, 131. 1762.
Ascending herb, to 10cm tall, stem angular, branchlets glabrous,

leaves 1.5-3x0.5 cm, simple, whorled/opposite, membranous, linear or
lanceolate, apex obtusely acute, narrow at base, sessile-sub sessile. Flowers
small, white/pale brown in axillary dichasial cyme, bracts minute, perianth
lobes 5, free, greenish white, stamens 3, ovules many. Capsule
membranous, dark brown, reniform.
Fl-Fr-May-Jul. Distribution- Paleotropics.

Common herb in wet palces. FDD-504.
AIMACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant prostrate, leaf simple refiner/orbicular:
2 Leaf dark green, mericarp 3-ribbed Hydrocotyle
2 Leaf pale green, mericarp 5-ribbed Centella
1 Plant erect, leaf pinnatifid/ compound Pimpinella
CENTELLA Linnaeus
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban in Martius., Fl. Bras. 11: 287. 1879: Hooker,
Fl. Brit. lnd.2:669. 1879;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 556 (392). 1919.
Hydrocotyl asiatica L., Sp. PI. 234. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 565. 1842. Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 1: 562(598). 1903; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 279. 1996.
Trailing, prostrate herb, rooting at nodes, leaves reniform, 3x2cm,

aiising from rootstock in clusters, apex rounded, margin dentate, base
cordate, petiole long, sheathing at base, hairy. Flower brown, in axillary,
sessile umbels, peduncle short, petals 5, minute, mericarp compound, rigid.

Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Subtropical to Tropical regions of both

hemispheres.
Common herb in wet shady places of KUSF range. FDD-819. KN-Brahmi.
Note: whole plant-In anaemia, asthma, cough, cholera, diarrhoae,
leprosy, mentalretardation, spleen enlargement, and also in respiratory
disorders.
HYDROCOTYLE Linnaeus
Hydrocotyle javanica Thunberg, Diss. Hydroct. No. 17, t. 2. 1798; Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 1: 562(597). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 556 (392). 1919;
Mukerjee & Constance, Umbellif, India 11. 1993. H.polycephala Wight &
Am., Prodr. 366. 1834; Wight & Am., Prodr. 366. 1834; Wight, Ic. t. 1003.
1845; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:281. 1996.
Pubescent, branched, prostrate herb, rooting at nodes, leaves refiner-

orbicular, 3.5-4.5x3-4cm, inegularly lobed, crenate, base cordate, 6-7
nerved, hairy along nerves, petiole slender, 8-16cm long. Flowers in
axillaiy, globose heads, shortly pedicelled, petals greenish, mericarp ribbed.
Fl-Fr.-Jan. Distiibution-Tropical Africa to Indomalaesia.

Common herb in shades of Joldal range. FDD-555.
Note:Leaves used as blood purifier.
PIMPINELLA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaflets ovate, base cuneate P.heyneana
1 Leaflets triangular, base cordate P.wallichiana
Pimpinella heyneana (DC.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Benga 146: 115. 1877;
1919. Mukerjee & Constance, Umbellif India 145. 1993. Helosciatium
heyneanum DC, Prodr. 4: 106. 1830; Said, Fl. Kar.2: 285. 1996.

Erect, slender herb, stem striate, leaves 3-foliate, lateral leaflets

temate, terminal leaflet often simple, ovate-lanceolate, 1.2-2x2-3.5cm,
margin serrate, apex and base cuneate, glabrous, petiole long, sheathing.
Flowers small, white, in terminal-axillary compound umbel, petals
cauducous, stamens 5, filaments incurved. Fruit schizocarp, ovoid,
compressed, mericarps 5-ribbed.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Jan. Distribution-South India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb in Joldal, KUSF, Kondajji & Honnali. FDD-676.
Note -Root-used in treating fever.
Pimpinella wallichiana (Miq) Gandhi Comb. Nov. Helosciadium

wallichianum Miq., Bot. Zeit .7: 775. 1849. P.monoica Dalzell, Hookers J.
Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 212. 1851; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 2:687. 1879;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 560(395). 1919; Said, Fl. Kar 2:285. 1996.
Erect, tail, branched herb, roots fusifonn, stem glabrous, striate,

leaves variable, 3.5-5x3-4cju, lower leaves trifoliate, leaflet triangular,
petiole long, to 3cm, with broad sheathing leaf base, leaflets ovate, margin
serrate-dentate, apex acute, base cordate, pubescent, upper leaves narrow,
cauline, piimatifid, often reduced to scale in the upper legion. Flowers
polygamous, m terminal-axillary, compound umbel, petals 5, free, white
cauducous. Fruit schizocarp, ovoid, papillose, mericarp obscurely ribbed.
Fl-Fr:-Jmi-Jan. Distribution-Western Peninsular India.

Common herb in KUSF range. FDD-594.

RUBIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Herbs
2 Plant climing Rubia
3 Prostrate herb Dentella
3 Erect herb:
4 Flowers in corymb/panicle:
5 Corolla lobes winged on back Ophiorrhiza
5 Corolla not winged on back:
6 Plants tomentose ,Knoxia
6 Plants glabrous Oldenlandia
4 Flowers in globose heads/fascicles Borreria
1 jShrubs or Trees:
7 One of the sepal large, foHar, colored Mussaenda
7 Sepals normal:
8 Woody climber Randia
8 Erect Shrub or Tree;
9 Inflorescense spicate Hymenodictyon
9 Inflorescense not spicate:
10 Leaves cordate at base Haldinia
10 Leaves not cordate at base:
11 Fruit pseudocarp Anthocephalus
11 Fruit Syncarpium/Capsule/Drupe/Berry:
12 Fruit a fleshy syncarp of 1-seeded pyrenes ..Morinda
12 Fruit not as above:
13 Flowers in head, fruit capsule;
14 Stipules foHar Mitragyna
14 Stipules oblong JVeonauclea
13 Flower not in heads, fruit Berry/Drupe:
15 Fruit Berry:
16 Plant armed, Berry oblong ovoid .Cerescoides
16 Plantarmed/unarmed Berry
with a crown of calyx Gardenia
15 Fruit Drupe:
17 Inflorescense terminal cyme
18 Corolla tube short, valvate,
subsessile ...sychotria
18 Corolla tube long, contarted Ixora
17 Inflorescense axillary fassicle/cyme:
19 Corolla with deflexed hairs
in throat Canthium
19 Corolla not as above:
20 Flowers 4-merous Pavetta
20 Flowers 5-merous Chasalia

ANTHOCEPHALUS A. Rich
Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A. Rich, ex Walp. Repert. 2: 491.1843.
Cephalanthiis chinensis Lam. Encycl. 1: 678. 1785. Anthocephalus
cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2: 135. 1856; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India
3:23. 1876; Brandis 367. Anthocephalus indicus A. Rich, in Mem. Soc.
Hist. Nat. Paris 5: 238. 1834; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 583(411). 1919.
Nauclea cadamba (Roxb.) Beddome Fl. Sylv. S. India t. 35. 1869.
Medium sized tree, to 15m tall, branchlets pubescent, horizontally

spreading, quadrangular, leaves simple, opposite, ovate-oblong, 15-25x6-
14cm, petiole 3cm long; apex acute-shortly acuminate, margin entire, base
cuneate, nerves prominent, 8-12 pairs, glabrous above, pubescent beneatli,
stipules intrapetiolar, cauducus, to 0.3cm. Flowers orange-yellow, in
globose heads, sessile, terminal, 4-6cm across, peduncle thick, to 5cm
long, bracts foliar, to 1.5cm, cauducus, calyx hairy, 5-lobed, fused, lobes
linear, lo 0.3ciii long, corolla tubular, fragrant, to Icni long, lobes linear,
acute. Fruit globose, fleshy, few seeded, seeds minute.
Fl.-Fr:-Jan.-Jul. Distribution.-Throughout India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra.

Occasional in moist dry deciduous forest. KUSF. FDD 482. KN-Kadamba
vruksha.
Note:Yellow fragrant flowers in globose head and ovoid yellow fruit
draws the attention in the field. Ripe fruit is edible, often used as blood
purifier, wood used in construction works.
BORRERIA G. F. W.Meyer worn.com.

Key to species
1 Procumbent herb B. articularis
1 Erect herb:
2 Flower lilac, in axillary fascicles, corolla lobes hairy within...iB. ocymoides
2 Flowers white, not in fascicle, corolla lobes glabrous B.pusiUa
Borreria articularis (L. f) F. N. Williams, Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 5:

956. 1905; Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 121. 1967. Spermacoce hispida L., Sp.

PI. 102. 1753. Spermacoce articularis L. f, Suppl. 119. 1781. Borreria

hispida (L.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 4(4): 144. 1891, non
Spruce ex K. Schum, 1888; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 654(461). 1921.
Procumbent herb, to 20cm high, branchlets erect, leaves simple,

opposite, stipulate, stipules interpetiolar, sheathing, hairy to 0.2cm long,
leaves ovate, oblong, appressed hairy, 2.8-3.5xl.5-2cm, apex acute, margin
entire, base obtuse. Flowers white, in axillary heads, bracts lanceolate, calyx
companulate, lobes haiiy, teethed, corolla white, funnel shaped, to 0.5cm
long, hairy on back, stamens 4, inserted on the throat of corolla tube. Fruit
capsule, ellipsoid, hairy.
FI-Fr:-Jun.-Dec. Distribution-lndomalaysia.
Common herb in open forest and in out skirts of villages, Joldal range &
Arishina gudddda range, Kondajji, Jagalur & Harapana halli. FDD-449.
KN- Gantigana kasa, Madana budamegida.
Borreria ocymoides (N. Burman) DC, Prodr. 4: 544. 1830; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 654(461). 1931. Spermacoce ocymoides N. Burman, Fl, Ind.
34, t. 13, f 1. 1768.
Herb, branchlets erect, spreading, hairy, to 30cm. Leaves simple,

opposite, lanceolate, 3.2-4.5xl-2cm, hairy, apex acute, margin entire, stipule
sheadiing, to 0.2cm long, ciliate. Flowers lilac, in axillary fascicles, calyx 4-
lobed, tubular, to 0.2cm long, corolla 0.4cm long, lobes spreading, hairy on
back, stamens 4, inserted. Fruit capsule, hairy, mericarp 2, covered by
septum, seeds oblong.
Fl-Fr:-Jul.-Nov. Distribution-Tropics.
Occasional in scrub jungle. Rangaiana giri hill. FDD-536.
Borreria pusilla (Wall.) D C , Podr. 4: 543. 1830. Spermacoce stricta L.f,

Suppl. 120. 1781. Spermacoce pusilla ^2A\. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 379. 1820.

Spermacoce brachystema R. Br. ex Bentham, Fl. Austrl. 3: 439. 1867.

Borreria stricta (L. f.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 4(4): 143.
1891, non Meyer, 1818; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 654(461). 1921; Backer
& Bakli. F., Fl. Java 2: 354. 1965.
Erect herb, branchlets pubescent. Leaves simple, opposite, linear,

lanceolate-ovate, 2.5-4.2x0.5-0.8cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acute,
glabrous, stipules interpetiolar, sheathing, bristled, hairy. Flowers in axillary
heads, 1.8x1.5cm across, bracts foliar, ovate-linear, to 0.4cm long,
bracteoles filiform, longer than the calyx, to 0.3cm long, calyx tubular,
pubescent, to 0.2cm long, corolla whitish blue, tubular, salver shaped, to
0.8cm, stamens 4, inserted. Fruit capsule, narrow, seeds round.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distiibution-Paleotropics.

Common herb in open forest and in out skirts of villages. FDD-702.
CANTIIIUM Lamarck
Key to species
1 Plant unarmed, flowers in umbel C.dicoccum
var umbellatum
1 Plants armed, Flowers in few flowered cyme C.parviflorum
Canthiuin dicoccuin (Gaertner.) Teys. & Binn., Cat. Hort. Bog. 113. 1866
Pysdrca dicoccos Gaertner, Fruct. 1: 125, t. 26. 1788.
vai.umbellatum (Wight.) Sant. & Merch., Bull. Bot. Surv. India
3:107. 1962; Sant, Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 117. 1967. Canthium umbellatum
Wight, Ic. t. 1034. 1845. Canthium didyma auct. Non Gaerteer: Bedd., Fl.
Syst. t. 221. 1872. Plectromia didyma (Gaertner) Kurz var. umbellala
(Wight) Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 624(440). 1921.
Small sized unarmed tree/shrub, branchlets quadrangular, glabrous,

leaves simple, opposite, coriaceous, elliptic-obovate, 6.5-15x5.5-7cm, apex
acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate, stipules interpetiolar, linear, to
0.4cm. Flowers white, in axillary, umbels, peduncle short, to l-2cm long.

pedicel long, to 3cm, calyx 5-lobed, truncate, to 0.7cm long, corolla 5-

lobed, companulate, 2cm long, lobes reflexed, acute, stamens 4, inserted on
the throat of corolla, hairy. Fruit drupe, ovoid, to 1.5 cm, black.
Fl-Fr:-Jun.-Aug. Distribution-South India, Burma.

Common in scrub jungles. Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range,
Malebeimur. FDD 492. KN:- Henagigare, Heddaranike.
Note:Local practitioners use stem bark extrat applied externally in
treating fractures, given internally in fever (Figure-23).
Canthium parviflorum Lam., Encycl. 1: 602. 1785; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India
1": 136. 1880. Plectronia parviflora (Lam.) Bedd., For. Man. 124. 1874;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 625(441.). 1921.
Small sized armed tree-shrub, branchlets glabrous, spines horizontal,

stiaight, to 1.2 cm long, leaves simple, opposite at base, whorled on young
branchlets, ovate, 3-4.5x2-2.5cm, petiole 0.8cm long, apex obtuse, margin
entire, base cuneate, stipules inteipetiolar, to 0.3cm long, apex pointed,
nerves prominent, 4-6 pairs. Flowers pale white, in axillary clusters, flowers
4-8, calyx lobes 4, triangular, pale green, teathed, corolla pale white-yellow,
tubular, tube inflated, to 0.2cm long, stamens 4, inserted on the throat of
corolla. Fmit dmpe, ellipsoid, obovoid, 1cm long, yellow.
Fl-Fr:-May-Sept. Distribution-South W. India.

Common in Scrub Jungles. Kondaî, Harapana halli and Jagalur. FDD-585.
KN-Kare mara.
Note:Local pandiths use fruits, seeds and roots as anthelmentic and
also in treating headache and swellings. Decoction of leaves and roots is
prescribed in certain stages of flux. Bark extract is given in dysentry.
CERISCOIDES Tirvengandum
Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirveng. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 35: 15.
1978. Gardenia turgida Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2: 557. 1824; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.
3:118. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 619(437). 1919; Brandis 379.
G.montona Koxh. Fl. Ind. 1: 709. 1832.

Armed Shrub, to 4-6m high, branchlets tomentose, spines strong,

conical, leaves simple, opposite, thick, chartaceous, obovate, 4-5.5x3.5-
4.5cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base cuneate; minutely hispid above,
hirsute below. Flowers white, dimorphic, staminate flowers fascicled,
female flower solitary, calyx 5-lobed, lobes short, 0.3-0.5cm long, corolla
white, lobes 5, tube 0.8-1.2cm long. Fruit berry, yellow, globose, 4.5x5cm,
seeds many, embaded in wite pulp.
FJ-Fr.-Apr-Jul. Distribution-India, Burma. Common shrub in Harapanahall,

Kondajji, Malebennur. FDD-583, 727. KN:-Boodu gare.
Note: 1.Often the plant is unarmed, the variation observed in my
specimen (FDD-727). 2 Fruit «& Rots- In treating dog bites, epilepsy etc
by local pandiths. Root extract is used for indigestion in children.
CHASALIA Commerson ex poiret

Chasalia ophioxyloides (Wall.) Craib, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 6: 474.
1930; Raizada, Indian Forester 92: 305. 1966. Psycholha ophioxyloides
Wall, in Roxb., Fl. hid. 2: 168. 1824. Chasalia curvijlora auct. Non (Wall.)
Thwaites: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 643(453). 1921.
Small slu-ub, to 1.5m tall, branchlets glabracent, compressed, leayes

simple, opposite, elliptic, obovate, 9-16x4-6cm, membranous, apex shortly
acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate, prominently nerved, nerves to 10
pans, petiole 1cm long, stipule inter petiolar, bilobed, 0.4cm long. Flowers
pinkish-white, in terminal, cymes, peduncle 5cm long, purplish, bracts
minute, subulate, persistent, 0.2cm long, calyx 5-lobed, fused, lobes
tiiangular, teetlied, corolla whitish yellow, tubular, hairy along throat, 2cm
long; stamens 5, inserted on the tliroat. Fruit capsule, purplish, 0.5cm, seeds
orbicular.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution:-South India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in dry deciduous forest. Joldal. FDD-784. KN-Nirvisha.

(PIate-6E)
NOT£:Leaves used in headache, ulsers, wounds as external
application, internally given in malarial fever, cough, sore throat.
DENTELLA J. & G.Forster

Dentella repens (L.) J. G. Forster, Charact. 26, t. 13. 1776; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 590(416). 1921. Oldenlandia repens L., Mant. 40. 1767.
Prostrate herb, branchlets dichotomous, rooting at nodes, leaves

small, simple, opposite, lanceolate, 0.5-0.8x0.1-0.2 cm, apex acute, margin
entire, hairy, base cuneate-acute, sepals connate, scarious. Flower white,
solitary, axillary, calyx 5 lobed, tubular, tube globose, limb persistent, to
0.1cm long, corolla white, 5-lobed, funnel shaped, throat hairy, 0.3-0.5cm
long, stamens 5, inserted. Fruit drupe, globose, many seeded, indehiscent,
seeds angular.
Fl-Fr:-April-Jun. Distiibulion-lndomalaysia, Polynesia.

Common herb in open rockey slopes and grasslands, often found in
uncultivated land. Jagalur. FDD-698.
GARDENIA J. Ellis nom. cons

Key to species
1 Leaves sessile, transverse nervules irregular G.gummifera
1 Leaves petiolate, transeverse nerves regular:
2 Fruit ellipsoid or subglobose, placenta 2 G. resinifera
2 Fruit globose, placenta 4-5 G.latifoHa
Gardenia ûmmifera L. f Suppl. PI. 164. 1781; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 3:
116. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 618(436). 1919.
Small sized, deciduous, unarmed shrub, to 2m tall, branchlets

pubescent, leaves simple, opposite, subsessile, 2.5-6x1.5-3.5 cm,' apex
obtuse, margin entire, base acute, dark green above, pale beneath, hairy
along nerves, nerves prominent, 10-12 pairs, transverse nerves irregular,
omammaaeaiem^BmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmamammmmBamBmmmamammmmmmmBmmmmi^mmmmmmaammmimmmmmmmmmmmmm

stipules interpetiolar, often connate. Flowers white, in 1-3 flowered,

terminal clusters, pedicel short, to 0.1 cm long, calyx lobes 5, to 0.5cm long,
gray pubescent, ovate, acute, corolla pale yellow, lobes 5, 2-3cm long,
spreading, stamens inserted. Fruit berry, ovoid, 3.5-4x2.5-3.5cm, subtended
by calyx, gray colored.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-May. Distribution- India-Peninsula. Joldai range & Arishina

gudddda range.
Common Tree of Scrub jungles. FDD 735. KN-Bikke gida.
NoterBranchlets exudes yellow gum like resin on fresh cut. Frutis are
crushed and applied in Bone fractures by local pandiths. Leaf extract is
used in treating ulcers and wounds.
Gardenia latifolia Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 294. 1789; Wight, Ic. t. 759. 1844;
Hooker,a Fl. Brit. India. 3: 116. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 619(436).
1919; Brandis 379.
Unamed, small deciduous trees, 6-8m high, stem and branch exude
yellow resin, leaves simple, opposite, subsessile, 5-i6.5x2.5-20cm, broadly
elliptic, apex obtuse, margin entire, base narrow, petiole short, to 0.1cm
long, stipules interpetiolar, 1cm long, toothed, nerves prominent, 10-12
pairs, glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Flowers yellow (white when
young.), fragrant, solitary or in axillary cluster of 1-3 flowers, calyx
companulate, lobes unequal, reflexed, to 1.2 cm long, corolla 5-lobed, tube
1.5 cm long, limb haiiy, obovate, 2.5-3 cm long, stamens 5, inserted. Fruit
berry, globose, 2.5-5x2-3 cm across, placenta 4-5.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jmi. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka. Thirtharameshwara. FDD-33.

KN-Kalagare, Adavi bikke. (Plate-6F)
NOTErFruit extract is used in treating snake-bite , sores of hand and
feet, stomach ache and wounds.
Floristic Composition ofDavanaeere District 243

Gardenia resinifera Roth, Nov. PI. Spec. 150. 1821. G.lucida Roxb. Fl.
Ind. 2.553. 1824; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 115. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 2: 618 (436). 1919; Brandis 379.
Medium sized, unarmed tree, to 8m tall, branchlets exudes yellow

resin, leaves simple, opposite, tliin, coriaceous, membranous, obovate, 6-
7.5x14-16 cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base cuneate-attenuate, nerves
prominent, 15-20 pairs, petiole 0.5cm long, stipules interpetiolar, broadly
connate, 0.5cm long. Flowers fragrant, white, yellow on maturity, solitary,
axillary, calyx tubular, 1cm long, lobes linear, persistent, grey pubescent,
corolla tube long, to 1.5cm, lobes 5, oblong, to 2cm long; stamens 5,
inserted, hairy. Fruit berry, ellipsoid, epicarp woody, 2.5x1.5cm, grayish
green, pubescent, with persistent crown of calyx, placenta 2.
FI-Fr:-June. Distribution-India, Bangladesh, Myanmar.

Common in scrub jungle and hilly regions. Klbigiri gudda. FDD-137.
Note:Guni -Antiseptic, antispasmadic, carminative,stimulant. used in
treating Asthma.
HALDINIA Ridsdale
Haldinia cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd. in Blumea 24: 361. 1978. Nauclea
cordifolia Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 53. 1796, Fl. Ind. 1: 514. 1832; Beddome Fl.
Sylv. S. India t. 33. 1869. Adina cordefolia (Roxb.) Hook, f ex Brandis.
Forest Fl. N. W. India t. 33. 1874; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 3:24. 1876;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 2:584(412). 1919.
Deciduous tree, to 20m tall, leaves simple, opposite, ovate-

orbicular, petiole to 5cm long, lamina 14-19x10-16cm, glabrous above,
pubescent beneath, apex abruptly acuminate, margin entire, base cordate,
nerves prominent, 5-8 pairs, stipules intrapetiolar, oblong, to 0.8cm-long.
Flower yellow, in axillary, solitary, globose heads, peduncle stout, to 6cm
long, calyx tubular, 5-lobed, lobes angular, to 0.4cm long, corolla yellow,
Floristic Composition ofDavanapere District M4

funnel shaped, tube long, to 0.8cm long, stamens 5, inserted on the throat
of tlie corolla. Fruit capsule, 2.5cm long, many seeded, seeds oblong,
winged .
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Sep. Distribution-Throughout India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,

Indonesia, Sikkim, Bhutan, China, Vietnam, Thailand.
Common tree in dry deciduous forest, KUSF & Joldal. FDD-506. KN-
Arishina Thega, Hetthega.
Note:Leaves & Stem bark are used in curing Anaemia, Lephrosy, Liver
diseases & Skin diseases.
HYMENODICTYON Wallich nom. Com.

Hymenodictyon obovatum Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2:153. 1824; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India 3:36. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 2: 589 (426); Beddome.Fl.
Sylv. S.India t. 219. 1872.
Small tree, branchlets reddish, leaves simple, opposite, unequal,

elliptic-oblong, 12-18x1.5-5.6cm, petiole to 3-5cm long, stipules broadly
obovate, cauducous, to 0.8 cm long, apex shortly acuminate, margin entire,
base acute, brownish glabracent above, minutely pubescent below, nerves
prominent, 5-6 pairs. Flowers creamy white, in terminal paniculate spike, 15
cm long, bracts white, calyx 5 lobed, lobes triangular, 0.3cm long, corolla
tubular-, lobes 5, 0.5cm long, stamens 5, inserted. Fruit capsule, oblong,
brown, 1.2x0.6 cm, seeds papery, narrowly winged.
Fl-Fr:-Jan. Distribution-India. Not frequent. KUSF. FDD-732. KN-Gandale,

Bogi maia.
Note:Stem bark-Local medical practitionars claims that Stem
decoction is very effective in treating fever.
IXORA Liimaeus
Key to species
1 Flower scarlet red /. coccinia
1 Flower white:
2 Leaves oblong-obovate, corolla lobe to 1cm long I.nigricans
2 Leaves eliptic-lanceolate, corolla lobe, to 0.7cm Lpavetta
FloHstic Composition ofDavanasere District 245

Ixora coccinia L. Sp. PI. 110. 1753; Cameron, Cat 48, 1880; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India. 3:145, 1876; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 611, 1903; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 631, 1921. III.- Wight. Ic. t. 153. 1839.
Glabrous shrub, 2m high, leaves simple, opposite, glabrous, shiny,

elliptic-ovate, 6-8x3.5-4.5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base subcordate,
stipules interpetiolar, to 0.3cm long. Flowers scarlet red, in axillary-
terminal corymbose cyme, calyx 4-Iobed, lobes linear, hairy to 0.3 cm long,
corolla salver shaped, tube 0.3cm long, lobes 0.8-lx0.3-0.5cm long,
stamens 4, inserted above the corolla throat. Fruit drupe.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Cultivated in garden. FDD-710.

Note:FIowers are-given to patients to avoid dysentry.
Ixora nigricans R.Br, ex Wight & Am., Prodr. 428. 1834; Wight, Ic. t. 318.
1840; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 631(445). 1921.
Small shrub, 5-8m high, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, opposite,

coriaceous, oblong, elliptic-obovate, 5-15x5-6cm, petiole 1.5 cm long, apex
subacute, margin entire, base cuneate, secondary nerves lO-pairs. Flowers
white, fragrant, numerous in terminal branched cymes, calyx 5-lobed, teeths
obscure, to 0.2cm, corolla white, lobes to 1cm long, tube Fruit drupe, red.
Fl-Fr>Jan.-May. Distribution-Throughout India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,

Bangladesh.
Occasional. KUSF, Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range. FDD-493.
KN>Goravi. (Plate-7A)
Ixora pavetta Andrews Bot. Rep. t. 78. 1799. /. parvijlora Vahl Symb. Bot.
3: 11. t. 52. 1754; Hooker, Fl. Brit, hidia. 3:142. 1876; Gamble, Fl.'Presi.
Madras 2: 631(445). 1919; Brandis 388; Beddome Fl. Sylv. S. India t. 222.
1872. Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Smith. In Rees Cyclop. 19: 5. 1811.

Small tree, 5-8m high, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, opposite,

coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15x5-6cm, petiole 1.5 cm long, apex
subacute, margin entire, base round-sub cordate, secondary nerves 10-pairs.
Flowers white, fragrant, small, numerous in terminal branched cymes, calyx
5-lobed, teeths obscure, corolla white, lobes short, tube 0.5-0.8cm long.
Fruit drupe, red, 0.5x0.8cm.
Fl-Fr:-Jan.-May. Distribution-Throughout India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,

Bangladesh.
Occasional. KUSF, Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range. FDD-493.
KN:-Goravi.
KNOXIA Linnaeus
Knoxia mollis R. Br. in Wall., Cat. 820. 1828 (nom. Valid); Spermacoce
siimatremis Roxb., Fl. Indica 1: 366. 1820, nin Retz., 1786. Knoxia
sumatrensis DC, Prodr. 4: 569. 1830. Excl. syn. Spermacoce sumatremis
Retz. Knoxia cotymbosa auct. Non. Willd., Sp. PI. 1: 582. 1797; Hooker,
Fl. Bnt. India 3: 128. 1880; Cooke, Fl. Bombay. 2:33. 1903; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 439. 1918.
Erect herb, branchlets slender, stem quadrangular, intemode long.

Leaves simple, opposite, petiole short, 1.5cm long, elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5-
10x1-2.5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base tapermg, stipules mterpetiolar,
linear. Flower purple-hlac, m axillary-terminal corymbose cyme, peduncle
hairy, calyx 4-lobed, lobes unequal, hairy, to 0.2 cm long, corolla tubular,
lobes 4, tluoat villous, 0.4cm long, stamens 4, inserted. Fruit capsule,
ellipsoid, 0.2cm long.
FI-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution-lndomalaya, Sri Lanka, Tropical Australia.

Kalbigiri gudda. FDD-812.

MITRAGYNA Korthals nom. Com.

Mitragyna parviflora (Roxb.) Korth. Obs. Naucl. bid. 19. 1839; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 2: 584 (413) . 1921. Naucleaparviflora Roxb. PI. Cor, t.
52. 1795: Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 34. 1869. Stephegyne parvifolia Korth. Verb.
Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt. Bot. 161. 1840. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 25. 1876;
Brandis 369.
Small sized, deciduous tree, to 8m tall, leaves simple, opposite,

suborbicular-obovate, 8.5-16x5-8.5 cm, glabrous above, hairy beneath,
nerves prominent beneath, 6-8 pairs, apex rounded, margin entire, base
acute, stipules long, orbicular, 2x1.2cm, cauducous. Flower pale yellow,
fragrant, in globose heads, solitary, 1.5x1.5 cm across, bracteoles
paleoceous, hairy, to 0.3cm long, calyx 5-lobed, corolla small, to 0.5cm
long, stamens 5, inserted, style mitriform. Fruit capsule, aggregated in
globular heads, woody obovoid.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Jul. Distribution-India, Burma, Sri Lanka. Joldal, Honnalli,

Thirtharameshwara.
Common tree in out skirts of forest. FDD-576. KN-Nayi kadamba.
Note:Leaves, stem bark & seeds are used in treating night blindness,
fever, muscle pain & wounds by local pandiths. Seeds extract is used in
Chloera, fever.
MORINDA Linnaeus
Morinda Pubescens J. E. Smith in Rees. Cyclop. 24: n. 3. 1813 var.
pubescens Verde.in Kew Bull. 37: 543. 1983. M.tinctoria Roxb. var.
tomeniosa (Heyne ex Roth.) Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3:156. 1880; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 2; 652 (459); Brandis 892, M. tinctoria Heyne ex Roth,
Nov. PI. Sp. 147. 1821.
Small sized tree, to 5m tall, branchlets quadrangular, leaves simple,

opposite, chartaceous, dark green, elliptic-oblong, 6-14x3.5-10 cm, petiole

2cm long, secondary nerves prominent, 9-pairs. Flowers white, in axillary

globose heads, calyx coherent, corolla white, tubular, funnel shaped, tube
long, 2-3 cm, lobes oblong, hairy, stamens 5. Fruit capsule, syncarpium of
false berries due to colescens of succulent calyx.
Fl-Fr;-Sept-Oct. Distribution-lndia-Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,

Malaysia.
Malebennur, Jagalur. FDD-496. KN-Anishe.
Note:Leaf extract is given in digestive disorders. Rootextract in Fevers.
Stem extract in Glandular swellings, ulcers, urinary complications.
MUSSAENDA Linnaeus
Mussaenda laxa (J. Hooker) Hutch, ex Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
610(430). 1921. Mussaenda frondosa L. var. laxa Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.
3: 89. 1880.
Scandent shrub, branchlets hairy, compressed, leaves simple,

opposite, 5.5-12x3.5-7cm, petiole short, ovate-orbicular, apex shortly
acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate, nerves prominent beneath, 9-10
pairs, hairy along, stipules hairy, teeth 2,fbng. Flowers orange yellow, in
terminal lax cymes, peduncle hirsute, calyx tubular, 5 lobed, one lobe foliar,
petaloid, white, ovate, 2.5-3x2-3cm, glabrous, corolla 5 lobed, salver
shaped, orange yellow, stamens 5, inserted. Fruit berry, fleshy.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Common in out skirts of forest and along road side.
Common shrub in out skirts. FDD-684. KN- Bili yele huvu.
Note: Young shoots is used in increasing lactation in woman.
NEONAUCLEA Merril
Neonaucleapurpurea (Roxb.) Merrill: Inteip. Rumph. Herb. Ambion. 483.
1917; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 2:584(412). 1921 Naucleapurpurea Roxb.
PI. Cor. t. 54. 1796; Nauclea elliptica auct, non Dalz. & Gibson: Bedd., Ic.
t. 19. 1874.
Floristic Composition of Davanaêre District 249

Medium sized tree, 9m high, branchlets compressed, leaves simple,

opposite, 8-14x3.5-6.5cm, apex shortly acuminate, margin entire, base
cuneate, nerves 7-9 pairs, prominent beneath, hairy, petiole 1.5cm long,
stipule obovate, cauducous, pale reddish, to 0.4 cm long. Flowers in
terminal solitary, globose heads, peduncle 6cm long, calyx 5-6 lobed, lobes
connate at base, tube short, to 0.5cm long, glabrous, corolla 5-6 lobed,
white, tubular, tube 0.5cm long, ovate, acute, stamens 5-6, inserted. Fruit 2
dehiscent cocci, crowned with persistent calyx, 1.5-2x0.5-1cm.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Sept. Distribution.-India. Joldal, Joldal range & Arishina

gudddda range, Thirtharameshw -ara . Common in out skirts of forest FDD-
273.
OLDENLANDIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Flower white:
2 Diffuse herb stamens included 0. corymbosa
2 Erect herb, stamens partialy exserted O.herbacea
1 Flower blue, not in corymb:
3 Flowers in panicle, stamens inserted 0. affinis
3 Flowers in fascicles, stamens exerted 0. caerulea
Oldenlandia affinis (Roemer & Schultes) DC, Prodr. 4: 428. 1830.

Hedyotis affinis Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 3: 194. 1818. Hedyolis
dichotoma Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 93. 1821. Hedyotis heynei auct.
f)©n R. Br. ex Wight & Am., 1834: Bedd., Ic. t. 33. 1874. Oldenlandia
dichotoma (Roth) Hooker, Fl. Brit, hidia.3: 67. 1880, non Sprengel. 1815;
Erect, branched herb, to 20 cm tall, branchlets dichotomous,

glabrous, leaves simple, opposite, subsessile, linear, lanceolate, 3-4.5x0.5-
1cm, stipules simple, truncate. Flowers white, in axillary-terminal
paniculate cyme, calyx tubular, teethed, teeth small, to 0.2cm long,
persistent, subulate in fruit; corolla white, to 0.4cm long, tube small, lobes
Floristic Composition ofDavanaeere District ^^n

equaling the tube, stamens 4, inserted on the throat. Fruit capsule, globose,
to 0.1cm long, crowned by calyx, seeds many, angular.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Common herb. FDD-398.
Oldenlandia caerulea (Wight & Am.) Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 597(421).
1921. Hedyotis caerulea Wight & Am., Prodr. 412. 1834; Bedd., Ic. t. 30.
1874.
Small branched herb, 10 cm high, leaves simple, opposite, linear,

aristate, 1.5-2.2x0. l-0.3cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate, stepales
bristled, filiform. Flowers blue, in axillary/terminal cymes, sessile, calyx
teethed, lobes triangular, to 0.2cm long, corolla nearly rotate, to 0.4cm long,
stamens 4, exerted. Fmit capsule, globular, late dehiscent.
Fl.-Fr:-Oct. Kalbigiri gudda. Common along hilly slopes. FDD-406.
Oldenlandia corymbosa L., Sp. PI. 119. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
600(423). 1921.
Glabrous herbs, branchlets slender, erect 30-50 cm high, leaves

simple, linear, elliptic-lanceolate, nerves obscure, 2.5-3.5x0.2- 0.4cm, apex
acute, margin entire, base cuneate, stipules small, membranous, bristle
tipped, to 0.1cm long. Flower white, m axillary umbels, calyx tubular,
tootlied, teetli subulate, to 0.2cm long, corolla tubular, tube short, lobes
longer than tube, to 0.4cm long, stamens 4, included. Fmit capsule, globose,
loculicidal, crowned with persistent calyx, to 0.2cm long, seeds black.
Fl-Fr:-Sept. Distiibution-Tropics. Common herb in un cultivated land.

FDD-219.
NoterWhoIe plant is used in treating, fever, gastritis, jaundice and
nervous disorders. Decoction of plant is given in remittent fever with
'gastric irritations and nervous depressions, jaundice and liver
disorders.

Oldenladia herbacea (L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1:445. 1820; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 601(424). 1921. Hedyotis herbacea L., Sp. PI. 102. 1753.
Erect herb, branchlets 4-angled, leaves linear-lanceolate, to

2.5x0.3cm. Flowers in axills, each inflorescense 1-4flowered,flowerwhite,
stamens partialy exserted. Fruit capsule, with protruding crown.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Common herb in Harihara and Harapanahali. FDD-777.
OPHIORRHIZA Linnaeus
Ophiorrhiza hirsutula Wight ex Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.3: 81. 1880;
Erect herb, 30-40 cm high, woody at base, branchlets hairy, leaves

simple, opposite, ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-8.5x1.5-3.2cm, petiole 0.6-lcmlong,
apex acute, margin entire, base acute-cuneate, sparsely hairy above, hairy
along nerves beneath, stipules interpetiolar, lanceolate, to 0.5cm long.
Flowers white, in terminal few flowered dichotomous cymes, peduncle
brown, tomentose, to 3cm long, pedicel to 1cm long, calyx tubular,
pubescent, lobes 5, lanceolate, equaling the tube, to 0.1cm long, corolla
tubulai; tube cylindrical, lobes 5, hirsute, to 0.5cm long, stamens included
on tlie throat of corolla. Fruit capsule, pubescent, with persistent bracteoles.
Fl-Fr:-May-Jul. Distribution-Western Ghats. Joldal. FDD-446. (Figure-24)
PAVETTA Linnaeus
Pavetta indica L. Sp. PI. 110. 1753
var. tomentosa (Roxb. ex Sm.) Bennet, Fl. Howrah 356. 1979.
P.tomentosa Roxb. ex Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 26:2. 1819;Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India. 3: \50. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1880(1301). 1936.
Floristic Comvosition ofDavannPfrp nhtrirt '»«'»

Small sized tiee-large shrub, to 5m tall, branchlets tomentose, stem

quadrangular, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic, obovate, 6.5-12.5x2.5-5cm,
petiole 2cm long, pubescent, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, apex acute,
margin entire, base cuneate, stipules interpetiolar, to 0.3cm long, apex
acuminate. Flowers white, in tenninal panicles from corky shoot, tomentose,
bracts membranous, ovate, cupular, pedicel to 1cm long, calyx 4-lobed, tube
to 0.2cm long, lobes minute, densely hairy, corolla white, salver shaped,
tube to 2cm long, lobes 4, linear, oblong, to 1cm long, stamens 4, inserted
above the throat, style exerted, stigma fusiform. Fruit capsule, globose, 2-
seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution-India, South China, North Australia,

Sri Lanka.
Common in Plains. Joldal, Malebennur, Arisinaghatta, Kalbigiri gudda.
FDD-592. KN:-Adiyaia, soole bottu.
NOTE:Root extract is prescribed in visceral obstructions. Fresh roots
are pulverized and mixed with ginger and rice water and given in
dropsy. Leaves-boiled in water and fermented and is used in
haemorrhoidal pains.
PSYCHOTRIA Linnaeus nom. Cons.

Psychotriaflavida Talb. Syst. List of Bombay Trees 113. 1894 & Forest Fl.
2: 126. 1911; Cooke, Fl. Bombay.2: 45. 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
641(452). 1925.
Small tree- large shrub, 4m tall, branchlets glabrous, stem 4-angled,

leaves simple, opposite, coriaceous, elliptic-oblanceolate, 8.5-17x4-8cm,
apex acute, margin entire, base narrow, stipules caducous, ovate, nerves
prominent, 10-12 pairs, gland dotted beneath. Flowers white, in terminal
paniculate cymes, peduncle slender, flattened, to 6cm long, pubescent, calyx
5-lobed, persistent, limb short, 0.3-0.5cm long, corolla long, with ring of
hairs, lobes 5, white, to 2.5cm long. Fruit drupe, sub globose, compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Jun.-Sept. Distribution-Western Ghats. Joldal. FDD-470.

RANDIA Linnaeus
Randia rugulosa (Thw.) Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 3: 113. 1880; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay. 2: 28. 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 435. 1918. Grijjithia
rugulosal\m., Enum. 159. 1859. GrifithiaspeciosaBedd., Ic. t. 37. 1874.
Unarmed, scandent shrub, to 4m tall, branchlets quadrangular,

drooping, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 6.5-
18x2.5-6cm, apex obtusely acuminate, margin entire, base acute, nerves 4-5
pairs, prominent beneath, hairy along nerves beneath, stipules triangular,
cauducous, to 0.2cm long. Flowers white, fragrant, in leaf opposed
paniculate cyme, calyx truncate, 5-lobed, to 0.5cm long, corolla 5 lobed,
tubular, to 0.8 cm long, a ring of hairs on the throat of corolla, lobes margin
recurved, twisted, stamens 5, inserted. Fruit berry, globose, seeds many, to
1cm across.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Oct. Distiibution-lndia, Sri Lanka.

Thirtharameshwara, malebennur, Honnalli. FDD-541.
ASTERACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Flower yellow:
2 Head hetrogamous:
3 Leaves opposite:
4 Procumbent herb Tridax
4 Erect herb:
5 Heads sessile:
6 Head solitary Acanthospermum
6 Head few-many:
5 Head pedunculate:
7 Head solitary:
8 Bracts fimbriate along margin Spilanthes
8 Bracts not fimbriate along margin:
9 Outer bracts foliaceous Guizotia
9 Outer bracts small not foliaceous Cosmos
7 Heads many, in corymbose:
10 Bracts many seriate , Bidens
10 Bracts l-2seriate Senecio

3 Leaves alternate
11 Head solitary
12 Bracts 2-3 seriate
13 Leaf amplexicaul at base, pappus biseriate Pulicaria
13 Leaf pinnatifid pappus tubular not biseriate Grangea
12 Bracts many seriate Vicoa
11 Heads 1-many
14 Bracts multiseriate
15 Anthers tailed below, achenes angled Blumea
15 Anther entire below, achenes compressed Conyza
14 Bracts 1-2 seriate JSenecio
2 Head homogamous
16 Plant latisiferous
17 Leaves all rosulate, achenes beacked Xaunaea
17 Leaves all cauline, achenes not beacked Sonchus
16 Plant not latisiferous
18 Head few-many Gynura
18 Head solitary Adenoon
1 Flower other than yellow
19 Flower white
20 Leaves sessile
22 Head solitary Galinsoga
22 Heads many
23 Heads heterogamous Eclipta
23 Heads homogamous Adenostemma
20 Leaves petiolate
24 Head solitary Blainvillea
24 Heads many
25 Heads homogamous, bracts not fimbriate.
26 Bracts 2-3 seriate Ageratum
26 Bracts many seriate'
27 Heads with 1-floret in cluster surrounded
by foliar bract Lagascea
27 Heads with many floret, bracts cylindrical I-
many Chromolaena
25 Heads heterogamous, bracts fimbriate Spilanthes
19 Flower pink-purple
28 Head solitary
29 Heads homogamous
30 Bracts aristate, bristle long recurved, bristle tipped Tricholepis
30 Bracts not aristate, not bristle tipped coma
29 Heads heterogamous Centipeda
28 Heads few-many
31 Leaf lobed/not pinnatisect
32 Plant aromatic Artemisia
111 Plant not aromatic rooting at nodes, florets pink Dichrocephala
31 Leaf not lobed/not pinnatisect

34 Leaves in radicle Elephantopus

34 Leaves all cauline:
35 Leaf tip not spinous, head simple, ovoid:
36 Stem/petiole winged, florets purple Sphaeranthus
36 Stem/petiole not winged,
florets white Blepharispermum
35 Leaf tip spinous, head compound, not ovoid:
37 Head compound, leaf tip .spinous Echinops
37 Head not compound, leaf tip not spinous:
38 Head heterogamous:
39 Leaf amplexicaul at base Cyathocline
39 Leaf not amplexicaul at base Erigeron
38 Head homogamous, leaf lyrately lobed Emilia
ACANTHOSPERMUM Schrank
Acanthospermum hispidum DC, Prodr. 5: 522. 1836; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 704(495). 1921.
Erect herb, to 40cm long, branches dichotomous, hirsute, leaves

simple, opposite, obovate, 1.8-4.5xl-2cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base
cuiieate, pubescent, palmately veined. Heads homogamous, yellow^,
axillary, solitary, to 3 cm long, involucre of bracts biseriate, outer
foliaceous, haiiy along margin, inner globose, two homed at tip, enclosing
ray florets, ray florets ligulate, disc tubular, bisexual. Achenes radiate, ray
floret achenes fertile, to 0.5cm long, covered by stiff bristle and a pair of
spines, achenes of disc florets sterile, pappus absent.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Native of Brazil.

Common weed of open place and waste lands. FDD-1041.
ADENOON Dalzell
Adenun indicum Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 344. 1850;
Stout, erect herb, to Im tall, branchlets rigid, stem angular, grooved,

hispid, leaves simple, alternate, size variable, sub sessile, terminal ones

smaller, lower longer, 2.3-6.5x0.5-4cm, obovate, apex acute, margin serrate,

base cuneate, upper leaves subsessile, lower prominently petioled, to 1.5cm
long. Heads homogamous, purple, in terminal corymbose cymose panicles,
1.5-2cm long, peduncle long to 10 cm long, involucre of bracts multiseriate,
to 0.3cm long, oblong, apex aristate, hairy, disc florets all tubular to 1cm
long, 5-lobed, lobes oblong, stamens 5, sagittate. Fruit achenes, glandular,
cylindrical, strongly ribbed.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution- Western peninsular India.

Common on hill slopes. Harapanahalli, Joldal. FDD-43.
N'oterMy specimen shows distinct petiole in basal leaves, receptacle
minutely hairy, these charecters differ from the discription of other
authors.
ADENOSTEMMA J. & G. Forster

Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 304. 1891; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 677 (476). 1921. Verbesina lavenia L., Sp. PI. 902. 1753.
Adenostemma latifolium D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 181. 1825. Wight, Ic. t.
1087. 1846.
Erect, viscid herb, to 80cm tall, branchlets pubescent, leaves simple,

opposite, sessile, 1.8-8.2x0.5-6cm, petiole 0.5-1.5cm long, oblong-broadly
ovate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin coarsely serrate. Heads in lax
paniculate corymb, tenninal, homogamous white, to 0.8x0.5cm, pedicel
2.5-3cm long, involucre of bracts green, linear-oblong, 0.2-0.4cm long,
apex acute, corolla to 0.2cm long, tubular, hairy, stamens 5. Achenes to 0.2-
0.4cm long, angular, pappus bristly hairy,.
Fl-Fr.-Aug-Nov. Distiibution-Asiatic now Panatropical.

Conmion in shady places of Davanagere, Kondajji. FDD-292.

AGERATUM Linnaeus
Ageratum conyzoides L. Sp. PI. 839. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
677(476). 1921.
Erect, hairy herb, 20-60 cm high, branchlets cylindrical, hairy, leaves

simple, opposite, often upper leaves alternate, ovate 1.8-5x1.5-4cm, apex
acute, margin crenate, base cuneate, white glandular hairy above, pubescent
beneath, petiole 0.5-1cm long. Heads homogamous, purple-white, in
axillary-terminal corymbs, to 5 cm long, receptacle flat, naked, florets
tubular, purple-white, corolla tubular, equaling the pappus, stamens 5. Fruit
achenes, pentangular, black to 0.2cm long, slightly hairy, pappus white, to
0.3cm long,.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Originally Neotropical now Pantropical.

Common weed of waste places and along road side. FDD-16. KN-Muguthi
gida, Shwethasahadevi.
Artemisia nilagirica (C. B. Clarke) Pamp., Cultivated in gardens.
BIDENS Linnaeus
Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merrill & Schreff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 293.
1929; Baker & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 2: 413. 1965. Coreopsis biternata Lour.,
Fl. Cochinch. 508. 1790. Bidens pilosa auct. non L.: Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 709(499). 1921.
Erect herb, branchlets pubescent, stem terete, grooved, hairy, leaves

simple, opposite, upper leaves 3-5 foliate, basal leaves entire, 2-8.5x1.5-
3cm, petiole long to 5cm, glabrous above and below, apex acute, margin
entire, base cuneate. Heads yellow, heterogamous, axillary-terminal,
peduncle long to 8cm, involucre of bracts broad, scarious, biseriate, outer
longer, inner shorter, ray florets yellow, female, 3-lobed at apex to 1cm

long, disc florets tubular, bisexual, 5-lobed, stamens 5, anther not tailed.
Fmit achenes, linear, 4-angled, pappus 4, bristle tipped, hairy.
Fl-Fr:-A\\ seasons. Distribution-Asiatic.

BLAINVILLEA Cassini
Blainvillea acmella.{L.) Philipson, Blumea 6: 350. 1950. Verbesina
acmella L., Sp. Pl. 901. 1753. Eclipta latifolia L. f, Suppl. Pl. 378. 1781.
Blainvillea latifolia (L. f.) DC. in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 17. 1834.
Blainvillea rhomboidea Cass., Diet. Sci. Nat. 29: 494. 1823; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 706(496). 1921.
Erect, branched herb, to 60 cm, stem grooved, appressed hairy,

leaves 5-7.5x1.5-3 cm, simple, opposite, shortly petioled, petiole I cm long,
lamina broadly ovate-elliptic, acute, sparsely hairy, 3-nerved from base,
densely haiiy beneath. Heads heterogamous, white, in terminal/axillary,
pedmicle short, to 1cm long, involucre of bracts in 2-3 whorls, outer few
foliaceous, rest membranous, outer ray florets female, disc florets bisexual,
corolla yellow, ligulate in female, tubular in bisexuals. stamens 5, andiers
not tailed. Fruit achens, 3mm long, grey^lack, pappus 2, persistent, ray
achenes compressed, with marginal lacerate wing, disc achens narrow, 2-3
angled.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-Asiatic.
Connnon lerb in open fields and also along road sides. Arasina gundi,
Bharamasamudra. FDD-488.
BLEPHARISPERMUM Wight
Blepharispermum subsessile DC. in Wight., contrib. Bot. Ind. 12. 1834;
Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 276. 1881; Cooke, Fl. Bombay.2: 85. 1902;

Glabrous, much branched, aromatic undershrub, stem striate, leaves

5-9x2.5-3cm, alternate, elliptic, apex acute, base cuneate/acute, prominently
reticulate, shortly petioled. Heads heterogamous, crowded, in large terminal
clusters, bracts leafy, ray florets fertile, corolla tubular, 4-lobed, disc florets
bisexuals/sterile. Fruit achenes, compressed, black, fairly 2-ribbed on
flattened surface, villous, with long silky yellowish hairs along ribs and
margins, pappus scaly.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Common in hill tops, hill slopes of Joldal and Joldal range
&'Arishina gudddda range. FDD-347. KN-Namabanta. (Plate-7B)
Note:-l. My specimen shows fertile disc florets unlike sterile as
described by other authors.
2. Ramaswamy et.aL in Flora of Shimoga describe the above taxa as a
first report to Shimoga district, present finding of this taxa in
Davanagere district reveals the extention of its distribution in the study
area.
BLUMEA A. P. de Candolle
Key to species
1 Plant prostrate/erect herbs, white wooly beneath B.mollis
1 Plant large herb/undershrub, hairy but not wooly beneath B. lanceolaria
Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce, Bot. Soc. Exch. Club.Brit. Isles 4: 609.
1917. Conyza lanceolaria Roxh., Fl. Ind. 3: 432. 1832.
var. spectabills (DC.) Randeria, Blumea 10: 220. 1960. Blumea
speclahilis DC, Prodr. 5: 445. 1836; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 688(484).
1921.
Large, aromatic herb-undershrub, 60cm-1.5m tall, branchlets

pubescent, stem hallow, ribbed, leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-oblong 15-
25x4.5cm, apex shortly acuminate, margin serrate-dentate, base tapering,
petiole short, to 0.3cm, often winged. Heads yellow, heterogamous, in
terminal panicles, 0.5-1cm long, involucre of bracts 4-5 seriate, outer
smaller, inner longer, to 0.8cm long, linear-lanceolate, ray florets sterile.

disc florets bisexual, corolla tubular, to 0.4cm long, stamens 5, anthers

tailed. Fruit achenes, oblong, ribbed, to 0.2cm long, hairy, pappus white,
equaling corolla,.
Fl-Fr:- Jan-Mar. Distribution- Indomalaysia. Forest out skirts of Jagalur.

FDD-153.
Blumea mollis (D. Don.) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. (Bot.) 5: 395. 1910;
Randeria, Blumea 10: 261. 1960. Erigeron molle D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.
172. 1825. Blumea wightiana DC. in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 14. 1834;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 686(483). 1921. Blumea neilgherhensis Hooker,
Fl. Brit. India 3; 261. 1881; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 686(484). 1921.
Erect, branched herb, to 30cm tall, branchlets densely villous, ribbed

leaves simple, alternate, 2.5-8xl.2-3cm, obovate, sessile-shortly petiolate,
apex acute, margm entire, base cuneate. Heads purplish, heterogamous, in
tenninal-axillary panicles, heads to 0.5cm long, involucre of bracts in 3
whorls, soft silky, to 0.4cm long, lanceolate, ray florets female, corolla
filifonn, disc florets bisexuals, tubular, 5-lobed, to 0.5cm long, pappus to
0.3cm long. Achenes angular.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distribution- Paleotropics.

Common in open places of Harapanahalli. FDD-148.
CENTIPEDA Loureiro
Centlpeda minima (L.) A. Br. & Aschers, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App.
6.1867. Artemesia minima L., Sp. PI. 849. 1753. Centipeda orbicularis
Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2:493. 1790; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 678(477).
1921.

Prostrate herb, branchlets woody, radiating, hairy, leaves alternate,

tootlied. Flower in solitary head, white, globose, bracts biseriate. Achensa
angled.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Jul. Common in paddy fields. FDD-897.
CENTRATHERUM Cassini
Key to species
1 Plant slender herb, white wooly beneath;
2 Pappus red, longer than corolla, exerted, outer bracts
herbaceous, cordate at base Critchi
2 Pappus pale, shorter than corolla, included, outer bracts
not herbaceous, linear Cphyllolaenum
1 Plant tall stout herbs, not wooly beneath Canthelminticum
Centrantherum anthelminticum (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 320. 1891.

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 667(669). 1921. Conyza anthelmintica L., Sp. PI.
ed. 2. 1207. 1762.
Much branched, large herb, to 80cm high, stem striate, glabrous,

leaves simple alternate 8-16x3-5.5cm, petiole 2.5-3cm long, ovate-
lanceolate, glabrous above, minutely pubescent below, apex acute, margin
distinctly serrate, base attenuate. Heads homogamous, in long peduncled
sub coiynibose cymes 1x1.5cm, pedicel 1.5-3cm long, involucre of bracts
biseriate, lanceolate, apex obtuse, 1-1.2cm long, pappus in outer rows larger
with purple/red tips, inner shorter, rigid, paleoceous. Fruit achenes, 10-
ribbed, 0.3-0.4cm long, pubescent.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Mai-. Distribution- Afghanistan to India.

Common herb in out skirts of villages and also along road sides. Belagutti.
FDD-471.

Centrantherum phyllolaenum (DC.) Bentham ex Hooker, Fl. Brit,

lnd.3:228. 1881; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 667(469). 1921. Decaneuron
phyllolaenum DC, Prodr.7: 264. 1838.
Erect, annual herb to 80cm high, branchlets striated, minutely haiiy,

black-brownish, leaves simple, alternate 3.5-10x2.5cm, elliptic-lanceolate,
apex acute, margin serrate, base cuneate, petiole 0.2-0.4cm long, glabrous
above, white-grey tomentose beneath, leaves comparatively larger in the
basal region and shorter towards the end of branches. Heads axillary-
terminal, on slender peduncle 3.5-8cm long, head 0.8-1.3x0.5-lcm, purple,
outer involucre of bracts leafy, briseriate 0.3-0.8cm long, hairy, apex acute,
green-grey, linear-lanceolate, often larger than head, recurved-erect, pappus
equaling the corolla tube, red-white, denticulate, corolla purple, tubular to
0.6cm long. Fmit achenes ribbbed, glabrous, pappus pale, shorter than
corolla.
Fl-Fr:-.Mar-Sept. Distiibution- Peninsular to N. E. India.

Common in the outskirts of forest. KUSF. FDD-632.
Centranthcra ritchiei Hooker, Fl. Brit, lnd.3: 238. 1884.
Erect herb, to 40cm tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple,

alternate, elliptic-lanceolate or broadly ovate 2.5-6.5x1.5-1.8cm, petiole
0.8-1.2cm long, apex acute, margin entire, base acute, minutely pubescent
above, wliite densely tomentose beneath. Heads terminal/axillary, solitary
0.8-1.5x0.4-0.6cm, involucre of bracts biseriate, outer bracts cordate, 0.2-
0.5x0.3cm, pale white, glabrous, paleoceous, inner lanceolate glabrous,
corolla purple, tubular, to 0.6cm long, 5-lobed, lobes acute. Fruit achenes,
to 0.2cm long, pappus hairy, longer than corolla tube, red- purple,.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Occasional in rocky slopes of Uchangidurga.

Jagalur, Uchangidurga. FDD-477.

CHROMOLAENA A. P. de CandoUe
Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson, Phytologia 20: 204. 1970.
Eupatorium odoratum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1205. 1759; Hooker, Fl. Brit.
Ind. 3: 244. 1881; Hara, Fl. East. Himal. 339. 1966.
Under shrub, to 2m tall, stem hairy, ribbed, leaves simple, opposite,

3-nerved from base, ovate, rhomboidal, 6.5-12x2.5-6.5cm, apex acute,
margin coarsely serrate, base cuneate, minutely pubescent beneath, hairy,
hairs glandular. Heads white, homogamous, in terminal corymbs, involucre
of bracts cylindrical, many seriate, corolla tubular, white to 0.3cm long,
stamens 5, style exerted. Fruit achenes, 5-angled, pappus long, uniseriate to
0.5cm long,.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distribution-Neotropical weed. Wildly spreading weed.

HarapanahaUi. FDD-150.
Note:-Common weed along roadside & waste places.
CONYZA Lessing nam. Cons.

Key to species
1 Stem densely hairy Cstricta
1 Stem glabrous Cleucantha
Conyza leucantha (D.Don) Ludlow & Raven, Kew Bull. 17:71.1963.

lirigewn Icucanthus D. Don, Prodr. FI.Nepal. 171.1825. Conyza viscidula
Wall, ex DC, Prodr. 5:383.1836; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 683(480). 1921.
Herb, to 60cm tl, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, unequal, lower

large, upper small, elliptic-lanceolate, apex acute, margin entire, base
cuneate. Flowers yellow. Fruit achene compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Common herb in Harapanahalli outskirts.

FDD-493.

Conyza stricta Willd., Sp. PI. 3:1922.180;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras

683(480). 1921.
Herb, branchlets densley hairy, leaves to 3x0.5cm, spathulate, apex

acute, margin crenate, base narrow. Flowers in heads, yellow.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution- Common in Joldal range. FDD-463.
Cosmos sulphureus Cav., Common, cultivated in gardens.
CYATHOCLINE Cassini
Cyatlwcline purpurea (D. Don) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pi. 333. 1891.
Tanacetum purpureum Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 181. 1825.
Cyalhodme lyrata Cass., Aim. Sc. Nat, Ser. 1,17: 420. 1829: Wight, Ic. t.
1098. 1846; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 679 (478). 1921.
Aromatic, glandular herb, 60-80cm tall, leaves simple, alternate,

glandular pinnatiscent, 8.5-13.5x2.8-3.5cm, highly dissected, amplexicaul
at base, lobes acute, margin scarious-dentate,' minutely pubescent on botli
surfaces. Heads tenninal or leaf opposed, corymb, few, peduncle long,
pubescent, to 5cm long, heterogamous, 0.8x0.6cm, purple, involucre of
bracts hemispheric, lanceolate, to 0.3cm long, apex acute, margin scarious,
outer florets female, corolla filiform, limbs 2 toothed. Fruit achenes, 0.1-
0.2cm long, smooth, pappus 0.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution- India to Burma.

Common in upper plams. Joldal. Harihara. FDD-530.
DICHROCEPHALA A P. de Candolle
Dichrocephala integrifolia (L. f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 333. 1891: Kara,
Fl. East. Himal. 338. 1996. Hippia integrifolia L. f., Supp. PI. 389. 1781.

Grangea latifolia Lam., Tab. Encycl. t. 699, f. 1. 1796. Drichrocephala

latifolia (Lam.) DC. in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. IL 1834; Wight, Ic. t.
1096. 1846: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 678(477). 1921.
Procmnbent herb, to 20cm tall, branchlets hairy, rooting at nodes,

leaves simple, alternate, 3.5-5.2xl.5-2.2cm, lobed, apex acute, margin
dentate, base cmieate, shortly petioled, to 0.1cm long, hairy, piimately
veined. Heads small, to 0.4cm, terminal, heterogamous, pinkish white, in
loose panicles, involucre of bracts biseriate, scarious, corolla in ray florets
tubular, lobe slender, to 0.3cm long, 3 toothed, disc florets tubular, to 0.1cm
long, pappus white-pale yellow, bristled, 5-lobed, stamens 5. Fruitchenes,
compressed, to 0.1cm long, glabrous.
Fi-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution-Tropical Africa, Asia.

Common herb of wasteland and also in uncultivated fields of Davanagere
and Cheimagiri. FDD-284.
DICOMA Cassini
Dicoma tomentosa Cass., Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom, Paris 12. 1818; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 758 (512). 1921. Dicoma lanuginosa DC, in Wight,
Contrib. Bot. Ind. 26. 1834; Wight, Ic. t. 1140. 1846.
Erect, gray pubescent herb, to 40cm tall, branchlets erect, leaves

simple, alternate, 2.5-4.2x0.2-0.4cm, linear, apex obtuse-apiculate, margin
entire, base obtuse, petiole 0.2cm long or sessile. Head axillary, leaf
opposed, peduncle 2.5-3.2cm long, homogamous, involucre of bracts 2-
whorled, spiniscent, pale yellow, to 2cm long, corolla white-grey, tubular,
1.5-2.3cm long, 5-lobed, lobes linear, enlarged at apex, stamens 5, anther
sagittate, 0.5-0.8cm long, base tailed, beared. Fruit achenes, hairy, pappus
few, scarbid, bristled.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Tropical Africa, India.

Common in sandy/gravelly terrains of Kondaî range. FDD-538. KN-
Navanangi, Saimigida.
Floristk Composition of Davanagere District 266

ECHINOPS Linnaeus
Echinops echinatus Roxb., Fl. hid. 3: 447. 1832; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
724. 1921.
Armed, white tomentose, branched, woody herb, to 60cm high,

leaves simple, alternate, ablong, pinnatifid with crenations, lobes ending in
sharp spines 7-15x1.5-2cm, white wooly below, stem striate. Head in
globose heads, in involucrate clusters, homogamous, spiniscent to 2cm
long, involucre bracts oblong, many seriate, rigid, surrounded by white
hairs, corolla tubular, white, stamens 5, anthers tailed, tail fimbriate. Fruit
achenes, 5-angled, bristle tipped, bristle deciduous, pappus hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Jan- Mar. Distribution-Afghanistan, India.

Occasional in open land and in dry sandy areas. FDD-438. KN-Kantalu,
Nari mullu. Nayi muUu.
ECLIPTA Linnaeus nom. cons.

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., PI. Jav. Rar. 528. 1848; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
705(496). 1921. Verbesina alba L., Sp. PI. 902. 1753. Verbesinaprostrata
L., Sp. PI. 902. 1753. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Mant. Alt. 286. 1771; Sant.,
Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 133. 1967.
Erect herb, branclilets hirsute, stem angular, branchlets procumbent,

leaves simple, sessile-sessile, opposite 2-6x0.5-2cm, elliptic, lanceolate,
apex acute, margin minutely serrate, base acute. Head white, heterogamous,
axillary-terminal, solitaiy or in pairs, to 0.4cm long, involucre of bracts,
biseriate, pale green, to 0.4cm long, ray florets ligulate, female disc florets
bisexual, tubular few, paleoceous, bristle tipped, corolla 0.2cm long, white,
stamens 5. Achenes of ray florets, 0.3-0.1cm long, warted, disc florets
achenes compressed.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distribution-Pantropical. Common in open wet lands.

FDD-27. KN-Garagada soppu, Ajagara.

ELEPHANTOPUS Linnaeus
Elephantopus scaber L., Sp. PI. 814. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 1086. 1846;
Rigid, pubescent herb, branchlets pubescent, dichotomous, scarbid,

villous, leaves radical, simple, few on the upper branches, obovate, oblong,
6-12x2-6cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base cuneate, scarbid above,
pubescent below. Heads purple, homogamous, in terminal, 2-5 flowered
clusters, subtended by 2-5 leafy bracts, involucre of bracts in 2 whorls,
florets tubular, purplish, corolla, to 0.8cm long, pappus linear, stamens 5,
epipetalous. Fruit achenes, linear, faintly 10-ribbed, to 0.4cm long.
Fl-Fr:- Aug-Dec. Distribution-Pantropical.

Common herb usually as under cover in bamboo forest of Joldal range &
Arishina gudddda range range, Ammanagudda. FDD-49. KN-Nayi nalage
gida, Nela muchilu, Anaekalu gida.
EMILIA Cassini
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight, contrib. Bot. Ind. 24. 1834; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 716(503). 1921. Cacalia sonchifolia L., Sp. PI. 835. 1753.
Erect or diffuse, pubescent herb, 30-40 cm high, leaves simple,

alternate, soft, fistular, crenate, glaucus, lower leaf lyrate, often base
naiTow, tenninal segment triangular, upper leaves lanceolate,
semiamplexicaul. Head solitary-few flowered cyme, discoid, involucre of
bracts companulate, uniseriate, receptecle naked, anther obtuse below,
prolonged above, pappus abundent. Fruit achenes, oblong, grooved, outer
fertile, iimer sterile.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution- Pantropical.

Common weed in disturbed areas. FDD-127.

ERIGERON Linnaeus
Erigeron mucranatus DC, Prodr. 5: 285, 1836; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
632. 1921.
Diffuse herb, with thick root stock, to 30cm tall, branchlets

ascending, leaves simple, alternate, leaves lanceolate, 1-3.5x0.8-1.4cm,
shortly petioled-sessile, to 0.2cm long, apex mucranate, margin serrate-
dentate, base cuneate. Head solitary or in cluster of few flowers,
heterogamous, bracts linear, corolla ligulate, pale yellow. Fruit achenes,
compressed, minutely villous, pappus slender.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-June. Distribution-Common herb.

Common in follow fields of Davanagere. FDD-518.
GALINSOGA Ruiz & Pavon

Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Ic. 3: 41, t. 281. 1795; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 711(500). 1921.
Much branched, aimual herb, to 60cm tall, leaves simple, sessile,

opposite, ovate, 4.5-6.5x2.5-3.5cm, apex acute, margin toothed, base
cuneate, 3 nerved from base, glabrous above, minutely pubescent below.
Head heterogamous, pale yellow, solitary, in axillary-terminal, peduncule
slender, involucre of bracts biseriate, ovate-obtuse, striate, receptecle
elongate, conical, ray florets female, corolla ligulate, spreading, hairy, disc
florets bisexual, corolla tubular, 5-lobed, lobes acute, stamens 5, anther not
tailed, scarious. Achenes angled pappus few.
Fl-Fr:-Sept- Jan. Distribution-Originally Neotropics, now Pantropical.

Common along roadside and also as weed in cultivaed fields. FDD-59.
Note;Some of the plant collected in the cultivated fields of
Harapanahalli shows entire margin rather toothed margin.
Fioristic Composition of Davanagere District 269

GRANGEA Adanson
Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 2:825. 1811;
Wight, Ic. t. 1097. 1846; Gamble, Fl. Madras 680(478). 1921. Artemisia
maderaspatana L., Sp. PI. 849. 1753.
Amiual prostrate herb, branches ascending, often erect, leaves

alternate sessile, pinnatifid, 7cm long, lobes opposite, rounded, hairy,
flowers yellow, in heads, heads solitary, axillary or terminal, peduncled, 1-
3.5cm long, ovoid radiate, bracts 2-3seriate, elliptic oblong, ciliate, along
margin, outer florets 2 seriate, female, ligule 2-lobed, bisexual florets many,
corolla 4-5 lobed, stamens 4-5. Fruit achene, glandular, tipped by hairy
pappus.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Common. FDD-800.
GUIZOTIA Cassini nam. com.

Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass., Diet. Sci. Nat. 59: 248. 1829; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 708(498). 1921. Polymnia abyssinica L. f., Suppl. 383. 1781.
Annual, erect herb, leaves simple, opposite, sessile, lanceolate 13-

15x3-4 cm, apex acute, margin dentate, base cordate, sparsely hairy above,
pubescent beneath. Head heterogamous, yellow, in axillary-terminal long
peduncled, condensed cyme, involucre of bracts biseriate, outer foliaceous,
green, to 0.4cm, inner paleoceous, ray florets female, corolla ligulate,
broadly 2-3 lobed at apex, disc florets tubular, bisexual 5-lobed, stamens 5,
anther sagittate, anther not tailed. Fruit achenes, 4-angled, black, glabrous,
pappus 0.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Native of Tropical Africa.

Cultivated for its seeds. FDD-654. KN-Huchellu.

GYNURA Cassini nom. cons.

Gyniira lycopersicifolia D C , Prodi-. 6: 300. 1838; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 714(502). 1921.
Herb, to 50cm tall, roots often tuberous, stem angular, glabrous,

leaves simple, occasionally 2-3 lobed, alternate, broadly ovate, 7-11.5x3.5-
4.8cm, apex acute, margin inegularly serrate-dentate, petiole 1.2-1.6cm
long. Head homogamous, axillaiy, ananged in lax panicles, bracts uni
seriate, to 0.6cm long, a ring of small calyauleate bracts present at tlie base,
homogamous, corolla tubular, 0.3-0.5cm long, 5-lobed, stamens 5, anthers
united. Fruit achene, ribbed, haiiy, pappus white, abundant,.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution. Western Pninsular India.

Occasional in shades of trees in Joldal and KUSF range. FDD-544.
LAGASCEA Cavanilles nom. cons.

Lagascea mollis Cav., Anal. Cienc. Nat. 6: 331. t. 44. 1803; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 703(494). 1921.
Villous, branched herb, 50-60 cm long, branchlets procumbent,

leaves simple, opposite, 2.5-3.8x1.5-2.2cm, petiolate, apex acute, margin
serrate, base obtuse, broadly ovate, gray pubescent above, glabrous beneath.
Heads in axillaiy-terminal clusters, homogamous, gray pubescent, white,
involucre of bracts 5, lanceolate, 0.3-0.5x0.2cm, apex acute, gray-white
villous below, corolla white, 5-lobed, 0.1-0.3cm long, stamens 5, anther
base not tailed. Fruit achenes, angular, compressed, pappus fimbriate, cup
like.
Fl-Fr:-May-Jul. Distribution-An Introduced Central American plant.

Common herb of waste lands. FDD-521.
FloHstic Composition ofDavanagere District 271

LAUNAEA Cassini
Launaea acaulis (Roxb.) Babe, ex Kerr in Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum, 2: 299.
1936. Prenanthes acaulis Roxb., FI. Ind. 3: 403. 1832. Lactuca glabra DC.
in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 26. 1834. Microrhynchus glabra (DC.) Wt., Ic.
t. 1145. 1846. Crepis acaulis (Roxb.) Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 3: 396. 1876;
Perennial, small, glabrous herb, stem subterranean, short, leaves

radical, alternate, all rosulate, obovate-spathulate, 2.5-6.5x1-2.5cm, apex
acute, margin minutely toothed-entire, base amplexicaul, glabrous-minutely
pubescent above, glaucous beneath. Head yellow, homogamous, in
pedunculate corymb, flowering stem 8cm long, dichotomously branched,
involucre of bracts many seriate, outer small, inner oblong-lanceolate,
receptecle glabrous, florets ligulate, 5-lobed, anther sagittate, style
papillose. Fruit achenes, ellipsoid, beaked, strongly ribbed, pappus white,
silky, longer than achenes.
Fl-Fr>Jan-May. Distribution- India to China.

Common in open places FDD-113.
PARTHENIUM Linnaeus
Parthenium hysterophorus L., Sp. PI. 988. 1753; Adams, Fl. PI. Jamaica
751. 1972.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Introduced from Tropical and Sub Tropical

Americas. Widely spreading weed in open and uncultivated fields.
PULICARIA Gaertner
Pulicaria wightiana (DC.) C. B. Clarke, Comp. Ind. 118. 1876; (jamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 702(493). 1921. Poloa wightiana D C , Arch. Bot. (Paris) 2;
Flnrhtic Comnosition of DavanaRcre District 272

514. 1833. Callistephus wightianus (DC.)., Prodr. 5; 275. 1836; Wight, Ic. t.
1089. I84G.
Aiuiual herbs, to 30cm tall, hairy, leaves simple, alternate, sessile,

1.5-2.5x0.3-0.5cm, oblong-lanceolate, margin serrate, apex rounded, base
amplexxicaul, hairy. Peduncle thickened towards the tip, hairy, bracts 2-3
seriate, 0.3-0.7nmi long, linear-elliptic, hairy. Head heterogamous, ray
florets few, to 18mm long, limb spatulate, 3-dentate, bright yellow.
Achenes hairy, pappus biseriate.
Fl-Fr:- Sept-Dec. Distribution-Central and Western Peninsular India.

Common in rocky slopes of Joidal, Jagalur. FDD-511.
SENECIO Limiaeus
Senecio zeylanicus DC, Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 3:340. 1876; Gamble, Fl.
Herb, 15-25cm tall, stem striate, leaves simple, alternate, narrow,

dissected, sessile/subsessile. Heads heterogamous, in terminal, corymbose
cymes, ray florets female, yellow, 3-4, ligulate, disc florets bisexual, corolla
tubular, bracts linear, 1-2 seriate. Achens ribbed, pappus white.
Fl-Fr:-Aug. Distribution-Central and Peninsular India.

KUSF. Common herb in sandy terrain of Joidal range & Arishina gudddda
range, Malebemiui". FDD-145.
SONCHUS Linnaeus
Sonchus wightianus DC, Prodr.7: 187.138; Wight, Ic,. t. 1412. 1849.
Sonchus arvensis auct. non L.;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 732(515).1921.
Herb, rootstock creeping, stem grooved, glabrous, leaves oblong-

lanceolate, apex acute, base amplexicaul. Heads in sparse panicle-, florets
bright yellow.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Mar. Common. FDD-779.

EosaoaBsra
SPIIAERANTIIUS Linnaeus
Sphaeranthus indicus.L., Sp. PI. 1314. 1753; Gamble, Fi. Presi. Madras
692. 1921. Sphaeranthus hirlus Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 1395. 1802; Wight, Ic. t.
1094. 1846.
ProcOumbent, silky aromatic herb, branches ascending, stem

narrowly winged, wing toothed, leaves simple, alternate, ovate-oblong, 1.5-
2.5x1-2cm, apex acute/rounded, margin dentate, base cuneate. Heads
terminal or axillary, globose, heterogamous, bracts lanceolate acute, toothed
along margin, membranous, corolla in female flower tubular, filiform, 3-
toothed, in bisexual flowers, tubular, companulate, 5-toothed, stamens 5,
anthers tailed. Achens angular, glabrous, pappus absent.
FI-Fr:- Jan-May. Distribution- Africa to Australia.

Common in open places and wastelands. FDD-281.
SPILANTHESN. Jacquin
Spilanthes calva DC. in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 19. 1834; Koster &
Philipson, Blumea 6: 354. 1950; Grierson, Ceylon J. Sci.(BioI. Sci.) 10: 56.
1972. Spilanthes acmella auct. non (L.) Murr; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
708(498). 1921.
Ascending-sub erect herb, leaves simple, opposite, ovate, 2.8-

5.2x1.2-2.5cm, apex acute-obtuse, margin distinctly serrate, base cuneate,
3-nerved from base, minutely hairy above, prominently hairy along nerves
beneatli. Head heterogamous, yellow, solitary lx0.5cm, conical, involucre
of bracts biseriate, fimbriate, scaly, ovate, trinerved, long enclosing florets,
corolla tubular, 5-lobed, stamens 5, free or slightly connate. Achenes
trigonous, to 0.2cm long, pappus absent.
Fl-Fr:-Dec. Distribution-lndomalaysia.
Common in shades of shrubs. Honnalli, Thirtharameshwara and Kondajji.
FDD-154.

TRICHOLEPIS A. P. de Candolle
Key to species
1 Stem prominently leafy, pappus scales spathoceous T.radicans
1 Stem sparsley leafy, pappus scales, soft fethery T.glaberrima
Tricholepis glaberrima DC.;Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 3:381. 1876; Gamble,

Fl. Presi. Madras 726(511). 1921.
Rigid, erect herb, branchlets angular, sparsely leafy, slender, ribbed,

glabrous, leaves simple, alternate, sessile, linear-oblong or lanceolate 5-
7.5x0.5-0.8cm, apex acute, margin spinous, serrate, base amplexicaul,
nerves prominent beneath, head purplish, homogamous, discoid, solitary,
tenninal, to 2cm long, peduncle to 5cm long, involucre of bracts
multiseriate, bracts linear-lanceolate, tip spinous, aristate, disc florets
purplish, bisexual, tubular, corolla 5-lobed, to 0.4cm long, stamens 5,
coimate, anther tailed at base. Fruit achenes, faintly ribbed, to 0.8cm long,
longer than pappus, pappus many, scaly, yellow, to 0.4cm long.
Fl-Fr:- Oct-Dec. Distribution- Common in Plains. Joldal range & Arishina

gudddda range. FDD-37. KN-Bramha dande.
Note:- This plant draws the attention of collectors with its many whorls
of aristate involucar of bracts.
Tricholepis radicans (Roxb.) DC, Prodr. 6: 584. 1838; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 726 (511). 1921. Carduus radicans Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 408. 1832.
Erect, annual herb, to 80cm tall, branched from base, branchlets

erect, leafy, angular, leaves simple, alternate, basal leaves obovate 1.8-
3.3x0.4-0.7cm, apex acute, bristle tipped, margin serrate, tip mucranate,
pubescent above, nerves prominent below, upper leaves linear, lanceolate,
sessile. Head solitary, terminal, peduncle slender, naked, glabrous, 2-2.8cm
long, involucre of bracts acicular, to 0.6cm long, bristled, florets purple, to

1cm, tubular, stamens 2, to 0.4cm long, sagittate, base tailed. Fruit achenes,
compressed, obovoid, 0.6-0.8cm long, Pappus scaly, spathoceous.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-America.
Common along mountain slopes, often in uncultivated fields. Belagutti.
FDD 595. KN- Mandakusubi gida.
TRIDAX Linnaeus
Tridax procumbens L., Sp. PI. 900. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
711(500.1921.
Common weed of waste place with procumbent stem and solitary,

tenninal long peduncled head, florets yellow.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Common.
VERNONIA Schreber nom.cons.

Key to species
1 Plant white wooly beneath V.indica
1 Plant not white wooly beneath
2 Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute-acuminate, hairy, corolla pink, pappus
uniseriate V.cinerea
2 Bracts elliptic acute, mucranate, glabrous, corola purple,
pappus biseriate V.divergens
Vernonea cinerea. (L.) Less., Linnaea 4: 291. 1829; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 676(475). 1921. Conyza cinerea L., Sp. PI. 862. 1753.
Aimual, erect herb, to Im tall, stem striate, appressed gray pubescent,

leaves simple, alternate, to 5-2x1 cm, elliptic, ovate, glabrous above,
pubescent beneatli, apex acute/abtuse, margin crenate, base cuneate. Head
homogamous, in terminal and axillary cymose panicle, involucre of bracts
ovate-lanceolate, acute-acuminate, hairy, corolla tubular, pinkish-violet,
stamens 5, anthers not tailed. Fruit achenes, 2-3 angled, densely hairy,
pappus white, biseriate, outer short, mner longer than bract.
FloHstic Composition ofDavanagere District 276

Fl-Fr:-May-Dec. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common weed in open places and in waste lands. Harihara, Harapanahalli
and Jagalur. FDD-371. KN-Kare Hindi, Sahadevi.
Vernonia divergens (Roxb.) Edgew., J. Asiat. See. Bengal 2: 172. 1853;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 673(473). 1921. Eupatohum divergens Roxb.,
Fl. Ind. 3: 414. 1832. Decaneurum divergens (Roxb.) D C , Prodr. 5: 68.
1836; Wight, Ic. t. 1804. 1846. Vernonia nilgheryensis D C , Prodr. 5: 32.
1836; Wight, l e t . 1076. 1846.
Erect, scarbid herb, to 60cm tall, branchlets minutely striate,

pubescent, leaves simple, altemate,3.5-7x1-1.5, shortly petioled, to 0.3cm
long, elliptic-ovate, leaves in the upper branches and flowering twigs small,
2.5-3.5x1.2-1.6cm, apex and base acute, margin distinctly serrate, scabrous
above, pubescent below. Heads in much branched panicled corymbs, small,
0.8-1x0.4-0.6cm, homogamous, bract few, elliptic, to 0.3cm long, apex
acute-mucranate, pale green or straw colored, corolla purple, tubular, to
0.4cm long, tube narrow, to 0.2cm long. Fruitchene, 3-angled, hairy, pappus
uniseriate, with pinkish or dirty white tips.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Feb. Distiibution- Central & Peninsular India to Burma.

Common herb in shades. Joldal. FDD-501.
Vernonia indica C B. Clarke, Comp. Ind. 16. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 674(474). 1921. Decaneurum dendigulense DC. in Wight, Contrib.
Bot. Ind. 7. 1834[non Vernonia dendigidensis DC]
Laige herb, 60-80cm tall, branchlets white tomentose, leaves simple,

alternate, petiole short, elliptic, 4.5-9x2.5-5cm, apex acute, margin serate,
base acute, green above, white wooly beneath. Head discoid, pink,
homogamous in axillary-terminal panicles, involucre of bracts 2-3 seriate,
ovate, apex mucranate, florets bisexual, tubular, purple, 5 -lobed, stamens 5,

sagittate below, style arms subulate. Fruitchene, angular, lO-ribbed, pappus

uniseriate, sub persistent.
Fl-Fr:-Dec. Distribution- Western Peninsular India.

Common in hilly slopes of Kondajji, Uchangidurga. FDD-409. KN-
Arapukanne.
VICOA Cassini
Vicoa indica (L.) DC. in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 10. 1834; Wight, Ic. t.
1148. 1846: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 701(403) 1918. Inula indica L., Sp.
Rl. ed. 2, 1236. 1762.
Much branched, rigid, slender herb, to 1.5m tall, branchlets

spreading, stem reddish, grooved, shining, leaves simple, alternate, 3-
8.2x0.8-1.4cm, oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, margin serrate-scarbid, base
cordate, hastate and amplexicaul below, glabrous above, pubescent below.
Head axillary, solitary, hterogamous, 0.8-1.5x0.5-0.8cm, peduncle long,
1.5-3.2cm, bracts many seriate, linear, to 1cm long, acute, outer shorter,
0.4-0.8cm, hairy, ray florets ligulate, 0.3-0.7cm long, elliptic, 3-toothed,
yellow, disc florets tubular, bisexual, to 0.8cm long, limb 5-toothed,
stamens 5, anthers sagittate, base tailed. Fruit achenes, cylindrical, hairy,
pappus 0, in female flowers, few in bisexual flowers.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-may. Distiibution-Cential & Peninsular India, Srilanka.

Common in wet deciduous forest of Chennagiri and Honnalli range. FDD-
409. Muguthi noppu, Sonakudi.
Note:-Often this plant forms thick coverage at the base of hill slopes.
CAMPANULACEAE
Key to species
1 Herb/under shrub, leaves ovate oblong, spiraled,
flower irregular Lobelia
1 Slender herb, leaves linear oblong, alternate, flower regular Wahlenbergia

LOBELIA Linnaeus
Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 5: 47. 1819
{'nicotianaefolia'); Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 736(518). 1921.
Erect, branched herb, to 1.5m tall, branchlets short, pubescent, stem

hollow, leaves simple, alternate, narrowly ovate oblong, basal leaves longer,
20x3.5cm, upper smaller, 12x2-3cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base
rounded, glabrous, pubescent. Flowers white, in terminal, long racemes,
irregular, to 30cm, pedicel to 3 cm, bracts foliar, calyx green, tubular, tube
0.5cm long, lobed, lobes glandular, linear, hairy, corolla bilipped, tube to
1.5cm long, split on one side, lobes to 2cm long, lower lip formed by the
fusion of 3 petals, upper 2-lobed, stamens 5, connate, style long, included in
staminal column, stigma bilobed. Fruit capsule, sub globose.
Fl-Fr;-Nov. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Common in open forest along edges. FDD-573. KN-Kaduthambaku.
Note:-Long terminal raceme with white flowers draws the attention in
the field.
WAHLENBERGIA Schrader
Wahlenbergia marginata (Thumb.) DC, Monger. Camp. 143. 1830; Tuyn
in Steenis, Fl. Malaysiana ser. 1, 6: 115. 1960. Campanula marginata
Thumb., Fl. Jap. 84. 1784. Campanula gracilis Forst. Prodr. 84. 1786.
Wahlenbergia gracilis (Forst.) [ Schrader, Blumenbachia 38. 1827, in obs.]
DC, Monogr. Camp. 142. 1830; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 738(519). 1921.
Wahlenbergia agrestis sensu Wight, Ic. t.. 1173. 1848, non DC.
Hispid, hairy herb, braches erect, horizontal, to 30cm high, leaves

simple, alternate, sessile, linear oblong, alternate, hairy, apex acute, margin
undulate, recurved, membranous, 2-3.5x0.3-0.6cm. Flowers in few flowered
cymes, at the tip of branchlets, calyx campanulate, tube short, to 0.1cm,
lobes 5, linear, glabrous, corolla to 0.4cm long, lobes 5, linear, lanceolate,

stamens 5, free from corolla. Fruit capsule, obovoid, hairy, seeds brown,
compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Apr. Disrtribution- Japan, Indomalaysia.

Common herb in Joldal. FDD-653.
PLUMBAGINACEAE
PLUMBAGO Linnaeus
Plumbago zeylanica L., Sp. PI. 151. 1753; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. ^S.-'Cs^^rty
2: 78(136). 1904; Gambel, Fl. Madrs. Presi. 744(524). 1921; Said. Fl.
Kar.l: 183. 1984.
Perennial undershrub, to 60cm-Im tall, branchlets scandent, leaves

simple, alternate, ovate, 3.5-6x2.5-4cm, apex acute, margin entire, base
cuneate, petiole auricled at base, 0.5-1cm long. Flowers in terminal
spiciform racemes, flower sessile, white, calyx glandular, glands red tipped,
ribbed, corolla white, tube short, to 0.1cm, lobes spreading, stamens 5, free.
Fmit capsule, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distribution- Tropics.

Common in the outskirts of villages, along hedges. FDD-685. KN-
Chithramula, bili chithramula.
MYRSINACEAE
EMBELIA N. Burman nom. com.
Embelia rites N. Burman, Fl. Ind. 62, t. 23.1768; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
84(143). 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 752 (529). 1921. Embelia
glandulifera Wight, Ic. t. 1207. 1848; Said. Fl. Kar.2: 350. 1996.
Stiaggling shrub, brachlets slender, leaves simple, alternate, elliptic,

lanceolate, 4-7x1.5-3cm, apex acuminate, base rhomboidal, nerves slender,
prominent, pair of glands on either side of the petiole beneath. Flower pale
white, minute, to 0.9 cm long, polygamous, in long panicles, to 20cm, often

drooping, pedicel short, to 0.2cm long, calyx lobes 5, small, corolla white,
haiiy, 0.3-0.4cm long, stamens opposite to the petals equaling the petals.
Fruit globose, one seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Jul. Distribution-India to Malaysia.

Occasional in Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range and KUSF range.
FDD-379. (Plate-7C)
Note:Dried fruit - anthelmentic, used in treating scorpion sting and
snake bite. Decoction of dried fruits- used for fevers and diseases of
chest and skin. Infusion of roots- given for coughs
SAPOTACEAE
MADUCA Hamilton ex J.E. Gmelin
Maduca longifolia (J. Koening) Macbr. Contr. Gray Herb, (n.s) (53). 17.
1918. Bassia longifolia J. Koening ex L. Manl. PI. 563. 1771; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India. 3:544. 1876; Gamble, FI. Presi. Madras 2:763(537); Brandis
427; Beddome Fl. Sylv. S.India t. 42. 1870.
Deciduous tree, 12-18 m high, branches brownish yellow, glabrous,

leaves simple, alternate, oblanceolate 4.5-6x2.5-3.2cm, glabrous above, pale
beneath, apex acute, margin entire, base narrow. Flower creamish-white, in
long pedicellate, axillary umbels. Fruit berry, ellipsoid, glabrous, 3.5-4x1.8-
2.2cm, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr-May-July. Distrebutio.India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.

Occasionla, Joldal. FDD-524. KN-Sannippe, Kaduippe. (Plate-7D)
Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Cultivated in gardens for its edible fhiit. FDD-
479.

EBENACEAE
DIOSPYROS Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Fruiting calyx large, coriaceous, foliaceous, male flower in clusters,
female solitary:
2 Leaf base cordate:
3 Plant armed, base deeply cordate, fruit yellow,
to 0.5-lcm in diam D.cordefolia
3 Plant unarmed, leaf base cuneate-cordate, fruit reddish brown,
to l-2cm in diam D.montana
2 Leaf base not cordate fruiting calyx reflexed along margin melanoxylon
1 Fmiting calyx slightly enlarged, both male and female
flowers in cluster D.ovulifoUa
Diospyras cordefolia Roxb. PI. Cor. 1:38, t. 50 .1795; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
2: 105 (166). 1904. Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 2:776(545). 1921 D.montona
Roxb. vax.cordefolia Hiem, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12: 222. 1873. C. B.
Clarke iiiHooker, Fl. Brit. India. 3:555. 1882; Said, Fi. Kar. 1:336. 1984.
Small sized, armed deciduous tree, to 9m tall, branchlets pubescent,

leaves simple, oblong, lanceolate, pubescent on both sides, to 3-6.5x1.5-
2cm, petiole 0.5cm long, apex obtuse, margin entire, base cordate-rounded.
Flowers unisexual, male flowers white, in axillary cluster of 3-4 flowers,
female flowers solitary, axillary, white, calyx foliaceous, enlarged in fruits.
Fruit a berry, orange yellow, black on maturity, to 2cm in diameter, seeds
compressed, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Feb. Distrebutio-lndia- Sri Lanka, Myanmar and North Australia.

FDD-801.KUSF. Belagutti.
Diospyras melanoxylon Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 46. 1795; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
99 (159). 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 772(543). 1923. Diospyros tupru
Buch. -Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 111. 1827. Diospyros-dubia
Wall, ex A. DC. in DC, Prodr. 8: 223. 1848. Diospyros wightiana Wail ex
Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 1870; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:339. 1984.

Small sized, deciduous tree, to 5m tall, brachlets fulvous tomentose,

leaves simple, alternate or opposite, coriaceious, elliptic, oblong, to 9-
12.5x4.5-7cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base obtuse-acute, tomentose on
both surface, male flowers in axillary, paniculate cyme, pale white, calyx
lobes 4, hairy, fused, to 0.2cm long, corolla pale white, tubular, exserted,
pubescent, petals 4, to 0.5cm long, stamens 12, connate at the base of
corolla tube, female flower solitaiy, in axils, calyx hairy, tubular, 4 lobed,
corolla pale white, petals 4, exserted, staminodes 8. Fruit berry, globose,
yellow, to 2cm in diameter, fmiting calyx reflexed along margin.
Fl-Fr:-Mar. Distribution-Peninsular india, Sri Lanka.

FDD-664. Common tree in Joldal, KUSF. KN-Bilare, Thumburusu.
Diospyros montana Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 48. 1795; Wight, Ic. t. 1255. 1848;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 204(165). 1904; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 555. 1876;
Small sized, deciduous tree, to 5m tall, branchlets often spiny, leaves

simple, alternate, thick, coriaceous, soft tomentose on both sides, to 4.8-
6.2x2.8-3.5cm, ovate oblong, apex acute, margin entire, base cordate,
secondary nerves 7-20 prominent beneath. Flower greenish white, in
axillaiy panicles, male flowers in short panicles, female flowers solitary,
axillary, calyx fused at base, lobes 4, broad, ovate, pubescent, to 0.1cm
long, acrescent, corolla greenish white, exserted, to 0.5cm long. Fruit berry,
globose, to 3 cm in diameter, black on maturity, with reflexed calyx.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Feb. Distribution-India, Srilanka, Nepal, Malaysia, Tropical

Africa.
FDD-560. Joldal, Yerehalli, Basavapatna. Common. KN-Jagala ganti,
Kahiandi. (Plate-7E)

Diospyros ovalifolia Wight., Ic. t. 1227. 1848;Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3:

557.1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 777(546); Said, Fl. Kar. 1:340. 1984.
Small sized, evergreen tree, to 6m tall, brachlets glabrous, leaves

elliptic, oblong, coriaceous, to 4.5-9x3-3.5cm, petiole 0.5cm long, apex
obtuse, margin entire, base shortly cuneate, secondary nerves 7-10 pairs,
prominent beneath. Male flower white, in axillary fascicles, to 0.3cm long,
female flower in fascicles of 4-6 flowers, in the axil. Fruit berry, globose, to
1.5cm in diameter, yellow orange, with reflexed calyx, 1 seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Feb. Distribution-India.Sri Lanka.

FDD-587. Yerehalli, Kalbigiri gudda, KUSF.
OLEACEAE
JASMINUM Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leavs compound'
2 Leaf impairipinnately compound, petiole winged J.officinale
2 Leaf trifoliate, petiole not winged
3 Lateral leaflets smaller/wanting,flowersin
trichotomous cymes J.auriculatum
3 Lateral leaflets almost equal/slightly smaller,
flowers in paniculate cymes J.flexile
1 Leaf simple
4 Bract foliaceous J.multiflorum
4 Bract not foliaceous
5 Calyx pubescent
6 Flowers in paniculate cymes, calyx lobes
curled in fruit J.sambac
6 Flowers in trichotomous cymes, calyx
not curled in fruit J.arborescens
5 Calyx glabrous/minutely pubescent:
7 Leaves opposite, cymes 1 -3flowered,flowerwhite
8 Calyx lobes short, corolla tube to
0 5-0 75 in long J.aungustifolium
8 Calyx lobes long, corolla tube to 1 in. long J.rigidium
7 Leaves alternate, cymes terminal paniculate
cymes,flowerwhitish yellow J.humile

Jasminum angustifolium Vahl: Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 598. 1876;

Wight. Ic. t. 698. 1838; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 790. 1925.
Scaiident shrub, branchlets climbing, angular, minutely pubescents,

leaves simple, opposite, ovate glabrous dark green, apex acute, margin
entire, base obtuse, petiole to 2cm long, lamina 3.5-9.5x1.5-5cm, nerves
prominent. Flower white, in few flowered axillary cymes, pedicel to 5cm
long, calyx tubular, short, to 0.2cm long, teeths linear, corolla white, salver
shaped, tube to o.5inch long, lobes 5, lanceolate, spreading, stamens 2,
included in the tube, filament short, anther oblong. Fruit berry, black,
globose, minutely bilobed, to 1.5 cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:- Jan-Mar. Distribution-Common climbing shrub in Honnalli range.

FDD-496. KN-Kadu mallige, Eruvanthuge.
Note:Root-Grounded and mixed with the powdered root of Acorus
calamus and lime juice, considered useful external application in
ringworm infection.
Jasminum arborescens Roxb.; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 594. 1876: Wight.
Ic. t. 699. 1838; J.latifolium, Roxb.: Wight. Ic. t. 703; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 789. 1925.
Large climbing sluub, branchlets hairy, leaves simple, opposite,

ovate, subcordate 6-14x4-10cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base
rounded, young parts haiiy on both surface, nerves prominent beneath, to 6
pairs. Flower white, in trichotomously branched cyme, pedicel to 2cm long,
calyx 5-lobed, teeths narrow, corolla white, salver shaped, tube to 2cm long,
lobes lanceolate, 1.2x0.3cm, apex acute. Fruit berry, globose, black, 1-
seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Occasional in KUSF range. FDD-237. KN-

Nava malike, Hambu mallige.
Note: Juice of leaves- used with pepper, garlic and other stimulants as
an emetic, in obstruction of the bronchial tubesm by viscid phlegam.

Jasminum auriculatum Vahl.Symb. Bot. 3:1. 1794; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India
3: 600. 1882; Cooke Fl. Bombay 2: 113. 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
990 (555). 1925; I lll.-Wight. Ic. t. 1296, 1848.
Scandent shrub, branchlets pubescent-villous, leaves simple, often

trifoliate on older branches, 3-6x2-3 cm, apex acute, margin entire, base
obtuse-rounded, glabrous, young leaves villous, nerves few, prominent
beneath, hairy along. Flowers in terminal panciles, pedicel pubescent, bracts
linear, calyx teeth oblong, corolla white, 5-lobed, slaver shaped, lobes
elliptic, 1.5-3x1-1.5cm. Fruit capsule, globose, black.
Fl-Fr:-Jaii-Jun. Distiibution-Common twiner in open forest of Kallapura.

FDD-253. KN-Sujimallige, Jajimallige.
Jasminum flexile Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 1. 1794;Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3:

601. 1882; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 14. 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 791.
1925. Ill.-Wight. Ic. t. 1253. 1848.
Climbing shrub, branchlets glabrous, leaves trifoliate, opposite,

elliptic-ovate, terminal leaflet larger, 6-8x4-5cm, laterals small, 2.5-3.5x2-
3 cm, nerves 6-pairs, prominent. Flowers white, in axillary terminal
paniculate cyme, to 12cm long, pedicel 1.2cm long, calyx 5, teeth minute,
to 0.8cm, corolla white, 5-lobed, tube to 1.5cm long, lobes acute, stamens 2,
inserted on the throat of corolla tube, anther obtuse, yellow. Fruit berry, 1-
seeded, black.
Fl-Fr:-All the seasons. Distribution-Common cultivated. FDD-692.
Jasminum humile L. Sp. PI. 7. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3 602.«1882;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 114, 1903; Kobuski in Jour. Am. Arb. 13: 150. 1932.

Rigid climbing shrub, branchlets glabrous, leaves pinnately

compound, subopposite, to 8cm long, lelaflets 3-5, opposte, elliptic, ovate,
2.2-3.5x1-1.5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acute. Flowers white, in
terminal panicles, bracts small, linear, calyx tubular, 5-lobed, teeth small, to
0.8cm long, triangular, corolla tubular, 5-lobed, to 3cm long, lobes ovate,
reflexed. Fruit berry, ellipsoid, to 1.5cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-May-Jul. Distribution-Cultivated. FDD-795. KN-Swama mallige.

Note:Flower is ground in water and used as tonic to the heart and
bowels complaints, Root- used in ringworm infection. Milky juice of the
plant- Used for destroying the unhealthy linking walls of chronic
sinuses and fistules
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andr. Bot. Rep. 8, t. 496, 1807.-

Nyctanthes multiflora Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 5, t. 3, f. 1, 1768.- J. pubescem
Willd. Sp. PI. 1: 37, 1797; Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 592, 1882;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 112, 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 789, 1923. III.-
Wight. Ic. t. 702. 1840.
Scandent shrub, branchlets densely villous, leaves simple, opposite,

ovate pubescent above and beneath, 4.5-6x3-4cm, apex acute, margin
entire, base acute. Flowers white, in tenninal, condensed cymes, bracts
foliaceous, to 1.2cm long, peduncle villous, calyx tubular, tube pale green,
villous, 0.8-1cm long, 6-9 lobed, lobes linear, acuminate, corolla tubular,
white, tube green, to 1cm long, longer than calyx, lobes 8, oblong, apex
mucranate. Fruit berry, black, globose, to 1cm in diameter.
FI-Fr:-All season. Distribution- Cultivated. FDD-762.

Note:Dried leaves - soaked in water and made into a poultia used in
indolent ulcers to generatea healthy secretion. Root- antidote to cobra
venom.

Jasminum officinale L var grandiflorum (L.) Kobuski in Jour. Am, Arb.

13: 161, \93S.- J.granciiflorum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2, 9, 1762; Cameron, Cat.
59. 1880; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 115. 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 792.
1923; Bor & Raizda, Beaut. Indian Climb. & Shrubs 233, f. 133, PI. 81.
1954. Ill.-Wight. Ic. t. 1257. 1848.
Large shrub, branchlets pubescent, angular, lelaves impairipinnately

compound, opposite, to 8cm long, leaflets 7-11, unequal, terminal larger,
ovate, 2x1 cm, petiole to 1cm long, winged, apex acute, margin entire, base
rounded-obtuse, glabrous, dark green above, pale beneath. Flower white, in
axillary/terminal cymes, bracts foliar, to 0.4cm, ovate, bracteoles linear, to
0.2cm long, calyx companulate, 5 lobed, corolla tubular, 5-lobed, tube to 2-
2.5cm long, lobes obovate. Emit berry, black, to 1cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Sep. Distribution-Cultivated. FDD-691. KN-Aanejaji mallige.

Note:Leaves- cheved as a treatment for ulcerations or eruptions in the
mouth an oil prepared with the juice of leaves poured into the ear in
otorrhoiea. Fiowers:-used as an application in skin diseases headache
and wea eyes and in scorpion sting
Jasminum rigidum Zenk. Fl. Ind. 5, t. 6. 1835; DC. Prodr. 8:305. 1844;
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 598. 1882; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 790. 1923.
III.-Wight. Ic. t. 1274. 1848.
Rigid climbing slirub, branchlets, glabrous, leaves simple, opposite,

dark green above, glabrous beneath, ovate-elliptic, 3.8-5x1-1.8cm, petiole
to 1.5 cm long, apex acute, margin entire, base round, nerves sub prominent.
Flowers white, in axillary, condensed cymes of 1-3 flower, pedicel short to
0.5cm, bracts and bracteoles linear, calyx companulate, tube short to 0.2cm,
5-lobed, lobes lineai", to 0.6cm long, corolla white, tubular, tube to linch
long, cylindrical, green, lobes 6, lanceolate, acute, to 2cm long. Fruit berry,
ellipsoid, black, to 1.5cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Common in open forests and in out skirts of villages. FDD-688.

Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Hort. Kew. 1:8. 1789; Cameron, Cat. 59. 1880;
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 591. 1882; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 111. 1904;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 788. 1923; Kobuski in Jour. Am. Arb. 13:171.
1932.- Nyctanthes sambac L. Sp. PI. 6. 1753. III.- Wight. Ic. t. 704. 1840.
Scandent climbing shrub, branchlets pubescent, leaves simple,

opposite, membranous, broadly ovate, 5-8x4-6cm, apex acute, margin
entire, base subcordate, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath, nerves
prominent beneath, petiole short, to 0.3cm. Flowers white, in
axillary/terminal, few flowered cymes, bracts linear, subulate, calyx
companulate, hairy-glabrous, 5-9 lobed, lobes linear, orbicular, corolla
white, tubular, tube longer than calyx. Fruit berry, globose, black, to 1cm in
diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Jul. Distribution-Cultivated. FDD-810.

Note:Plant-Cooling, used in cases of insonity, weakness of sight and
affections of the mouth. Flowers- applied unmoistened to breasts to
arrest secretion of milk in puerperal state in cases of threatned abscess.
Dried leaves- Soaked in water and made into a poultia used in indolent
ulcers.
SALVADORACEAE
AZIMA Lamarck
Azima tetracantha Lam., Encycl. 1: 343. 1783;Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
2:100. 1996.
Small sized, armed shrub,to 2m high, branchlets angular, thorns

sbong, stiaight, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, apex acute,
margin entire, base acute, 2.5-4xl.5-2cm. Flower pale yellow, in axillary
cluster, passing in to terminal interrupted spike, calyx hairy, 4-lobed,
corolla 4-lobed, free, stamens 4, free. Fruit berry, globose, white, to 0.5cm
across.

Fl-Fr:-Mar-Jun. Distribution- India.

Common sluoxb in Haiihaia, Kondajî, Harapanalialli & outskirts of
Davanagere. FDD-777. KN-Bili uppigida, Hallu sunde.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
TRIBULUS Linnaeus
Tribulus terrestris. L., Sp. PI. 387. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 130.
1915. Tribulus lamginosus L., Sp. PI. 387. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 98. 1838.
Said, Fl.Kar. 2:241. 1996.
Silky herb, 20-30cm tall, leaves 3-5cm long, leaflets 6-10, lx0.5cm,
oblong, silky white, hairs prominent. Flower yellow, in axillary cluster,
peduncle l-2cm long, stamens 10-12, erect, scale in the form of disc, in 2
whorls, iimer and outer sides of the stamens opposite to the sepals, ovary 5-
locular, hirsute. Fruit woody, with 2 large, and a few small spines.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Paleotropics.

Common herb in uncultivated, waste land. FDD-674. KN- Neggilu mullu.
Note:Plant extract in Kidney stones and also to improve sperm count.
APOCYNACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant twining:
2 Plant rusty tomentose, corolla salver shaped,
seeds narrow at tip Ichnocarpus
2 Plant glbrous/pubescent, corolla bell shaped, seeds
beaked at tip Vallaris
1 Plant not twining:
3 Plant herbaceous Catharanthus
3 Plant Shrubs/Trees:
4 Plant armed Carissa
4 Plant unarmed:
5 Leaves alternate/ whorled:
6 Leaves linear-lanceolate:
7 Flower axillary, solitary, fruit drupe,
4-angled Thevatia
1 Flowers in axillary panicles, fruit follicle Nerium
6 Leaves oblong-obovate:
8 Flower yellow Allamanda
8 Flower white:

9 Leaves in whorls of 7 Alstonia

9 Leaves crowded at end of branches Plumeria
5 Leaves opposite/ whoried:
10 Corolla throat with scales, stamens exserted Wrightia
10 Corolla throat without scales, stamens included:
11 Flowers in reduced cymes, corolla
salver shaped Ervatamia
11 Flowers in corymbose cymes, corolla tubular Jlolarrhena
ALLAMANDA Linnaeus
Allamanda cathartica L. Mont 2: 214, 1771: Cameron, cat. 59. 1880;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 144, 1990; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 821. 1923: Bor
& Raizada, Some Beaut. Indian, climb & Shrubs 196, 1954.
Evergreen shrub, often claimbing, leaves whoried, each whorl with 4

leaves, obovate, 6.5-9.5x3-5.4cm, apex acuminate, margin undulate, base
cuneate, nerves conspicuous, forming intramarginal vein. Flowers yellow,
axillary and terminal cymose panicles, large showy, bracts cauducous, calyx
5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, free almost to base, 0.5-9x0.8cm long, corolla
tubulai, tube narrow, 2-2.5cm long, lobes 5, overlapping to right, stamens 5,
included. Fruit capsule, globose, often prickly, seeds many obovate, flat,
winged.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Feb. Distribution-Cultivated in garden, occasionally as an

escape near gardens. FDD-590. KN-Allamanda.
ALSTONIA R. Brownwow.com.
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., Mem. Wem. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 76. 1811
(1810); Wight, Ic. t. 422. 1840-1843; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 810 (569).
19213. Echites scholaris L., Mant. 53. 1767.
Evergreen tree, 10-12 m high, base buttressed, stem exuding white

milky juice on fresh cut, leaves whoried, each whorl with 7 leaves, simple,
coriaceous, elliptic, ovate-oblanceolate, leathery, green, apex obtuse-acute,
base acute, nerves parallel, forming intramarginal vein. Flowers yellowish-

green, fragrant, in axillary-terminal panicled cyme, calyx 5-lobed, tubular,

covered, witii scales, corolla greenish white, tubular, lobes 5, triangular,
acute, spreading, corona present at the throat, hairy, stamens 5, epipetalous,
included, filament short. Fruit paired follicle, pendulous, cylindric, 30-45cm
long, seeds hairy, linear-oblong, hairy at tip.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-July. Distribution-S.Asia through malaysia to Australia and

Malaysia.
Occasional tiee in Joldal and Kusf range. FDD-671. KN-Maddale, kadu
hale.
NOTE:Bark extract is used in treating malaria and snake bite. Milky
jiilce is used to cure ulcer.
CARISSA Linnaeus nom. cons.

Key to species
1 Leaves elliptic oblong, flowers in axillary/terminal cymes Ccarandas
1 Leaves ovate,flowersin axillary/terminal corymbose cymes Cspinorum
Carissa carandas L. Mant. 52, 1767: Cameron. Cat. 60, 1880; Hooker, Fl.
British India. 3: 360, 1882; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. 2: 124, 1904; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 804(585), 1923. Ill-Wight. Ic. t. 426. 1840-43.
Armed shrub, 2-3m high, leaves simple, elliptic-oblong, 3.5-5.5x2-

3cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base subcordate, dark green, shiny,
coriaceous. Flower white, in axillary-terminal cymes, calyx angular, green,
5-lobed, lobes small, to 0.3cm long, corolla white, tubular, lobes spreading,
hairy within, tube 06-2cm long, enlarged at tip, lobes 5, stamens 5,
included. Fruit berry, purplish, unicellular, seeds glabrous.
Fl-Fr:-June-Aug. Common shrub in Thirtharameshwara and Jagalur forest.

FDD-457. KN-Dodda kavali, Kare kayi.
Noterl. Several workers reported that the plant is cultivated (Saldhana
C. J. FLora of Hassan District and S.V. Ramaswamy and Razi. Flora of
Bangalore.) Present study reveals the occurrence of this taxa in' wild
state.
2. Decoction of leaves given at the commencement of remittent fever.
Root is ground and put in worm infested sores of animals.

Carissa spinorum L., Mant. 2: 559. 1771: Hooker, FI. Brit. India. 3: 631.
1882. Cooke, Fl. Bombay. 2: 187. 1904;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
804(585). 1923. C.diffusa Roxb., Fl, Indica 1: 689. 1832; Wight, Ic. t. 427.
1840-1843.
Thorny shrub, thorns sHghtly curved at tip, leaves simple, ovate, 3-

4.6x2.5cm apex mucranate-acute, margin entire, base acute. Flowers white
in axillaiy, corymbose cymes, fragrant, calyx persistent, corolla creamy
white, lobes 5, to 2cm long. Fruit berry, globose, purplish black to 1.5cm.
Fl-Fr:-June-Aug. Distribution-Common shrub in dry deciduous forest of

Thirtharameshwara. FDD-672. KN-Chikka kavali.
CATHARANTHUS G Don
Key to species
1 Plant herb/shrub to 30-90 cm long, flower white/pink Croseus
1 Plant small herb less than 20cm, flower white Cpusillus
Catharanthus pusillus (Murr) G.Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 95. 1837-1838. Vinca

pus ilia Murr., Novi, Comment. Soc. Regiae Sci. Gott. 3: 66. 1773:
Lochnerapusilla K. Schumann, in. Engl. & Prantl, Pflenzenfam. 4( 2): 145.
1895; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 809 (568). 1923.
Annual, erect herb, to 30cm high, stem quadrangular, leaves simple,

opposite, lanceolate, 3.5-6.5x2-4cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base
attenuate, membranous, shortly petioled. Flowers in axillary, few flowered
cymes, often solitary, corolla white, salver shaped, petals 1cm long, tube
short, 0.6-0.9cm long, inflated near mouth, lobes spreading, stamens 5,
inserted on the tube. Fruit pair of follicle.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb in cultivated lands. FDD-459, 538.

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 95. 1837-1838; Backer &
Bakh. f., Fl. Java: 227. 1963. Vinca rosea L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 944. 1759:
Lochnera rosea Reichneb., Consp. Regni Veg. 134. 1828: Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 809(569). 1923.
Perennial erect, branched herb, to Im high, leaves simple, opposite

elliptic, oblong-obovate, 2.5-4x2.5-4cm, glabrous above, pale and
pubescent below, apex obtuse or rounded, margin entire, base cuneate.
Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes, calyx 5 -lobed, free to base, lobes
lineai-lanceolate, to 0.4cm long, corolla white-rose, tube cylindrical, pale
green, lobes spreading, petals ovate, with acute apex, throat of the corolla
witli coronary scales, stamens inserted in the throat of corolla, filament
short, anther linear, hairy at base. Fruit follicle, green, cylindrical.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Jan. Distribution-Probably native to Madagaskar but now

cultivated and naturalized throughout the Tropics. Common in gardens.
Occasionally as an escape in waste lands. FDD-508. KN-Nithya puspa,
Kanagelu.
NOTE:Leaves, roots and all other parts of plants used against Anxiety,
cancer, diabetes ,dysentery , hypertension ,insomnia and swellings.
ERVATAMIA Stapf
Ervatamia heyneana (Wall.) Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 134. 1904; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 813(572). 1923. Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall.,
Edward's Bot. Reg. 15: t. 1273. 1829.
Shrub, to 1.5m high, leaves simple, opposite/whorled, elliptic,

lanceolate, 12-20x4-8cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base acute.
Flowers in axillary or terminal umbellate cymes, calyx free or fused at base,
lobes ovate, 0.6-0.9cm long, corolla white, tube 1.5-2cm long, lobes
spreading, frilled, stamens 5, included, anthers sagittate. Fruit follicle, boat
shaped, turning bright yellow on maturity.

Fl-Fi:-Dec-Aug. Distiibution-South W. India.

Cultivated, Occasionally found in wild. FDD-688. KN-Nanja battalu huvu.
NOTE:Plant parts are used in treating anxiety, cancer, dysentery .
Root extract is given in snake bite.
HOLARRHENA R. Brown
Holarrhenapubescens (Buch. Ham.) Wall, ex G. Don. in. Gen. Hist. 4: 78.
837.
Echites pubescens Buch-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 521.

1821. //. antidyscentrica Wall, ex DC. in Prodr. 8: 413. 1844; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India. 3: 644. 1882. Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 811 (570). 1921.
Braiidis 459; Beddome. Fl. Sylv. S. India, Anal. Gen. 20. f. 6. 1869.
Large shrub, to 7m high, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic, oblong, 9-

16x6-10cm, green, glabrous, apex shortly acuminate, margin entire-
undulate, base round. Flowers in axillary/terminal corymbose cyme, calyx
5-lobed, lobes linear, corolla tubular, tube 0.9cm long, brown pubescent out
side, lobes spreading, stamens included. Fruit pair of follicles, smooth,
terete, slender curved.
Fl-Fr:-Mai-Oct. Distribution-India, Malay Peninsula.

Common shrub in forests. FDD-458. KN-Kodasige, Hale.
Note:Bark extract is given in dysentry.
ICHNOCARPUS R. Brown nom. cons.

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br. in Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 2: 69. 1811:
Wight, Ic. t. 430. 1840-1843; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 820 (577). 1923.
Apocynum frutescens L., Sp. PI. 213 .1753.
Twining shrub, branchlets rusty villous, leaves simple, opposite,

lanceolate-ovate, 3.5-5x1.8-3.4cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate,

daik green above, rusty brown tomentose below, Flowers yellowish-whitish

green in axillary-terminal, cymose panicles, calyx 5-lobed, membranous,
corolla white, 5-lobed, lobes pubescent along margins and base, 0.5-0.8cm
long, stamens inserted, anther sagittate, adhering to stigma, spurred at base.
Fruit pair of follicles.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Mar. Distribution-Indomalaysia, Australia.

Common climbing shrub in scrub jungles of Joldal range. FDD-260. KN-
Kari hambu. (Figure-25).
Note:Koot of this plant is often used as substitute to Hemidsmus indicus.
Decoction of leaves and stems used in fever .
PLUMERIA Linnaeus
Plumeria rubra L., Sp. PI. 209. 1753. P.acutifolia Poir. in, Lam. Encycl
(Suppl.2): 667. 1812; Hooker, Fl. Brit, hidia 3; 641. 1882; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 821 (577). 1923.
Deciduous tree, to 4m high, leaves simple, often crowded at the end

of branchlets, obovate-oblong, 15-40x6-12cm, acute at both ends, margin
entire, shining, moderately thck, secondary nerves form intramarginal vein.
Flowers white or red, in terminal cymes, calyx tubular, lobes angular,
corolla white-red, tubular, tube cylindrical, 2-2.7cm long, lobes 5. Fruit pair
of follicles, seeds flat, winged.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Apr. Distribution-Native of Tropical America.

Cultivated tlu-oughout, occasionally as an escape. FDD-542. KN-Jeeva
ganagilu.
Note.'Rootbark extract is useful in treating gonorrhea and venereal
sores. Bark- given with cocnut, ghee and rice in diarrohea. Milky juice
is employed in treating rheumatism.
RAUVOLFIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves whorled, ovate-obovate, corolla tube
short Rdensiflora
1 Leaves alternate, linear-elliptic, corolla tube long, throat
purple Rserpentina

Rauvolfia densiflora Benth. ex Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.3: 633. 1882; Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 2: 189. 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras (567). 1923.
Ophioxylon neilgherrense Wight., Ic. t. 1292. 1848.
Large shrub, leaves simple, opposite-whorled, ovate-obovate, 2.5-

3.5x1.5-2.3cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate, petiole short,
to 0.5cm long. Flowers white in terminal-axillary cymes, calyx 5-lobed,
lobes short, to 0.3cm long, corolla white, tube short, 0.7-0.9cm. Fruit drupe,
paired, ovoid, purplish red when ripe.
Fl-Fr:-Jun. Distribution- Cultivated in gardens as medicinal plant. FDD-

565. KN-Pathala garudi.
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex. Kurz. For. Fl. Burm. 2: 171. 1877:
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 3: 632. 1882; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 188. 1904;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras (567). 1923. Sant. in. Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16
(1): 166. 1953 Ophioxylon serpentina L., Sp. PI. 1043. 1753; Wight, Ic. t.
849. 1843-1845.
Erect undershrub, to 20cm high, leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-

obovate, 3.5-6x2.5-3cm, apex acute, margin entire, base tapering into
petiole. Flower in terminal corymbose cyme, calyx 5-lobed, reddish, to
0.4cm long, corolla white, 5-lobed, white, turning purple-red, tube long,
0.8-1.5cm. Fruit drupe, ovoid, black when ripe.
Fl-Fr: -Jul-Aug. Distribution-Rare. Collected in Joldal FDD-259.

(Plate-7F), (Figure-26)
Note: This taxa grows wild only in Joldal range of the district. Local
people claims that just few years back the plant was abundant in this
place, due to unscientific collection by some medicinal mens made it not
available now a days. The present distribution of this species is rare in
the area.

VALLARIS Burman
Vallaris solanacea (Rotli.) Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 447. 1891; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 815 (573). 1923. Peltanthera solanacea Roth, Nov. PI. Sp.
132.
Twining shrub, leaves simple, opposite, decussate, elliptic,

lanceolate, membranous, 3.5-7x2-3cm, pubescent, glabrous, minutely
dotted, apex shortly acuminate, margin entire, base acute. Flowers white, in
axillary or extraaxillary, dichotomous cymes, calyx 5-lobed, pubescent,
corolla white, bell shaped, lobes spreading, stamens 5, inserted at the top of
the corolla tube, exerted, filaments short, anther spurred. Fruit follicle,
coiitiate at base, free towards apex, seeds yellowish, beaked at one end with
a tuft of white hairs.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. FDD-641.

Cultivated in gardens as ornamental plant. KN-Bugudi hanbu.
NOTErMilky juice applied to old sores and wounds.
WRIGHTIA R Brown
Key to species
1 Flower plae yellow, coronary scale 5, lacinate W.arborea
1 Flower white, coronary scales many, linear W.tinctoria
Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. in Taxon 26: 533. 1977. Periploca

arborea Dennst. Schulssel, Hortus Malab. 13, 23 & 25. 1818 & in Fortsetz.
Allg. Tentsch. Gart. Mag. 3: 32, 41 & 83. 1818. W.tomentosa Roem. &
Schult. in L. Syst. Veg. 4: 414. 1819; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 3: 654. 1882.
Small tree, to 8m tall, leaves simple, opposite, tomentose, ovate-

lanceolate or elliptic obovate, variable. 5.5-14x3-5.5, apex acute-acuminate,
margin entire, base acute. Flowers yellow, in terminal corymbose cymes,
calyx 5-lobed, cup shaped, tomentose, corolla salver shaped, tube short to

0.4cm, corona scales lacinate, 5, single seriate, entire or slightly lobed,

stamens 5, exerted, inserted on the corolla tube. Fruit follicle, cylindrical,
coimate throughout, rough, white tuberculate, seeds slender, black, hairy at
base.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Oct. Common in Joldal range. FDD-679.

NOTE:Barkextraction is given in menstrual and renal complaints.
Wrightia tinctoria Mem. Wem. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 774. 1811; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India. 3: 653.1882; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 2: 815 (573). 1923.
Brandis 461; Beddome Fl. Sylv. S. India, t. 241. ISll.Nerium tinctoria
Roxb. Orient. Repert. 1: 39, Cumtab. 1791.
Deciduous tree, 8-12m tall, leaves simple, opposite, membranous,

sparsely pubescent beneath, elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, 11-15x3.5-4.5cm,
apex acute-acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate. Flowers white, jfragrant
in terminal cymose panicle, calyx 5, free to base, green, corolla
white/cream, salver shaped, tube short to 0.4cm long, cylindrical, corona 2-
seriate, coronary scales fimbriate, linear, stamens 5, anther spurred. Fruit
pair of follicles, apically jointed, curved, seeds linear, hairy at base, hairs
white, silky, deciduous.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Oct. Common tree in Scrub jungles & Deciduous forest ranges

of KUSF & Malebennur state forest. FDD-522. KN-Kodasige, Beppale.
ôteiThevatiaperuviana (Pers.) Schumann and Nerium indicum Miller is
cultivated in gardens.

ASCLEPIADACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves reduced to scales:
2 Stem succulent, flower dark purple, follicles slender aralluma
2 Stem and branches fleshy, jointed, flower white/yellow,
follicles ovoid JSarcostemma
1 Leaves well developed:
3 Plant erect herb/shrub:
4 Plant herbaceous, glabrous, flower bright red, anther
yellow Asclepias
4 Plant undershrub/shrub, white waxy coated throughout,
flower pale blue/white Calotropis
3 Plant straglers/ lianas:
• 5 Leaf cordate, as long as or longer than broad:
6 Leaf pale green, pubescent, base deeply cordate,
corona double, follicles softly echinate Pergularia
6 Leaf dark green, base rounded, corona single,
folicles not echinate Wattakaka
5 Leaf not cordate, longer than broad:
7 Corolla tube long, inflated, lobes cohering at tip Ceropegia
7 Corolla tube not inflated:
8 Latex watery:
9 Leaf tip obtusely mucranate, flower greenish purple Tylophora
9 Leaf tip not as above, flower green Leptadenia
8 Latex milky:
10 Flower purple:
11 Leaf apex long apiculous, flower greenish white,
follicle ovoid-oblong, 3-winged Cryptolepis
11 Leaf apex not apiculate, flower deep red with
purple throat cymes, follicle lanceolate, not winged ...Holostemma
10 Flower white/yellow:
12 Internode swalloned, winged, flower in
trichotomous cymes Decalepis
12 Internode not swalloned, not winged,flowers in axillary fassicles :
13 Corolla rotate, deeply 5-fid,
14 Coronary scales 5, thick, follicles
slender Hemidesmus
14 Coronary scales plicate follicles winged Cynanchum
13 Corolla sub rotate, entire, coronary
scales 0, follicles oblong Gymnema
ASCLEPIAS Linnaeus
Asclepias curassavica L., Sp. PI. 215. 1753; Gamble, FI. Presi. Madras
853(585). 1923.

Erect, perennial herb, young parts hairy, toot tuberous, leaves simple,
opposite, lanceolate, 3-4x1.5-2cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, margin
entire, base acute. Flowers bright red, in axillary umbellate cymes, calyx 5-
lobed, free up to base, linear, corolla orange red, deeply 5-lobed, rotate,
lobes reflexed, coronaiy scales 5, adnate to staminal column,
stamensyellow, adnate to base of tlie corolla, pollinia solitary, in each
antlier cell. Fmit pair of follicle, pendulous, lanceolate.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-A native of Tropical America.

Common along roadsides in out skirts of villages. FDD-518. KN-
Kakathundi.
CALOTROPIS R Brown
Key to species
I Flower pale blue/whitish blue Cgigantea
1 Flower pale white Cprocera
Calotrpis gigantea (L.) R. Br. in Alton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 2: 1811; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 832(585). \923.Asclepias gigantea h., Sp. PI. 214. 1753.
Stout, hairy-tomentose shrub, leaves simple, opposite, decussate,

shortly petioled, ovate or obovate, apex acute, margin entire, base
amplexicaual, grey tomentose, 14-18.5x4-7.5cm. Flowers whitish blue, or
lilac, in axillary and terminal branched corymbose cyme, calyx 5-lobed,
fused at base, lobes short spreading, corolla lilac-blue, lobes spreading,
lanceolate, twi.sied. stainuial column pentangular, pollniia natteiini iiuiiia
5-lobed. Fruit pair of follicles, recui'ved at apex.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Throughout Tropical Asia.

Common sluiib of waste lands. FDD-731. KN-Ekkada gida.
Flovistic Composition of Davancigere District 301

Calotrophisprocera (Alton.) R. Br. in Aiton. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 2: 78. 1811.

Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4: 18 1883; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 832(585).
\923. Asclepiasprocera. Aiton. Hort. Kew. ed. 1. 1: 305. 1789.
Branched, tomentose shrub, leaves simple, opposite, decussate,

sessile, gray tomentose on both sides, apex acute, margin entire, base
obtuse. Flowers white, in axillary corymbose cymes, calyx small, hirsute,
free to base, corolla white, broadly companulate or rotate, staminal corona
of 5 fleshy with compressed appendages, stamens with single poUiniumin.
Fmit pair of follicles, recurved at apex..
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distiibution-Tropical Asia.

Common weed of waste lands. FDD-736. KN-Biliekka.
CARALLUMA R. Brown
Caralluma hirsuta Haworth, Syn. PI. Succ. 47. 1812. Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 861(605). 1923;Gravely & Mayuranathan, Bull. Madras Govt. Mus.
4: 23. 1931. Boucerosia hirsuta (Haworth)Wight & Am. in Wight, Contrib.
Ind. Bot. 34. 1834; Wight. Ic. t. 495. 1840-43. Boucerosia lasiantha Wight,
Ic. t. 1286. 1848; Boucerosia companulata Wight, Ic. t. 1287. 1848.
Caralluma laciantha (Wight) N. E. Brown, Gard. Chron. 12: 369; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 861(606). 1923.
Fleshy herb, leaves reduced, minute, cauducus, stem angular

succulent. Flowers in umbellate many flowered cyme, calyx 5, free, lobes
free to base, nanow, glabrous, corolla yellow, with purple striate, broadly
ovate, ciliate along margin, corona of two whorls, anular, bi cuspidate, iimer
lobes adnate to the base of corolla, pollinia compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Mar. Distiibution-lndia, Sri Lanka.

Common herb in diy rocky hills of Uclihangi durga. FDD-804.

CEROPEGIA Linnaeus
Ceropegia hirsuta Wight & Am. in Wight, Contiib. Ind. Bot. 30. 1830;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 859(604). 1923. Huber, Mem. Soc. Brot. 12: 63.
1957.
Twining herb, rhizome tuberous, leaves simple, ovate, elliptic, apex

acute-obtuse, margin entire, base round, 2.5-3.2x1-1.8cm. Flowers in 1-3
flowered, axillary cymes, calyx 5-Iobed, lobes free to base, hairy, corolla
green, with dark purple stripes, upper portion yellow, lowr grayish green,
mouth dilated, lobes broad, reflexed, ciliate, outer corona lobes deltoid,
long, extending beyond gynostegium, inner lobes linear, hooked at tips,
longer than the outer.
Fl-Fr:-Sept. Distribution-Southern Gangetic plain southward to Kamataka.

Rare collected once in flowering at Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range.
FDD-1035. (Plate-8A)
CRYPTOLEPIS R Brown
Cryptolepis buchananii Roemer.& Schultes, Syst. Veg. 4: 409. 1819;
Wight, Ic. t. 494. 1840; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 826(580). 1924
Laige straggling sluub, leaves simple, opposite, sap milky, broadly

ovate to elliptic, oblong, entire, apex drawn out into long tip, apiculate,
margin entire, base acuminate, dark green on the upper and pale white
below, piimately veined, parallel, intramarinal veins prominent. Flowers
pale greenish white, in reduced axillary cymose clusters, bracts scaly,
corolla tubular, creamy or greenish yellow, in young, lobes 5, corolline
corolla 5, linear. Fmit pair of follicle, ovoid, oblong, 3-winged.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Jul. Distribution-Peninsular India, Sri Lanka.

Common in Joldal. FDD-813. KN-Matle hambu.
Floristic Composition of Davanajfcre District 303

CYNANCHUM Linnaeus
Cynanchum callialaia Hamilton ex Wight, Contrib. Ind. Bot. 56. 1834;
Wight, Ic. t. 1279. 1848; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 836(588). 1923.
Climbing shrub, stem and branches pubescent, leaves simple, linear-

oblong, 3-4x2-2,5cm, glbrous above, white pubescent beneath, apex acute,
margin entire, base cuneate. Flowers in axillary-lateral umbellate cyme,
pale yellow/grmish brown with purple throat, calyx 5-lobed, glabrous,
corolla rotate, 5 lobed, lobes, to 0.5cm long, corona phcate with 5 erect,
bifid lobes, alternating with small teeth like lobes. Fruit foUicle.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution-Burma to South India.

Rare in Malebennur state forest. FDD-697. (PIate-8B)
DECALEPIS Wight &Amott

Decalepis hamiltonii Wight.& Am. in Wight, contrib. Ind. Bot. 64. 1834;
Wight, Ic. t. 1285; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 828(582). 1923.
Deciduous straggler, branchlets cylindrical, latex milky, node

slightly swallowned and winged, leaves elliptic oblong 1.5-3.5x.8-3cm
glabrous, apex acute, margin undulate, base attenuate. Flowers in
trichotomous cyme, white or creamy. Fruit pair of follicles, ovoid, slightly
3-winged.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Sept. Distribution-S. Peninsular India.

Common straggler of dry deciduous forest in rocky out crops of Honnalli &
Kondaiji. FDD-709. KN-Magali beru.
GYMNEMA R. Brown
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schultes, Syst. Veg. ed. 15, '6: 51.
1820; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 839(590). 1923; Wight, Ic. t. 349. 1840.
Periploca sylvestris Retz., Obs. Bot. 2: 15. 1781.
FloHstic Composition of Davanagere District 304

Perennial twiner, young branches tomentose, latex milky, leaves

simple, opposite, shortly petioled, ovate, 2-3.5xl.5-2.5cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base rounded, densely pubescent beneath, tomentose above.
Flower yellow, in axillary, lateral umbellate cymes, bracts scaly, calyx
deeply 5-lobed, corolla yellow or creamy, sub rotate, deeply lobed, corona
fleshy, lobes 5, pubescent, adnate to staminal column at base, staminal
colunm adnate to base of the corolla. Fruit pair of follicles, rigid lanceolate
one of the follicle deciduous.
"Fl-Fr-.-All seasons. Distribution-Tropical Africa, Asia, Malaysia.

Common twiner in Malebennur state forest and in Joldal range on the way
to Ammanagudda.
FDD-1082. KN-Madunashini. (Plate-8C)
HEMIDESMUS R. Brown
Key to species
1 Leaves linear-lanceolate, flower yellow, folicles terete H.indicus
1 Leaves elliptic-oblong, flower purple, follicles incurved Jl.indicus
wai.pubescens
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. in Alton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 2: 75. 1811;
periploca indica L., Sp. PI. 211. 1753.
Straggling twiner, latex milky, leaves simple, opposite, linear, 4.5-

6.5x1.5-3cm, pubscent, dark brown, apex acute, margin entire, base obtuse.
Flower yellow, in axillary cymes, calyx 5, lobes free to base, pubescent,
corolla yellow-creamy, lobes 5, pubescent. Fruit pair of follicles, follicles
terete.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Jan. Distribution-Peninsular India, Sri Lanka.

Common twiner in almost all part of the district. FDD-1034. KN-Nannari
beru, Sogade beru, Namada beru.
Note: The leaves of this taxa shows considerable variation from linear
lanceolate to ovate-obovate.

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. pubescens (Wight & Am) Hook. Fl.
Brit. India. 4: 5. 1883; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 825(580). 1925.
H.pubescens Wight & Arn. in Wight contrib. Bot. India 63. 1834.
Twining herb, latex milky, leaves softy pubescent above, velvet

tomentose below, elliptic-broadly oblong, 3.5-5.8x1.5-3.2cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base rounded. Flower purple, in axillary cymes, follicle
paired, tip incurved.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Nov. Occasional in Joldal. FDD-850.

Note: It is difficult to diffrentiate from H.indicus due to ecological
variation in leaf shape & size. Pubescent nature and incurved follicles
are the distingwishing character.
HOLOSTEMMA R Brown
Holostemma annulare (Roxb.) K. Schumaim. in. Engl & Prantl.
Pflenzenfam, 4(2): 250. 1895; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 834(586). 1923.
Asclepias annularis Roxb., Hort. Beng. 20. 1814 {'annularia').
Holostemma rheedei Wall., PI. As. Rar. 2: 51. 1831. Wight, Ic. t. 597. 1840-
43.
Straggling twiner, leaves simple, sparsely pubescent, ovate, 4.5-8x5-

9cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base deeply cordate. Flower white-
creamy, with red to deep purple center, axillary, few flowered cyme, calyx
5 lobed, free to base, corolla fleshy, deeply 5 lobed, corona 5 lobed, fleshy,
arising from the base of the corolla, filament connate in 10-winged column.
Fruit pair of follicle, thick, lanceolate.
Fl-Fr:-May-Aug. Distribution-Eastern Burma through India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Joldal. FDD-1063. KN-Palakire soppu, Jeeva hale balli.
Note: l.Twiner with pale yellow flower with purple centre is the key
character. 2.Roots are used as alaterantive, as a remedy for gonprrhia;
some local practioners use the root extract in treating apthalmia
(beaten into paste and applied to the eyes ); dried and powdered with
equal quantity of the root of a ceiba pentandra and given in
spermatorrhea.

LEPTADENIA R. Brown
Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Am. in Wight, Contrib. Ind. Bot. 47.
1843: Wight, Ic. t. 350. 1840; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 850 (598) 1923.
Bullock, Kew Bull, 10: 291. 1955. Cyanchum reticulatum Retz., Obs. Bot.
215. 1781.
Straggling shrub, latex thin, watery, young branches hairy,

pubescent, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, 3.5-6x1.5-
4cm, apex mucranate, base cordate-rounded, margin entire, nerves
prominent. Flowers green, in axillary or terminal umbellate cyme, calyx 5-
lobed, corolla 5, glandular, tube short, companulate. Fruit follicle, thick,
smooth.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Apr. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Eastward to Burma.

Collected in Malebennur. FDD-663. KN-Palathige balli.
PERGULARIA Linnaeus
Perfûlarisa daemia (Forskal) Chiov., Result. Sc. Miss. Sefan.-Paoli Somal.
Ital. 1: 115. 1916; Sant. & Irani, Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay No. 4. 39. 1962.
Ascepias daemia Forskal, Fl. Aegpt-Arab. 51. 1775. Cynanchum externum
N. Jaq., Misc. 2: 325. 1782. Daemia externa (N. Jaq) R. Br. in Aiton, Hort,
Kew. ed. 2, 2: 76. 1811. Pergularia externa (N. Jaq) N. E. Brown, in
Thistleton-Dyer, Fl. Cap. 4: 758. 1908; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 836(588).
1923.
Perennial, woody, twiner, latex milky, leaves simple, opposite,

broadly ovate, thin, apex acute, margin entire, base deeply cordate,
tomentose below, pubescent above. Flower in axillary, long peduncled
corymb, calyx 5, tubular, tube small, pubescent, corolla tubular, yellow with
purple mark in the center, tube narrow, lobes spreading. Fruit follicle,
swalloned at base, lanceolate, softly echinate, hirsute.

Fl-Fr.:-Jul-Jan. Distribution-Tropical Africa, Afghanistan to India, Sri

Lanka.
Common along hedges. FDD-666. KN-Uguru suthu balli, Thalavarana balli.
Note: Plant extract is given to patients suffering from bronchitis,
asthma, headache. Some of the practitioners in the area claims that it
is effective against leprosy and leucoderma, leaf extract applied
externally in piles. Paste is applied externally to cure rheaumatism
SARCOSTEMMA R. Brown emend. Hohn

Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voight, Hort. Sub. Calc. 542. 1845; Sant.&
Irani. Bot, Mem. Univ. Bombay No. 4. 76. 1962. Asclepias acida Roxb., Fl.
Ind. 2: 31. 1832. Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight, Contrib. Ind. Bot. 59.
1834; Wight, Ic. t. 595, 1840-43; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 838(589).
1923.
Leafless, much branched, green fleshy, straggler, latex milky, stem

jointed cylindrical, green. Flowers creamy yellow, axillary or terminal,
sessile umbels, calyx deeply 5-lobed, corolla creamy, rotate deeply 5-lobed.
Fruit pair of follicles, ovoid-lanceolate.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Jan. Distribution- Peninsular India Malebeimur state forest.

FDD-809. KN-Hambu balli, Vasukanthi. (Plate-SD)
TYLOPHORA R. Brown
Key to species
1 Stem procumbent, leaves rotund T.rotundifolia
1 Stem twining, leaves not rotund T.indica
Tylophora indica (N. Burman) Merrill. Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 19: 373. 1921;
Sant. & lani, Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay No. 4, 88. 1962. Cyanchum indicum
Burm. N. Burman, Fl. Ind. 70. 1798. Tylophora asthamatica (L. f) Wight
& Am, in Wight, Contrib. Ind. Bot. 51. 1834; Wight, Ic. t.. 1277. 1848;

Twining, hispid herb, with thick root stock, leaves simple, opposite,
ovate, oblong, apex acute, base rounded, margin entire, glabrous-pubescent
above, brown tomentose below, 5-llx4-6cm. Flowers creamy-yellow, with
purple throat, in axillary umbellate cyme. Fruit pair of follicles, linear.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Sept. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Common twiner in dry forest regions of Hoimali, Harapanahalli range.
FDD-768. KN-Adu muttada balli,Kiru manji balli. (Plate-8E)
Tylophora rotundifoUa Ham. ex Wight, Contrib. Ind. Bot. 50. 1834; Sant.
& Irani, Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay No.4, 86. 1962.
Procumbent herb, stem strictly procumbent, leaves simple,

rotmid/broadly ovate, apex rounded, margin entire, pubescent, base slightly
cordate. Fruit pair of follicle, 4-5x2cm.
Fr- Sept-Oct. Distribution-Peninsular India.

Rare, collected once in fruiting at Ammanagudda. FDD-900.
WATTAKAKA Hasskarl
Wattakaka volubilis (L. f). Stapf in. Curtis, Bot. Mag. sub. t. 8976. 1923:
Huber in Abeywikrama, Fl. Ceylon. 1: 50. 1973. Asdepias volubilis L. f
Suppl. 170. 1781. Hoya verdijlom R. Br., Mem. Wem. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1:
27, 1810: Wight, Ic. t. 586. 1840-43. Dregea volubilis (L. f) Bentham ex
Hooker, Fl.Brit. India.4: 46: 1883. Marsdenia volubilis (L.f) Cooke. Fl.
Bombay.2: 166. 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 846(595). 1923.
Twining shrub, latex watery, leaves simple, opposite, ovate, 10-

I4x5-7cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base rounded-cordate. Flowers
greenish, in axillary umbels, bracts minute, calyx lobes 5, corolla lobes 5,
rotate, corona lobes 5, single seriate, fleshy, adnate to staminal column at
base. Fruit pair of follicle(often single), lanceolate, pale green.

Fl-Fr:-Mar-Dec. Distribution-Indomalaysia. Occasional, collected in KUSF

& Harapanahalli range. FDD-531. (Plate-8F)
Note: 1.Fallowing Huber (in Abeywickrama, Fl. Ceylon I(l):50. 1973)
Wattakaka Hassk., is treated as a distinct Genus. 2.Leaf extract is used
as a application to boils & abscesses Whole plant: used in colds & eye
diseases to cause sneezing,
GENTIANACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Flower regular Exacum
1 Flower irregular:
2 Small herb, flower yellow, sessile, stigma sub-entire Hoppea
2 Large herbs,flowerwhite/pink, pedicellate, stigma bilobed Canscora
CANSCORA Lamarck
Key to species
1 Stem quadrangular, not winged Cdiffusa
1 Stem prominently winged:
2 Bracts perfoliate, pedicel and calyx winged Cperfoliata
2 Bracts not perfoliate:
3 Pedicel and calyx not winged Cdecurrens
3 Pedicel and calyx winged Qdecussata
Canscora decurrens Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 136.

Slender herb, to 10 cm high, stem 4-winged, leaves simple, opposite,

sessile, 1.3-2.5x0.5-0.8 cm, ovate-lanceolate, nerves 3, prominent from
base, apex acute, margin entire, base narrow. Flowers pink, in axillary-
terminal, dichotomously branched cyme, bract ovate-lanceolate, calyx 0.4-
0.7cm long, 4-lobed, tubular, lobes not winged, corolla pink, tubular, petals
4, stamens 4, inserted, 2 long, fertile, 2 short staminodes, ovary superior,
unilocular, style filifonn, stigma bilobed. Fruit capsule, cylindrical, 0.6-
1cm, seeds angular, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-South W.India.

Common herb of Joldal, KUSF, Maslebennur & Jagalur. FDD-636.
Note: According to Cl.(/.c.), this apecies is doubtfully distinct from
Cdiffusa R.Br, var tenella.

Canscora decussata Schultes & Schultes, Mant. 3: 229. 1827; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 879(618). 1923.
Small herb, to 30 cm tall, stem winged, leaves simple, opposite,

ovate 2-3x1-1.5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acute, glabrous. Flower
white, solitary, pedicel, 0.2-0.4cm, winged, calyx 5-lobed, lobes winged,
corolla white, 5-lobed. Fruit capsule.
Fl-Fr:- Oct-Dec. Distribution-Tropical Africa, Madagaskar, India.

Not frequent, Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range. FDD-1052.
(Plate-9A)
Canscora diffusa.{Vah[.) R. Br., Prodr. 451. in obs. 1810. Gamble, Fl.

Presi. Madras 878(617). 1923. Gentiana diffusa Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 47.
1794. Canscora lawii Wight, Ic. t. 1327. 1848.
Slender herb, to 20 cm tall, branchlets 4-angled, not winged, leaves

simple, opposite, sessile, ovate-elliptic, 1.5-3x0.5-lcm long, apex acute,
margin entire, base narrow, 3-nerved from base, basal leaves cauducus, 2-
3.5x1-1.5cm. Flowers in terminal dichotomously branched cyme, bracts
fohar, ovate, to 0.4cm long, calyx tubular, 4-lobed, to 0.6cm long, lobes
lanceolate, corolla pink, tubular, tube to 0.6cm long, lobes unequal, stamens
4, unequal, fertile 1, long, staminodes 3, short, ovary unilocular, stigma 2-
lobed. Fruit capsule, oblong, greenish, to 1.5cm long.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Tropical Africa to Indomalaysia.

Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range, kondajji, joldal. FDD-452.
Canscoraperfoliata Lam., Encycl. 1: 601. 1785; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras

879(618). 1923. Camcora granc/Z/Zora Wight, Ic. t. 1326. 1848.

Branched herb, to 20cm tall, branchlets and stem winged, leaves

simple, opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-3.2x0.5-lcm, 3 nerved from
base, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate, bracts perfoliate, fused,
circular in branches. Flowers pink, in terminal, paniculate cyme, flower
sessile or shortly pedicellate, calyx broadly winged, reticulately veined, to
0.2cm long, corolla tubular, 4-lobed, lobes equaling the tube, to 2cm long,
stamens 4, fertile!, long, staminodes 3, short, inserted, ovary unilocular,
stigma bilobed. Fruit capsule, green to 2cm long.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Apr. Distribution-South W. India.

Common herb, Joldal, Jagalur. FDD-1044. (Plate-9B)
EXACUM Linnaeus
Exacum carinatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 415. 1820. Exacumpetiolare Griseb.
in DC, Prodr. 9: 46. 1845; Wight, Ic. t. 1324(2). 1848; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 874(614). 1923.
Large herb, 40-70cm tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple,

opposite, elliptic, petiole to 0.4cm long, apex acute, margin entire, base
acute. Flower blue, regular, in few flowered, terminal cyme, calyx 4-lobed,
lobes to 0.5cm across, corolla 4-lobed, stamens 4, dehiscing by apical pore.
Fruit capsule, globose, many seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution- Central & South West India.

Joldal range. FDD-694. (Figure-27)
HOPPEA Willdenow
Hoppea dichotoma. Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin. Neue. Schriften 3:

Dichotomously branched, erect herb, to 8cm tall, branchlets and stem

4 -angled, slightly winged, leaves sessile, ovate, 3-5.5x1.5-4 cm, apex
acute, margin entire, base rounded, nerves obscure. Flowers yellow, sessile,
in axillary-terminal, few flowered cyme, calyx 4-lobed, lobes ovate, to
0.3cm long, corolla whitish yellow, companulate, 4-lobed, lobes equal,
stamens 4, fertile 1, staminodes 3, ovary unilocular, stigma shghtly bilobed.
Fmit capsule, ellipsoid, to 0.3 cm, bivalved, enclosed in calyx, seeds
angular black.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-India.
Common herb in Kondajji, Davanagere outskirts. FDD-451.
BORAGINACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant prostrate/trailing herb,white silky tomrentose herb,
stamens inserted Coldenia
1 Plant erect herb/shrub glabrous/pubescent not white tomentose:
2 Leaves opposite/subopposite, flower axillary
solitary/in scorpioid cymes:
3 Flower pinkish blue in scorpioid cyme Heliotropium
3 Flower pale blue in axillary solitary lax racemes Trichodesma
2 Leaves alternate,flowersin unilateral racemes Cynoglossum
COLDENIA Linnaeus
Coldeniaprocumbens L., Sp. PI. 125. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 144.
1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 892(627). 1925 Kazim in J. Arnold. Arbor.
51: 148. 1970.
Prostrate herb, branches scarbid, hairy, hairs white- greenish brown,

leaves sessile- petiolate, upper sessile, lower ones long petioled,, alternate,
simple, obovate, oblong, apex rounded-obtuse, margin crenate, base
rounded, 3.5-5xl.5-2cm. Flowers axillary, solitary, calyx 4-lobed, - lobes
fused at base, linear, to 0.2cm long, villous outside, corolla white-lilac.

tubular, 4-5 lobed, lobes ovate, rounded, stamens 4, inserted on the throat of
the corolla, filament short, included. Fruit globose, pointed above, hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Sept.Distribution- Common weed along dried tanks ponds and

un cultivated lands. FDD-174, 274.
CYNOGLOSSUM Linnaeus
Cyanoglassum zeylanicum (Homeum.) Thumb, ex Lehm., Neue Schriften
Naturf. Ges. Halle 3(2): 20. 1817; Kazim, J. Arnold Arbor. 52:344. 1971.
Anchusa zeylanica Vahl ex Homem., Enum. Hafii. 3. 1807. Cyanoglassum
denticulatum var zeylanicum (Homeum.) Clarke,in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India
4:157. 1883; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 900(632). 1923. Cyanoglassum
furcatum Wall, in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2:6.1824; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
900(632). 1923. Cyanoglassum meeboldii Brand, Feddes Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 323. 1916.
Hirsute scarbrid herb, leaves simple, ovate, petiole long, subsessile

above, 4-8x1.5-3.5cm, apex acute, margin entire\minutely serrate, base
acute, minutely pubescent. Flowers white, in unilateral cymes,
axillary\terminals, calyx 4-5 lobed, lobes ovate, bristly hairy, corolla white,
lobes 4-5, round spreading, whitish blue. Fruit nutlet, glochidiate, subtended
by persistent calyx.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- S. India, Sri Lanka.

Common in open fields and deciduous forest. FDD-277.
Heliotropium indicum L., Common herb in open wate lands and in

uncultivated lands. FDD-714.
TRICHODESMA R. Brown wom.com.

Key to species
1 Calyx lobes hastate below, flower white T.indicum
1 Calyx lobes not hastate, flower blue T.zeylanicum

Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehmann, PI. Fam. Asperif. 193. 1818

{'indica'); Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 153. 1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
899 (631). 1925. Boragu indica L. Sp. Pi. 137. 1753.
Erect hispid herb, to 25cm tall, leaves simple, opposite, sessile,

oblong lanceolate or hastate, apex acute\obtuse, margin entire, hispid, 4.5-
X0.5-lcm. Flowers axillary, solitary, often in terminal racemes, calyx 5-
lobed, lobes free, lanceolate, hastate-cordate, apex acute-acuminate, densely
hairy, corolla white, tubular, lobes 5, recurved, stamens 5, inserted on the
throat of corolla, anther 2-lobed, beared, twisted. Fruit nutlet, pyramidal,
smootli on the outside, pitted on the irmer surface.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Jan. Distribution-Afghanistan, India, Mauritius. Occasional

weed in open places. FDD-123.
Trichodesma zeylanicum (N.Burman) R.Br. Prodr. 496.1810; Hooker, Fl.

Brit. India 4:154.1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 899(632). 1925. Borago
zeylanica Burm. F. Fl. Ind. 41. 1768.
Erect, hispid hairy herb, to 1.5m tall, leaves simple, opposite or

alternate in the basal region, oblong lanceolate, apex acute, margin entire,
scabrous hairy, prickly, 10-15x3.5-6cm. Flowers in axillary, terminal
paniculate cymes, bracts foliar, hispid, calyx 5-lobed, fused at base, lobes
elleptic, acute, acrescent, corolla blue, tubular, 5-lobed, lobes obovate
apiculate, rounded, stamens 5, inserted on the corolla throat, anther beared,
connective elongate and twisted. Fruit nutlet, smooth on the outer surface
slightly on the innerside
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jul. Distribution-India to Australia.

Occasional in Joldal and Thirtharameshwara forest range. FDD-1019.

CUSCUTACEAE
CUSCUTA Linnaeus
Cuscuta chinensis Lam., Encycl. Meth, 2:229.1786; Clarke in Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India 4:226.1883; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:293; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 654.1919. Austin in Dassan. & Fosb., Fl. Ceylon 1:305.1980.
Leaf less, slender, stem parasite, branches yelow, wiry. Flowers in

dense cymes, pedicel short, to 0.1cm, bract membranous, caly, calyx 5-
lobed, lobes fused, rounded, corolla 5-lobed, lobes fused, tube equaling the
lobs, covered with fimbriate scales, scales opposite the stamens, stamens 5,
epipetalous, inserted on the tube, longer than anther lobes, ovary bilocular,
each locule with 2-ovules, style 2, stigma capitate. Fruit capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Aug. Common stem parasite, often on cultivated ornamental

plants. FDD-950.
CONVOLVULACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant prostrate/trailing hairy herb:
2 Flower blue/white, style bifid Evolvulus
2 Flower pale yellow, style undivided Merremia
1 Plant climbing shrub:
3 Flower pink/purple, fruit indehiscent Argyreia
3 Flower variously colored, fruit dehiscent:
4 Plant rusty tomentose, petals bilobed Erycibe
4 Plant not rusty tomentose petals Slobed Ipomoea
ARGYREIA Loureiro
Key to species
1 Flowers in capitate heads:
2 Plant silvery pubescent:
3 Flowers in sub capitate cyme, sepals orbicular A.nervosa
3 Flowers in capitate cyme, sepals elliptic, ovate AAmbricata
2 Plant not silvery pubescent:
4 Bracts prominent, foliar, oblong-elliptic, silky villous AMeiniaea
4 Bracts linear, bristly hairy A.pilosa
1 Flowers not in capitate heas:
FUmstic Composition ofDavanagere District 316

5 Plant pubescent hispid, leaf base rounded:

6 Flowers violet in few flowered cymes, stamens 5,
equal, ovary 2-locular A.elliptica
6 Flowers many, in corymbs, stamens 5, unequal
ovary 4-locular A.pomacea
5 Plant silky hairy, leaf base cuneate,flowerbright red A.cuneata
Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker-Gawler, Bot. Reg. t. 661. 1882; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 909(638). 1923. Convolvulus cuneatus Willd., Sp. PI. 1: 873.
1798. Rivea cuneata Wight, Ic. t. 890. 1844-1845.
Suberect twiner, young parts silky hairy-pubescent, leaf simple, 3.5-

4.6x2.2-3.8cm, ovate-obovate, lanceolate, apex emerginate, margin entire,
base cuneate, prominently nerved, glabrous above, pale below. Flower
bright red, in axillary, 2-3 flowered cymes, corolla funnel shaped, tube
narrow at base, widening towards tip, lobes spreading, stamens unequal,
included. Fruit capsule, yellow-brown, leathery, globose.
Fl-Fr:- Jim-Jan. Distribution-South India.

Common along edges of forest. FDD-414. (Plate-9C)
Note: - Bright red flowers draws the attention in the field.
Argyreia elliptica (Roth) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: 417. 1834;
Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 172. 1967. Ipomoea elliptica Roth, Nov. PI. Sp.
113. 1821. Lettsomia elliptica (Roth) Wight ex Clarke,in Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India. 4: 192. 1883; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madias 911(640). 1923.
Woody twiner, you\ng parts pubescent, leaf simple, alternate,

elliptic-ovate, 2.6-5.5x2-3.5cm, margin entire, apex acute-emerginate, base
acute. Flower few-many, in short peduncled, axillary cymes, sepals, ovate,
5-lobed, lobes ovate, 0.3-0.6cm long, corolla fimnel shaped, violet, 2.5-

3.5cm long, stamens 5, equal, ovary 2-locular. Fruit capsule, globose,

brown on matuiity.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Sept. Distribution-South India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb in out skirts of Joldal & Honnalli range. FDD-671.
Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Sant. & Patel, Trans. Bose Res. Inst. Calcutta
22: 40. 1958. Ipomoea imbricata Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 112. 1821. Lettsomia
aggregata Rox., [Hort. Beng. 13. 1814, nom] Fl. Ind. 2: 76. 1824; Wight,
Ic. t. 1359. 1848; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 910(639). 1923.
Twining shrub, branchlets silvery tomentose, leaf simple, ovate 3.5-

10x3-9cm, apex emerginate, margin entire, base cordate. Flowers pink, in
capitate panicled cymes, to 6cm long, bracts spathoceous, hairy, sepals 5-
lobed, lobes elliptic, ovate, red inside, unequal, outer 2 larger, 1-1.5cm
long, corolla pink, funelshaped, 2-2.5cm long, stamens 5, exserted. Fruit
berry, red, subglobose, 0.5-1cm across.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Apr. Distribution- South India. Occasional in Ubbranistate forest.

FDD-420.
Argyreia kleiniana (R. & S.) Raiz. in Indian For. 92:302. 1966 comb.nov.-
Ipomoea kleiniana R. & S. Syst, 4: 789. IS 19.-Argyreia bracteata Choisy,
Conv. Or. 39. 1834; Clarke, Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4:88. 1883; Gamble, Fl.
Climbing herb, branchlets appressed hairy, leaves simple, alternate,

broadly ovate, 8-14x4-6cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate,
glabrous above, tawny pubescent beneath. Flower purplish pink, in long
peduncled cymose panicles, bracts oblanceolate, foliar, prominent,- silky
villous, calyx 5-lobed, lobes unequal, strigose on the back, corolla funnel
shaped, hirsute, stamens 5 included. Fruit berry, fleshy, yellow.

Fl-Fr:-Mar-Aug. Common along hedges in open forest and wastelands.

FDD-650. (Figure-28)
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Boj. Hort. Maurit. 224. 1837. Convolvulus
nervosus Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 48. 1768. Argyreia speciosa Sweet.Hort. Brit.
289. 1827; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4:185. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
907(637). 1919.
Perennial, large, climbing shrub, stem terete, hollow, branchlets

densely tomentose, tomentum fulvous, leaves simple, broadly ovate-
cordate, to 12-28x9-20cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base cordate,
glabrous above, densely tomentose beneath. Flowers in axillary, subcapitate
cymes, purple.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-Occasional. Collected at Shanthisagara. FDD-

921. (Plate-9 D), (Flgure-29)
Argyreiapilosa Wight & Am., Pugill. PI. Ind. Oostr. 38. 1836; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 908(638). 1923.
Twiner, branchlets reddish, hirsute, leaves simple, alternate, broadly

ovate, 7-10x7-9cm, apex acute, base subcordate, margin entire, nerves
prominent, 7-8 pairs. Flowers pink, in axillary, capitate heads, peduncle
long, 2-3cm, bracts linear, bristly hairy, to 1cm long, calyx 5-Iobed, lobes
unequal, nearly free to base, oblong-lanceolate, to 0.8cm long, corolla
infundibular, to 4cm, lobes spreading, stamens included. Fruit berry.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution-South India.

Common herb in Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range. FDD-495.
Note: -Bristly hairy bracts, flowers pink in capitate heads is the key
character.

Argyrea pomacea (Roxb.) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: 414. 1834;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 908(638). 1923. Liltsomea pomacea Roxb., Fl.
bid. 2: 83. 1824. Riveapomacea (Roxb.) Wight, Ic. t. 888. 1944-45.
Climber, branchlets hirsute, leaves simple, alternate, ovate, 5.5-

7.2x2.5-3cm, apex subacute-emerginate, margin entire, base rounded,
glabrous above, white tomentose beneath. Flowers violet in axillary
corymbose cymes, peduncle to 5cm long, bracts linear, cauducus, calyx 5-
lobed, lobes ovate, to 0.5cm long, hairy, corolla violet, companulate, to 3cm
long, stamens 5, unequal, inserted, enlarged at base, ovary 4-locular. Fruit
beny, yellowish brown, to 1cm in diameter, hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Sept. Distribution-Southern India.

Common herb in KUSF range. Occasional in Shanthisagar range. FDD-557.
ERYCIBE Roxburgh
Erycibepaniculata Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 159. 1798; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
930(653). 1923.
Rusty tomentose, climbing shrub, branchlets woody, covered with

brown tomentum, leaves simple, ellptic-lanceolate, 6-10x2-5cm, apex
cuspidate, margin entire, base acute. Flowers in axillary or terminal
panicles, flower pale white, calyx 5-lobed, lobes suborbicular, corolla lobes
bilobed. Fruit Berry, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Oct. Distribution- Rare, collected at Joldal range. FDD-920.

(Figure-30)
EVOLVULUS Linnaeus
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2: 392. 1762; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 923(648). 1923; Steam, Taxon 21: 649. 1972. Convolvulus
alsinoides L., Sp. PI. 157. 1753.

Prostrate, hairy herb, stem covered with long hairs, leaves simple,
alternate, 0.6-1.5x0.5-0.8cm, elliptic, oblong, apex obtuse, margin entire,
base cmieate, glabrous above, haiiy beneath. Flower bluish, solitary,
axillary, bracts linear, hairy, calyx densely silky, hairy, lanceolate, corolla
blue, rotate, limb 5-banded, stamens 2. Fruit capsule, subglobose.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Paleotropics.

FDD-Common herb in all parts of the district.
IPOMOEA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Root napiform, tuberous I.batatus
1 Root not napiform:
2 Plant aquatic I.aquatica
2 Plant terertial:
3 leaves digitately/palmately compound:
4 Plant prostrate herb, flower pink,
axillary/solitary I.coptica
4 Plant not prostrate:
5 Leaves digitately compound, flowers in
reduced cymes I.cairica
5 Leaves palmately compound:
6 Flowers purplish in corymbose panicles I.digitata
6 Flowerpurplish in pedunculate heads I.bracteata
3 Leaves simple, rarely lobed, not digitate/palmate:
7 Flowers in reduced cymes flower white,
seeds velvety I.obscura
7 Flowers in long peduncled cyme:
8 Flower white seeds glabrous I.alba
8 Flowers other than white:
9 Leaves refiner LasarifoUa
9 Leaves not refiner;
10 Trailing herb, flower pink, solitary I.barlerioides
10 Large climbing shrub:
11 Flower purple, in long peduncled
umbellate cymes I.maxima
11 Flowers not in umbellate cyme:
12 Leaf base sinuate, flower scarlet red ....I.hederdfolia
12 Leaf base cordate, flower pink:
13 Bracts large, 2-3cm, corolla
comanulate I.companulata
13 Bracts smal, to 0.8cm, corolla tubular Lcarnea
Floristic Conwosiiion of Davanaeere District 321

Ipomoea alba L., Sp. PI. 161. 1753; Ooststr. in. Steenis, Fl. malesian ser. 1,
4: 480. 1953. Convolvulus aculeatus L., Sp. PI. 155. 1753. Ipomoea bona-
niox L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 228. 1762. Calonyction bona-nox (L.) Boj., Hort.
Maurit. 227. 1837; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 920(646). 1923.
Glabracent, extensive climber, stem wiry, leaves simple, alternate,

long petioled, broadly ovate, 12-18x10-12cm, membranous, apex
acuminate, base cordate-sinuate. Flower white, in long peduncled, few
flowered, axillary cymes, pedicel short, bracts ovate, calyx 5-lobed,
membranous, awned, corolla white, salver shaped, tube cylindrical 6-7.5cm
long, stamens 5, filaments unequal, exerted. Fruit capsule, yellowish brown,
seeds glabrous.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-Native of Tropical America. Introduced and

naturalized.
Common herb in outskirts of forest at Joldal range. FDD-361. KN-
Chandrakanthi.
Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr) R.& S. Syst. 4: 251, 1819, Ooststr. in. Blumea 3:
539, 1940.-C.asarifolius Desr. in Lamk. Encycl. 3: 562. 1789. I.repens
Lamk. Encycl. Method. 1: 467. 1791, non Roth 1821; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 961. 1923. Ipomoea beladamhoe Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.
1:209. 1883. non R. & S. 1819. Ill.-Wt. Icon. t. 887. 1843- 45.
Ramaswamy & Razi. Fl. Bangalore. 472. 1973.
Stout, slender prostrate herb, leaves simple, alternate, sub refiner,

cordate, apex emerginate, margin entire-undulate, base broadly sinuate, 3-
5.2x2.5-3.5cm. Flower purple-pink, in axillary cymes, bracts small, calyx 5,
variable, outer short, iimer long, corolla funnel shaped, purplish pink, lobes
rounded, stamens 5. Fruit capsule, globose.

Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Occasional herb in Kallapura on the way to Ammanagudda.

FDD-549.
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk,. Fl, Aegyp.-Arab. 44. 1775; Ooststr. in Steenis,

Fl. Malesiana, ser. 1, 4: 473. 1953. Ipomoea reptans Poir. in Lam,. Encycl.
Suppl. 3: 460. 1814 [non convolvulus reptans L.]; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 916(643). 1923. Ipomoea repens auct. excl. Convolvulus repens L.:
Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 110. 1821, non Irepens Lam., 1791.
Aquatic, floating herb, rooting at nodes while trailing on mud, stem

spongy, leaves simple, alternate, variable, ovate, oblong or triangular, 3.5-
8x2.5-4.5cm, apex acute-emerginate, margin entire, base cordate-hastate or
broadly sinuate. Flowers white-pinkish, in 1-few flowered cymes, peduncle
to 6cm long, calyx 5-lobed, subequal , membranous, outer small, inner
larger, obtuse or acute, corolla infundibuliformis, 3.5-4cm long. Fruit
capsule, ovoid.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Common aquatic herb ofl:en along ponds. FDD-564.
Ipomoea barlerioides (Choisy) Bentham ex Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit.

India. 4: 201. 1883; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 915(642). 1923.
Slender, bailing herb, leaves simple, alternate, oblong lanceolate,

apex acute, margin entire, base subcordate, hairy, 2-5x0.5cm, petiole 2-3cm
long. Flower pink, axillary, solitary, peduncle 5-6cm long, bracts linear, to
0.5cm long, caljoc 5-lobed, lobes subequal, lanceolate, 1.5-2.2cm long,
haiiy, corolla pink, infundibulai', to 5cm long. Fruit capsule, ovoid, with
acrescent calyx, to 0.5cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution- Upper Burma, India. Occasional.

Uchangidurga. FDD-670.

Ipomoea bracteata Wihgt., Ic. t . 1374. 1848.var lobata Clarke, in Hooker,

FI. Brit. India. 4: 203, 1883, Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras (644). 1923.
Twining, slender, strigous climber, leaves palmately 3 to 5 lobed,

alternate, median lobe larger, apex acute, base cordate. Flowers purplish,
axillary in pedunculate heads, bracts inovolucrate, ovate, calyx 5-lobed, free
to base, unequal, corolla purplish, 5-lobed, companulate, stamens 5,
includsed, unequal. Fruit capsule, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Deccan peninsula. Joldal. Uchangidurga.

FDD-544.693.
Note: -The specimen collected at Uchangidurga (FDD-693.) is creeping
on the rocks, where as specimen at Joldal (FDD-544.) shows twinig
habit.
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk. Tabl. Encycl. Metod. 1: 465, 1793; Clarke, in
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4:202. 1883; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 251. 1905;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 919. 1923; Ooststr. In Blumea 3: 512. 1940.-
Convolvulus batatas L. Sp. PI, 154. 1753.
Prostrate, branched herb, root napiform, leaves simple, 3-5 lobed

ovate, apex acute, margin entire, base cordate, 3.5-8x3-5cm. Flower in
axillary, 1-few flowered cymes, reddish-pink, calyx 5-lobed, lobes
subequal, corolla infundibular, lobes triangular. Fruit capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-mar. Distribution-Cultivated as vegetable. FDD-622.
Ipomoea cairica (L) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 287.1827; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 918(645). 1923. Convolvlus cairicus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 922.
1759. Ipomoeapulchella Wight, Ic. t. 156. 1839, non Roth, 1821.

Twining, glabracent shrub, leaves altnerate, palmately dissected,

leaflets 5 to 7, leaf blade, ovate-orbicular, lobes lanceolate, 3.6-5.4x4-5cm,
tenniiml lobe slightly larger, apex acute, margin cuneate. Flower violet, in 2
to 3 flowered, axillary redused cymes, sepals 5-lobed, lobes ovate, obtuse,
unequal, inner larger, 0.5-0.8cm long, corolla purple, infundibuliform. Fruit
capsule, subglobose.
Fl-Fr;-All seasons. Distribution-Paleotropics.

Cultivate often wild in out skirts of villages. FDD-552.
Ipomoea campanulata, L., Sp. PI. 160, 1753, Cooke, Fl. Bombay. 2: 316.
1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madias 917(643). 1919; Austin in Dassan, and
Fosb., Fl. Ceylon 1: 327, 11980;Wight., Ic. t. 1. 1375. 1848. /. Illustrate
(CI.) Prain. Beng. PI. 2: 735. 1903; Ooststr. in Steens, Fl. males, ser. 1, 4:
485. 1953.1.companulata L. var illustrias Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.
4:211. 1853.
Large, twiner, stem striate, glabrous, leaves large, 13.5-15x 5.3-

8.5cm, simple, alternate, ovate, apex acuminate, base subcordate,
prominently nerved, nerves 8 to 12 pairs, petiole long, 2.5-3.8cm long.
Flowers pink, in axillary, peduncled cyme, bracts ovate, 2-3 cm long, ovate,
midiib prominent, hairy, calyx 5-lobed, lobes unequal, corolla pinkish,
companulate, stamens 5, filament inserted, unequal. Fruit capsule, globose,
seeds black.
Fl-Fr:- Oct. Occasional collected once near Shanthisagar. FDD-675. KN-

Kaii ugunia hambu.
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 13. 1760; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
251, 1905; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 919. 1923.

Straggling herb, leaves simple, alternate, broadly ovate, 12-17x6-

8cm, apex acute, base cordate to truncate, margin entire. Flower pink,
showy, in axillaiy, long pebuncled cyme, calyx 5, free, broadly ovate,
rounded, slightly hairy, corolla pink, tubular, stamens 5, filaments filiform,
unequal. Fruit capsule, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jul. Common herb in villages along manure heaps & Hedges.

FDD-678.
Ipomoea coptica (L.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 4: 208. 1819.
Convolvulus copticus L. Mant. PI. 559. 1771. Ipomoea dissecta Willd.
Phytographia 5. T. 2. F. 3. 1794; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 200. 1886;
Prostrate herb, leaves pedately 5-lobed, median lobe large, and

lateral smaller, lobes ovate, oblong-obovate, lobes 1.5-2.2x0.5-0.8cm,
glabrous, apex acute, margin serrate, base cuneate. Flowers small, pink,
solitary axillary. Fruit capsule, thin, papery, seeds hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Sep. Occasional. Collected once near Kalbigiri gudda. FDD-673.
Ipomoea tligitata L. Syst. ed. 10, 924. 1759; Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 4: 202.
1883; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 249. 1905- Ipomoeapaniculata R. Br. Prodr.
486. 1810; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 918. 1923.
Twining herb, leaves simple, alternate, palmately lobed, lobes 5-7

ovate-lanceolate, 5-6.5x1.2cm, apex acute-acuminate, margin entire, base
cuneate, pale green, glabrous. Flower purple, in axillary, coiymbose
panicles, corolla companulate, lobes glabrous, emerginate. Fruit capsule,
covered with acrescent calyx.

Fl-Fr:-Feb-Mar. Honnalli & Thirtharameshwara. FDD-517. KN-Bhumi

chakra gedde, Gudde genasu.
Ipomoea hederifolia L., Syst, Nat, ed. 10, 925. 1759; O'Donell, Lilloa 29:
45. 1959. Ipomoea angulata Lam., I 11; 464. 1793; Ooststr in Steenis, Fl.
Malesiana ser. 1, 4: 481. 1953. Ipomoea phoenicia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 92.
1824. Quamoclit phoenicea (Roxb.) Choisy Mem, Soc. Phys. Geneve. 6:
Glabrascent, slender twiner, leaf simple, alternate, broadly ovate 10-

14.5x4-8cm, apex acute, margin entire or slightly dentate, base sinuate.
Flowers scarlet red, in long peduncled, axillary cymes, bracts small, calyx
5-lobed, lobes free to base, corolla red, tubular, tube long, 2.5-3.5.cm, base
naiTow witli broad apex, lobes 5, spreading, stamens 5, exerted, subequal.
Fruit capsule, globose.
FI-Fr:-Sept-Jan. Distribution-Native of Tropical America.

Common in outskirts and along hedges. FDD-699.
Ipomoea maxima {Li.) Don ex Sweet, Hort, Brit. ed. 2, 372, 1830; Ooststr.
in Blumea 3: 525, 1940. -Convolvulus maxima L. f Suppl. PI .137, 1781.
Ipomoea sepiarea Koen in Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, 1814; and Fl Ind 2:
90,1824; Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 209,1883; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 2: 246, 1095. Ill-Wt. Icon, t. 838. 1843-45
Twining herb, leaves simple, alternate, glabrous beneath, 12.5-14x6-

9cm, broadly ovate, apex acute, margin entire, base cordate. Flower purple
or white in long peduncled, umbellate cyme, calyx 5, glabrous, outer two
larger than the iimer, corolla funnel shaped, stamens 5, filament hairy at
base. Fruit capsule, ovoid, glabrous.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Oct. Common climber in Joldal. FDD-780. KN-Thalikire soppu.

Ipomoea obscura (L) Ker-Gawler, Bot, Reg. 3; t. 239. 1817. Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 916(643). 1923. Convolvulus obscura L., Sp. PI. ed. 21; 220.
1762.
Slender, twining herb, leaves simple, alternate, broadly ovate, apex

acuminate, margin entire, base cordate, glabrous or pubescent. Flower
creamy-yellow, in 1-3 flowered axillary reduced cyme, Calyx 5-lobed, free,
subequal, corolla, creamy yellow, with purple throat, funnel shaped,
stamens 5, filaments long, exerted. Fruit capsule, ovoid, seeds velvety.
Fl-Fr: -Sept-Mar. Distribution- Paleotropics. Jagalur outskirts. FDD-586.

(Plate-9E)
MERREMIA Dennstedt ex Endlicher nom.cons.

Key to species
1 Leaves entire, flowers in umbellate cyme M.umbellata
1 Leaves trilobed, flowers solitary or in cymes:
2 Peduncle short Jf.gangetica
2 Peduncle long Jl.tridentata
Merremia gangetica (L) Cufod., Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 31 (Suppl.): 743.
1961. Convolvulus gangeticus L. in tomer. Cent. II. PI. 9. 1756. Evolvulus
emarginaius N. Burman, FI. Ind. 77, t. 30, f. 1. 1768. Merremia emarginata
(N. Burman) H. Hallier, Bot. Jahrb. 16; 552. 1893; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 928 (625). 1923.
Hispid, slender, creeping herb, rooting at nodes, leaf simple,

reniform or broadly ovate, 1-2x1.5-1.8cm, apex obtuse, margin crenate-
dentate, base cordate. Flower yellow, in 2-3 flowered axillary cyme, short
pedicilled. Fruit capsule, subglobose .
Fl-Fr:-Nov. Distribution- Paleotropics.

Common among grasse in Joldal range. FDD-596.

Merrimea tridentata (L) H. Hallier, Bot. Jahrb. 16: 552. 1893. Convolvulus
tridentatus L., Sp. PI. 157. 1753.
ssp hastata (H.Halliei) Ooststr., Blumea 3; 317. 1939; in Steenis, FI.
Malesiana ser.l, 4; 445. 1953. Convolvulus hastatus Desr. in Lam., Encycl.
3; 542. 1789, non Forskal, 1775. Merremia hastata H. Hallier, I.e.; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 929(652). 1923.
Trailing herb, branches slender, diffuse, root stock thick, leaves

simple, alternate, hastate, ovate, linear-lanceolate, 3 toothed at apex,
subsessile, 1.5-3.5x0.4-0.8cm, apex acute/mucranate, margin dentate.
Flower solitary-few flowered cluster, axillary, peduncle long, sepals
lanceolate, corolla tubular pale yellow. Fruit capsule, ellipsoid, globular.
FI-Fr:-Jun-Jan. Distribution-Pleotropics. Common herb among grasses.

FDD-251.
Merremia umbellata (L.) H. Hallier, Bot. Jahrb. 16: 552. 1893. Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 928(651). 1918. Convolvulus umbellatus L., Sp. PI. 155.
1753.
Silky pubescent, slender, woody claimber, stem slightly angular, leaf

sessile, variable, 4-13x2-5 cm, simple, alternate, ovate-oblong or often
hastate, apex acute or obtuse, margin sub serrate, base rounded. Flower
white-creamy yellow, in axillary, umbellate cymes. Fruit capsule, globose-
ovoid, black when dry.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Tropics. Occasional Collected at Jagalur

outskirts. FDD-597.

MENYANTHACEAE
NYMPHOIDES Seguier
Key to species
1 Leaves small, fruit indehiscent, ellipsoid N.hydrophylla
1 Leaves large, deeply sinuate, fruit dehiscing irregularly Mindica.
Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 429. 189L

Menyanthes hydrophylla Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 1: 129. 1790. Limnanthemum
cristatum (Roxb.) Griseb. Gen. Sp. Gent. 342. 1839; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India
4: 131. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 883(620). 1919; N.cristata
Saldanha & Nicolson. Fl. HAssan. 475. 1978.
Aquatic, rhizomatous herb, stem floating, leaves simple, petiolate,

alternate, stipulate, ovate-orbicular, 6-15x9-12cm, apex round, margin
entire, base cordate, green above, pale purplish beneath, palmately veined.
Flower white, in cluster at the tip of stem, bisexual, bracteate, bracts ovate,
calyx 5-lobed, lobes fused at base, oblong lanceolate, corolla white, with
yellow base, tubular, lobes obovate, margin folded, slender, stamens 5-6,
epipetalous, anther versatile, disc nectariferous at the base of ovary, ovary
superior, imilocular, style short, stout, stigma 2-3 lobed. Fruit indehiscent,
ellipsoid, seeds many yellow.
FI-Fr:-May-Jul. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Common in tanks & Pools. Collected at Shanthi sagara. FDD-447. KN-
Anthara thavare.
Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 429. 1891; Backer & Bakh.
f, Fl. Java 2: 441. 1965. Menyanthemum indicum (L.) Griseb. emend.
Thwaites, Enum. 205. 1860; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 883(621). 1923.
Aquatic herb, with short rhizome, branches floating, fistular, leaves

simple, orbicular, 5-15 cm, apex roimded, margin entire, base deeply
cordate, sinuate, petiole long, reaching the surface of water, to 4cm. Flower

white, fascicled at apex of petiole like stem below leaf, pedicel long,
fistular, to 10 cm long, calyx 5-lobed, lobes oblong, corolla tubular, white,
with yellow base, lobes oblong, fimbriate, stamens 5, epipetalous, anther
versatile, ovary unilocular, ovules many, on parietal placenta. Fruit capsule,
globose, to 3cm long, dehiscing irregularly, thickened along margin,
glandular, seeds yellow.
Fl-Fr:-All season. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Common Shanthisagara. FDD-270. KN-Neeru Thavare.
SOLANACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Fruit berry:
2 Fruit inflated by calyx, indehiscent:
3 Plant rusty tomentose, flower green Withania
3 Plant glabrous, flower not green:
4 Flower bluish purple, calyx deeply cleft, large Nicandra
4 Flower yellow with purple throat, calyx
inflatened small Physalis
1 Fruit not inflated by calyx:
5 Anther connivent, longer than filament:
6 Plant often prickly, leaves simple/deeply lobed Solanum
6 Plant not prickly, leaves pinnatiscent Xycopersicum
5 Anthers not connivent:
7 Flowers in panicle, corolla tubular,hypocretaceous Cestrum
7 Flowers solitary/in in simple cyme, not fragrant Capsicum
1 Fruit capule:
8 Flower white large, fruit spiniscent Datura
8 Flower purpUsh green, fruit not spiniscent Nicotiana
CAPSICUM Linnaeus
Capsicum annuum L., Sp.P1.188. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
941(661). 1923.
Erect, unarmed herb, 60-80cm tall, leaves simple, membranous,

elliptic ovate, 8-11x2.5-3.5cm; apex acuminate, margin entire, base acute,
unequal, petiole 1.5-2 cm long, glabrous above, minutely pubescent below.
Flowers white, solitary or in cluster of 2-3 flowers, pedicel pendulous, to
2cm long, calyx companulate, green, 0.5cm long, persistent, lobes minutely

toothed, corolla white, 1cm long, rotate, lobes fused with 5 radiate mark,
valvate. Fruit capsule, 5-8 cm long, green when young, turning yellow-red
on maturity, seeds discoid.
Fl-Fr:- Distribution-Native of Tropical America. Introduced. Cultivated in

large scale. FDD-900. KN- Menasina kayi.
Note: Fruit is carminative, often used against treating arthritis, ear
ache, nruralgia, paralysis, rheumatism, scabies etc.
CESTRUM Linnaeus
Cestrum nocturnum L. Cultivated in Gardens for its fragrant flowers. KN-
Rathri Rani.
DATURA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves angled, fruiting calyx large, capule septifragal ..D.metel
1 Leaves sinuate, fruiting calyx small, capsule septicidal D.stramonium
Datura metel L. PI. 179. 1753. D. fastuosa auct. Non L. 1759; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. lndia.4;242. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 949(660). 1923; Sant,
Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 174. 1967. Datura fastuosa L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2:932.
1759; Wight, Ic. t. 1396. 1848; Gamble, I.e. Datura alba Nees, Trans. Liim.
Soc. London 17: 73. 1837; Wight, Ic. t. 852. 1844-1845. Datura fastuosa
var. alba (Nees) Clarke,in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4: 243.1883; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madias Ic. Datura metel var. fastuosa (L.) Safford, J. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 11: 176, f. Ic. 1921.
Erect, herb-under shrub, odorous, leaves simple, alternate, ovate,

upper leaves paired, unequal, 1 larger and other smaller, 15-26x8.9-20cm,
apex acute, margin angled-irregularly toothed, base obhque, unequal,
pubescent above and beneath, petiole 7-9cm long, hairy. Flowers solitary,
axillary, white, 10-16cm long, funnel shaped, lobes acute with short tail,
stamens 5, included, filament 8-10cm long, anther dithecus, hairy, oblong.
Floristic Composition of Davanagcre District 332

Fruit capsule, globular, spiny, spines deltoid, subtended by persistent

accrescent calyx, fruiting calyx large, capule septifragal, seeds compressed,
pale brown.
Fl-Fr>Jan.-Jun.. Distribution- Common weed of waste places, FDD-121.

KN-Kari Ummatti / Ummatti gida / Datthoora.
Note: Leaves/seeds/roots are used in treating asthama, bronchitis,
cough, epilepsy, piles, snake bite, whooping cough etc
Datura stramonium L., Sp. PI. 179. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
941(660). 1923.
Undershrub, 1-1.5m tall, branchlets angular, leaves simple,

lanceolate, blade sinuate, petiole l-3cm long; apex acute, margin undulate-
entire, base narrow, 10-14x4-8 cm, membranous, glabrous-sparsely
pubescent. Flowers axillary, solitary, white, calyx 2.5-3.5cm long, 5-lobed,
gamosepalous, accrescent, corolla fimnel shaped, 6-9cm long, lobes 5,
cuspidate, stamens 5, inserted, hairy at base. Fruit capsule, globose-
subglobose, spinous, subtended by accrescent calyx, fruiting calyx small,
capsule septicidal, seeds reniform, black.
Fl.-Fr:- Mar-Nov. Distribution:- Common Introduced and naturalised weed

of waste places. FDD-122. KN-Datthoori/Maddugunike.
Note: Leaves, roots, seeds are used in treating asthama, dislocation of
joints, dog bite, rheumatism etc.
Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten is extensively cultivated, often

found in wasteland as an escape.
NICANDRA Adanson nom. com.

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertner, Fruct. 2: 237, t. 141, f 2.
l79lCphysaloidesy, Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 941(661). 1923. Atropha
physalodes L., Sp.Pl. 181 1753.

Annual herb or small shrub, to 2m tall; branchlets angular, glabrous,

leaves simple, alternate, broadly ovate, 5-7x2-3cm, apex acute, margin
dentate, base acute. Flower axillary, solitary, blue, calyx lobes 5, deeply
cleft, large, broadly ovate-cordate, accrescent; corolla bell shaped, bluish
purple, lobes acute, to 2cm long, stamens 5, included, anthers oblong,
yellow, connivent, style simple, stigma 5-lobed. Fruit berry, globose to 2.5-
3 cm long, enclosed by accrescent calyx, fruiting calyx lobes prominently
nerved, papery or dry.
Fl-Fr:- Jul.-Jan. Distribution- Native of Peru. Collected along road side on

the way to Belagutti from Nyamathi. FDD-1007. KN- Nili budde gida.
(Plate-9F).
Note: Leaves, as anthelmentic, diuretic and in controliing Lice.
Nicotiana tabacum L., Is cultivated in some part of Davanagere and

Honnali taluk. KN- Hoge Soppu.
Note: Leaves & Roots are used in treating Dimness of eye sight, Leach
bite. Night blindness, Asthama, Bronchitis etc.
PHYSALIS Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Fruiting calyx less than 2cm long, berry to 0.5cm across P.minima
1 Fruiting calyx more tha 2cm long, berry large to 3cm across P.peruviana
Physalis minima: L., Sp. PI. 183. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
939(659). 1923.
Annual, erect herb, 30-40cm high, branchlets striated, leaves simple,

alternate, ovate, 6-8.5x3-4cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acute,
membranous, petiole 2cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, yellow or
purplish, throat purple, 0.8-1cm long, bell shaped, pedicel 1.5cm long,
calyx 5-lobed, persistent, accrescent, 0.4-lx2-3cm, stamens 5, inserted at
base, anther oblong, greenish, style filiform, stigma lobed. Fruit berry,

globose, greenish when young, yellow at maturity, enclosed by enlarged

bladder like calyx, fruiting calyx less than 2cm long, berry to 0.5cm across.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Naturalised from Neotropics. Often found

as a weed in open wastelands and cultivated lands. FDD- 877. KN-
Guppatte gida. (Plate-lOA).
Note: Leaves, stem fruits used in treating Abdominal disorders,
Asthama, Seed oil is used as an ingredient in a medicinal oil which is
given for spleen enlargement.
Physalisperuviana L., Sp. PL (ed. 2) 1670. 1763; Hooker, Fl. Brit, hidia
4:238. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 939(659).
Annual herb, 1-1.5m tall, branchlets green, glabrous, striated, leaves

simple, alternate, petiolate, ovate, 8-12x4-6cm, apex acute, margin lobed,
base acute, petiole 1cm long. Flowers pale whitish blue, calyx companulate,
accrescent, 3.5-4x2cm, corolla bell shaped, lobes 5, spreading, widi purple
throat, stamens 5, filaments unequal, anther oblong, green. Fruit berry,
globose, greenish yellow, enclosed by large, accrescent calyx, fruiting calyx
large, 3-3.5x2cm, berry large, 1-1.2cm across.
Fl-Fr;-Jan.-Mar. Weed in open forest, often in un cultivated farm lands,

fruits edible. FDD-132. KN:-Budde hannu/ Dodda budde.
Note: Leaves and fruits are used in the treatment of abdominal
disorders during pregnensy. Leaves extract is given in worms and
bowel complaints.
SOLANUM. Linnaeus
1 Plants unarmed:
2 Plant climbing, leaves palmately compound Sseaforthianum
2 Plant herbs or Shrubs, leaves simple/lobed;
3 Pubescent herb S.nigrum
3 Stellately pubescent herb or shrub S.erianthum
1 Plants Armed:
4 Flowers white:
5 Prickles few beneath mid rib S.torvum
5 Prickles many beneath mid rib:

6 Leaf brown tomentose beneath S. indicum

var multiflorum
6 Leaf pubescent beneath S.khasianum
4 Flowers blue- bluish purple
7 Prickles dense:
8 Calyx unarmed S.violaceum
8 Calyx prickly .S.surattense
7 Prickles few:
9 Prickles long, berry large, elongated JS.melongena
9 Prickles small, berry globose S.melongena
\arinsanum
Solanum erianthum D. Don, Prodr. 96. 1825; Roe, Taxon 17: 176. 1968;
Srittonia 24: 251. 1972. Solanum verbascifolium auct. Non L.: Wight, Ic. t.
Unarmed shrub, branchlets stellately tomentose, leaf simple,

alternate, ovate-oblong, 9-16x5-8cm, petiole 3cm long, apex acute, margin
entire, base subtruncate; stellately tomentose on both sides. Flowers white,
in axillary/terminal corymbose cymes, pedicel tomentose, calyTC green, 5-
lobed, fused at base, free above, tomentose; corolla white, slightly
exceeding the calyx, stamens 5, yellow, connivent around style. Fruit berry,
globose, sparsely hairy, yellow.
Fl-Fr:-Jun.-Sept. Distribution:- Tropics. Shanthi sagar near temple. FDD-

434. KN- Arimanigida, soudangi, Kallarthi.
Note; Leaves and roots are used in treating Intestinal Worms, Urinari
calculi, Vaginal discharge.
Solanum indicum var. multiflorum Clarke ex Hooker, f. Fl. Brit. India.

4:235, 1883; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 938, 1923.
Prickly shrub, 40-80cm high, spines small, to 0.3cm long, leaves

simple, altemate-subopposite, tomentose on upper surface, broadly oblong,
12-20x8-12cm, apex acute, margin entire, base obtuse, prickles few, along
midrib. Flowers white, in axillary-supraaxillary panicles, calyx 5-Iobed,

hairy, lobes lanceolate 0.4cm long, corolla with star shaped radiating mark,
to 0.8cm long, hairy on back, stamens 5, anther connivent. Fruit berry,
yellow, globose 0.8-1cm long.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Dec. Distribution:- Common weed. Kondajji on the way to guest

house. FDD-444. KN- Bili Gulla.
Note: Root extract is useful in treating asthama, Juice of leaves taken
to stop vomiting, leaves and fruit rubbed up with sugar, used as
external application for itching.
Solanum khasianum Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4:234.1883.
Large herb-undershrub, leaves simple, slightly lobed, ovate-

lanceolate, to 8x5 cm, apex acute, base subcordate. Flower white, in 1-4
flowered, lateral cyme. Berry globose, to 4cm across, glabrous, often with
wliite radiating marks.
Fl-Fr:-Maic-Oct. Distribution-India.
Occasional in Joldal range out skirts. FDD-102. (Plate-10 B)
Solanum melongena var insanum Prain, Bengal PI. 2: 745, 1903; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 937, 1923.
Prickly, spreading herb, to 50cm long, branchlets stellately hairy,

leaves simple, alternate, prickly, prickles small, lamina broadly ovate, 10-
16x4.5-6.5cm, apex acute, margin entire. Flowers blue, in axillary-
supraaxillary fascicles, calyx 5-lobed, lobes tomentose, brown, angular,
prickly, prickles small, corolla blue, 5-lobed, star shaped, with yellow
radiating mark, stamens 5, anthers yellow, coimivent. Fruit berry, globose,
rusty tomentose-glabrous.
Fl-Fr:- Sept.-Dec. Common weed in cultivated fields after harvest. FDD-

561.

Solatium nigrum L., Sp. PI. 186. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
936(657). 1923. Solarium rubrum Miller, Gard. Diet. ed. 8, n. 4. 1768, non
L., 1767; Wight, Ic. t. 344. 1840.
Unarmed herb, 20-40cm high, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple,

alternate, ovate, 5-8x2.5-4cm, apex acute, margin entire/minutely toothed,
base decurrent. Flowers white, in axillary/supra axillary, umbelleate cymes,
flowers 4-8, pedicel 0.3-0.4cm long, caljoc green, tubular, lobes 5, oblong,
glabrous, 0.1-0.2cm long, corolla white, 0.5-0.8cm long, with 5 radiating
marks, stamens 5, yellow. Fruit berry globose, green, turning black on
maturity, to 0.8cm across.
Fl-Fr:-All Season. Distribution:- Temperate and Tropical part of the World.

Common herb. FDD-12. KN- Kaka machi.
Note: Leaves, fruits and roots are used in treating asthama,
bronchoitis, cardiac diseases, nose diseases, kidney stones, liver
disorders, skin diseases. In Lambani thandas, the womens who
operates labour problems says that leaf extracted in hot water is given
orally to pregnant woman during difficult labour.
Solanum seaforthianum Andr., Bot. Rep. t. 504. 1808; Bor & Raizada,
Indian Climbers & Shrubs 127.1954.
Glabrous, twining unarmed shrub, leaves deeply lobed, lobes

piimately dissected, triangular, ovate-lanceolate, 0.8-1.5x0.5-0.8cm, petiole,
0.5-1cm long, pubescent. Flowers in axillary-subterminal cymose panicle,
peduncle long, drooping pedicel short, 0.5-0.8cm, calyx tubular, slightly 5-
lobed, corolla blue, lobes 5, united, tube short, lobes oblong-lanceolate, 0.5-
lx0.5-0.8cm, stamens 5, filament short, anther connivent, covering style,
yellow, ovary globose, 2-celled, ovules many, style simple, stigma capitate.
Fruit berry, globose, red, seeds discoid.

FI-Fr:-Jul.-Mar. Distribution:- Native of Brazil. Cultivated in garden, often

in open forests, roadsides and along the hedges in the outskirts of villages.
FDD-612.
Note: The plant is an good antibacterial agent.
Solanum surattense Burm. F. Fl. Ind. 57. 1768. (excl. Syn.); Sant. in Rec.
Bull. Bot. Sur. India. 18: 154. 1960. S. xanthocarpum Schard & Wendl. Sert
Hannov. 1: 8. t. 2. 1795; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4:236. 1876; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madias 938(658). 1923.
Armed, diffuse herb, to 40cm long, branchlets pubescent, prickles

yellow, leaves simple, altemate-subopposite, elliptic or ovate, densely
tomentose, prickles numerous, along midrib and lateral veins, apex acute,
margin sinuate, base acute, lamina, 5-12.5x3-5cm. Flowers blue, in axillary
or supraaxillaiy cymes, peduncle prickly tomentose, pedicel short, to 0.5cm
long, calyx tubular, lobes 5, lanceolate, prickly, to 0.5cm long, corolla blue,
5-lobed, star shaped, stamens 5, anthers oblong, yellow. Fruit berry, white-
yellow, globose with green striations, subtended by accrescent calyx, seeds
discoid, flat.
Fl-Fr:-All season. Distribution:- Common Spreading herb of waste lands.

FDD-321. KN-Kanta kari/NelaguUa/Kirugulla.
Note: All Parts. Asthama, chest pains, leucoderma, scorpion sting,
sterility in women. Some of the practitioners uses the oil extracted from
the seeds in treating arthritis.
Solanum torvum Sw., Prodr. 47. 1788; Wight, Ic. t. 345. 1840; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 937(658). 1923.
Erect, armed, stellately tomentose shrub, branchlets tomentose,

leaves simple, alternate, ovate, 7.5-15x4-20cm, petiole to 5cm long, apex
acute, margin deeply lobed, prickles few along the midrib beneath and on
the petiole. Flowers white, in axillary-supraaxillary, few flowered
FUmstic Composition of Davanagere District 339

corymbose cyme, peduncle densely tomentose, pedicel short, to 0.5cm,

calyx 5-lobed, lobes minute, to 0.3cm long, tomentose, corolla with star
shaped radiating mark, tube short, lobes 5, to 0.8cm long, linear or
lanceolate, hairy on tlie back, stamens 5, anther coimivent, yellow. Fruit
berry, globose, yellow-red on maturity.
Fl-Fr:-All Seasons. Distribution:- Tropical America and Indomalaysia.

Common weed. FDD-10. KN-Kadu Sonde.
Note: Leaves, Roots and Fruits used as antidote to snake bite.
Solanum violaceum Ortega, Hort. Matr. Dec. 56. 1798. Solarium indicum
auct. non L.; Wight, Ic. t. 346. 1840; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 938(658).
1923.
Aimed, small shrub, spines short, branchlets stellately tomentose,

leaves simple, shallowly lobed, alternate or subopposite, ovate, 5.5-8x0.5-
6cm, apex acute, margin lobed, spines few on lamina, along midrib.
Flowers in axillary-supra axiallary short cymes, pedicels l-2cm long, often
prickly, hairy, calyx companulate, unarmed, 5-lobed, lobes 0.4-0.6cm long,
lanceolate, corolla purpUsh blue, companulate, 0.8cm-1.5cm, long, lobes 5,
spreading, stamens 5, connivent, filament short. Fruit berry, greenish,
globose to 1cm across.
Fl-Fr:-All Season. Distribution:-Tropical Africa, Indian subcontinent.

Common weed of waste places. FDD-455. KN.-Kempu Gulla.
Note: Friuits and roots used as Antihelmentic, Antibacterial
WITHANIA Pauquy nom. com.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal in DC, Prodr. 13(1): 453. 1852; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 40(660). 1923. Physalis somnifera L., Sp. PI. 182., 1753;
Wight, Ic. t. 853. 1844-1845.

Erect, much branched, tomentose herb, branchlets minutely

tomentose, cylindrical, with white tomentose clothing, leaves simple,
subsessile, opposite, ovate, 4.5-6.5x3.5-4cm, apex acute, margin entire,
base acute-cuneate, sparsely hairy above and densely tomentose below.
Flowers in axillary, fascicles of 3-10 flowers, peduncle 4-5cm long, pedicel
to 0.5cm long, calyx companulate, 5-lobed, 0.5-0.8cm long; corolla pale
yellow, lobes 5, companulate. Fruit berry, red on ripe, 0.8-1cm across,
enclosed by persistent calyx.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Nov. Distribution:- Canary Island to Indian region.

Occasional. Belagutti. FDD-654. KN-Ashvagandha/ Kamaroopini/
Hiremaddu. (Plate-IOD).
Note: Root:Used in treating rheumatism, debility from old age,
emaciation of children etc., Leaves:- given in infusion in fever. Bruised
leaves and Grounded root:- used as local application to painful
swellings. Seeds -hypnotic, diuretic, used for coagulating milk.
Note: Following plants are cultivated as vegetable.
Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill
Note: Solatium melongena L., Solanum tuberosum L are cultivated as
vegetables.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant in aquatic/marshy habitats:
2 Plant limnophytic, flower pink-purple, seeds angular Ximnophila
2 Plant not limnophytic, flower blue, seeds striate Bacopa
1 Plant in terrertial habitats:
3 Plant tiny 10-20cm tall Glossostigma
3 Pplant more than 20cm tall:
4 Flower ebracteolate:
5 Calyx 5-partite:
6 Calyx lobes winged Torenia
6 Calyx lobes not winged;
7 Stamens 4 Lindernia
7 Stamens 2 Dopatrium
5 Calyx 4-partite Scoparia
4 Flower bracteolate:
8 Plant hemiparasitic:
9 Lower leaves pinnatifid Sopubia
9 Lower leaves entire:
Floristic Composition of Daranagere District 341

10 Leaves linear, flower white/yellow/lilac Striga

10 Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, flower purple Centranthera
8 Plant not parasitic:
11 Plant 30-40cm tall, flower yellow Mecardonia
11 Plant more than 40cm tall.:
12 Flower blue, anther 2-celled Stemodia
12 Flower purple, anther 1-celled Buchnera
BACOPA Aublet nom. com.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettstein in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 77.
1891 {'moniera'); Gratiola monnieri (L.) L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 85 L June
1759; Amoen. Acad. 4: 306. Nov. 1759 {'monnieria'). Moniera cuneifolia
Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. 2:22. 1803 {'monniera'); Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
953(669). 1923.
Prostrate, ascending, marshy herb, branchlets prostrate, leaves

simple, opposite, fleshy, sessile, ovate-oblong, 1.5-2x0.3-0.5cm, apex
obtuse, margin entire, base cimeate. Flower blue, solitary, axillary, calyx
tubular, lobes acute, corolla furmel shaped, stamens 4, didynamous
included. Fruit capsule, ovoid, grooved with persistent style.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Aug. Distribution-Common in marshy places along streems.

FDD-228. KN-Jala brahmi, Kim brahmi.
BUCHNERA Linnaeus
Buchnera hispida Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 91. 1825; Wight, Ic. t.
1413. 1849; Gamble, Fl. Madras 966(679). 1924.
Erect herb, to 50cm tall, branchlets hispid, leaves simple, variable,

basal leaves elliptic-lanceolate, apex acute, margin toothed upper leaves
lineai-lanceolate, margin entire, 3.5-5x1-1.5cm. Flowers in terminal'spike,
purple, calyx tubular, 5 lobed, to 1mm, 10-ribbed, corolla salverform, lobes
5, subequal, antlier 1-celled. Fruit loculicidal capsule.
FUmstic Composition ofDavanagere District 342

Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Trop. Africa, India.

Common in Kondajji, Harapanahalli and Ucchangidurga. FDD-408,291.
(Figure-31)
CENTRANTHERA R. Brown
Centranthera indica (L.) Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 971(683). 1924.
Rhinanthus indica L., Sp. PI. 603. 1753. Centranthera hispida R. Br., Prodr.
Erect, scarbid, herb, leaves simple opposite, sessile, leaves oblong-

oblanceolate, 2.5-3.5x0.5-0.8cm, apex acute, margin entire, base narrow.
Flower purple, solitary or in terminal racemes in axils, shortly pedicelled, to
0.3cm long, bracts foliar, bracteoles 2, linear, calyx tubular, tube splitting
on one side, lobes 5, to 0.3 cm long, minute, corolla tubular, curved above,
0.6-0.9cm long, bilipped, stamens 4, didynamous, included. Fruit capsule,
ovoid.
Fl.-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-lndomalaysia. Common in grassy slopes.

FDD
DOPATRIUM Hamilton ex Bentham

Dopatrium junceunt(Roxh.) Ham. ex Bentham, Scrop. Ind. 31. 1835;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 954(670). 1923. Gratiola juncea Roxb., PI. Cor.
t. 129. 1800.
Slender, erect, fleshy herb, branches arising from base, intemode

long, rooting at nodes, leaves simple, opposite, sessile, elliptic, oblong, 2-
3x0.5cm, apex subacute, margin entire, base tapering. Flower pinkish,
axillary, solitary, sessile in lower nodes, pedicellate in upper region, calyx
5-lobed, lobes slightly connate at base, green, ovate, acute, corolla bilipped,
pinkish, white, tubular, tube short, throat spreading, upper lip 2-lobed,

shorter, lower lip 3-lobed, 0.3-0.5cm long, spreading, stamens 2. Fruit

capsule, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Common in rice fields after harvest, often found growing along marshy
places. FDD-28.
LIMNOPHILA R. Brown mm. com.

Key to species
1 Leaves simple opposite, elliptic-obovate,
not multifid, flower violet-pink Lrepens
1 Leaves whorled, linear, multifid, flower pink/white/violet:
2 Flower violet with reddish blotches on lip X.indica
2 Flower pale pink J^heterophylla
Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Bentham, Scroph. Ind. 25. 1853; Gamble,

Fl. Presi. Madras 952(668). 1923; Philcox, Kew Bull. 24: 124. 1970.
Columnea heterophylla Roxh., Fl. Ind. 3: 97. 18323.
Limnophytic herb, stem rhizomatous, creeping, emergent leaves

simple, opposite, lanceolate, apex acute, margin serrate, base acute, 1-
1.6x0.3-0.5cm, submerged leaves, whorled, pinnatifid. Flowers axillary,
solitary, passing on to leafy raceme, calyx tubular, lobed to middle, green,
lobes ovate, 0.3-0.5cm long, corolla pale pink, tubular, tube to 0.5cm long,
hairy at base, lobes spreading, stamens 4, didynamous, included. Fruit
capsule, subglobose.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution-Indomalaysia. Common in aquatic habitats. FDD-

60.
Limnophila indica (L.) Druce, Bot. Exch. Club Soc. Brit. Islets 3: 420.
1014; Philcox, Kew Bull. 24: 115. 1970. Hottonia indica L., Syst. Nat. ed.
10, 919. 1759. Cyrilla aquatica Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 189. 1798. Limnophila
gratioloides R. Br., Prodr. 442. 1810; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 952(668).

1923. Limnophila racemosa Bentham, Scroph. Ind. 26. 1835; Wight, Ic, t.
861. 1844-18845; Gamble, 952(668). 1923.
Aquatic herb, branchlets villous, leaves variable, submerged leaves

dissected, emergent leaves lobed, linear-lanceolate, long 5-10cm, apex
acute, margin entire. Flower violet with reddish blotches on lip, solitary,
axillary, pedicel long, l-2cm, calyx, 5 lobed, small, 0.4-0.7cm, corolla 5-
lobed, limb purple tinged.

Common in stagnant waterbodies. FDD-94.
Limnophila repens (Bentham) Bentham in DC, Prodr. 10: 387. 1846;

Philcox, Kew Bull. 24; 154. 1970. Stemodia repens Bentham, Bot. Reg. 17:
sub t. 1470, Sp. 11. 1832. Stemodia sessilis Bentham, Bot. Reg. 17: sub t.
1470, Sp. 8. 1832. Limnophila conferta Bentham in DC, Prodr. 10: 387.
1846; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 951(667). 1923. Limnophila sessilis
(Bentham) Fischer, Bull. Misc. Inform. 62. 1932.
Aquatic herb, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic-obovate, not multifid,

peninerved, 2.5-6x1-2cm, apex acute, margin entire, base entire. Flower
purple.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution- India, Burma, Sri Lanka.

Occasional, collected once in pond near Joldal range & Arishina gudddda
range. FDD-770.
LINDERNIA Allioni
Key to species
1 Leaves palmately nerved L. hyssopoides
1 Leaves pinninerved:
2 Stamens 4, fertile 2, staminodes 2 L. ahtipoda
2 Stamens 4, all fertile JL Crustacea

Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 214. 1931;
Philcox, Kew Bull. 17: 484. 1964; Sant, Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 180. 1967.
Ruellia antipoda L., Sp. PI. 635. 1753. Graliola veronicifolia Retz., Obs.
Bot. 4: 8. 1786. Ilysanthes veronicifolia (Retz.) Urban, Ber. Deutsch. Bot.
Ges. 2: 436. 1884('veronicifolia'); Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 962(675).
1923.
Herb, to 20cm tall, branchlets decumbent, leaves simple, opposite,

elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2.2x0.5-lcm, apex acute,
margin serrate, base acute, penninerved. Flower blue-purple, axillary,
solitary, calyx 5-lobed, lobes acute, pale green, corolla bilipped, throat
purple tinged. Stamens 4, 2 fertile, 2 staminodes. Fruit capsule, 1-1.5cm,
longer than calyx.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-lndomalaysia.

Lindernia Crustacea (L.) F. v. MuUer, Syst. Census Austr. PI. 97. 1882.
Caparia Crustacea L., Mant, Ic. t. 863. 1845; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
959(673). 1923.
Glabrescent, diffusely branching, perennial herb, stem quadrangular,

leaves simple, petiolate, ovate, 0.8-1.2x0.4-0.7cm. Flowers axillary,
subracemose, at the end of branches, calyx shallowly lobed, to 0.4cm long,
stamens 4, all fertile, anterior stamens apendiculate. Fruit capsule, obovate,
slightly exceeding the calyx.
Fl.-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common along moist places. FDD-390.
Lindernia hyssopoides (L.) Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 635(666). 1922
{'hyssopioides'). Gratiola hyssopoides L., Mant. Alt. 174. 1771
Flnrivtir CmunnKitinn nf Davanavere District 346

('hyssopioides'). Lysanthes hyssopoides (L.) Bentham in D C , Prodr. 10:

419. 1846 ('hyssopioides'); Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 961(675). 1923.
Small herb, 10-20cm high, leaves simple, opposite, linear-lanceolate,

2-3x1-2cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base narrow, palmately nerved,
prominent. Flower bluish-purple, axillary, solitary, pedicel long, 3-4cm,
calyx 5-lobed, corolla bi lipped, to 1cm across, throat purple tinged,
stamens 4, fertile 2, staminodes 2. Fruit capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Aug. Distribution- India, Sri Lanka.

Conmion herb in rice fields after harvest. Chennagiri. FDD-264.
MECARDONIA Ruiz&Pavon
Mecardonia procumbens (Miller) Small, Fl. Southeast U. S. 1065. 1338.
1903; Adams, Fl. PI. Jamica 663. 1972. Erinus procumbens Miller, Gard.
Diet. ed. 8. No 6. 1768. Lindernea dianthera Swartz., Prodr. veg. Ind. Occ.
92. 1778. Bacopa procumbens (Miller) Greenm., Publ. Field Columbian.
Mus., Bot. Ser. 13(5B): 481. 1971. Macardonia dianthera (Swartz) Pennel,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 98: 87. 1940.
Suberect herb, branchlets ascending, rooting at lower nodes, stem

angled, narrowly winged on sides, leaves simple, opposite, subsessile,
ovate/elliptic, 1-2x0.5-0.7cm, apex obtuse, margin serrate-crenate, base
narrow, gland dotted. Flowers axillary, solitary, yellow, calyx 5-lobed,
lobes unequal, to 0.3cm long, corolla blue, lobes 5, bilipped, to 0.5cm long,
stamens 4, didynamous, anther 2-celled, ovary bilocular, Capsule ellipsoid,
to 0.4cm long, septicidal, seeds many.
Fl.-Fr:-Mar-Oct. Distribution-Neotropics.

SCOPARIA Linnaeus
Scoparia dulcis.L., Sp. PI. 116. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 964(678).
1924.
Erect, branched herb, 25-3 5 cm high, stem angular, hairy leaves

opposite, sessile or shortly petioled, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate,
distinctly serrate, apex acute, base cuneate. Flowers white, in axillary
fascicles, calyx small, 4-partite, ciliate, corolla tubular, white, throat densely
beared, lobe obtuse, stamens 4, subeqval, filament slender, anther cell
divergent. Fruit capsule, enclosed in the calyx tube. Seeds many angled.
Fl-Fr:-May-Nov. Distribution- Neotropics. Introduced and naturalised.

Occasional herb in wastelands. Harihara. FDD-512.
SOPUBIA Hamilton ex D. Don

Sopubia delphiniifolia (L.). G. Don, Gen. Sysst. 4: 560. 1837.
{'delphinifolia') Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 970(682). 1924. Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India. 4:302. 1884. Geradia delphinifolia L. in Juslenius. Cent. 1. PI.
21. 1156{'delphinifolia').
Erect, branched herb, branches short, erect, angled, pubescent, leaves

opposite, pinnatifid, to 4cm long, lobes linear, narrow. Flowers axillary,
solitary purplish. Calyx companulate, green, ribbed, lobes linear, acute,
margin finely serrate, soft hairy, 0.5-0.9cm long, corolla tubular, purple,
tube small, to 0.2cm long, with spreading lobes, lobes fimbriately ciliate,
prominently nerved, stamens 4, didynamous, filaments slightly hairy,
staminodes present. Fruit capsule, seeds numerous.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Jan. Distribution-South India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb in open grassy lands. FDD-463.
Stemodia viscosa Roxb., is often found in gardens.
Florisiic Composition of Davanauere District 348

STRIGA Loureiro
Key to species
1 Leaves reduced to scales S. gesnerioides
I Leaves not reduced to scales :
2 Corolla tube much exceading calyx S. angustifolia
2 Corolla equalling/slightly exceading calyx ^. asiatica
Sriga asiatica (L.) Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 466. 1891; Hepper, in Rhodora
76; 46. 1974. Buchnera asiatica L., Sp. PI. 630. 1753. Striga lutea Lour., Fl.
Cochinh. 22. 1790; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 968(680). 1924. Saldanha, in
Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 69. 1963.
Erect, slender, branched, parasitic herb, to 20cm tall, leaves simple,

alternate, linear, 3x0.4cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base acute. Flowêr
yellow, axillary, solitary, pedecil to 0.1cm long, bracteoles 2, linear, calyx
5-lobed, united, 0.5-0.6cm long, corolla tube, equalling/slightly exceading
calyx, lobes 5, obovate, unequal, bilipped, stamens 4, didynamous,
included, anther 1 celled. Fruit capsule, ovoid, enclosed in calyx tube, seeds
minute.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common herb in grass lands. FDD-280. (Figure-32)
Striga angustifolia (D. Don) Said., in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 70. 1963.
Stuit., Fl. KJiandala ed. 3, 184. 1967. Buchnera angustifolia D. Don. Prodr.
Fl. Nepal. 91. 1825. B.euphrosioides auct. non vahl. Scroph. Ind. 41. 1835.
Striga euphrasioides sensu Bentham, excl. basionym: Bentham,
Companion. Bot. Mag. 1; 364. 1836; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4:299. 1884:
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:376. 1903: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 968(680).
1924.
Erect, unbranched, parasitic, herb to 30cm high, leaves, simple,

alternate, linear, scarbid, narrov/, 4x2cm, sessile, midrib prominent beneath,

nerve obscure, apex acute, margin serrate. Flower white, sessile or shortly
stalked, in distinct terminal or axil, calyx 5-lobed, lobes united,
companulate, with 15 strong ribs, corolla white, tube much exceading calyx,
naiTow, linear, curved above, lobes unequal, bilipped, upper shorter,
stamens 4, didynamous, included, anther 1-celled. Fruit capsule, oblong,
ellipsoid, loculisidal, seeds minute.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Dstribution-Indomalaysia. Frequent in open grasslands.

Kondajji. FDD-455.
Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 11. 1875. Buchnera

generioides Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 338. 1800. Buchnera orobranchioides (Endl.)
Bentliam, Companion Bot. Mag. 1: 361. 1836 {'orobranchioides'), nom.
illegit.; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4:299. 1884; Cooke, Fl. Bombay. 2:374.
Erect, glabrous, parasitic herb, stem and branches purpHsh, to 40cm

tall, stem stout/slender, branched, glabrous/pubescent, branches stout, erect,
ribbed, leaves scaly, 0.4-0.5cm long, purplish, alternate below, opposite
above. Flower small, purple, sessile, in terminal spikes, calyx 5-lobed, lobes
united, tube 5-ribbed, cihate, corolla 5-lobed, lobes unequal, bilipped, tube
narrow, curved, stamens 4, didynamous included, anther 1-celled. Fruit
capsule 4x2mm long, oblong with persistent style base.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-Western India.

Conunon herb in Joldal, Kondajî, and Male bennur. FDD-290. (Figure-33)
Note: Some of the practioners in Honnali region claims that the plant
extract is effective in diabetes.
TORENIA Linnaeus
Torenia bicolor Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Card, Misc. 3: 38.' 1851.
Hooker, Fl. Brit, hidia 4:278.1884. Cooke. Fl. Bombay. 2: 364. 1903;

Prostate herb, rooting at nodes, stem angular, leaves 1.6-3x0.8-

1.2cm, opposite, ovate serrate, apex acute or obtuse, base truncate-round
sparsely hairy, nerves 3-5 pairs, petiole long. Flowers solitary, axillary,
purplish-blue, calyx 5-lobed, united, corolla bilipped, upper lip with one
purplish rounded lobe, lower lobes white-purplish. Stamens 4, didynamous,
filaments arched, anthers coimivent in pairs, 2-celled, ovary bilocular,
ovules numerous.Fruit capsule, ellipsoid, included.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution-Western Ghats.

Occasional in wet shady places of Joldal range. FDD-346.
BIGNONIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant climbing shrub Bignonia
1 Plant shrub/tree:
2 Staminodes present:
3 Leaves once pinnate;
4 Deciduous tree, branchlets vilous, flower purple Stereospermum
4 Ever green shrub, branchlets glabrous, flower yellow Tecoma
3 Leaves bipinnate Jacaranda
2 Staminodes absent:
5 Leaves digitate Tabebuia
5 Leaves not digitate:
6 Tree with drooping branches, panicle pendulous,
flower white Millingtonia
6 Tree with erect branches, panicle not pendulous,
flowers other than white:
7 Flower purplish, fruit indehiscent:
8 Flowers in pendulous raceme, fruit indehiscent,
large cylindrical Kigelia
8 Flowers in stout terminal raceme, fruit dehiscent,
flat long Oroxylum
7 Flower not purplish, fruit dehiscent:
9 Flower blue Jacaranda
9 Flower other than blue:
10 Flower large, orange red with yellow streek inside,
calyx ribbed, fruit locuHcidally dehising Spathodea
10 Flower white, small, calyx not ribbed,
fruit capsule Dolichahdrone

DOLICHANDRONE (Fenzl) Seemann mm. cons.

Dolichandrone atrovirens (Roth) Sprague in Bull. Misc. Inform. 304.
1919; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 2: 996 (700). Bignonia atrovirens Heyne
ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 284. 1821. Dolichandrone crispa Seem in Joum.
Bot. 8. 781. 1870; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4:379. 1876; Brandis 494.
Deciduous tree, to 16m tall, branchlets velvety tomentose, leaves

imparipiniiately compound, to 10cm long, petiole 5-7cm, leaflets 5-7,
elliptic, 3.2-6.5x1.8-3.6cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base truncate,
nerves prominent on both sides. Flowers white, in axillary corymbose
cyme, peducle long, to 8cm, calyx leathery, 3x0.8-1cm, corolla white. 4.5-
5.2x0.8-1.2cm. Fruit capsule, long, to 30cm, brown, ribbed, seeds winged,
wing membranous.
Fl-Fr:- Apr-June. Distrebution. India-Peninsula. FDD-588.

Common along road side KN-Udi, Seerudure.
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, Common along road side.

Note: Stem bark extract is used in treating Syphilis.
Sevaral variety of tge Genus Bignonia is cultivated in gardens for its
beautiful flowers.
KIGELIA A. de Candolle
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 463. 1849. Bignonia
africana Lam. Encycl. 1: 424. 1785. Kigelia pinnata DC. Prodr. 9: 247.
1845; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 2:1000 (705); Brandis 492.
Deciduous tree, branches spreading, leaves impairipirmate, opposite,

to 30cm long, leaflets 5-7, petiole to 7cm, elliptic-oblong, 6.5-9.5x3.2-
4.8cm, coriaceous, apex acuminate, margin entire or undulate,' base
rounded, oblique, dark green. Flowers in drooping raceme, peduncle, to
20cm laige, foetid, calyx companulate, lobes triangular, 1.8-2.4xl.5-2cm,

corolla bilabiate, dark brown, with yellow streaks, stamens 4, didynauous.

Fmit oblong, pale green, brown, to 40cm long ,seeds many.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-June. Distribution. Native of Tropical Africa.India-Cultivated

throughout. FDD-756. Cultivated.
Millingtonia hortensisi L., Planted through out District as avenue tree.

Kan-Akasha mallige.
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. Planted along Road sides.

Note: Roots, stem bark, fruits, stem fibres.-Anthelimintic, Some of the
practitioners use the plant extract in treating bronchitis and jaundice.
Spathodea campanulata Cultivated along road side and also as ornamental

plant.
Note: Leaves stem bark and flower buds are used in treating dysentry,
gastero intestinal troubles, kidney troubles, skin diseases and ulcers.
STEREOSPERMUM Chamisso
Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.)DC. in Bibl. Univ. Geneve 17. 124.
1838 et. Prodr. 9: 211. 1845;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 2:998(70l);Brandis
493. Bignonia suaveolens Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 104. 1832.
Large deciduous tiee, 15-18 m tall, branchlets pubescent, leaves

unipinnately compound, to 16cm long, petiole 1cm long, leaflets 9-11, 6.8-
9.4x1.5-2.5cm, eliptic, glabrous, apex acuminate, margin minutely serrate-
entire, base acute, petiolule 0.8-1.5cm long, terminal long. Flowers yellow,
in terminal panicles, calyx 5-lobed, lobes unequal, corolla yellow, with red
streaks on the throat, to 3cm long. Fruit capsule, 4-angled, slender, to 30cm
long, curved, seeds wedge shaped.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Apr. Distrebution-India-Rajaputana, Chota Nagapur, Central

India, Indian Peninsula. Myanmar. Joldal, KUSF. FDD-956.
Note: Flowers-rubbed up with honey given to check hiccough, taken
in form of a confection as an aphrodis

TABEBUIA Goes ex A. de CandoUe

Key to species
1 Flower pink/rose/white T.argentea
1 Flower golden yellow T.rosea
Tabebuia argentea (Bur. & K. Schum) Britt. And Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.)
DC. Common along roadside. Planted.
TECOMAA.L.Jussieu
Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth in H.B.K Nov. Gen. PI. 3: 144. 1819. Bignonia
sians L. Sp. PI. (ed. 2). 871. 1763. Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (Ser. 3) 10: 30. 1862; Gamble, Fl.Presi. Madras 2:1000 (703).
Medium sized deciduous tree, to 4 m tall, leaves impairipinnately

compound, to 15 cm ling, leaflets 7-11, lanceolate, apex, acuminate, margin
serrate, base obtuse, glabrous. Flowers yellow, in few flowered cyme, calyx
cupular, 5-toothed, corolla yellow, tubular, tube narrow, to 1.5cm long,
lobes broad, unequal, slightly bilabiate, orbicular, refluxed, stamens 5, 2
fertile 3 staminodes, filament villous at base. Fruit capsule, sub cylindrical,
curved, flat, seeds samaroid.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-From Florida through Central and South

America to North Argentia, Widely cultivated in Tropics. Planted through
out in India. FDD-502. Conunon roadside tree. Planted.
PEDALIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 lower leaves alternate, upper opposite, calyx green,
capsule quadrangular, beaked Sesamum
1 Leaves opposite, calyx rosy green, capsule curved, two hooked Jiiartynia
MARTYNIA Linnaeus
Martynia annua L., Sp. PI. 618. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1003(705). 1924.

Viscid, pubescent herb, to 30cm tall, branchlets glandular, viscid,

leaves simple, opposite, broadly ovate, 15-19xl6-20cm, palmately veined,
apex acute, margin irregulerly dentate, base cordate. Flowers in axillaiy
raceme, pinkish-purple, calyx 5-lobed, unequal, lobes ovate, green with rose
tinge, to lx0.5cm, corolla tubular, 5-lobed, showy, stamens 2. Fruit capsule,
two hooked.
FL-Fr:-Jul-Seot. Distribution-Native of Mexico.

Common herb in village outskirts and near mannure heaps. FDD-1039.
Sesamum orientate L. is frequently cultivated for seeds which yields

sesamum oil. It is commonly known as Sesamum indicum L.
ACANTHACEAE
Key to Genera.
IPlants twinning Thunbergia
1 Plants not twinning:
2 Flower pedicellate, in racemes/ cymes/ solitary:
3 Stamens 2:
4 Stamens included Rhinacanthus
4 Stamens exerted:
5 Calyx 4-partite, corolla 4+1 Barleria
5 Calyx 5-partite, corolla 2+3:
6 Capsule sessile, laterally compressed Andrographis
6 Capsule stalked, not laterally compressed:
7 Bracts flat, shorter than calyx Dicliptera
7 Bracts linear, longer than calyx Peristrophe
3 Stamens 4:
8 Flower 1-2 in axils, br^rl foliar, exceeding calyx Dipteracanthus
8 Flower in one sided racemes, br/brl linear,
shorter than calyx Asystasia
2 Flower in sessile/sub sessile, spikes/ heads:
9 Stamens 4:
10 Flowers in spicate heads, bracts densely hairy Xepidagathis
10 Flowers not in spicate heads, bracts not densely hairy:
11 Axillary bud modified in to spines,
inflorescense spinous Jlygfophila
11 Axillary bud not modified in to spines, inflorescence not spmous:
12 Large shrub, bracts pink, orbicular Jîlgirianthus
12 Small herb, bracts not as above:

13 Upper lip of corolla wanting, lower spreading Blepharis

13 Corolla 5-lobed, lobes unequal Henugraphis
9 Stamens 2:
14 Flower pink, bracts/bracteoles linear Justicia
14 Flower other than pink, bracts/bracteoles foliar:
15 Flower bluish green, spike slender Ecbolium
15 Flower white:
16 Flower in long peduncled spike Adhatoda
16 Flower in one sided spike Rungia
ADHATODA P. Miller
Adhatoda zeylanica Medic, Hist. & Commentat. Acad. Elect. Sci. Theod.-
Palat. 6: 393. 1790. Justicia adhatoda L., Sp. PI. 15. 1753; Adhatoda vasica
Nees in. Wall., PI. As. Rar. 3: 103. 1832; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1082
(758). 1921; Saiit, Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay No. 2, 92. 1951; Backer &
Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2: 588. 1965.
Erect, branched, bushy herb, leaves simple, opposite, dark green, 8-

19x3-4cm, elliptic, lanceolate, apex acuminate, base acute. Flowers white,
in axillary, long pedimcled spikes, bracts foliar, calyx 5, free or slightly
cormate at base, green, corolla white, with pink spots, bilabiate, tubular,
stamens 2, exerted, anther lobes separated by expanded coimective, lobes
unequal. Fruit capsule, oblong, base solid, apex mucranate.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Mar. Distribution-lndomalaysia.
Harihara. Often planted along hedges. FDD-893. KN-Adu muttada soppu,
Vasaki.
Note: The leaves, flowers, fruits and roots are extensively used for
treating coId,whooping cough, chronic bronchits, asthma, diarrhoea,
dysentery, dyspnosea, eye diseases, fever, loss of memory, rheumatic
swellings, tuberculosis, dislocation of joints, malaria emetic diuretic,
inseticidal. Leaves contain alkaloid vasicine and vasicinone and a small
amount of essential oil.

ANDROGRAPHIS Wallich ex Nees

Key to species
1 Plant prostrate, flower solitary/few flowered cluster ^ . serpyllifoUa
1 Plant erect, flowers in panicles A. paniculata
Andrographispaniculata (Burm. f.) Wall, ex Nees in Wall; Pi. As. Rar. 3;

116. 1832; Hooker, Fl . Brit. India. 4:502.1884; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1048 (734). 1921; Sant. in Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay 2: 50. 1951. Justecia
paniculata Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 9. 1768. Andrographis subspathulata Clarke in
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4:502. 1884.
Erect herb, 20-40cm tall, stem quadrangular, leaves lanceolate, 3-

5xl.5-2cm glabrous, apex acute, margin entire, base acute-obtuse. Flowers
in axillary unilateral racemes, flowers white with maroon streaks, bracts
small, to 0.1cm long, bracteoles 0, calyx 5-partite, to 0.3cm long, corola
tubular at base, prominently 2-lipped, upper slightly 2-fid, lower usually
deflexed, 3-lobed, stamens 2, filaments enlarged at base with a tuft of hairs.
Fruit capsule elliptic, acute at both ends, compressed laterally, seeds
numerous.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Dec. Common in Malebennur state forest. Malebeimur state

forest. FDD-620.
Note: 1. This plant grows wild only in Malebennur state forest and not
in any other part of the district.
2. This species is not reported from any of the District floras in the
state.
3. The leaves and stem extract is used in curing lever troubles, fever
and also in reducing blood sugar. Whole plant is used as febrifuge,
alternative, antipyretic, antihistaminic, anthelmintic, cholagogue,
astringent. It is also used to treat stomachich, boul complaints, debility,
dysentery, gonerrhoea, skin diseases, spleenic disorders, typoid etc.
4. From this plant 3 active component is isolated Viz.
Andrographiolide, Picrosides I and II (vide Sukdev 1997. Vol. 70.'Curr.
Sci.). This plant grows wild only in Malebennur state forest,
considering its medicinal potency this plant has to be protected in its
natural habitat from unscientific collection o this plant.

Andrographis serpyllifolia (Valil) Wight, Ic. t. 517. 1841; Gamble, Fl.

Presi. Madras 1051(736). 1924. Justecia serpyllifolia Rottler ex Vahl,
Enum. 1: 169. 1804. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4: 506; 1884.
Prostrate herb, clinging to soil, root stock prominent, tuberous,

filiform-napiform, leaves opposite, orbicular, reniform, 1.2-2x1-1.5cm,
upper pair overlapping the apical portion of lower pair, entire, ciliate along
margin, raceme axillary, often solitary, bract minute, corolla tubular, white,
lower lip with pink streaks. Fruit capsule, elliptic, glabrous.
Fl-Fr:-Through out the year. Distribution-Peninsular India.

Common in all part of the district in rocky slopes and sandy slopes. KN-
Kasina sara. FDD-631.
Note: Plant extract is used in treating wounds, some of the practitioners
claims that it is effective in Jaundice.
ASYSTASIA Blume
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson in Thwaites, Enum. 235. 1860;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1063 (744). 1924. Justecia gangatica L. in
Tomer, Cent. II PI. 3. 1756.
Straggling glabrous herb, leaves simple, opposite, ovate, 2-4.5x1.5-

3.5cm, apex acute, margin entire or minutely dentate. Flowers in axillary or
terminal, one sided racemes, bract and bracteoles small, linear, alike, corolla
white or creamy, tubular, constricted above, lobes orbicular, 3.5-4cm long,
hairy, stamens 4, didynamous, anther bearded. Fruit elliptic capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Africa, Through middle East to Indomalaysia.
Fairly common in moist deciduous forest region of the district and also in
outskirts ofChennagiri and Honnalli.
Note: Juice of the plant is used to treat Rheumatism , sweelings.

BARLERIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant with axillary spines:
2 Bracts spinous tipped, capsule oblong-ellipsoid,
beak not solid, 4-seeded B. buxifolia
2 Bracts not spinous tipped, capsule ovoid, beak solid, 2-seeded :
3 Bracts foliaceous, flower solitary in lower
nodes, spicate above B.prionottis
3 Bracts linear, flower solitary axillary B.cuspidata
1 Plant without axillary spines:
4 Outer calyx lobes not spiniscent, corolla tube
Scarcely enlarged above Bacununata
4 Outer calyx lobes spinescent, corolla tube enlarging upwards ...Binvolucrata
Barleria acuminata Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. 3: 93, 1832; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1059. 1924. B.tomentosa Roth, vai.acuminata Clarke,ex.
Hooker, Fl. Brit, lndia.4: 485. 1884.
Erect unarmed, undershrub, leaves simple, opposite, 3-6.5x3.5-

4.5cm, softy tomentose, ovate, apex acute, margin entire, base acute.
Flowers pale blue, axillary solitary or in clustered cymes, calyx 5-partite,
white, outer calyx lobes not spiniscent, corolla tubular, tube spreading, 1-
2cm long, distinctly bilipped, upper lobes 2, lower 3, stamens 2, inserted.
Fruit capsule, oblong, mucranate, seeds dark brown, glabrous.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Dec. Common herb along roadside and out skirts of villages.

Shantlii sagaia, Jagalur, Harapana halli. FDD-799.
Barleria buxifolia L., Sp. PI. 636. 1753. Wight, Ic. t. 870. 1845; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1059 (742). 1924.
Spinicent, armed undershrub, spines straight, to 1.2cm long, leaves

simple, opposite, l-1.2x0.5-lcm, shortly petiolate or sessile, orbicular-
ovate, margin entire, spinous tipped, hairy. Flowers blue, solitary axillary,
bracts modified into spines, calyx 4, outer lobes larger, ovate-lanceolate,
spinous tipped, hairy, corolla blue or purple, tubular, throat large, lobes 5,

rounded, subequal, stamens 2, anther 2-celled. Fruit capsule oblong, beak

not solid, 4-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Sep-Jan. Distribution-Peninsular India.

Harapanahalli. Common in open land and along plains. FDD-798. KN-
Gandukotte mullu, Gubbi muUu.
Note: Roots and leaves are used to treat cough and inflammation.
Barleria cuspidata Heyne ex Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. 3; 93. 1832;
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4: 483. 1884; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1059(741)
1924.
Prickly, rigid undershrub, stem and branches quadrangular, spines

long, straight, leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear lanceolate, 1.5-2.3x1-
2.5cm, apex spiny, mucranate, margin entire, base acute-cuneate, glabrous
above, pale beneath. Flowers yellow sessile-subsessile, solitary, axillary,
bracts linear, capsule ovoid, seeds hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Mar. Distribution-Common armed shrub in outskirts of villages.

Harapanahalli, Uchhangidurga. FDD-846.
Barleria involucrata Nees in Wall., PI: As. Rar. 3: 92. 1832.

var elata (Dalzell) Clarke,in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4: 486. 1884. Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1060(742). 1924. Barlaria elata Dalzel. Hooker's. J. Bot.
Kew. Card. Misc3:227. 1851.
Erect, unarmed shrub, stem quadrangular, nodes swalloned, leaf

petiolate, petiole 2-5cm long, blade 9-15x2-5 cm, broadly elliptic, apex
acuminate, irregularly crenate, base cuneate. Flowers blue, in simple
cicinni, pedicel short, bract and bracteoles linear, calyx 4-lobed, outer pair
larger, spinescent, 2.5-3x0.5-0.8cm, corolla funnel shaped, tube enlarging
upwards, blue with purple center, stamens 2, staminodes 2.

Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-South W India.

Common in the out skirts of Deciduous forests. Malebeimur, Kondajji.
FDD-908.
Barleriaprionitis L Sp. PI. 636. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Bri. India. 4: 482. 1884;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1058(741). 1924; Sant. in Bot. Mem. Univ.
Bombay 2: 57. 1956 ; ssp phonitis; Wood et. al. in Kew Bull. 38: 436.
1983.
Prickly shrub, leaves simple, opposite, subsessile, elliptic, obovate,

to apex sharply mucranate, margin entire, base attenuate. Flower whitish or
yellow, in axillary solitary, often in cymose clusters, bracts foliar,
bracteoles linear, spiny, calyx 4, free to base, outer pair larger, corolla
tubular, yellow, 4-lobed, stamens 2, fertile, staminodes 2. Fruit capsule,
ovoid, seeds 2, hairy, compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Common in Jagalur outskirts. FDD-863.

Note: Decoction made from grinding the whole plant is used in treating
bronchitis, catarrhal affections, ear complications, craking of feet,
fever, whooping cough, rheutism, some of the practitioners claims that
it is more effective in tuberculosis, plant extract is applied externally in
piles. Leaves are used as appetisor.
BLEPHARIS A. L Jussieu
Key to species
1 Leaves sessile/subsessile, whorled, flower white:
2 Leaves membranous, minutely serrate,
bracteoles 5 pairs B.maderaspatensis
2 Leaves thick, entire, bracteoles 8 pairs B.repens
1 Leaves stalked, opposite, flower blue B.aspemma
Blepharis asperrima Nees in DC, Prodr. 11; 267. 1874; Wight, Ic. t. 1534.
1850; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1013(712). 1924.C. B. Clarke,in Hooker,
Fl. Brit. India 4; 478. 1884; Cooke Fl. Bombay 2; 424. 1902;-Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1013 (712). 1924.

Erect/prostrate herb, with ascending branches, stem hairy, leaves

opposite ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, apex bristly tipped, hairy, hairs
bulbous, margin entire. Flower axillary solitary, sessile, often in terminal
spikes, bracteoles in 4-pairs, calyx 4-lobed, deeply divided, outer lobes
dissimilar, posterior lobes spathulate, acute, anterior lobe bilobed Loner two
lobes narrow, corolla bilipped, upper lip wanting, lower 3-lobed, purple,
Stamens 4, didynamous, anther 1-celled, beard, ovary 2-celled, style linear,
stigma bifid. Fruit capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Nov-Jan. Distribution-Western India.

Common herb in hilly slopes of Kondajji, Harapana halh and Jagalur. FDD-
173/250/149. (Plate-lOE)
Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 320. 1821; Sant.; Bot.
Mem. Univ. Bombay No. 2, 15. 1951. Acanthus madraspatensis L., Sp. PI.
639. 1753. Blepharis boerhavifolia Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 180. 1806; Wight, Ic. t.
Prostrate herb, branchlets wiry, pubescent, leaves simple, whorled, 4-

6 leaves in each whorl, membranous, 4.5-6.5x2-2.5cm, petiole 0.5-0.8cm
long, apex acute, margin minutely serrate, base acute-cuneate. Flowers
bluish-pink, in axillary, 1-2 flowered fascicles, bracteoles 5 pairs, calyx
bilobed, pale white, membranous, hairy, outer lobes larger, oblong, 0.8-1cm
long, opposite smaller, to 0.5cm long, inner pairs still smaller, to 0.3cm
long, corolla bilabiate, pale blue-pink with yellow spot on the lip, to 1.5cm
long, prominently veined, bracts bilabiate, lower lip spreading, flat, stamens
4, didynamous, anther 1-celled, bearded. Fruit capsule, oblong, hairy, seeds
orbicular, echinate.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Oct. Distribution-Tropical Africa to Burma.

Common herb in gravelly terrain regions of Joldal range & Arishina
gudddda range and Kalbigirigudda. FDD-244.
Note: Leaves and seeds are used to treat headache, nervos disorders.

Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 321. 1821. Acanthus repem.
ValU, Symb 2: 76. 1791. B.mulluginifolia Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 180. 1806;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1013 (712). 1924.
Prostiate, spreading herb, leaves whorled, 4 in each whorl,

subsessile, thick, obovate oblong, apex obtuse, margin entire hirsute.
Flowers blue, solitary in axils, bracteoles 5-8, largest at the top, all with
acicular spines, calyx 4-partite, free to base, one of the lobe bifid at the tip,
margin membranous, 2-toothed, corolla pale pink, lobes spreading, stamens
4, didynamous, filament thick. Fruit capsule, oblong seed compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Rare, collected in Honalli on the way to Malebennur. FDD-244.
CROSANDRA R.A.Salisbury
Crosandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees in. Wall. PI. As. Rar. 3: 98. 1832.
Justecia infundibuliformis L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 850. 1758. Crossandra
undulifolia Salisb. in W.Hooker,Parad. Land. t. 12. 1805; Hooker, Fl. Bri.
India 4: 492. 1884; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1056 (730) 1935.
Undershrub, 30-50cm high, leaves whorled-crowded near the

inflorescens, opposite, elliptic to oblong, 7-8.5x2-4cm, apex acute,
decurrent at base. Flower orrange, yellow in terminal condensed spike,
capsule oblong, seeds orbicular.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar.
Conunon herb along outskirts of Joldal range and outskirts of KUSF range.
FDD-127.
Note: Plant is used as aphrodisiac and to stop bleeding.

DICLIPTERA A. L. Jussieu nom. com.

Dicliptera cuneata Nees in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 3:111.1832;Wight, Ic. t.
1552. 1850: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1073(752). 1924.
Branched herb, stem quadrangular, rooting at nodes, leaf simple,

opposite, 2.5-4x2cm, ovate, apex acute, base rounded, glabrous. Flowers
pink, in axillary clusters, bracts ovate, bracteoles linear, calyx 5, lobes free
to base, corolla pink, tubular, tube narrow, much longer than the calyx,
bilabiate, stamens 2, exerted. Fruit capsule, compressed.
Fl-Fr.-Jan-April. Distiibution-Southem Peninsular India.

Common herb in open forest along outskirts of KUSF range. FDD-266.
ECBOLIUM S. Kurz
Ecbolium viride (Forssk) Alston in Trimen Fl. Ceylon 6 (Suppl): 229. 1931.
Justecia viridis Forssk. Fl. Aeg.-Arab. 5. 1775. Ecbolium linnaenum Kurz.
in. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 40: 75. 1871; Hooker, Fl. Bri.
India 4: 544. 1884: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1074(752). 1923. Justecia
ecbolium L., Sp. PI. 15. 1753.p.p.
Erect, branched herb or undershrub, leaves simple, opposite, ovate,

4.5-7x3-4cm, apex acute, base attenuate, margin entire. Flowers violet, in
temunal closely arranged spike, bract foliar, superposed, bracteoles small,
linear, calyx 5, coimate at base, corolla greenish-violet, tubular, tube
slender, stamens 2, attached on the top of the tube. Fruit capsule, ovoid.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Common herb in sandy slopes of Joldal

range.
Not frequent occasional in outskirts of Hoimali range. FDD-828.
(Plate-IOF)
Note: Leaves and roots are used to treat jaundice, menorhangia,
rheumatism.

HEMIGRAPHIS Nees
Hemigraphis latebrosa (Roth) Nees in DC, Prodr. 11:723.1847; Wight, Ic.
t. 1504.1850; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1018(715). 1924. Ruellia latebrosa
Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 307.1821.
Procumbent herb, branchlets pubescent, leaves simple, ovate, 2.5-

5x2-4cm, apex acute, margn crenate, base cuneate. Flowers in pedunculate,
capitate spike, bracts prominent, foliaceous, larger than calyx, 0.5-0.8x1-
2cm, calyx 5-lobed, lobes short, unequal, corolla blue, 5-lobed, lobes
rounded, to 1.4cm long. Fruit capsule oblong, angular.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distiibution-Central and Peninsular India.

FDD-328.
HYGROPH\ ILA R.Brown

Key to species
1 Plant armed H.auriculata
I Plant unarmed H.salicifolia
Hygrophila auriculata (K.Schum.) Heine, Kew Bull. 16:172.1962.

Barleria longifolia L. in Tomer, Cent. II PI. 22.1756 [non Hygrophila
longifolia Nees 1847]. Barleria auriculata K. Schumacher, Besk. Guin.
Pl.285.1827. Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 3:
90.1832.
Armed, frutescent herb, spines axillary, leaves simple, in whorls of 6,

lanceolate, hairy. Flowers in axillary whorls, blue.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Common herb in karshy habitat. FDD-569.
Hygrophila salicifolia (Vahl) Nees in Wal., PI. As. Rar. 3:81. 1832; Wight,
Ic. t. 1490.1849; Sant., Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay No.2, 20.1951. Ruellia

salicifolia Vahl, Symb. 3:84. 1794. Hygrophila angustifolia auct. Non

R.Br.: Cooke, Fl. Bombay 354(430). 1902; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1016(713). 1924.
Unarmed herb, leaves simple, linear-elliptic, 4-7x0.5cm, apex acute,

margin entire, base cuneate. Flowers purple, in axillary fascicles.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-India.
Common herb in marshy habitats along cultivated lands of Davanagere.
JUSTICIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Calyx 4-partite:
2 Diffuse/Creeping herb, branchlets ascending,
flower pink/white J.simplex
2 Erect herb, branchlets angular, zig-zag,
flower rose/purple J.neesii
1 Calyx 5-partite:
3 Spreading herb, branchlets erect, root stock thick J.trinervia
3 Erect herb/undershrub, flower white with purple spots:
4 Bracts/Bracteoles foHaceous J.betonica
4 Bracts/Bracteoles linear not fohaceous J.wynaadensis
Justicia betonica L., Sp. PI. 15. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1078(755). 1924.
Much branched, erect herb, to 60cm high, branchlets slightly

quadrangular, leaves simple, opposite, broadly ovate 4.5-8.9xl.5-4cm, apex
acute, margin entire, base acute. Flowers in terminal, spike, to 8cm long,
bracts and bracteoles pale white, foliar, apex acuminate, bracts 1-
1.5x0.8cm, bracteoles to 1cm long, prominently green, nerved jfrom base,
median prominent, calyx 5-lobed, lobes free to base, lanceolate, pubescent,
0.8-1.2cm long, corolla white, with pink streaks, to 1.5cm long, bilabiate,
tube to 0.3cm, included in the bracteoles, stamens 2, perfect, capsule
oblong-ovate to 2cm long.

Fl-Fr:-Sept-Apr. Distribution-Tropical Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Malaya.

Common herb. Honnali, Chennagiri, Joldal, Joldal range & Arishina
gudddda range. FDD.602.
Note: Leaves are used to treat diarrhoea, whole plant extract is used to
cure dysentery and swellings.
Justicia neesii Ramam. nom. nov. Justicia micrantha Wall. [List 2449.
1830, nom.] ex Clarke,in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 536. 1885, non Pohl ex
Nees 1847; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1080(756). 1924; Sant., Bot. Mem.
Univ. Bombay No. 2, 87. 1951. Rostellularia crinita Nees in Wall., PI. As.
RJir. 3: 101. \%32{wo\\ Juslicia crinita Thnnh].
Herb to 20cm high, branchlets angular, zig-zag, glabrous, leaves

simple, opposite, petiolate, elliptic, ovate-rounded, 1-3x0.8-1.5cm, apex
acute-acuminate, margin entire, base cuneate, glabrous. Flov^êrs purple, in
terminal spike, bracts and bracteoles hairy along* margins, hairs bulbous
based, calyx 4-lobed, lobes ovate, lanceolate, hairy along margins, 0.6-
0.8cm, corolla pink, to 0.8cm long. Fruit capsule, hairy, ellipsoid, to 1.2cm.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Aug. Distribution-South W. India.

Common in open country in shade. Joldal. FDD-194.
Justicia simplex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 118. 1825; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madias 1080(756). 1924.
Branched herb, to 50cm tall, branchlets slender, ascending, angular,

glabrous, leaves simple, opposite, pairs unequal, elliptic-oblong, 1.5-
5.5x0.6-2cm, apex acute, margin entire, base acute, pubescent. Flowers
lilac-pink, in terminal spike, bracts and bracteole equaling in length, to
0.8cm long, ciliate along margin, calyx 4-lobed, lobes free to base, to 0.7cm
long, lanceolate, pale white, hairy, corolla tubular, to 0.8cm long. Fruit
capsule, small, apex mucranate, hauy, 4-seeded.

Fl-Fr.-AIl seasons. Distribution-E. Africa, India, Malaysia.

Common herb. Kondajji, Ammanagudda. FDD-607/257.
Justicia trinervia Vahl, Enum. 1: 156. 1805; Clarke, in Hooker. Fl. Brit.
India 4: 256, 1884; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1079. 1924; Sant. Acanth.
Bombay 86, 1951.
Small spreading, erect herb, branches ascending with thick rootstock,

leaves simple, opposite, elleptic/ovate, oblong, margin entire, upper leaves
se'ssile, lower shortly stalked, Inflorescens a long terminal spike, bracts
foliar, lanceolate, acute, white, glabrous, bracteoles 2, lanceolate, calyx free,
pubescent, lobes lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, corolla hood shaped. Fruit
capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Jun. Distribution-Common herb of open shady places in KUSF

range forest, Basavapatna, Santhebennur. FDD-796.
Justicia wynaadensis (Nees) T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 9: 515. 1867;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1080(755). 1924. Gendarussa wynadensis Nees
in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 3: 104. 1832. Adathoda wynadensis (Nees) Nees in
DC, Prodr. 11: 406. 1847; Wight, Ic. t. 1545. 1850.
Slender, scandent undershrub, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic-

lanceolate, 4-8x2-3cm, margin entire, apex acute at both ends, glabrous.
Flowers in long spike, terminal/axillary, bracts opposite, linear, calyx 5-
lobed, free, longer than bracts and bracteoles, corolla white, tinged with
purple spots, bilipped, upper lip minutely 2-toothed, lower lip 3-lobed,
stamens 2, exerted, filaments curved, spurred, ovary 2-celled, hairy. Fruit
capsule, long, constricted between seeds.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-South W. India.

Occasional in KUSF range. Often in gardens as Medicinal plant. FDD-172.

LEPIDAGATHIS Willdenow
Lepidagathis cristata Willd., Sp. PI. 3; 400. 1800; Wight. Ic. t. 455;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1066 (747). 1924.
Creeping/erect herb, root stock stout with nodules, leaves opposite,

simple, 3x1 cm, linear lanceolate, margin entire, glabrous. Flowers in
capitate spikes, crowded on lower nodes, bracts pubescent, ovate,
acuminate, spiniscent, hairy, bracteoles membranous, hairy, spiniscent,
calyx 4-lobed, with a short spine, corolla pinkish, tubular, hairy outside,
stamens 4, didynamous, anthers 2-ceUed cells unequally placed, hairy along
line of dehiscense. Ovary 2-celled, style pubescent, slender, stigma simple.
Fmit capsule, ovoid glabrous.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Central & Eastern Peninsular India.

FDD-626. Common herb in rocky slopes of Kondajji range.
NILGIRIANTHUS Bremekamp
Nilgirianthus heyneanus.(Uees) Bremek., Mat. Mon. Strob. 173. 1944.
Sirohilanthes heyneanus Nees in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 3; 85. 1832; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1041 (730). 1924. Strobilanthes rugosus Wight, Ic. t.
1619. 1850.
Small sluiib, witli grooved stem, leaves simple, opposite, unequal,

ovate, margin serrate, apex acuminate, base cuneate. Flowers in axillary
spikes, arranged compactly in the cone like structure (strobilate), bracts
pinkish, enclosing the flower, calyx 5-lobed, corolla blue-purple swollen on
the side, lobes 5, rounded, stamens 4, didynamous. Fruit capsule, oblong,
seeds compressed, glabrous reticulate horn like.
Fl-Fr:-Occasional once in four year. Once in 1998-99.

Found abundant on hill tops of Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range.
FDD-749. (Plate-11 A&B)

PERISTROPHE Nees
Peristrophe paniculata (Retz.) Nees in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 3: 113. 1832;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1084(759). 1924. Dianthera bicalyculata Retz.,
Act. Holm. 297, t. 9. 1775.
Branched, erect herb, stem distinctly quadrangular, leaves simple,

opposite, ovate, lanceolate, hairy along nerves, 1.5-3x0.8-1.2cm, apex
acute, margin entire, base acute-cuneate. Flowers in axillary and terminal
panicled cymes, bracts unequal, linear, bracteoles small, membranous, calyx
5-lobed, 0.3-0.5cm long, corolla pinkish, tubular, distinctly bilabiate.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-Tropical Africa, Tropical India, Burma.

Common herb of wastelands and also in open out skirts of villages and road
sides. FDD-658.
RHINACANTHUS Nees
Rliinacanthus nasutus {L) Kurz. J. As. Soc. Bengal 39(2):79. 1870. Backer
& Bakh. f, Fl. Java 2:585. 1965. Justecia nasuta L., Sp. PI. 16. 1753.
Rhinacanthus cummunis Nees in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 3: 109. 1832; Wight, Ic.
t. 464. 1841; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1083(758). 1924.
Erect, much branched, pubescent undershrub, 80-90cm tall, stem

obscurely angled, leaves simple, opposite, ovate, apex acute, margin entire,
base cuneate, appressed hairy. Flowers in axillary or terminal lax panicles,
bracts and bracteoles glandular, ovate, calyx 5, free, lobes hairy, corolla
white, tube long, 2-3 cm, stamens 2, attached at the tip of corolla tube. Fruit
capsule, narrow, seeds tuberculate, glabrous black.
Fl-Fr:- Jan-Mar. Distribution-Madagaskar, India, Sri Lanka, Java.

Conmion herb in partial shades along hedges of villages. FDD-643.

RUNGIA Nees
Rungia repens (L.) Nees in Wall., Pi. As. Rar. 3: 110. 1832; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1070(750) 1924. Justecia repens L., Sp. PI. 15. 1753.
Spreading herb, leaves simple, opposite, subsessile, oblong

lanceolate, 3.5-4.5x0.7-1.3cm, apex acute, margin entire-undulate, base
acute. Flowers pinkish blue, in terminal spikes, bracts pale white, obovate,
to 0.5cm long, bracteoles linear-lanceolate, covered with rough hairs, calyx
lobes linear, corolla pink, tubular. Fruit capsule, ovoid
Fl-Fr:-All season. Distribution- India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb of open lands. FDD-228.
THUNBERGIA Retzius nom.cons.

Key to species
1 Flower white T.fragrans
1 Flower other than white :
2 Flower yellow :
3 Petiole winged, flower axillary, solitary, calyx
10-teethed, corolla with dark purple throat T. alata
3 Petiole not winged, flower in drooping spike, calyx purplcT.grandi/lora
2 Flower pale blue, T.mysorensis
Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2591. 1825; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1008(708). 1924.
Twining herb, leaves simple, opposite, petiole winged, broadly

ovate, 3-6x2.5-3.5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cordate. Flower
yellow, long pedicellate, solitary axillary, bracts and bracteoles foliar,
1.2x0.8cm, calyx scaly, 10-fid, forming a ring, toothed, corolla yellow, with
purple throat, stamens 4, didynamous, anther spurred. Fruit capsule.
Fl-Fr.-Sep-Dec. Distribution-Native of Africa, Cultivated in India and

Naturalised.
Occasional climbmg herb along hedges. FDD-864.

ThunbergiafragransRoxh., PI. Cor. t. 67. 1796.

vai.laevis (Nees.) Clarke,m Hooker, Fl. Bri. India 4: 391. 1884; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1007(707). 1924. Thunbergia laevis Nees in Wall., PI. As.
Rar. 3: 77. 1832.
Slender twiner, stem pubescent, leaves simple, opposite, 3.5-6x 2-

4cm, ovate-hastate-cordate, greatly variable, margin entire, base subcordate,
apex acute, 3-5 nerved from base. Flowers white, solitary axillary, calyx
scaly, enclosed, tubular, with 12-14 teeths, teeths subulate, corolla white,
tubular, tube narrow, 1.5-1.8cm long, lobes narrow, lobes 5, ovate,
spreading, stamens 4, didynamous, included, anther spurred. Fruit capsule,
stalked, 1.2-1.8cm long, globose below, narrow in upper region, laterally
compressed, bivalved.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution-Central and Peninsular India.

Common along the edges of forest. FDD-610/208. (PIate-11 C)
Note: Thunbergia mysorensis (Wt.) T. and T.grandiflora is often found
in some gardens.
VERBENACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant armed:
2. Flowers in capitate spikes Lantana
2. Flowers in pcciuncuialc racemes Duranta
1 IManl unarmed:
3 Leaves compound:
4 Prostrate herb, leaves pinnatiscent Verbenia
4 Erect shrubs, leaves digitately comound J^tex
3 Leaves simple:
. 5 Plant prostrate Phyla
5 Plant not prostrate:
6 Plant climbing shrub:
7 Flower violet, calyx large, persistent purple Petrea
7 Flower pink, calyx small, ersistent, bract large, pink Congea
8 Plant herbaceous:
9 Flower in spike Stachytarpheta
9 Flowers in raceme Priva
8 Shrub/ tree:

10 Flowers in pendulous raceme Citharexylumn

10 Flowers in paniculate cymes:
11 Tree, 12-16 m high, drupe enclosed in
enlarged calyx Tectona
11 Tree to 4 m high, drupe not enclosed in calyx;
12 Drupe with 4-pyrene Clerodendrum
12 Drupe with 1-pyrene:
13 Flower white Premna
13 Flower yellow Gmelina
CITHAREXYLUM Linnaeus
Citharexylum spinosum L., Sp. PI. 625, 1753; Bailey, Hort. Sec 179, 1959.
Moderate sized treee, to 10m tall, branchlets erect, glabroes, leaves

simple, opposite, dark green, shining, obovate or oblong, 8-12x4cm, apex
acute, margin entire-minutely serrate, base obtuse, glabrous. Flowers white,
in long peduncled, axillary pendulous racemes, 8-10cm, calyx 5-lobed,
companulate, to 0.2cm long, corolla white, tubular, tube short, to 0.1cm,
hairy within, corolla mouth broad, hairy, limbs spreading, stamens 4,
didynamous. Fruit drupe.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Sept. Cultivated along roadside as avenue trees. FDD-948.
CLERODENDRUM Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant aromatic, leaves entire, flowers in simple cyme Cinerme
1 Plant not aromatic, leaves serrate,flowersin panicles:
2 Leaves cordate, calyx lobes deeply divided Cviscosum
2 Leaves not cordate, calyx not deeply divided:
3 Leaves elliptic-oblong , corolla bluish purple Cserratum
3 Leaves ovate-deltoid, corolla creamy white Cphlomides
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertner, Fruct. 1: 271. 1788; Gamble, Fl.

Presi. Madras 1099(769). 1924. Volkameria inermis L., Sp. PI. 637. 1753.
Straggling bad smelling shrub, leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate,

obovate-ovate 3-5x2-3cm, glabrous above, pale beneath. Flowers white, in

axillary cymes, calyx tubular, lobes angular to 0.8cm long, corolla tubular,
white, salverform, spreading, stamens 4, didynamous, exerted, filaments
long, 1-1.3cm, coiled, reflexed in bud, stigma lobed, lobes acute. Fruit
drupe, lobed and pyriform, browoi.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Dec. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb in waste land & Outskirts of villages. FDD-6. KN-
Vishampuri, Kundali gida.
Clerodendrumphlomides L. f. Suppl. PI. 292. 1781; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.

4: 590; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1099(769). 1919.
Large shrub, branchlets pubescent, leaves simple, opposite, ovate-

deltoid, 3-4x2-2.5cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base truncate, puberlous
beneath. Flower creamy or pinkish white, in axillary, paniculate cymes,
calyx lobes caudate, accrescent, rigid, corolla tubular, tube narrow, lobes
spreading, bilabiate. Fruit drupe, ovoid.
Fl-Fr-All season. Cultivated, occasionally as an escape in outskirts of

villages. FDD-48.
KN-Madras mallige. (Figure-34)
Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon, Cat. 46. No. 382. 1824; Spreng., Syst.
2: 758. 1825; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4; 592.1825 (Clerodendron); Cooke
Fl. Presidency. Bombay. 2: 512; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1100(770).
1919; Volkemaria serrata L., Mant.90.1767. var. dentatum H. J. Lam,
Verb. Malay Archipel. 269. 1919.
Erect, pubescent herb/undershrub, stem quadrangular, glabrous-

hairy, branches sometimes terete, leaves simple, opposite, shortly petioled,
elliptic/oblanceolate, 10-l5x3-8cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base
cuneate. Flowers in panicles, densely pubescent, bracts linear, calyx cup

shaped, ciliate, corolla tube long, lobes unequal, bluish purple, stamens 4,
did5aiamous, exerted, stigma deeply bilobed. Frtuit drupe, black on ripe.
FJ-Fr:-Apr-Sept. Distribution- India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb in the out skirts of villages & forest. FDD-53.
Clerodendrum viscosum Vent., Jard. Malm. 1: t. 25. 1803; Sant., Fl.

Khandala ed. 3, 214. 1967. Clerodendrum infortunatum auct. non L.:
Wight, Ic. t. 1417. 1849 (Unfortunata'): Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1100(770). 1924.
Shrub, to 4m high, stem and branches softy tomentose, acutely

quadrangular at end, leaf simple, opposite, broadly ovate, 8-16x6-12cm,
apex slightly acuminate, margin serrate/entire, base cordate, minutely
pubescent on both sides. Flowers white, in terminal panicles, to 10cm long,
peduncle pubescent, 2-3 cm long, calyx 5-lobed, segments divided to base,
1-I.2x0.8cm, petals white, 5-lobed, to 2cm long, lobes lanceolate, subequal,
spreading. Fruit drupe, globose, black on maturity, 1-1.4cm across.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Common along roadside and in outskirts of villages. FDD-132. KN-Parale,
Ittevu.
CONGEA Roxburgh
Congea tomentosa Roxb., var azurea beautiful climber grown in gardens,
large pink bracts draws the attention. FDD-949.
DURANTA Linnaeus
Duranta repens L., Sp.Pl. 637,1753: Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 215. 1967.
Shrub, often spiny, pubescent, leaves simple, ovate, 1.5-2.5xl'2cm,

apex acute, margm serrate at apex, entire at base, base cuneate. Flowers
blue-violet, in pendulous racemes, calyx tubular, corolla blue, often white,

limb spreading, stamens 4, didynamous inserted. Fruit fleshy drupe, orange

colored.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Introduced from South America.

Common hedge plant. FDD-50. KN-Huchu elasi, Husi elasi.
GMELINA Linnaeus
Gmelina arborea Roxb., Hort. Beng. 46. 1814; PI. Cor. t. 246. 1815; Wight,
Ic. t. 1470. 1849; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 253. 1872;Robmson, Philipp. J. Sci.
7:414. 1912; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1097(768). 1924.
Unarmed, small sized tree, to 6m tall, leaves simple, crowded at the

end of tlie branchlets, petiole 2-3cm long, blade broadly ovate, apex acute,
margin entire, base cordate, densely tomentose on both sides, 12-18x5-7cm.
Flower yellow, in terminal racemes, calyx tubular, lobes minutely bilabiate,
tomentose, orbicular, corolla yellow, tubular, tube narrow, lobes widely
spreading, stamens 4, didynamous, filament yellow, hairy. Fruit drupe,
oblong, black, 1-I.5x2cm.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Occasional in KUSF range. FDD-789.
LANTANA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant unarmed, flower white, in spikes L wightiana
1 Plant armed, flower pink/purple, flowers in capitate heads L camera
Lantana camara L., Sp. PI. 627. 1753. var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke, torreya
34: 9. 1934; Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 211. 1967. Lantana aculeata L., Sp.
PI. 627. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1087(761)). 1924.
Armed, bushy shrub, with recurved spines, hauy, leaves simple,

opposite, ovate, 5-7x3-4cm, apex acute, uwrgin serrate, base cuneate-
subcordate, scaibid on upper surface, pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers

in capitate spikes, pedunculate, calyx 5-lobed, corolla tubular, tube short,

lobes 5, bilipped, upper lip with 2 larger lobes, lower lip 3, lobes smaller.
Fruit drupe globose, black on maturity.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Trop. Africa, South Asia.

Common weed of waste places. FDD-52. KN-Lantana soppu.
Lantana wightiana Wall.ex Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1087(761). 1924.

L.indica Roxb. Var. albiflora. Wight ex Clarke in Hookef. Fl. Brit. India.4:
562. 1885.
Erect, unarmed, undershrub, stem quadrangular, scarbid, leaves

simple, opposite, ovate, apex acute, base cordate-rounded, decurrent at base,
scabrus above, sub villous beneath. Flowers white, in elongated spike. Fruit
drupe globose, black when dry.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Sept. Distribution-Occasional. Kondajî, Haraapanahalli. FDD-

340. KN- Bih lantan soppu.
PETREA Lmnaeus
Petrea volubilis L., is a beautiful climbing shrub, grown m gardens for its
attiactive violet flowers witli large purplish persistent calyx. (Flgure-35)
PHYLA Loureiro
Phyla nodlflora (L.) Greene, Pittonia 4: 46. 1899; Sant, Fl. Khandala ed. 3.
211. 1967. Verbena nodiflora (L.) Michaux, Fl. Bor. Amer. 2;15, 1803;
Wight, Ic. t. 1463. 1849;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1088(762). 1924;
Adams, Fl. PI. Jamaica 630. 1972.
Slender, diffuse herb, with rooting at nodes, leaves simple, opposite,

shortly petioled, to 0.2cm, ovate-elleptic, 1-2x0.5-0.8cm, apex acute,
margin coarsely serrate, base cuneate. Flower white, m axillary spikes,

calyx deeply 2-lobed, corolla 2-lipped purplish white, upper lip 2-lobed,
lower 3-lobed, middle larger.
FI-Fr:-AlI seasons. Distribution- Tropics.

Common herb in wet places. FDD-5. KN- Kare hippali, Neeru hippali.
PREMNA Linnaeus wow. com

Key to species
1 Plant woody climber, branchlets pubescent,
flowers in corymbose cymes P.coriacea
1 Plant erect shrub, branchlets yellowish brown tomentose,
flowers in cymose panicles P.tomentosa
Premna coriacea Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4; 573. 1885; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1095(766). 1924.
Large woody climber, branchlets pubescent, quadrangular, leaves

simple, opposite, ovate elliptic, unequal, 12-20x8-14cm, petiole to 2cm,
apex shortly acuminate, margin entire, base rounded-subcordate, nerves
prominent, 5 pairs. Flowers in terminal corymbose cymes, calyx cupular, 5-
toothed, l-1.2xlcm, corolla white, bilipped, subequally 5-lobed, stamens 4,
inserted on the throat of the corolla. Fruit drupe, black, ovoid, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-May. Distribution-South India.

Occasional. Joldal range & Arishina gudddda range, Belagutti. FDD-853.
Premna tomentosa Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 314. 1800; Wight, Ic. t. 1468. 1849;
Bedd., Fl. Syst. t. 251. 1872; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1095(767). 1924.
Coruntia corymbosa Lam., Encycl. 1: 54. 1783, nonN.Burman, 1768.
Small sized tree, to 4m high, branchlets stellately yellow tomentose,

leaves simple, opposite, broadly ovate, 12-18x5-7cm, apex acute-
acmninate, margin entire, base cordate, thick, chartaceous, yellowish brown
tomentose on both sides. Flowers white, in terminal cymose panicles.

pyramidal, calyx 5-toothed, companulate, lobes acute, corolla white, ubular,

tube small, throat pale yellow, slightly exserted, limb bilipped, stamens 4,
didynamous, inserted on the throat of corolla, style simple, stigma bifid.
Fruit drupe, tomentose, subglobose.
Fl-Fr:-Mar. Distribution- South India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Male bennur state forest range. FDD-737.
Note: Moldenke {Fifth summary of the verbenac. 611. 1971) cites
Premna tomentosa Willd. as a synonym of Premna odorata Blanco
(1837). This may be because Willdenow (I.e.) cites Cormutia corymbosa
Lam. (1783) in synonymy, apperantly rendering Willdenow's name
superflous and illegimate. However, Cornutia corymbosa Lam is
already illegitimate, being a later homonym of Corutia corymbosa
N.Burman (1768).
STACHYTARPHETA Vahl nom.cons.

Key to species
1 Spike villous,flowerpink-red S.mutabilis
1 Spike glabrous, flower blue SJamaicensis
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. Enum. PI. 206. 1804. Verbenea

jamicensis L. Sp. PI. 19. 1753. Stachytarpheta indica auct. non (L) Vahl:
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4:564. 1875: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1090(763).
1924.
Erect herb, leaves simple, opposite, pctiolate, elliptic-ovate, 2.5-5x2-

3 cm, apex obtuse, margin serrate, base cuneate. Flower blue, in terminal,
slender spike, to 15 cm long, bracts lanceolate, calyx cylindrical, tubular,
corolla blue, tubular, tube cylindrical, lobes spreading, stamens 2, inserted
on the corolla tube. Fruit cylindrical pyrene, pyrenes oblong, 1-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Trop. America, NaturaUsed in tropical parts

of Asia.
Common herb in wastelands. FDD-66. KN-Kadu uttarani.
Note: Some specimens collected in Joldal range & Arishina gudddda
range shows white flowers, rather than violet/blue, and the seeds
collected from white flowering plants on germination produces the
plants with white flowers only.

Stachytarpheta mutabilis (N. Jacq.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 1: 209. 1804; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1090(763). 1924. Verbena mutabilis N. Jacq., Coll. 2:
334. 1789.
Undershrub, stem and branchlets sparely white pubescent, leaves

simple, petiole long, l-2cm, lamina ovate, 3-5x2.5-3cm, apex acute, margin
serrate, base acute. Flowers pink-red, in spikes, to 20cm long, calyx tubular,
l-2cm long, corolla 2-2.5cm long, limb to 1cm across.
Fl-Fr.-All seasons. Distribution-Venezuela. Cultivated as ornamental. FDD-

723.
TECTONA Linnaeus f. nom.cons.

Tectona grandis L. f, Suppl. 151. 1781; Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 6. 1795; Bedd.,
Fl. Sylv. t. 250. 1872; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1092(765). 1924.
Large deciduous tree, 30-50m high, branchlets angular, spreading,

leaves simple, opposite, coppery brown when young, coriaceous, elliptic-
ovate, 50-80x40-50cm, petiole to 8cm long, apex obtuse, margin entire,
base shallowly narrow. Flowers in terminal panicles, cdXyx. tubular,
tomentose, corolla white, tubular, 5-lobed, lobes spreading, stamens 6,
inserted. Fruit drupe, enclosed by persistent calyx.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Sept. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Cultivated in plantations for its valuable timber. FDD-803. KN-Saguvane.
VITEX Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Petiole winged V.altissima
1 Petiole not winged:
2 Leaf 1-3 foliate V.trifolia
2 Leaf 3-5 foliate:
3 Flower in terminal panicle V.negundo
3 Flower in axillary panicles V.leucoxylon

Vitex altissima L. f, Suppl. 294. 1781; Wight, Ic. t. 1466. 1849; Bedd., Fl.
Sylv. t. 252. 1872; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1102(772). 1924.
Small sized tree, 10-12 m tall, branchlet quadrangular, grey

pubescent, leaves palmately trifoliate, petiole 4-6cm long, winged, leaflets
to 10x4cm, sessile, lateral leaflets lanceolate, middle leaflet oblanceolate,
apex acuminate/acute, base acute, pubescent beneath and along nerves.
Flower bluish white, in terminal panicle, pedunculate, grey pubescent, calyx
5-lobed, lobes villous, cupular, teeth small, corolla bluish pink, bilipped,
tube short, hairy, upper lip with 2 lobes, lower 3-lobed, middle one larger
than laterals, stamens 4, didynamous, slightly exerted. Fruit drupe, purplish,
enclosed in enlarged flattend calyx,.dotted with white spots.
Fl-Fr:-May-Sept. Distribution-South India.

Common shrub in Thirtharameshwara. FDD-131. KN-Naviladi.
(Plate-11 D)
Vitex leucoxylon L. f, Suppl.'293. 1781; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras

1103(772). 1924. Walrothia leucoxylon (L. f.) Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 319. 1821;
Wight, Ic. t. 1467. 1849.
Small sized, glabrous tree, leaf palmately compound, leaflets 5,

elliptic lanceolate, 8-11x3.5-4.5cm, apex shortly acuminate/obtuse, margin
entire, chartaceous, sparsely pubescent beneath. Flowers in axillary,
panicles/corymbose lax divericate cymes, corolla white, bilipped, lower lip
large, with purplish throat, hairy within. Fruit drupe, ellipsoid-cylindrical.
FI-Fr.-Mar-Oct. Distribution-South W. India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Belagutti on the way to temple. FDD-299. KN-Hole lakki.
Hole nekki, Kariyale.

Vitex negundo L., Sp. PI. 638. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 579. 1842; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1102(771). 1924.
Large shrub, leaves palmately 3-5 foliate, silvery tomentose beneath,

leaflets 5, median larger, lanceolate, 4-8x1.5-2cm, apex acuminate, margin
entire, base acute. Flower bluish purple, in terminal or axillary paniculate
cymes, calyx grey pubescent, lobes triangular, tethed, corolla bluish purple,
tubular, tube short, limb bilipped, upperlip with 2 lobes and lower 3-lobed,
stamens 4, didynamous exerted. Fruit drupe, globose black when dry.
Fl-Fr:- May-Jul. Distribution-Asia. Common shrub in outskirts of villages
and along roadsides. FDD-65. KN-Lakki soppu.
Vitex trifolia Linn.f., Hooker, Fl. Brit, hidia. 4:583. 1875.
Medium siged shrub, leaves trifoliate, unifoUate in some basal

branches, thin, gray pubescent beneath, 2.6-4.2x3.5cm, petiole 0.8-1.2cm
long, leaflets sessile, ovate, apex acute, margin entire or toothed, base acute,
middle lobe base cuneate. Flower bluish purple, in axillary panicles, calyx
cupular, toothed, teeths short, corolla bluish, bilabiate. Fruit drupe, turning
black on maturity.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Sept. Rare, in Thirtharameshwara, Uchangi durga. FDD-125.

KN- Kari nekki. (Plate 11 E)
Note: Verbena venosa Gill and Hook., and Verbena bonariensis, Liim.,
are cultivated in garden. Plant is characterized by dissected leaves with
purple flowers.
LAMIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Flower in Capitate heads:
2 Inflorescence subtended by 2-foliar bracts;
3 Flower white Acrocephalus
3 Flower bluish or pink Anisomeles
2 Inflorescense not subtended by foliar bract Anisochilus

1 Flower whorls not in capitate, in spike/raceme/cymes:

4 Stamens 2 Salvia
4 Stamens 4:
5 Calyx 6-10 toothed :
6 Flowers scarlet red, lower lip of corolla short,
calyx spiniscent Xeonotis
6 Flowers white, lower lip of corolla longer than hood,
calyx not spinicent Leucas
5 Calyx 5-lobed :
7 Staminal filament united at base in to sheath Coleus
7 Staminal filament free:
8 Stamens declinate, enclosed in lower lip:
9 Lower lip of corolla longer than upper lip Plectranthus
9 Lower lip of corolla shorter than upper lip:
10 Flower in terminal spike Ocimum
10 Flower in axillary whorls Hyptis
8 Stamens declinate, exserted:
11 Calyx equally 5-dentate:
12 Leaves opposite, usually unequal,doubly serrate ..Pogostemon
12 Leaves in whorls of 4-6, equal, serrate Dysophylla
11 Calyx with broad upper lip, lower 4-lobed Orthosiphon
ACROCEPHALUS Bentham
Acrocephalus hispidus (L.) Nicolson & Sivad in Taxon 29: 24. 1980.
Gomphrena hispida L., Sp. PI. ed. 2: 326. 1762. Prunella indica Burm. f,
Fl. India 130. 1768. Acrocephallus indicus (Burm. f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
PI. 511. 1891; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 115(780). 1919. A. capitotus
(Roth.). Benth. Bot. Reg. 15: 1300;Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4:611. 1885;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 525. 1908.
Herb, to 20 cm tall, young branchlets hairy, leaves simple, opposite,

ovate-lanceolate, 1.8-2.5x0.4-0.6cm, apex acute-subacute, margin serrate,
base acute, sparsely hairy above, gland dotted beneath, petiole 0.4cm long.
Flower white, in terminal close clusters, forming globose heads, to 0.5cm
long, subtended by a pair of foliar bract, ovate, to 0.4cm, calyx bilipped,
lobes unequal, to 0.3cm long, upper lip larger, entire, lower 4 lobed, lobes
acute, slightly enlarged in fruit, corolla pinkish white, bilipped, to 0.4cm
long, tubular, tube short, to 0.1cm, lower lip entire, upper 4 lobed, stamens

4, didynamous. Fruit nutlet, ellipsoid, brownish, enclosed, seeds brown-

black.
Fl-Fr:-Nov-Dec. Distribution- Indomalaysia, Indochina.

Common in slopes. Rangaianagiri betta. FDD-48.
ANISOCHILUS Wallich
Anisochilus carnosus (L. f.) Wall., PI. As. Rar. 2: 18. 1831; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1126(788). 1924. Lavandula carnosa L. f., Suppl. 273. 1781.
Herb 20-30 cm tall, stem fleshy with age, leaves simple, opposite,
ovate, membranous 3.5-6x3-4cm, petiole long, to 4cm, apex acute, margin
serrate, base cordate, pubescent, deciduous. Flower usually in capitate
heads, 2-1.5cm across, calyx bilipped, tube inflated below the middle, upper
lip entire, lower lip 4-lobed, truncate, corolla purple, shghtly 2-lipped,
upper lip 3-4 toothed, lower lip entire, stamens declinate, exserted.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-Central & South India, Sri Lanka, Burma.

Common herb in Joldal range. FDD-89, 301. KN-Karpurada gida, Sambrani
balH. (Plate-11 F)
ANISOMELES R. Brown
Key to species
1 Cymes pedunculate, calyx in fruit scabrous A.heyneana
I Cymes sessile, calyx in fruit hispid AAndica
Anisomeles heyneana.Benth. in Wall., PI.. As. Rar. 1:59. 1830; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India. 4: 672. 1885; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 543. 1908; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1140(797). 1919; Mukerjee in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14(1):
152. 1940.
Rigid, aromatic undershrub, to Im tall, branchlets angular, hairy,

leaves simple, opposite, 1-4.5x1-1.2cm, ovate-lanceolate, apex acute,

margin dentate, base cuneate. Flowers bluish or pale white, with pink
streaks, in axillaiy-terminal, paniculate cyme, cyme pedunculate, bracts and
bracteoles linear, to 0.3cm long, hairy, calyx tubular, companulate, to 0.5cm
long, 10-ribbed, corolla bilipped, upper lip 1-lobed, lower 3-lobed, stamens
didynamous, exserted, filaments bearded, lower pair longer, single celled,
upper pair short bicelled. Fruit nutlet to 0.3cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Abundant. Thirtharameshwara. FDD-451,
Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 512. 1891; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1140(797). 1924; Keng, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 24: 34. 1969.
Neptea indica L., Sp. PI. 571. 1753. Anisomeles ovata Alton, Hort. Kew.
Ed. 2, 2: 364. 1811; Wight, Ic. t. 865. 1844-1845. Epimeredi indicus (L.)
Rotlun., Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 53: 12. 1944; Adams, Fl. PI.
Jamaica 639. 1972.
Aromatic, erect under shrub, to 40cm tall, branchlets angular, ribbed,

hispid, leaves simple, opposite, ovate, 3.5-5.6x2.8-4.2cm, petiole 2.5-3cm
long, apex acute, margin dentate, base sub cordate. Flower bluish purple, in
axillary, close cyme-spikate clusters, bracts and bracteoles linear, to 0.4cm
long, pubescent, calyx fiinnel shaped, lobes 5, to 0.6cm long, pubescent, 10
ribbed, corolla pale purple, hairy, bilobed, tube narrow, l-1.2cm long, upper
lip entire, lower lip bilobed, median large, emerginate, stamens 4,
didynamous, exserted, filaments bearded, anther 2-celled. Fruit nut let, 2-
4mm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:- Jan-Jun. Distribution- Indomalaysia, China.

Common along waste lands near forest. Thirtharameshwara. FDD-350. KN-
Manga mari soppu, Huchu muuti gida, Hennu thumbe.
COLEUS Loureiro
Coleus mollis Benth. m. DC, Prodr. 2: 77. 1848; Carmen in Kew Bull. 32:
560. 1978. C.malabaricus Benth. in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 2: 16. 1839;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1140(797). 1924; Var mollis (Benth.) Hooker,
Fl. Brit, liidia 4: 626. 1885.
Herb, to 60cm tall, stem and branchlets quadrangular, pubescent,

leaves simple, opposite, petiole 5-8cm long, broadly ovate, 8.5-15x5.2-
8.5cm, apex acute, margin crenate, base cordate, blue violet above, reddish
below, nerves prominent, 6-8 pairs. Flowers white, in long peduncled,
terminal-axillary racemes, to 20cm long, pedicel to 0.3cm long, calyx
bilobed, upper lobe large, lobes ovate, acute, lower lip smaller, 4 -lobed,
lobes unequal, corolla white, bilipped, tubular, tube to 0.8cm long, upper lip
4 -lobed, stamens 4, didynamous, filament fused at base, anther dithecus.
Fruit nutlet, seeds black.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-South W. India, Sri Lanka.

Common herb in shades of Kukkuwada range. FDD-453.
DYSOPHYLLA Blume nom. cons. Prop.

Dysophylla tomentosa Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 337.
1850; Keng, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 24: 71. 1969. Dysophylla stellata
sensu Bentham, excl. basionym: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1137(795).
1924.
Procumbent herb, to 30 cm tall, branchlets erect, densely hairy,

leaves simple, whorled, 5-10 in each whorl, linear, 4.5-9x1-2cm, apex
acute, margin entire, base rounded. Flowers in terminal spikes, to 8cm long,
hairy, basal whorl subtended by whorls of foliar bracts, calyx companulate,
lobes 5, triangular, to 0.2cm long, corolla pink, 5 -lobed, lobes round, to
0.4cm long, longer than calyx, stamens 4, didynamous, exerted, filaments
unequal.

Fl-Fr:-Dec. Distribution-Central & South India.

Common in moist shady places and rice fields. Joldal range & Arishina
gudddda range and Davanagere. FDD-550.
HYPTIS N. J. Jacquin
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 7: 472, t. 29, f. 2.
1806; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1129(789). 1924; Keng, Card. Bull. Stratis
Settlem. 24: 96. 1969. Ballota suaveolens L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1100. 1759.
Rigid, aromatic herb, to 40cm tall, stem quadrangular, branchlets

hispid, intemodes hallow, leaves simple, petiolate, 1.5cm long, opposite-
whorled, ovate, 2.5-5.2x2-2.5cm, apex acute, margin irregularly serrate,
base cordate, hispid above, densely tomentose beneath, gland dotted.
Flowers blue, in axillary, cymose clusters, flowers small, to 0.6cm long,
pedicel short, to 0.1cm, calyx companulate, tubular, tube to 0.2cm long,
pubescent, 10-ribbed, corolla blue, bilipped, tubular, tube 0.2cm long, lobes
5, upper 2 -lobed, lower 3-lobed, throat hairy, stamens 4, didynamous. Fruit
nutlets, subglobose, with rigid calyx.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Introduced from Tropical America.

Naturalised throughout.
Common herb of watelands and also along road side. FDD-247. KN-Ganga
thulasi, Vilayathi thulasi.
LEONOTIS R. Brown
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 504. 1810; Wight, Ic. t. 867. 1844-
1845; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1155 (807). 1924 ('nepetaefolia'J. Phlomis
nepetifolia L., Sp. PI. 586. 1753 {'nepetaefolia'J.
Bushy herb, to Im high, stem and branchlets quadrangular,

pubescent, leaves simple, opposite, pubescent on both surfaces, 3-6x2.2-
3.5cm, apex acute, margin serrate-cuneate, base cuneate, petiole 1.5-3.2cm
long. Flower orange to brick red, in axillary globose verticellaster, to 5.5cm
frinfivfif CnitinnKitinn nf Dnvnnnacrf Divfrirt 387
in diameter, bracts linear, spiniscent, 0.5-0.8cm long, calyx tubular, broad,

1-1.2cm, prominently ribbed, ribs 10, incurved above, tooth long,
spiniscent, upper tooth longer, lower small, mouth oblique, corolla orange
red, longer than calyx, to 2.2cm long, spiniscent, bilipped, tubular, tube
narrow^, to 0.4cm long, upper lip entire, lower lip 3 lobed, short, hairy,
stamens 4, didynamous, filaments inserted in the throat of the tube, lower
pair longer than the upper. Fruit nutlets, to 0.4cm, linear oblong, apex
truncate, base narrow seeds brown.
Fi-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-Tropical Asia, Africa, America.

Common herb along hedges. Belagutti. FDD-506. KN-Ranaberi,
Govagedde, Kaduthumbe.
LEUCAS R. Brown
Key to species
1 Leaves ovate:
2 Leaf base cordate-rounded, silvery tomentose
beneath Lmarruhioides
2 Leaf base acute, pubescent beneath JLbiflora
1 Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong lanceolate :
3 Calyx mouth oblique, tube erect LJavandulifolia
3 Calyx mouth not oblique, tube erect/not:
4 Calyx throat villous :
5 Leaves subentire, calyx throat with
conspicuous villi Lhirta
5 Leaves distinctly serrate, calyx throat with dense
white hairs Leriostoma
4 Calyx throat glabrous/minutely hairy JLaspera
Leucasaspera (Willd.) Link. Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 113. 1822; Spreng.

Syst. Veg. 2: 743. 1825; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 690. 1885. Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1150(803). Plomis aspera Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 621.
1809.
Erect herb, to 20cm tall, branchlets hairy, leaves simple, opposite,

2.5-6.8 x 0.2-0.8cm, elliptic-lanceolate, apex acute, margin serrate, base
acute, glabrous-minutely hairy. Flowers white, in axillary-terminal

verticellaster, flowers 4-5 in each clusters, calyx companulate, 10-ribbed,

corolla bilipped, upper lip hood like, lower lip 3-lobcd, stamens 4,
didynamous. Fruit nutlets.
Fl-Fr: -All seasons. Distribution- Common herb in open and cultivated

lands. FDD-480. KN- Thumbe gida.
Leucas bifaria. (Vahl) R. Br., Prodr. 504. 1810; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4:
683. 1885; Cooke, Fl. Bomaby 2: 553. 1908; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1150(804). 1924; Mukerjee in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14(1): 180. 1940.
Phlomis bijlora Vahl, Symb. 3 : 77. 1794.
Herb to 20cm long, branchlets procumbent, pubescent, leaves

simple, opposite, ovate, 1-2.5x0,5-1.6cm, petiole to 0.2cm long, apex acute,
margin serrate, base acute, pubescent on both surface. Flower white,
axillary, solitary, pedicel 0.3cm long, bracts linear, hairy, to 0.3cm long,
calyx companulate, 10-ribbed, corolla bilipped, upper lip, entire, lower lip 3
lobed, hauy, lobes emerginate, stamens 4, didynamous. Fruit nutlets,
brown, to 0.4cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution-Western Peninsular India, Sri Lanka. Joldal

range & Arishina gudddda range. FDD-324.
Leucas eriostoma. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 686. 1885; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1154(806). 1924.
Branched undershrub, to 1.5m tall, branchlets quadrangular, hairy,

leaves simple, opposite, 3.8-6.5x0.4-0.8cm, apex acute, margin minutely
serrate, base attenuate, sessile, pubescent on both sides. Flowers in axillary
clusters, calyx tubular, villous, villi long, teeth short 10, to 0.4cm long,
corolla tubular, bilipped, tube short, included, to 0.4cm long, upper lip
bearded with white villous hairs, to 0.3cm long, lower hp trilobed, to 0.3cm
Floristic Composition ofPnvanagere District 389

long, stamens 4, didynamous, slightly exerted, nutlets brown, to 0.4cm in

didiiictcr.
FI-Fr:-. Jul-Sept. Distribution- South India.

Occasional collected once in Kukkavada range. FDD-467.
Leucas hirta.{Roth) Sprengel, Syst. 2:743. 1825;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras

1153(806). 1924. Phlomis hirta Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 264. 1821.
Herb, 30-40cm high, branchlets angular, compressed, hairy, leaves

simple, opposite, 3-5.6x1.5-3.6cm, oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, margin
dentate-serrate, base cuneate, appressed hairy on both surfaces, petiole 0.2-
0.6cm long, hairy. Flowers in axillary verticellaster, to 2.5cm long, many
flowered, bracts linear, ciliate, to 1.6cm, calyx tubular, to 0.5cm long, lobes
minute, 10-toothed, mouth densely hairy, corolla white, bilipped, tube
cylindrical, to 0.8cm long, densely hairy, exerted, bilipped, upper lip hood
like, to 0.5cm long, lower lip oblong, to 0.5cm long,, stamens 4,
didynamous. Fruitn nutlet, smooth, shinning, dark brovm.
Fl-Fr:-.A11 seasons. Distribution-South India.

Common herb in open plains of Kalbigiri, Kondajjii, and Honnalli. FDD-
1005.
Leucas lavanduUfolia J. E. Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 20: n. 2. 1812; Keng,

Gard. Bull. Stratis Settlem. 24: 103. 1969. Phlomis linifolia Roth, Nov. PI.
Sp. 260. 1821. Leucas linifolia (Roth) Sprengel, Syst. 2: 743. 1825;
Gamble, FI. Presi. Madras 1149(803). 1924.
Branched herb, to 40cm high, branchlets glabrous, minutely

pubescent, leaves simple, opposite, linear-lanceolate, 6.5-10.8x0.8-1.2cm,
apex acute, margin serrate, base obtuse, pubescent on both sides. Flowers in
terminal verticillasters, calyx pubescent, tubular, 0.8-1.2cm long, teeth
spiniscent, pale white, corolla white, tubular bilipped, lower lip, to 1.2cm
Floristic Comvosition of Davanagere District 390

long, upper lip oblong, to 0.4cm long, white, woody outside, stamens 4,
didynainous. Fiuil nutlel, brown.
Fl-Fr:-.A11 seasons. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Common herb across plains. Harapana halli. FDD-88. KN-Gantu thimbe,
Karjali gida.
Leucas marrubioides Desf, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. 11:6, t. 3, f. 1. 1824;

Erect, branched herb, to 40cm high, stem quadrangular, white

tomentose, leaves simple, opposite, ovate, 2-3.4xl.5-2cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base obtuse-rounded, pubescent above, hairy, hairs long,
silvery tomentose beneath, petiole 0.2cm long. Flowers in axillary, clusters
of 4-6, white, bracts linear, hairy, corolla white, bilipped, tube hairy, to
0.4cm long, upper lip short, hairy, entire, lower lip, long 3-lobed, median
larger, stamens 4, didynamous.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-South W. India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Jolda. FDD-373.
O C I M U M Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Raceme closely whorled:
2 Fruiting calyx large, glabrous O.hasillicum
2 Fruiting calyx small, villous:
3 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, slightly serrate, nutlet
mucilagenous on wet O.canum
3 Leaves elliptic-oblong, serrate-dentate, nutlet not
mucilageous on wet O.sanctum
1 Raceme not closely whorled:
4 Shrub, calyx teeths shorter than
upper lip O.gratissimum
4 Herb, lower calyx teeth longer than upper lip O.americanum
Ocimum americanum L. in Jusleninus, Cent. I. PI. 15. 1755; Keng, Gard.

Bull. Stratis Settlem. 24: 126. 1969. Ocimum canum Sims, Bot. Mag. 51: t.

Scented herb, to 40cm high, branchJets erect, angular, leaves simple,

opposite, elliptic-ovate, 1.8-3.2x0.5-1.2cm, apex acute, margin minutely
serrate, base acute, pubescent. Flowers white, in long terminal raceme, 10-
15cm long, pedicel to 1cm long, calyx villous, 0.4-0.6cm long, bilipped,
lower calyx teeth longer than upper lip, corolla creamy white, to 0.8cm
long, bilipped. Fruit nutlets, brown, seeds mucilageneous when wet.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distiibution- Paleotropics.

Common herb in waste lands. FDD-54. KN-Nayi thulasi.
Ocimum basillicum L. Sp. PI. 597. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 608.
Erect, hispid herb, to 40 cm high, branchlets erect, purplish,

pubescent, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic-ovate, 4xl.5-2cm, leaves in
floral axis is small, conspicuous, apex acute, margin minutely serrate, base
cuneate, glabrous. Flowers in long peduncled racemes, to 15cm long,
flowers loosely whorled, 5-7 in each cluster, pink-purplish, calyx large, to
0.5cm long, glabrous, bilipped, upper lip saucer shaped, to 0.3cm long,
lower lobed, corolla bilipped, to 0.6cm, throat hairy. Fruit nutlet, ellipsoid,
to 0.6cm, brownish-black.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distribution-Frequently cultivated in houses and temple

as an sacred simble.
Occasionally in wild. FDD-55. KN-Bu thulasi.
Ocimum gratissima L. Sp. PI. 1197. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 608.
Undershrub, 1-1.5m tall, branchlets glabracent, angular, leaves

simple, opposite, ovate, 2.5-7.8x2.2-3.5cm, apex acute-acuminate, margin
serrate, base acute, glabrous, hairy along nerves, petiole long, to 5 cm long.
Floristic Comoosition of Davanagere District 392

Flowers white-pale green, in long peduncled closely arranged whorls, 15-

25cm long, pedicel to 0.4cin long, calyx to 0.5cm long, bilipped, upper lip
longer than lower lip, glabrous, corolla pale green, to 0.7cm long, bilipped.
Fruit nutlet, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution- cultivated often in wild. FDD-56. KN- Rama

thulasi, Nimbe thulasi.
Note: O.cannum L. is a common herb in wasteland. Ocintum sanctum is
a sacred herb grown in temples and gardens often found growing wild.
ORTHOSIPHON Bentham
Ortlwsiphon rubicundus (D.Don) Bentham in Wall., PI. As. Rar.
2:14.1831; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1114(779). 1924. Pleclranlhus
rubicundus D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. \\6.\%25{'Plectranthues rubicunda').
Herb, to 30cm long, branchlets pubescent, leaves simple, ovate, 6-

9x4-5cm, apex acute, margin doubly serrate, base cuneate, unequal. Flowers
in tenninal, long raceme, to 12cm, bract pubescent, calyx companulate,
bilipped, upper lip broad, lower 4-lobed, corolla white, tube small, to 0.5cm
long, stamens exserted.
Fl-Fr:-May-Jul. Common in Honnali range and Joldal range.
PLECTRANTHUS L' Heritier mm. cons.

Key to species
1 Stem succulent, leaves ovate, cordate at base, without red glands,
flower pale blue JP.mollis
1 Stem not succulent, leaves ovate, not cordate at base, with red
glands beneath, flower white with pink/purple spots:
2 Plant procumbent, flower in slender panicles,
corolla tube straight P.stocksii
2 Plant erect, flower in slender dichasial cymes, corolla tube
funnel shaped Rnigricanse
Plectranthus mollis (Aiton) Spreng., Syst. 2: 690. 1825; Sant., Fl. BOiandala
ed. 3, 216. 1967. Ocimum molle Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2: 322. 1789.

Plectranthus incams Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 120. 1822; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1121(784). 1924.
Erect herb, to Im tall, aromatic, stem angular, succulent, pubescent,

leaves simple, opposite, ovate, 5.5-10x8cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base
cordate, densely pubescent above, minutely pubescent beneath, without red
glands, petiole to 0.8cm long. Flowers in terminal, paniculate cyme, pale
blue, bracts and bracteoles minute, peduncle to 15cm long, pedicel to 0.5cm
long, pubescent, calyx bilipped, tubular, tube to, 0.6cm long, broad,
bilipped, 10-ribbed, upper lip short, rounded, lower lip 4-lobed, corolla pale
blue, bilipped, tube 0.4-0.6cm long, upper lip rounded, short, to 0.2cm long,
lower lip long, entire, to 0.5cm, stamens 4, didjmamous. Fruit nutlet,
globose.
FI-Fr:- Sept-Oct. Distribution- India.

Common herb in shades of KUSF range forest. FDD-90. KN-Nonakasa.
Plectranthus nigrescens Benth., Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 617. 1885;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1120. 1921.
Much branched, erect herb, to 30cm tall, leaves simple, opposite,

ovate, 3.2-5.2x2.5-3.5cm, apex acute, margin serrate-crenate almost to base,
base obtuse, minutely pubescent above, glabrous and gland dotted beneath,
glands red spotted, petiole slender 3cm long, subsessile at the tip of
branches. Flowers in long peduncled, slender, terminal panicle, to 15cm
long, flowers white, to 0.4cm long, calyx tubular, bilippied, to 0.2cm long,
prominently ribbed, gland dotted, glands few, scattered, corolla white,
exserted, bilipped, tubular, tube funnel shaped, to 0.4cm long, stamens 4,
didynamous, filaments free, slightly hairy at base. Fruit nutlet, oblong
ovoid.

Fl- Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Abundant.

Common in Joldal and KUSF range. FDD-355.
Plectranthus stocksii Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4; 618. 1885; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1120(784). 1924.
Slender herb, branchlets procumbent, angular, leaves simple,

opposite, ovate, 3.5-8.8x 1-2.8cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base cuneate,
sparsely hairy on both surfaces. Flower white, in terminal, long slender,
panicles, peduncle to 20cm long, pedicel to 0.4cm long, pubescent, calyx
tubular, tube to 0.3cm long, 10-ribbed, pubescent, scarbid, lobes bilipped,
corolla white, tube stright, to 0.4cm long, bilipped, upper lip 4-lobed,
slightly curved, stamens 4, didynamous, filament 0.2-0.3cm long, exserted,
hairy at base. Fruit nutlets, oblong, seeds brown.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution- Central & South hidia.

Common in Joldal range. FDD-605.
POGOSTEMON Desfontaines, nom. cons. prop.

Pogostemon paniculatus (Willd.) Bentham in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 1: 30.
1830; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1132(792). 1924. Elsholtzia paniculata
Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 59. 1800.
Branched, erect herb, branchlets angular, pubescent, leaves simple,

opposite, pairs unequal, larger 6.5-8.2x3.5-6cm, smaller 2.5-3.8xl.8-2.2cm,
ovate, apex acute, margin irregularly serrate, base cuneate, petiole long, to
2.5cm long, appressed hairy above, minutely pubescent beneath. Flowers
purple in axillary-terminal secund, semilunar panicles, to 20cm long,
pedicel short to 0.2cm long, flowers to 1cm long, calyx companulate, lobes
5, to 0.5cm long, equal, corolla purple, bihpped, tube narrow, to 0.4cm
long, upper lobes larger, 3-lobed, lobes unequal, to 0.2cm long, lower lobes
Floristic Comoosition of Davanasere District 395

smaller, entire, spreading, stamens 4, exerted, filaments bearded, unequal,

to 0.3cm long. Fruit nutlet.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-South W. India.

Common herb in shades and out skirts of forests. Joldal, Belagutti & Joldal
range & Arishina gudddda range. FDD-507. KN- Pache thene.
SALVIA Linnaeus
Salvia coccinea Buc'hoz ex Etlinger. Salvia 23. 1777; Adams, Fl. PI.
Jamaica 641. 1972. Sparsely hairy herb, leaves ovate, 2-4x1.5-2cm,
flowers in terminal raceme, 10cm long, flowers many, in whorls, corolla
orange red.
Fl-Fr:- All seasons. Distribution- Neotropics.

Cultivated. Cultivated in gardens. FDD-39.
NYCTAGINACEAE.
Key to Genera
1 Plant herb/shrub/straggler, flower pink/red:
2 Bracts petaloid Bougainvillea
2 Bracts not petaloid:
3 Plant prostrate, flower small, in long slender peduncle Boerhavia
3 Plant undershrub, flower large showy Mirabilis
1 Plant tree,flowerwhite, tube reddish yellow J<fyctanthes
BOERHAVIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaf pair almost equal, anthocarp glandular lO-ribbed B.chinensis
1 Leaf pair unequal, anthocarp glandular, 5-ribbed B.diffusa
Boerhavia chinensis (L.) Aschers. & Schweinf., Beitr. Fl. Aeth. 1.167.
1867; Stenraierik in Steenis, Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 6(3): 455. 1964.
Valeriana chinensis L., Sp. PI. 33. 1753. Boerhavia rependa Willd., Sp. PI.
1: 22. 1797; Wight, Ic. t. 1766. 1852; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. Fl. Bombay 2:
480(563). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1164(814). 1925; Said, Fl.
KArl: 136. 1996.

Diffuse straggling herb, stem slender, leaves opposite, leaf pairs

almost equal, petiole 2-3cm long, simple, triangular 5.5-7x4-5cm, apex
acute, margin undulate, base cordate, nerves prominent, 3-4 paired. Flowers
in umbels, bracteoles linear, perianth red in color, tube short, limb funnel
shaped. Fniitn achene, with prominent glands, 10-ribbed.
Fl-Fr: -Sept-June. Distribution- Paleotropics.

Common weed in open places. Common herb in wastelands. FDD-407.
KN-Rakta punemava, Bekkina hejje gida.
Note: The plant is often used as an alternate source for B.diffusa.
Boerhavia diffusa L., Sp. PI. 3. 1753; Cooke. Fl. Bombay 2: 483(563)
1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 163 (814). 1925. Stemmerik in Steenis, Fl.
Malesiana. ser. 1, 6(3); 454.1964. B. procumbens Banks ex Roxb. Fl. Indica
1: 148. 1820. mm. superfl.; Wight, Ic. t. 874. 1844-1845; Said, Fl.Kar.l:
138. 1984..
Diffuse herb, stem slender, ascending, sparsely hairy, leaves

opposite, leaf pairs markedly dissimilar, larger one 2-4cm long, smaller one
1.5-2cm long, ovate, oblong/suborbicular, apex acute-obtuse, margin
slightly undulate, base cordate or rounded, dark green on the upper surface,
grey on the lower surface. Inflorescence a cymose panicle, flowers pinkish,
perianth tubular, tube short, narrow at base, funnel shaped at top, lobes 5,
stamens 2-3, slightly exerted. Fruit achene, glandular, 5-ribbed.
P
Fl-Fr;-All seasons. Distribution- Pantropics.
Common weed m open wastelands. Common herb m wastelands. FDD-94.
KN-Nadu murukana balli, Komme gida.
Note: Root extract is administered orally in jaundice, scanty urine and
internal inflammation, antidote to snake venom. Some of the pandiths
claims that plant extract promotes growth and longetivity.
Floristic Comnosition of Davanaeere District 397

MIRABILIS Linnaeus
Mirabilis jalapa L., Sp. PI. 177. 1753; Cameron, Cat. 83. 1880; Cooke. Fl.
Bombay. 2: 483. 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1164. 1925; Bailey, Man.
Cult. PI. 358. 1949; Said, Fl. Kar.l: 139. 1984.
Undershrub, to Im high, stem fleshy, often with fleshy, swalloned

nodes, leaves simple, alternate, blade broadly ovate, 6-8x4-6cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base acute. Flower in axillary cymes, bract and bracteole
green, foliar, tepals petaloid, tubular, narrow at base, broad above, lobes
suborbicular.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jun. Distribution-Common.
Common in waste lands, often cultivated in garden. FDD-370. KN-
Veebutlii huvu, Sanje mallige.
NYCTANTHES Linnaeus
Nyctanthes arhor-tristis L., Sp. IM. 6. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Bril. India 3: 603
1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 2: 792(556); Brandis 442; Beddome Fl.
Sylv. S. India. T. 240. 1872; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:139. 1984.
Medium sized bee, to 4m high, leaves simple, elliptic-oblong, 6-9x3-

5cm, apex acute, margin dentate, base round, glabrous. Flower in axillary
panicles, calyx 5-lobed, green, corolla pale whit/creamy, tubular, tube
purple, fragrant. Fruit capsule, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Al seasons. Distribution- India, Nepal.

Cultivated in gardens. FDD-295. KN-Parijatha.
Note: Leaf extract is useful in fever and rheumatism, fresh juice given
with honey in chronic fever. Expressed juice of leaves is given with a
little sugar to childrens as remedy for intestinal warms
Note: Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. is cultivated in gardens for its
beautifully colores bract.

AMARANTHACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves alternate:
2 Flowers in axillary/ terminal globose heads Allmania
2 Flowers in axillary/terminal spikes:
3 Flowers bisexual:
4 Style filiform Celosia
4 Style not filiform Aerva
3 Flowers unisexual Amaranthus
1. Leaves opposite:
5 Flowers in axillary heads Alternanthera
5 Flowers in spikes:
6 Spike cylindrical condensed Gomphrena
6 Spike slender elongate Achyranthes
ACHYRANTHES Linnaeus
Achyranthes aspera L., Sp. PI. 204. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 1777. 1852; Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 2: 495 (580). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1176(823).
1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 161. 1984.
Erect herb, to 30cm tall, branchlets pubescent, with stiff hairs, stem
distinctly quadrangular, striated, leaf simple, opposite, orbicular-obovate,
4.8-6.5x2.2-3.5cm, pubescent, apex obtuse-rounded, margin entire, base
obtuse, velvety tomentose, petiole to 0.4cm long. Flowers pink, in
axillary/terminal spike, peduncle long, to 35cm, flower sessile, bracts ovate,
aiistate, to 0.3cm Jong, membranous, bracteoles pale white, si^'my, to 0.2cm
long, perianth jobes 4-5, pink, connate at base, lobes aristate, ribbed, to
0.4cm long, persistent, stamens 5, to 0.2cm long, filament slender, subulate,
staminodes scaly. Fruit urticle, with persistent perianth lobes, seeds minute
black or brown.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution Indomalaysia, Africa.

Common in open and waste lands. FDD-497. KN-Utharani
Note: Whole plant in dfdpsy, piles, boils, skin eruptions, snake-bite.
Seeds-are used as emetic in hydrophobia. Some of the 'Saints' who
takes long journey by walk, uses the 'Choornas'(smalI pills of seeds
ground with jaggery) of the seeds and they claims that they can truck
long way without taking any food except one or two pills a day.
Floristic Composition of Davanagefe District 399

AERVA Forskal nom. com.

Aerva lanata (L.) Juss., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris 11: 131. 1808; Hooker,
Fl. Brit. India. 4:728. 1885; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 493(578). 1906; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1170 (825). 1925. Achyranthes lanata L., Sp. PI. 205.
1753; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 161. 1984.
Prostate, tomentose herb, branchlets procumbent, arising from root

stock, leaves shortly petioled, to 0.2cm long, elliptic-obovate, 1.5-2.6x0.8-
1.4cm, apex acute, margin entire, base obtuse-acute, often purplish brown,
pubescent below, glabrous above. Flowers in axillary, clustered spike,
greenish white, pubescent, bracts and bracteoles membranous, apiculate,
perianth 5, lobes oblong-obtuse, apex mucranate, pubescent below, to
0.4cm long, stamens 5, filament fused at base. Fruit urticle, ovoid, to 0.2cm
long, seeds black and shining.
Fl-Fr:-.Apr-NoV. Distiibution-Tropical Africa to Indomalaysia through

Arabia.
Common in plains and waste lands. Honnali. FDD-679. KN-Bili hindi
soppu.
Note: Root extract is applied externally in the treatment of headache.
ALLMANIA R. Brown ex Wight

AUmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br.[in Wall., List 6890. 1832, mm.] ex Wight,
J. Bot. (Hooker) 1: 226. 1834; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1167(817). 1925.
Celosia nodiflora L., Sp. PI. 205. 1753. Said, Fl. Kar. 1:164. 1984.
\ai.dichotoma (Roth) Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 4: 717. 1885. Celosia
dichotoma Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 172. 1821. AUmania dichotoma
(Rotli) Wight, Ic. t. 1771. 1852.
Branched herb, to 40cm high, branches dichotomous, pubescent,

leaves simple, alternate, shortly petioled, to 0.2cm, ovate-elliptic, 1.5-
2.8x0.9-.5cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base narrow. Flowers in axillary,

clusters, peduncle reduced, short, pedicel short, 0.1-0.2cm long, grey

colored, bracteoles membranous, to 0.2cm long scarious, perianth 5-lobed,
lobes free, lanceolate, grey-green. Fruit pyridium, to 0.4cm long, seeds
globose, compressed, black shining.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Frequents in waste lands and open countries. FDD-964. KN-Budde soppu
ALTERNANTHERA Forsklal
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex D C , Cat. PI. Hort. Hot. Monspel. 4:
77. 1813; Wight, Ic. t. 727. 1843. Gomphrena sessilis L., Sp. PI. 225. 1753.
Alternanthera triandra Lam., Encycl. 1: 95. 1783; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
499(584). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1179(825). 1925. Said, Fl. Ksr.
1:166. 1984.
Prostrate, branched, spreading herb, branchlets minutely pubescent,

leaves simple, opposite, linear-lanceolate, 2.5-4.2x1-1.5cm, apex acute,
margin dentate, sessile. Flowers in spike, axillary, to 5cm long, white,
bracteoles scarious, ovate, to 0.2cm, perianth 5-lobed, lobes unequal,
scarious, 0.4x0.2cm, ovate, 1-nerved. Fruit urticle, seeds suborbicular,
brown.
Fl-Fr:-Nov-Dec. Distribution- Paleotropics.

Common in wet lands. Joldal. FDD-501. KN-Honagone soppu.
Note: Stem and leaves extract is used in snakebite.
Young shoots nutritious contain Protein 5% and iron 16.7mg /lOOg.
AMARANTHUS Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant with axillary spines A.spinosus
1 Plant without axillary spines:
2 Prostrate/suberect herb, flowers in clustered spike,
bracteoles lanceolate A.tricolor
2 Erect herb, flowers in paniculate spike,
bracteoles keeled A.viridis

Amaranthus spinosus L., Sp. PI. 991. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 513. 1814; Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 2: 488(573). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1170(819). 1925.
Said, Fl.Kar. 1:167. 1984.
Erect, spiny herb, to 40cm high, branchlets glabrous, stem angular,

ribbed, spines axillary, I-1.5cm long, paired, leaves simple, alternate, ovate-
lanceolate, 5.5-9.2x2.8-3.6cm, apex acute, apiculate, margin entire, base
attenuate, membranous, glabrous on both surfaces, petiole 2cm long.
Flowers in terminal/axillary, spikes, to 20cm long, flowers unisexual, pale
green, bracteoles linear, to 0.2cm long, pale yellow, scarious, perianth 5-
lobed, ovate, to 0.3cm long, membranous, apex acute, In male flowers,
perianth lobes, mucranate, stamens 5, filament free, to 1mm long, filiform,
all fertile, female flowers perianth lobes, oblong, apiculate. Fruit urticle, to
0.3cm long, seeds black shining.
Fl-Fr;-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Tropics.
Common in open and cultivated land as weed. FDD-575. KN-MuUarive
soppu
Amaranthus tricolor L., Sp. PI. 989. \163;A. mangostanus L. Cent. PI. 1:
32. 1775; Hooker, Fl. Brit, hidia.4: 720 1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1171(820). A. gangeticus L., Syst. Nat. )ed. 10) 1268. 1759; Hooker, FL.
Brit. India.4: 719 1886; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1171(819). 1921; Said,
Fl.Kar. 1:167. 1984.
Prostrate-sub-erect herb, to 80cm high, branchlets often spreading,

glabrous, leaves simple, alternate, ovate, 6.8-16.5x5.5-7.2 cm, apex acute-
rounded, margin entire, base sub cordate-cuneate, petiole, 0.4-0.8cm long.
Flowers in long, interrupted axillary-terminal, clusterd spike, to J 5cm,
flower greenish purple, bracteoles membranous, lanceolate, to 0.2cm long,
perianth lobes 3, ovate, apex acute, membranous, to 0.4cm long,

prominently nerved in the middle, pale purple. Fruit urticle, to 0.3cm long,
mgose, enclosed by perianth lobes, seeds black.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Common.

Common in cultivated lands and waste lands. FDD-698. KN-Harive soppu,
Dantina soppu.
Amaranthus viridis L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1405. 1763; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1171(820). 1925. Amaranthus gracilis Desf, Tabl. Hort. Par. 43. 1804.
Said, Fl. Kar.l: 167. 1984.
Unarmed herb, branches and stem pinkish, glabrous, leaves simple,

alternate, 5.5-7.5x1.5-2.5cm, ovate, apex obtuse, margin entire, base
truncate, petiole 0.4cm long. Flowers in axillary-terminal paniculate spike,
to 15cm long, bracteoles ovate-oblong, to 0.2cm long, green, perianth lobes
3, oblong, membranous, keeled, to 0.4cm. Fruit urticle, suborbicular, to
0.4cm long, seeds black, smooth and shining.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Oct. Distribution- Tropics.

Common in waste land. FDD-583. KN-Chilakire soppu.
CELOSIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Flowers in dense stout spike Cargenena
1 Flower in small clustered spike Cpofygonoides
Celosia argentea L. Sp. 205. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 1767. 1852; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 2: 485. 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1166(816). 1925;
townsend in Nasir & Ali, Fl. W. Pakist. 71: 5, t. I, C. & D. 1974; Said, Fl.
Kar. 1:168. 1984.
Erect herb, branchlets angular, to 80cm long, leaves simple,

alternate, elliptic lanceolate, 6.8-11.2x2.8-3.5cm, apex acute-acuminate.

margin entire, base cuneate, petiole short-sessile, 0.1cm long. Flowers in

dense stout, axillary-terminal spike, to 22cm long, pink, turning white on
maturity, perianth lobes 5, lanceolate, to 0.3cm long, stamens 5, filaments
fused at base, forming a cup like structure. Fruit urticle, ellipsoid, to 0.3cm
across, seeds black.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution- Tropics.

Common in agriculture land. FDD-696. KN-Anne soppu.
Celosia polygonoides Retz., Obs. 2: 12. 1781; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 486
(570). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1166(817). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:168. 1984.
Erect herb, to 40cm long, branchlets, glabrous, leaves simple,

opposite, broadly ovate, 2.2-3.8x1.5-2.5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base
cuneate, glabrous on both surface. Flowers in small clustered spike,
terminal-axillary, 20-25cm long, flowers pale green, bracteoles linear, apex
apiculate, to 0.2cm long, perianth lobes 3, pale green, membranous. Fruit
urticle, urceolate, to 0.3cm seeds black-brown, smooth, shining.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Peninsular India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional on hill tops. Kalbigiri gudda. FDD- 473.
GOMPHRENA Linnaeus
Gomphrena celosioides Mart., Beitr. Amar. 93. 1825; townsend in Dass.,
Fl. Ceylon 1: 53. 1980. Gomphrena decumbens auct.; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1179(825). 1925, non Jacq; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:170. 1984.
Prostrate herb, to 30cm long, branchlets, yellowish green, pubescent,

leaves simple, opposite, elliptic-oblong, 1.8-2.9x0.8-1.2cm, apex,acute,
margin enthe, base obtuse, pubescent. Flowers in terminal spike,
condensed, to 10cm long, greenish white, bracts and bracteoles scarious, to

0.2cm long, perianth lobes 5, unequal, outer longer, to 0.4cm, ovate-

hmceolate, apex acute, imiei lobes smaller, to 0.2cin long, ovate, subacute.
Fruit urticle, membranous, seeds black, membranous.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Mar. Distribution-Neotropics now Pantropical.

Common weed. FDD-624.
CHENOPODIACEAE
Key to genera
1 Plant with red tuberous root Beta
X Plant without tuberous root Chenopodium
CHENOPODIUM Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant viscid aromatic herb, leaves linear-lanceolate Cambrosioides
1 Plant pubescent, foetid herb, leaves ovate Cmurale
Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Sp. PI. 219. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 1786. 1852;
Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 501(587). 1906; Gamble, FI. Presi. Madras
1181(827). 1925; Said, FI. Kar. 1:159. 1984.
Aromatic bushy herb, branchlets viscid, leaves simple, linear-

lanceolate, 5-8x1-1.5cm, apex acute, margin serrate. Flower green in
axillary/terminal leafy spike, flower sessile, perianth lobes 5, lobes
orbicular, margin incurved, ovary unilocular. Fruit urticle, seeds orbicular,
sliining.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-July. Distribution-Native of North America.

Introduced and naturalized. Cultivated as ornamental in gardens. FDD-753.
Chenopodium murale L., Sp. PI. 219. 1753; Cooke, FI. Bombay 2:
501(586). 1906; Gamble, FI. Presi. Madras 1181(827). 1925; Said, FI.
Kar. 1:159. 1984.

Hrccl herb, to lin lall, branchlcts pubescent, slightly foetid, leaves

simple, alternate, fleshy, ovate, 5.5-7.5x2.5-3cm, apex acute, margin
irregularly toothed, base cuneate, glabrous. Flower green in axillary cymose
panicles, periantli lobes 5, lobes oblong, acute, ovary unilocular, stigma
bilobed. Fruit urticle, seeds orbicular, black.
Fl-Fr:-Aug. Common weed often in gardens. FDD-780.
Beta vulgaris L. is cultivated for its red tuberous root used as vegetable.
POLYGONACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Flower greenish, nut trigonous, spinous tipped Emex
1 Flower white/pink, nut trigonous, not spinus tipped Polygonum
EMEX Campadera nom. cons.

Emex spinosa (L.) Campadera, Monogr. Emex 56. 1819; V.S. Sharma. J.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 58: 836. 1961; S.V. Ramaswamy & Razi. in Fl.
Bangalore. 161. 1973. Rumex spinosus L., Sp. PI. 337. 1753; Said, Fl. Kar.
1: 174. 1984.
Spreading herb, branchlets erect, root stock thick woody, leaves

simple, alternate, lamina broadly ovate, lower leaves long and broad, 4-
6.5x3-6cm, upper leaves small and short 1.5-3xl-2cm, apex apiculate,
margin entire, undulate, base rounded-subcordate, glabrous, petiole 1-3 cm
long, stipules membranous, tubular. Male flowers in axillary cluster, female
flowers in whorls, perianth lobes 6, connate at base, biseriate, outer spinous
tipped, imier white, triangular. Fruit nut, subtended with 3 spines, seeds
brown, 3-angled.
Fl-Fr:- Sept-Jan. Distribution- Mediterranean, now pantropical.

Common weed in uncultivated lands. FDD-525. KN-Neggilu mullu.
Floristic Comvosition ofDavanaeere District 406

POLYGONUM Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant prostrate, leaves small to 0.3cm broad,flowersin
axillary cluster P.plebeium
1 Plant erect, leaves more than 0.5cm broad,flowersin
axillary/terminal spike/raceme/cluster:
2 Inflorescence spike/raceme axillary/terminal:
3 Flower pink P.glabrum
3 Flower white JP.hydropiper
2 Inflorescence a head, terminal corymbose panicles P.chinense
Polygonum chinense L., Sp. PI. 362. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 1806. 1852;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1190(833). 1925. Polygonum chinense L. var.
ovalifolia Meisner in WasU., PI. As Rar. 3. 60. 1832; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. 2:
517 (3: 8). 1906; Said, Fl. Kar. I: 175. 1984.
Herb or undershrub, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, alternate,

stipule ocherate, tubular 1.5-2cm long, lamina elliptic ovate, glabrous, 5-
8x3.5-5cm, apex acute, margin entire, base truncate. Flowers in terminal
heads in corymbose panicles, peduncle to 8cm long, glandular, pedicel to
0.1cm long, bracts ovate, perianth lobes 5, white, stamens 6-8, filament
short, white. Fruit nut, trigonous.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Indomalaesia.

Common herb in wet places. FDD-527.
Polygonum glabrum Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 447. 1799; Wight, Ic. t. 1789. 1852;
Cooke. Fl. Bombay. 2: 514(3: 5). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1189(832). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 176. 1984.
Stoloniferous herb, branchlets slender, leaves simple, alternate,

stipule tubular, long 3-4cm, petiole 1.5-2.5cm long, lamina ovate-lanceolate
3.5-7x2-5cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base attenuate, gland dotted.

Flower in terminal panicle to 12cm long, bract glabrous, perianth lobes 5,

pclaloid, pink, sUuucns 8, style 3. Fruit nut.

Common herb in marshy area. FDD-471. KN-Neeru kanigalu, Thakta
rohita.
Polygonum plebeium R.Br., Prodr. 420. 1810 {Pplebium); Cooke. Fl.

Bombay. 2: 512 (3: 4). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1188(832). 1925;
Sant, Fl. Kliandalaed. 3, 226. 1967; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:179. 1984.
var. plebeium
Prostrate spreading herb, root stock thick, stem cylindrical, branched,

green when young, brown on matmity, leaves sunple, alternate, oblong,
ovate/obovate, margin minutely senate, mid rib prominent, stipules hyaline,
short, fimbriate. Flowers in axillary and terminal clusters, bracts
membranous, perianth lobes pink, style 3, nut trigonous smooth shining
olive grey.
Fl-Fr:-Mai-Sept. Distribution- Paleotropics.

Common in KUSF and Hoimalli. FDD-484. KN-Kempunela akki,
Seeranige soppu.
Polygonum hydropiper L., Sp. PI. 361. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1190(833). 1925; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. 2: 516(3: 7). 1906; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:
177. 1984.
var. hydropiper
Glabrous herb, 40-60cm tall, leaves simple, alternate, stipule tubular

to 2cm long, petiole short to 0.5cm, lamina elliptic-lanceolate, apex
acmninate, margin entire. Flowers in terminal lax racemes, peHuncle
slender, bracts gland dotted, ovate ciliate, cilia cauducos, perianth lobes 4,

white, gland dotted, stamens 5, filament short, white, style 3, fused up to

middle. Fruit nut, trigonous.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jun. Distribution- Tropics, Western Europe.

Common in marshy places of Harapanahalli. FDD-514.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
ARISTOLOCHIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant prostrate, small herb, bracts orbicular A.bracteolaia
1 Plant twining herb/shrub:
2 Flower large, resembling birds head A. ornithocephala
• 2 Flower small, perianth lobe inflated at base A. indica
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam., Encycl. 1: 258. 1783; Santapau, Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 5(2): 105. 1963. Aristolochia bracteata Retz., Obs. Bot. 5:
1201(841). 1925.
Prostrate herb, root stock thick, often tuberous, leaves simple,

alternate, vaiiable, basal ones reniform, upper broadly ovate, 2.5-6x2-5cm,
apex obtuse, margin entire, base cordate, with large sinus. Flower dark
puiple, axillary, solitary, bracts orbicular, to 0.6cm long, perianth lobes
tubular, tube long, to 3cm, base globose, mouth bilipped, lower lip linear, to
3 cm long, upper lip small, obtuse, style short, adnate to staminal column,
stigma 6-lobed, obtuse. Fruit capsule, to 2.5cm, ellipsoid, glabrous, ribbed,
septicidally dehiscent, seeds flat, nearly orbicular, winged.
Fl-Fr:-May-Dec. Distribution- Deccan in Peninsular India, Sri Lanka,

Tropical Afiica.
Joldal, Uchhangi durga. FDD-754.
Aristolochia indica L., SP. PI. 960. 1753; Gamble,. Fl. Presi. Madras
1202(841). 1925. Aristolochia lanceolata Wight, Ic. t. 1858. 1852.
Floristic Conwosition ofDavanagere District 409

Twining herb, leaves simple, alternate, variable, ovate-oblong, 8-

12xl.5-2.5cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base cordate, nerves 3, JBrom
base. Flower solitary, axillary, greenish brown, base inflated, tube long, to
3 cm, cylindrical, tip bent downwards, bilipped, lower lobe oblong, upper
stunted, small. Fruit capsule, 3.5-4.5cm long, green when young, turning
brown on maturity, globose oblong, dehiscent, seeds flat, ovate, winged.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Jan. Distiibution-lndomalaysia.
Common climber in Jagalur, Kondajji, Harapanahalli and Joldal. FDD-120.
KN-Eashwari balli.
Note: Underground rhizome is used in treating poisonous bite.
Aristolochia ornithocephala Hookers. Bot. Mag. t. 4120. 1824; Bor &

Raizada, Some. Beaut. Indian Climb. & Shrubs 18. 1954.
Twining shrub. Leaves simple, alternate, broadly ovate, 4-9x4-6cm,

apex acute, margin entire, base deeply cordate, stipule foliaceous, ovate,
orbicular, to 0.4cm across. Flower purple, axillary, solitary, pale green,
perianth 3-lobed, tubular, tube inflated, lower portion encloses stylar
colunm, upper inflated portion resembles birds head, lower lip broad,
folded, upper lip lanceolate. Fruit capsule 6-valved, dehiscent, seeds flat,
winged.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Oct.
Cultivated in garden. FDD-122.
PIPERACEAE
PIPER Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Flowers in conical rigid spike, to 3cm long P.longum
1 Flower in long pendulous spike P.nigrum

Piper nigrum L., Sp. PI. 28. 1753; Cooke. Fl. Bombay. Fl. Bombay 2:
526(3:19). 1906;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1206(845). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar.
1: 80. 1984.
Stout climbing shrub, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, ovate,

petiolate, coriaceous, apex acuminate, margin entire, base cordate, lower
leaves smaller, 6x2.5cm, upper larger 9-14x4-6cm, petiole 1.5-2cm long.
Flowers in axillary spikes, subtended by bracts, male spikes slender,
yellowish green, 8-10 cm long, bracts cupular adnate to rachis, female
spikes to 12cm long, bracts cupular, bracteole hood like. Fruit berry
globose.
Fl-Fr:-All season. Distribution-Mountains of Peninsular India.

Cultivated FDD-608. KN-Karimenasu.
Piper longum Linn.; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 5: 83 1875. Chavica

roxburghiiMw, Wight. Ic. t. 1928; Gamble,. Fl. Presi. Madras 1205. 1919;
Said, Fl. Kar. 1:81. 1984.
Slender, under shrub, often creeping, branchlets erect, leaf simple,

broadly ovate, apex acute, margin entire, base unequally cordate,
prominently 7-ribbed from base, 4.5-9.5x3-6cm. Flowering spikes
cylindiical, tliick, 3-4cm long. Fruit berry, small turning blackish red on
ripe.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Cultivated in Garden as Medicinal plant.

FDD-524. KN-Hippalli.
Note: Piper betle is cultivated in large scale for its commercial leaves.

LAURACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves alternate,flowerunisexual, stamens introse:
2 Floral bracts deciduous, fertile stamens 9 Actinodaphne
2 Floral bracts persistent, fertile stamens more than 9 Xitsea
1 Leaves opposite,flowerbisexual, stamens extrose Cinnamomum
ACTINODAPHNE Nees
Actinodaphne hooked Meisner in DC, Prodr. 15: 1864(excluding var.
longifolia); Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.6: 149. 1886; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 537
(3: 31). 1906, in part; Said, Fl. Kart 1. 58, 1984.
Evergreen tree, to 10m high, leaves simple, alternate, ovate-

lanceolate, 5-8x2.5-5cm, apex long-acuminate, margin entire, base acute,
pubescent above, glaucous beneath, triple nerved from base, lateral nerves
6-10 pairs. Flowers in axillary fascicles, unisexual, peduncle tawny hairy,
bracts deciduous, perianth 6, lobes subequal, stamens in male flower 9, in 3
whorls, anther 4-celled, introse, staminodes 9 in 3 whorls in female flower.
Fruit berry, ellipsoid, on thick enlarged perianth lobes.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Mar. Distribution-Western Ghats.

Rare in KUSF range. FDD-1010. KN-Heggoddi mara, Galavara.
CINNAMOMUM Schaeffer
Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 2: 74. 1831;
Gamble,. Fl. Presi. Madras 1225(857). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 1: 62. 1984.
Evergreen tree, 5-6m high, leaves simple, opposite, yellow pubescent

when young, ovate-lanceolate, 4.612x2-2.5cm, apex acute, margin entire,
base acute, multinerved from base, dark green above. Flowers in
axillaiy/terminal panicles, flower bisexual, perianth tubular, tube acrescent,
lobes 6, stamens 9 fertile, in 3 whorls, outer 2-whorls introse, outer whorl
extrose, staminode in 4**' whorl, cordate. Fruit berry, oblong.

Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Western Ghats.

Occasional often cultivated. FDD-554. KN-Pinga dalchinni.
LITSEA Lamarck nom. cons.

Litsea floribunda (Blume) Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1238(867). 1925.
Cylicodaphm Jloribunda Blume, Mus. Hot. 1: 387. 1852; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:
62. 1984.
Evergreen tree, to 10 m high, dioecious, leaves simple, alternate,

penninerved, oblanceolate, 15-20x6-9cm, petiole to 1.5cm long, apex acute,
margin entire, base cuneate, green, pubescent above, fulvous tomentose
beneath, nerves prominent, lateral nerves forming submarginal loops.
Flowers in axillary, racemose umbels, peduncle tomentose, bracts 4-6,
persistent, involucrate, perianth lobes 6, in two whorls, stamens 12, in 3-4
whorls, imier whorls glandular, outer eglandular. Fruit berry, ovoid, seated
on cupular perianth lobe, perianth lobes deciduous.
Fl-Fr:- Sept. Distribution- Western ghats.

Common in KUSF range. Rare in Joldal. FDD-101. KN- Halu maddi,
Nenalagi.
LORANTHACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves reduced/absent, flower unisexual Viscum
1 Leaves well developed, flower bisexual:
2 Leaves small, 1-L5x0 5-0.8cm, Inflorescens a few
flowered umbel Taxillus
2 Leaves larger than above, inflorescens simple raceme:
3 Flower irregular, corolla tube split halfway on one side Scurrula
3 Flower regular, corolla tube not split on one side Dendrophthoe
DENDROPHTHOE Martins
Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f) Etting., Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss.,
Matii. Natui-wiss. Kl. 32: 52-53, 58, t. 13, f 14. 1872; Sant, Fl. Khandala
ed. 3, 234. 1967; Wines in Abeywick., Fl. Ceylon 1: 68. 1973. Loranthus

falcatus L. f., Suppl. 211. 1781. Loranthus amplexifolia DC, Prodr. 4: 306.
1830. Loranthus longifloriis y?^falcatus (L. f.) Kurz, For. Fl. 2: 321. 1877;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1253(877). 1925. Loranthus longiflorus var
amplexifolia (DC.) Thawaites, Enum. 134. 1859; Gamble, 1253(877). 1925;
Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 75. 1996.
Branched, semi parasitic, epiphytic herb, branchlets drooping, leaves

simple, opposite, rarely alternate, thick, coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, 12-18x7-
9cm. Flowers pale whitish green, in axillary-terminal, unilateral racemes,
calyx 5-lobed, tubular, cylindrical, to 0.5cm long, corolla pale yellow-
whitish green, tubular, 5 lobed, curved, 4.5-6 cm long, base narrow, mouth
broad, lobes refluxed at mouth, stamens 5, epipetalous, adnate to corolla at
base, free above, exerted, style slender, stigma sub globose, ovary
uniloculai". Fmit berry, oblong or ovoid, brown or pinkish.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-lndomalaysia.

Common epiphytic parasite on Terminalia spp, Butea spp. Acacia spp etc.
FDD-584.
SCURRULA Linnaeus
Scurrulaparasitica L., Sp. PI. 110. 1753; Wiens in Abeywik., Fl. Ceylon 1:
73. 1973 & in Dassan. & Fosberg, Fl. Ceylon 6:146. 1987. Loranthus
scurrula (L.) Sp. PI. ed. 2, 472. 1762; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 546(3:40).
1906. Loranthus buddleioides Desrousseaux in Lam., Encycl. 3:600. 1792;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1251(876). 1925. Scurrula buddleioides (Desr.)
G.Don, Gen. Syst. 3:422. 1834.
Parasitic herb, leaves simple, opposite, ovate-elliptic, apex obtuse,

margin entire, base rounded, 3.5-7x2.5-4cm, pubescent above, brown
tomentose beneath. Flowers in axillary, umbellate cymes, red, corolla 4-
lobed, tube split halfway on one side. Fruit clavate, attenuate at base.
Floristic Cnninnxitinn nf DnvnMnaoro rUrtri/'f

Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-lndomalesia.
Reported by Saldanlia et.al., from Harapanahalli. KFP 4191.
TAXILLUS VanTieghem
Key to species
1 Leaves rusty villous below, bract shorter than calyx T.tomentosus
1 Leaves hairy not rusty tomentose below, bract longer than calyx ....T.bracteatus
Taxillus bracteatus (Wall.) Van Tiegh., Bull. See. Bot. France 42: 256.
1895. Loranlhus bracteatus Heyne ex Wall, in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 220. 1824;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1252(876). 1929; Taxillus tomentosus auct. Non
Van Tiegh.: Wight & Am., Prod, 385. 1834; Wight, Ic. t. 378. 1840; Said,
Fl. Kar. 2:80. 1996.
Epiphytic, semi parasitic herb, leaves simple, alternate or fascicled,

sessile-subsessile, obovate, 1.5-2.2x0.5-0.8cm brown pubescent. Flowers
axillary, in few flowered umble, pale white, bracteate, bracts longer than
calyx, ovate, to 0.4cm long, calyx 5-lobed, lobes shorter, corolla white,
hairy, petals 5, tubular, tube long, mouth refluxed. Fruit capsule, globose.
Fl-Fr: -Mar. Distribution-South W. India.

Common semiparasitic herb on Zizipus spp. Terminalia spp. FDD-1112.
Taxillus tomentosus (Roth) Van Tieghem, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 256.
IS95.Loranthus tomentosus Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 191. 1821; Gamble, Fl.
Epiphytic, semi parasitic herb, leaves brown, tomentose, simple,

alternate, subsessile-sessile, obovate, oblanceolate, minutely pubescent
above, rusty tomentose below, 3.5-5x1.5-2.5cm. Flowers in axillary, few
flowered umbels, bracts shorter than calyx, corolla pale white, tubular, to
1cm long, rusty villous, mouth refluxed. Fruit globose.

Fl-Fr:-Oct-May. Distribution-South. W. India.

Common herb often on Acasia spp. Lagestromia spp. FDD-975.
VISCUM Linnaeus
Key to species-
1 Leaves 3-nerved, stem flat angled ribbed, outer
flowers of triades male V.mysorense
1 Leaves 5-nerved, stem not as above, outerflowertriads female V.monoicum
Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC, Prodr. 4: 278. 1830; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1259(880). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 82. 1996.
Leafy epiphytic, semi parasitic herb, stem terete, branchlets

pendulous, leaves simple, ovate-lanceolate, falcate, 3-5 nerved, 5.5-8x2-
2.5cm. Flowêr unisexual, in axillary fascicles, outer flower triads female,
tepals 4, male flower tubular, tube short, stamens epipetalous, female flower
tepals deciduous, style simple, mamiliform.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Aug. Distribution-Throughout India, Sikkim.

Common on Mangifera spp. FDD-776.
Note: My observation in the study area reveals that this stem parasite
also flourish on the Neem tree.
Viscum mysorense Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform. 329. 1925; Flora of

Leafy epiphytic, semi parasitic herb, stem angled, flat, ribbed, leaves
simple, opposite, oblanceolate, 3-nerved, 3-4x0.75-1cm. Flowers in 3-
flowered glomerules, unisexual, outer flowers of triades male, laterals male,
perianth lobe tubular, tube short, stamens epipetalous, anther many celled.
Fl-Fr:-Jul. Rare collected once in Kallapura. Ussually on Zizipus spp &
Anogeissus latifoha. FDD-705.

SANTALACEAE
SANTALUM Linnaeus
Santalum album L., Sp. PI. 349. 1753; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 256. 1872;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 555(3: 49). 1901; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1261(883). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:74. 1996.
Small sized tree, to 6m tall, branchlets erect, glabrous, leaves simple,

opposite, elliptic, lanceolate, petiolate, 4-7x2.5-4cm, petiole to 1.5cm long,
dark green above, pale beneath, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate.
Flower purple, in axillary and terminal branched paniculate cymes, pedicel
0.2cm long, perianth 4-Iobed, tubular, lobes triangular, to 0.4cm, disc 5-
lobed, scales fleshy, reddish brown, alternating with stamens, stamens 4,
filaments slender, adnate to base of perianth. Fruit drupe, globose, green
when young, turning pink on maturity.
Fl-Fr;-Jun-Jan. Distribution-South India.

Common in Joldal & KUSF. FDD-42. KN-Sri gandha.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Key to genera.
1 Flower monoecious:
2 Inflorescence cyathia Euphorbia
2 Inflorescene not cyathia:
3 Herb/undershrub:
4 Plants Twiner with stinging hairs Tragia
4 Erect/ prostrate herb:
5 Flower in clustered raceme Chrozophora
5 Flowers in terminal spike/raceme:
6 Petals absent Acalypha
6 Petals present:
7 Fruit capsule Croton
7 Fruit schizocarp Sebastiania
3 Erect shrub/Tree:
8 Petals absent:
9 Flowers in terminal racemes:
10 Stamens many, branched Ricinus
10 Stamens lOunbranched Manihot
9 Flowers in axillary fascicle:

11 Stamens 3-8:
12 Fruit Schizocarp Breynia
12 Fruit capsule J^hyllanthus
11 Stamens 5 JKirganelia
8 Petals present:
13 Leaves palmately lobed, style, stigma simple Jatropha
13 Leaves not lobed, style short, stigma 3,bifid Blachia
1 Flower dioecious:
14 Erect shrub/tree
15 Leaves trifoliate Bischofia
15 Leaves simple peltate
16 Stamens many, capsule often echinate Mallotus
16 Stamens 4-8, capsule often waxy Macaranga
14 Woody climber Bridelia.
ACALYPHA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 leaves colored, with red/white patches A.wilkesiana
1 Leaves green without any patches
2 Inflorescence a long pendulous catkin, flowers red A.hispida
2 Inflorescence a spike/raceme, flower green
3 Floral bracts large, foliar, folded
4 Bracts ovate, shallowly dentate AAndica
4 Bracts broadly ovate, 10-12 lobed A.alnifolia
3 Floral bracts medium sized, not foliar, round, folded:
5 Petiole long, to 8cm, bracts 3-5 lobed, folded Abrachystachya
5 Petiole, short, to 3cm, bracts not lobed, folded A.malaharica
Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd., Sp. PI. 4:525. 1805; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1330(930). 1925; N.P.Singh, FI. East. Kar. 557. 1988; Said, Fl.
Kar. 2:111. 1996.
Large herb-undershrub, to 40-90cm tall, branchlets with long and

short white hairs, leaves simple, ovate, hairy on both surfaces, apex acute,
margin crenate, base cordate, to 3.5-2.5cm, bracts large, broadly ovate, and
obtusely 10-12 lobed, male spikes, axillary, female spikes unbranched, few
flowered. Fruit schizocarp, hispid.
Fl-Fr:- Aug-Mar. Distribution-Southwest India.

Reported by Saldanha et.al., in Fl. Kamataka. KFP-10526.
FlnriKtic Cnnmnsitinn of Davanaeere District 418

Acalypha brachystachya Homemann, Hort. Hafh. 2: 909. 1815; Cooke: Fl.

Bombay 2: 611 (3:108). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1330(930). 1925.
Rao & Razi, Fl. Mysore. 464. 1981; Said, Fl. Kar.2:113. 1966.
Erect, branched monoecious herb, stem grooved, hairy, leaves 5.5-

7.7x2-3.5 cm, membranous, pubescent, ovate, margin serrate, apex
acuminate, base cordate, 5-7 nerved, petiole slender, 7-8 cm. Flower
monoecious, green, long peduncled, in axillary spikes, bracts trifid in
female flower, male flower ebracteate, clustered at tip, perianth lobes
minute, pubescent. Fruit capsule, trigonous hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Tropical Africa to Malesia.

Common herb in Joldal & KUSF range. FDD-362.
Acalypha indica L., Sp. PI. 1003. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 877. 1844-45; Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 2: 610 (3: 108). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 130(930).
1925. Said, Fl. Kar. 2:113. 1966.
Erect, branched, pubescent monoecious herb, stem ridged,

pubescent, leaves simple, alternate, ovate, glabrous, margin entire at base,
serrate crenate at apex, apex acute, 6.5- 7.8x2.3-3 cm, stipule minute.
Flowers in axillary spike, female flower at base, male flowers at tip, female
flowers bracteate, bracts foliai-, cupular, cordate. Fruit capsule, enclosed by
foliar bract, bracts larger than fruit.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Dec. Distribution-Africa to Malesia.

Common weed in open places. FDD-887. KN-Kuppi gida.
Acalpyha malabarica Muller Argoviensis, Linnaea 34: 42. 1865; Cooke,

Fl. Bombay 2: 611 (3: 109). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1330 (930).
1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:114. 1966.

Erect, woody annual, monoecious herb-under shrub, stem angled,

pubescent, branchlets hairy, ascending, leaves simple, apposite, elliptic,
lanceolate, rigid, petiole 1.5-3cm long, leaves 2.5-4.8x2.2-5.8cm, apex
acute, margin serrate, base cuneate. Flowers in axillary spikes, male flowers
terminal, female basal, enclosed by foliar, folded pink colored bract, ovary
3-celled, hispid.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Central and Peninsular India.

Common herb in KUSF range. FDD-393. (Plate-12 A)
Note: Acalypha wilkesiana Muel-Arg., & Acalypha hisplda ^.Burman
is a common ornamental plant grown in garden.
BISCHOFIA Blume
Bischofia javanica Blume, Bijdr.1168. 1827: Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 259.
1872;Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 571 (3:67). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1312(918) 1925. Microelus roeperianus Wight & Am., Edinburgh New
philos. J. 14: 298. 1833; Wight. Ic. t. 1880. 1852; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:119.
1996.
Medium sized, deciduous tree, leaves, trifoliate, alternate, leaflets 9-

17x4-6.5 cm, broadly ovate, elliptic, apex acute, margin entire, base
cuneate. Flower dioecious, in axillary panicled raceme, calyx in male flower
enclosing the stamens, reflexed in female flower, green. Fruit berry, green.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-India to Malesia and Pacific Islands. Joldal

range FDD-885. KN-Nilimara.
BLACHIA Baillon
Blachia denudata Bentham, J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 17:226. 1880; Cooke, Fl.
Bombay 2:603(3:100). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1338(936). 1925;
Said, Fl. Kar. 2:120. 1996.

Shrub, to 4m tall, branchlets glabrous-pubescent, leaves simple,

alternate, ellipteic, 6-16x3-6cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base
rounded. Male flower in axillary racemes, female flowers solitary. Fruit
scliizocarp.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Mar. Distribution-Western Peninsular India.

Reported by Saldanha et.al., in Fl. Kar. 2. KFP-13767.
BREYNIA J. & G. Forster nom.com.

B'reynia retusa (Dennst) Alston, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard (Peradeniya) 11:
204.1929; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 227. 1972. Phyllanthus retusus
Dennst., Schluess Hort. Malalb. 24. 1818. Phyllanthus patens Roxb., Fl.
Ind. 3: 667. 1832. Melanthesa retusa ((Dennst.) kostel., Allg. med.-Pharm.
Flora 5: 1771. 1835; Breyniapatens (Roxb.) Rolfe, J. Bot. U: 359. 1882;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 583 (3: 79). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1304(912). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:121. 1996.
Monoceious shrub, leaves simple, alternate, 1.5-3x0.5-1.5 cm,

distichous, ovate elliptic-oblong, apex obtuse-retuse, margin entire, base
rounded, stipule lanceolate. Flower solitary/clustered, in axillary, pendulous
cymes, brown, male flower-stamens 3, filaments fused to form staminal
column, female flower calyx tubular, persistent, enlarged in fruit, ovary
tiicaipellary, style trifid, stigma trifid. Fruit capsule, globose orange red.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution-India to Myanmar, Sri Lanka.

Common shrub in Honnalh range. FDD-815.

BRIDELIA Willdenow
Key to species
1 Small tree/shrub:
2 Main nerves more than 15-pairs, straight, parellel:
3 Leaf apex retuse, base obtuse, flower monoecious airy-shawi
3 Leaf apex obtuse-emerginate, base cordate, flower dioecious...Acre/tu/ato
2 Main nerves not markedly straight or parallel,
less than 15 pairs B.monoica
1 Plant scandant shrub B.scandens
Bridelia airy-shawii P. J. Li in Acta Phyt. Sin 20(1): 117.1982 B.retusa (L)

Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 48. 1826; Muell-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: 493. 1865:
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.5: 268 p.p; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1280 (896).
1923; Brandis 560; Beddome Fl. Sylv. S. India t. 260. 1870; T.Pullaiah &
Sandhya rani in Tree Fl. Andra. 389. 1999.
Deciduous tree, 10-12 m high, armed when young, thorns conical,

branchlets tomentose, leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-oblong, 5.5-5x12-
17.5 cm, glabrous above, slightly hairy below, apex retuse, margin entire,
base obtuse, secondary nerves conspicuous, 15-20 pairs, with fairly
reticulate venation. Flower yellow-purple, in axillary spike, monoecioius.
Fruit berry, with persistent, enlarged calyx.
Fl-Fr:-May-Dec. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Fairly conmion in Joldal & Thirtharameshwara range. FDD-399.
Bridelia crenulata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 934. 1832. B.roxburghiana (Muell.

Arg.) Gehrm. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41: 30. 1908; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1280 (896). 1925; B.retusa 5preng. var. roxburghiana Muell.-Arg. in DC.
Prodr. 15. 493. 1866; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.5: 268.1876; Said, Fl. Kar.
2:122. 1996; T.Pullaiah & Sandhya rani in Tree Fl. Andra.. 391. 1999.
Medium sized, deciduous, dioecious tree, armed when young,

branchlets fulvus tomentose, leaves simple, alternate, coriaceous, elliptic-

obovate, 6-11.5x2-5.8cm glabrous above, brown tomentose below, apex

obtuse-einerginate, margin entire or crenulate, base cordate, secondary
nei-ves 15-20 pairs. Flower greenish, pmple, in clusters in the leaf axil,
dioecious. Fruit drupe, disc reddish, turning black on maturity.
Fl-Fr:-April-June. Distribution-Peninsular India.

Common shrub in Belagutti on the way to Rameshwara temple. FDD-528.
Bridelia monoica (Lour.) Merr. in. Phillipp.Joum. Sci. Bot. 13. 142. 1919.
Cluytia monoica. Lour Fl. Cochinh, 2: 638. 1790. Bridelia tomentosa (Bail)
Bl. Bijdr. 597. 1825; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.. 5: 271. 1876; Gamble, FI.
Presi. Madras 1281(896). 1921; Brandis 560.
Small tree, branchlets brown tomentose, drooping, leaves simple,

alternate, oblong, lanceolate, coriaceous, 9.8-12.5x2-5 cm, apex acuminate,
margin entire, base acute, glaucous and pubescent beneath, secondary
nei-ves 8 pairs. Flowers pale white, small, in axillary clusters. Fruit berry,
bluish black, pyrenes furrows deep.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Indo-

China, Malay, Belagutti on the way to Rameshwara temple. FDD-752.
Bridelia scandens (Roxb) Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 979. 1806; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1281(896) 1925. Cluytia scandens Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 173. 1802;
Said, Fl.Kar. 2:122. 1996;
Large scandent shrub, branchlets tomentose, leaves simple, alternate,

elliptic, oblong or obovate, 3.5-9.6x2.5-5 cm, smaller in flowering twigs,
apex acute, margin entire or slightly undulate, base rounded, nerves, 7-12
pairs, parallel, forming an arch with marginal nerves. Flowers unisexual,
green or yellow, in axillary spikes, or in sessile clusters. Fruit drupe, black.

Fl-Fr:-Sept-Mar. Distribution-Western Pninsular India.

Common shrub in Thirtharameshwara. Uchangidurga, Kondajji. FDD- 834.
CHROZOPHORA A. Jussieu nom. cons.

Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler) A. Jussieu ex Sprengel. Syst. 3: 850. 1826;
Gamble, FI. Presi. Madras 1317(921). 1925. Balakrishna, Bull. Hot. Surv.
India 15: 4. 1973. Croton rottleri Geisler, Grot. Monogr. 54. 1807; Said, Fl.
Kar. 2:122. 1996.
Monoecious, tomentose herb, leaves simple, alternate, broadly ovate-

orbicular, margin undulate crenate, apex acute, base narrow. Flowers
monoecious, clustered, in axils, female flowers at the base, male at top,
male flowers calyx 5-lobed, closed in bud, petals 9, minute, smaller than
calyx, stamens 5-mary, filaments connate at base, female flower calyx 5-
lobed, narrow, setaceous, corolla petals 5, smaller than calyx, ovary
tricarpellary, style trifid, stigma lobed. Fruit capsule, reddish, tomentose,
seeds without caranucle.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jul. Distribution-Africa to Malesia.

Common herb in wet moist places. FDD-174. KN-Linga menasu.
CROTON Linnaeus
Croton bonplandianus Baillon. Adansonia 4: 339. 1864; Radcliff-Smith,
Kew Bull. 30: 678. 1975. Croton sporsiflours Morong, Ann. New Yark.
Acad. Sci 7: 221. 1893; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1316 (920). 1925; Said,
Fl. Kar. 2:127. 1996.
Bushy monoecious herb, often with thick tuberous root stock, leaves
simple, alternate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, apex acute, margin serrate,
base cuneate, 5.5-6.8x2-3.5 cm, with a pair of glands at the base. Flowers in
raceme, axillary/terminal, basal few flowers female, upper male, bract
Floristic ComDosition ofDavanaeere District 424

minute, calyx 5-lobed, narrow, petals 5, small in male, wanting in female,

stamens in multiples of 5, ovary tricarpellary, style trifid, long, stigma
simple. Fruit capsule, 3-valved.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Native of South America.

Common weed of waste lands. FDD-882.
EUPHORBIA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant herbaceous:
. 2 Stem reduced to stout root stock, leaves radicle E.fusiformis
2 Stem well developed, leaves cauline:
3 Plant prostrate:
4 Stem densely covered with yellow hairs,
cyathia in capitate cyme E.hitra
4 Stem sparsely hairy, cyathia soHtary/axillary:
5 Leaf base cordate, with thick root stock EAaciniata
5 Leaf base not cordate, root stock not thick:
6 Internode ribbed, leaf apex obtuse, cyathia reddish E.heyneana
6 Internode not ribbed, leaf apex mucranate, cyathia not reddish:
7 Cyathia in 1-3 cluster E.notoptera
7 Cyathia soUtary or in cluster of 2-3 cymes E.thymifoUa
3 Plant erect:
8 Basal leaves alternate, upper opposite:
9 Cyathia in cluster of 2-3, seeds tuberculate,
angular E.heterophylla
9 Cyathia in cluster of 10-15, seeds sharply tuberculate, not
angular E.cyathophora
8 Leaves either alternate or opposite:
10 Plant clothed with long fulvous hairs, seeds
transversely furrowed E.cristata
10 Plant glabrous, seeds not transversely
furrowed E.linearifolia
1 Plant shrub/small tree:
11 Plant armed:
12 Phylloclade 4-5 winged E.antiquorum
12 Phyllocalde terete E.nivulia
11 Plant unarmed:
13 Leaf well developed, stem terete, floral
leaves petaloid E.pulcherrima
13 Leaf small cauducus, stem and
branches terete EMrucalli

Euphorbia artiquorum L., Sp. PI. 450. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 897. 1844-45;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 563 (3: 57). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1277
(894). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:134. 1996.
Fleshy, large shrub-small tree, trunk stout, cylindrical, branches

stout, fleshy, green, jointed, 3-5 sinualate, winged, spines sharp on
phylloclade, stipule short, leaves simple, ovate, small, fleshy, oblong,
shortly petiolate. Flowers in branched cyme, axillary, involucre of bracts 2,
thick, ovate, perianth 5, scaly, fleshy, thick, ovary tricarpellary, style 3,
almost free to base, stigma capitate, stamens red. Fruit capsule, compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-lndomalaysia.
Common in open scrub jungle of Harapanahalli range. FDD-874. KN-
Mundugalli, Jadegalli.
Euphorbia cristata Heyne ex Roth. Nov. PI. Sp. 226. 1821; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1274(892). 1925 Chamaesyce cristata (Roth) Webster, J.
Arnold Arbor. 48: 424. 1967; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:135. 1996.
Proumbent herb, leaves simple, clothed with long fulvous hairs,

opposite, 1.5-2x0.8-1 cm, oblong, apex acute, base obliquely cordate,
margin serrulate, hairy. Cyathia in heads, axillary, floral bracts imbricate,
limb of the gland pectinately lacinate, whitish. Fruit schizocarp, hairy, seeds
tiansversely fuiTOwed.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Feb. Distribution-India, Sri Lnaka.

Common herb of open lands. FDD-700.
Euphorbia cyathophora Murray, Coment. Soc. Regiae Sci. Gott. 7: 81, t. 1.

1786; A.R. Smith, Kew Bull. 32: 75. 1977. Euphorbia heterophylla auct.
Non L.: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1278(894) 1925; Rao & Razi, Fl.
Mysore 468. 1981; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:135. 1996.

Medium sized shrub, branchlets cylindrical, leaves simple, alternate

below, decussate or whorled above, obovate, oblanceolate or fiddle shaped,
apex, acute, base alternate, margin smuate, entire, floral leaves whorled,
yellow or red at tlie base, cyatliia 10-15, in terminal cluster, involucre gland
2-lipped. Fruit capsule, to 4nmi, seeds sharply tuberculate, not angular.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Central America. Common weed in
gardens, Occasionally as aan escape in open lands. FDD-843.
Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 62. 1825.

Euphorbia acaulis Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2:472. 1832; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
562(3:57). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1276(893). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar.
2:136. 1996.
Small herb, stem reduced to stout, subcylindric rootstock, 30-50x3-

4.5cm, leaves radical, fleshy, oblanceolate, to 15x4cm, apex obtuse, margin
entire, base cuneate.
Collected in Joldal range at vegetative phase. FDD-894.
Euphorbia hetrophylla L. Sp. PI. 453. 1753. Euphorbia geniculata Ortega,

Nov. PI. Desr. Dec. 18. 1797; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 571(3:66). 1903;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1275 (893). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:137. 1996.
Erect, stout herb, leaves simple, alternate below, apposite-whorled,

in the upper region, glabrous, elliptic ovate, 4-9.2x3.8-4.2cm, petiole long,
to 3cm, apex acute, margin serrate, base acute. Cyathia in terminal cluster
of 1-3, greenish, gland circular. Fruit schizocarp, glabrous, 0.5-lcm, seeds
angular.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Aug. Distribution-Tropics.

Euphorbia heyneana Sprengl, Syst. Veg. 3:791. 1826; Panigrahi, Kew

Bull. 29: 695. 1974. Euphorbia microphylla Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp.
220. 1821, non Lam., 1788: Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:570(3:65). 1906;
Prostrate herb, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic-

oblong, 0.5-0.8x0.4-0.6cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base oblique.
Cyatliia axillaiy, solitary, reddish.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Sept. Distribution-Indomalaesia.
Common herb along road sides. Jagalur. FDD-983.
Euphorbia hirta L., Sp. PI. 454. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1275(892). 1925. A. R. Smith, Kew Bull. 26: 264. 1972. Chaemaesyce hirta
(L.) Millspaugh, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. ser. 2: 303. 1909.
Euphorbia pilulifera L., Sp. PI. 454. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 568 (3:
64). 1903; Chamaesyce pilulifera (L.) Small, Fl. S.E.U.S. 714 1903; Said,
Fl. Kar. 2:137. 1996.
Proumbent, rigid herb, branchlets ascending, with yellowish long

hairs, leaves simple, apposite, 1-2x0.5-0.7cm, elliptic, oblong, oblong
lanceolate, apex acute, margin serrate-crenate, base rounded, unequal, floral
leaves comparatively small. Cyathia crowded in the axillary capitate cymes,
gland minute, limb absent. Seeads angular.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Pantropics. Common along road sides.

FDD-873.
KN-Ache gida, Neneakki soppu.
Euphorbia laciniata Panigrahi, Kew Bull. 30: 531. Euphorbia fimbriata

Heyne ex Rith, Nov. PI. Sp. 227. 1821, non Scopoli, 1788: Gamble, Fl.

Presi. Madras, Fl. Presi. Madras 1274(891). 1925. E.fimbriata var. laxa
Boiss. in. DC, Prodr. 15(2): 19. 1862. E.cristata var major Roth, Nov. PI.
Sp. 226(1821). Chamaesyce fimbricata (Roth) Rao & Razi. J. Mysore Univ.
n.s., Sect. B. 23: 53. 1970; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:138. 1966.
Procumbent herb, leaves simple, opposite, 0.8-1.2x0.3-0.8cm,

oblong, apex rounded, margin serrate-crenate, base cordate, glabrous.
Cyathia solitary, axillary, involucre of bracts densely villous, floral leaves
not imbricate, limb and gland glabrous, pink, seeds brown, tetragonal with
horizontal furrows.
Fl-Fr:-Apr. Distribution-Central and Peninsular India, Sri Lanka.

Euphorbia Unearifolia Roth; Nov. PI. Sp. 230. 1821; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
568 (3:63). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1278(894). 1925; Said, Fl.
Kar. 2:138. 1966.
Glabrous herb, with thick rootstock, leaves simple, apposite, 1.5-

2x0.3-0.5cm, small, linear, oblong, apex acute, margin entire, base acute or
cordate. Cyathia in sub corymbose terminal cymes, limb of gland rounded,
pink. Fruit schizocarp, glabrous 0.5-0.8cm.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Sept. Distribution-Peninsular India.

Occasional in Joldal range. FDD-685.
Euphorbia nivulia Buchanan-Hamilton, Trans. Linn. Soc. London. 14:286.

1825; Wight, Ic. t. 1852;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1277(893). 1925; Said,
Fl. Kar. 2:139. 1996.

Tall succulent, branches cylindrical, glabrous, spines paired, opposite

in each node, leaf fleshy, cauducous. Involucre 3-nate, peduncled, central
cyathia sessile, lateral pedicellate.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jul. Distribution-Common hedge plant in Jagalur and

Harapanahalli. FDD-1032.
Euphorbia notoptera Boissier in DC, Prodr. 15(2):26. 1862; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2:566(3:61). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1275(892). 1925;
S&ld, Fl.Kar. 2:139. 1996.
Erect herb, to 30cm tall, branchlets pubescent, leaves simple,

alternate or subopposite, linear-oblong, to 4x1 cm, apex mucranate, margin
seiTulate, base rounded. Cyathia in axillaiy clusters, limb of gland wliite.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Sept. Rare herb, collected once m Chennagiri on the way to

Ammanagudda.
Euphorbia pulechrrima Willd ex Koltzsch. in Otto & Sietr.Allg.Gartenz.

2:27.1834. Cooke, Fl. Boombay 2:570.1903;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1278. 1925.
Medium sized sluub, leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-lanceolate,

apex acuminate, margin undulate shortly toothed, glabracent above,
minutely haiiy below. Cyathia in terminal, reduced cyme, bracts crowded,
foliai', dark red-white, involucre cup shaped.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Cultivated as ornamental plant. FDD-703.
Euphorbia thyntifolia L., Sp. PI. 454. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
569(3:64). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1276(893). 1925. Chamaesyce

thymiflolia (L.) Millspaugh, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. ser.2: 412.
1909; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:140. 1966..
Prostrate, hairy herb, leaves simple, apposite, subsessile, ovate-

oblong, 0.5-1.5x0.3-0.5cm, apex obtuse, base subcordate, margin crenate-
serrate. Cyathia in axillary clusters, involucre of gland 4, sparsely hairy.
Fruit schizocarp hairy.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-June. Distribution-Tropics.
Conmion weed in gardens. Occasionally as an escape. FDD-711.
Euphorbia tirucalli L., Sp. PI. 452. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 570(3:66).
1966.
Large sluoib-small tree, stem green, terete, cladode succulent, stout,

branchlets cylindrical, glabrous, whorled or fasciled, leaves linear, oblong,
thick, cauducous. Cyathia terminal. Fruit capsule, seeds smooth,
carunculate.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Apr. Distribution-A Native of Africa.

Common along road side in Honnalli, Kondaji and Harapanahalli. FDD-
880. KN-Kolukalli.
GLOCHIDION J. and G. Forster mm. cons.

Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertner) A. Jussieu., Tent. Euphorb. 107, t. 3.
1824; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 578(3:73). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1306 (914). 1925. Bridelia zeylanica. Gaertner, Fruct. 2: 128, t. 109. 1790;
Said, Fl. Kar. 2: 146.1996.
Small tree, branchlets angular, zig-zag, leaves simple, alternate,

coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 10-15.8x4.5-7cm, glabrous, glaucous above,
paler beneath, apex acuminate, margin entire, base unequal, rounded,

secondary nerves 6-10 pairs. Flowers in axillary, sub umbellate cyme,

green, male and female flower in the same axis, male flower periath lobes 6,
in two whorls, stamens 8, united. Fruit capsule, globose, style persistent.
Fl-Fr:-May-Oct. Distribution-lndomalaya.
Common in Harapanahalli range. FDD-566. KN-Kumbala mara.
JATROPHA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves glabrous J.curcas
1 Leaves with close row of stipitate viscid glands J.gossypifolia
Jatropha curcas L. Sp. PI. 1006. 1753; Cooke Fl. Bombay 2: 598(3: 95).
1996.
Medium sized, small tree, monoecious, branchlets glabrous, leaves

simple, whorled, orbicular cordate, 3-5 lobed, lobes triangular, apex
acuminate, margin entire, base cordate. Flowers in axillary cymes, calyx 5,
free to base, green, hairy, corolla 5-lobed, yellow, stamens many. Fruit
capsule, sub globose.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Dec. Distribution-A native of tropical America.

Common hedge plant. FDD-472. KN-Parangi haralu, Bettadaralu.
Jatropha gossypifolia L. Sp. PI. 1006. 1753. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 597(3:
94) 1903; Hooker, Fl. Brit, hidia. 5:383. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1340(937). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar.2: 148. 1996.
Small shrub, branchlets glandular hairy, leaves simple, whorled,

deeply 3-5 lobed, lobes obovate, apex acute, margin glandular, hairy, base

cordate, stipule short. Flower in axillary cyme, red/purple, unisexual. Fruit

capsule, 3-lobed, seeds trigonous.
Fl-Fr-May-Nov. FDD-532. KN-Hathi ele haralu.
KIRGANELIA A.Jussieu
Kirganelia reticulata (Poiret) Baillon, Etudes Gen. Euph. 614. 1814;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1294(905). 1925. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poiret
in Lam., Encycl. 5:298. 1804; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:585(3:81). 1906; Said,
FJ.Kar. 2:149. 1996.
Shrub, to 5m high, leaves simple, distichous, elliptic-oblong, 1-

2.5x0.5-1cm, apex and base rounded, margin entire. Flowers axillary,
solitary, perianth 5-lobed, unequal, outer 2-lobes smaller, inner 3-lobes
larger, stamens 5, filaments fleshy, ovary pentalocular. Fruit globose, bluish
black.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Apr. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in open waste lands. FDD-998.
MACARANGA Du Pelti-Thouas
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15(2): 1010. 1866;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1326(928). 1925. Osyhs peltata Roxb., Fl. Ind.
3:755. 1832. Mappa peltata (Roxb.) Wight. Ic. t. 817. 1844. Macaranga
tomentosa Wight, Ic. t. 1949, f. 1.1853; Coke, Fl. Bombay 2:619(3:117).
1906. Macaranga roxborghii Wight, Ic. t. 1949, f. t. 1853; Said, Fl. Kar.
2:150. 1996.
Small sized tree, to 8m tall, branchlets tomentose, leaves simple,

peltate, petiole long, to 20cm, lamina 20x18cm, brown pubescent above,
red glandular beneath, apex acuminate, margin entire, undulate. Flowers in

axillary, racemes, peduncle tomentose, flowers conceled by bracts, bracts

ovate, sessile, perianth 5-lobed, splitting in to 2-3 lobes, stamens 2-3.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-Peninsular India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in Joldal range.
MALLOTUS Loureiro
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34:196. 1865; Bedd.,
Fl. Sylv. t. 289. 1873; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:615(3:113). 1906; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1322(924). 1925 (philippienensis). Croton philippeme Lam.,
Encycl. 2:206. 1786; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:152. 1996.
Tree, to 10m high, branchlets rusty tomentose, leaves simple,

alternate, petiole 6cm long, lamina ovate-elliptic, 6-12x4-9cm, glabrous
above, red glandular beneath, apex acute, margin entire, base rounded. Male
flowers in axillary fascicles, female flower solitary, peduncle tomentose,
perianth lobes, 3-5, disc wanting, stamens many. Fruit capsule, globose, red
puberlous, to 0.9cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Jan. Distribution-India, China, Indomalaesia.

Occasional in Yhirtharameshwara range. FDD-1109. (Plate-12 B)
MANIHOT Miller
Manihot esculenta Crantz is cultivated for its starchy root.
PHYLLANTHUS Linnaeus emend. Gaertner

Key to species
1 Plant shrub/tree:
2 Leaves obovate, fmit 5-6 ridged P.acidus
2 Leaves oblong, fruit globose, obscurely 3-4 ridged P.officinalis
1 Plant under shru/herb:
3 Filaments of stamens connate
4 Stipules peltate P.maderaspatensis
4 Stipules not peltate, lanceolate;

5 Seeds pitted J'.pofyphyllus

5 Seeds not pitted, with a line of tubercles P.rheedii
3 Filaments of stamens free:
6 Plant erect under shrub J^.gardnerianus
6 Plant erect/under herb:
7 Leaves elliptic-obovate, stipules linear,
stamens 5 P.amarus
7 Leaves not elliptic-obovate, stipules peltate, stamens 3:
8 Capsule vernicose P.urinaria
8 Capsule smooth P.virgatus
Phyllanths amarus Schumacher & Thoiin., Beskr. Guin. PI. 42L 1827;
Said, Fl.Kar. 2:155. 1996.
Annual erect, branching herb, leaves simple, alternate, distichous,

arranged on branchlets, resumbling pinnate leaf, elliptic-oblong,
membranous, 10-11.5x0.5-0.7cm, apex obtuse, margin entire, base obtuse.
Flower axillary, greenish, petals minute, 5 lobed, free, stamens 5, free,
anthers subglobose, dehising transeversly. Fruit capsule, smooth, globose,
style recui^ved, straight, stigma bifid, persistent.
Fl-Fr:-AIl seasons. FDD-902.
Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wight) Baillon, Etudes Gen. Euph. 628. 1858;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madias 1290(902). 1925. Macraea gardneriana Wi^t,
Ic. t. 1902. f. 3. 1852; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:156. 1996.
Small shrub-underslirub, to 40-60cm high, leaf simple, stipule

peltate, lamina elliptic-oblong, 1.5-3x0.5-1cm, apex rounded, margin entke,
base rounded-acute. Flowers axillary, solitary, perianth lobes 6, staminal
filament free. Fruit capsule, smmoth, seeds minutely tubercled.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Peninsular India.

Common in waste lands and along the hedges of garden.

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L., Sp. PI. 982. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 1895, f. 3.
1852; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:586(3: 82). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1289(902). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:157. 1996.
Small, erect herb, to 15cm tall, leaves simple, alternate, stipulate,

stipule peltate, lamina oblanceolate, apex obtuse, margin entire, base
subcordate, to 0.5x0.2cm. Flowers in axillary clusters, perianth 6-lobed,
biseriate, persistent in female flower. Fruit capsule, globose, to 0.4cm
across, seed pitted.

Common herb in open fields of Chennagiri and Honnali. FDD-801.
Phyllanthus officinalis L. Sp. PI. 982. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India.
5:289.1876 Brandis 570; Beddome Fl. Sylv. S.India. 258. 1872. Emblica
officinalis Gaertner, Fruct. 2: 122. t. 108. 1790: Wight. PI. t. 1896. 1852;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1295(906). 1925; Said, Fl. Kar.2:156. 1996.
Deciduous monoecious tree, branchlets pinnately glabrous,

pubescent, leaves 0.5-1x0.2-0.5 cm, oblong elliptic, tip mucranate or
obtuse, margin entire, base truncate, flowers in axillary fascicles, greenish
yellow, male and female flowers-mixed or female flowers at base and
female at top, calyx 5-lobed, cupular in female flowers, stamens 3,
filaments fused to form a column, ovary tricarpellary, style fused at base
with recurred branched arms. Fruit pale yellow, depressed, globose.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Common in Joldal, Harihara and Honnali range. FDD-

684.
Phyllanthus polyphyllus Willd, Sp. PI. 4:586; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1288(901). 1925;Sald, Fl. Kar. 2:157. 1996.

Small shrub, to Im high, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple,

stipulate, stipule ovate, lamina oblong, to 1.3x0.4cm, apex acute, margin
entire, base rounded. Flowers in axillary clusters, male flowers in fascicles,
female solitary, perianth 6-lobed, lobes ovate, stamens 3-5, filaments fused,
anthers vertically dehising. Fruit capsule, to 0.4cm across, seeds pitted.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Deccan, Sri Lanka.

Common in Jagalur, Davanagere and Harihara range. FDD-942.
Phyllanthus rheedii Wight, Ic. t. 1895, f 1. 1852; Gamble, Fl. Presi.

Herb, to 25cm tall, branchlets slender, glabrous,terete, leaves simple,

stipulate, stipule lanceolate, lamina ovate, apex apiculate, margin entire,
base cuneate, glabrous above glaucous beneath. Flowers in axillary clusters,
perianth 6-lobed, lobes oblong, staminal filament fused at base, free above,
anthers dehising vertically. Fruit capsule globose, smooth, seeds with
prominent longitudinal lines of tubercles.
Fl-Fr;-All district. Distribution-South India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional herb in Joldal range. FDD-916.
Phyllanthus urinaria L., Sp. PI. 982. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay
2:587(3:83). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1289(902). 1925. Phyllanthus
leprocarpus Wight, Ic. t. 1895, f 4. 1852; Said, Fl. Kar. 2:158. 1996.
Herb, to 40cm tall, branchlets erect, leaves simple, stipulate, stipule

peltate, ovate, lamina oblong-elliptic, apex apiculate, margin entire, base
rounded. Flowers in fascicles, perianth lobes6, lobes elliptic-oblong. Fruit
capsule verrucose, seeds transversely ridged.

Fl-Fr.-Oct-Mar. Distribution-Tropics.
Occasional in the outskirts of Rangianagiri hill range. FDD-915.
Phyllanthus virgatus G. Fprster. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 65. 1786; Backer &
Bakh. f, Java 1:469, 1963. Phyllanthus simplex Retz., Obs. Bot. 5:29. 1788;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:587(3:83). 1906; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1289(902). 1925. Macraea oblongifolia Wight, Ic. t. 1902, f. 1.1852; Said,
Fl.Kar. 2:159. 1996.
Herb, to 40cm tall, branchlets ascending, often erect, leaves simple,

stipulate, stipule peltate, reddish brown, lamina oblong, to 1.5x0.5cm, apex
apiculate, margin entire, base rounded, glabrous above, glaucous beneath.
Flowers in axillary fascicles, perianth 6-lobed, lobes ovate, stamens 3,
filaments free, dehising transversely. Fruit capsule, long stalked, seeds red
tubercled.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-South Asia to Pacific Islands.

Common herb along roadside. FDD-1066.
Note: Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels is cultivated for its edible fruits.
SEBASTIANIA Sprengel
Sebastiania chamaelea (L) Mueller in DC, Prodr. 15(2): 1175. 1866;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:582(3:78). 1906;Gamble, Fl. Madras. Presi, 1344
1925. Tragia chamaelea L., Sp. PI. 1391. 1753;Sald, Fl. Kar. 2:162. 1996.
Erect/procumbent, bmched herb, to 50cm high, woody at base,

leaves alternate, simple sessile/shortly peteoled, linear-elleptic, entire acute,
glabrous, blade 3-4.5 cm, inflorescence an axillary, spike, bracts small,
calyx usually 5-lobed, fimbriate, stamens 3, filament short, anthers ovoid,
ovary 3-celled, style 3-fid, stigma simple. Fruit capsule, with warty out
growths, red in color.

Fl-Fr:-Jul-Dec. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in open places of Jagalur. FDD-946.
TRAGIA Linnaeus
Tragia involucrata L., Sp. PI. 980. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:621(3:119).
1996.
Straggling or trailing herb, branchlets hirsute, hairs glandular,

irritating, leaves simple, petiolate, petiole to 2cm long, lamina elliptic-
lanceolate, 2.5-8xl-4cm, apex acuminate, margin serrate, base rounded,
hispid stinging hairs prominent above. Flowers in axillary racemes, often
temiinal, monoecious, bracts persistent in male flowers, periath 3-lobed,
acrescent in female flowers, linear, stamens 3, connate. Fruit schizocarp
witli acrescent calyx.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-Oct. Distribution-Peninsular India.

Fairly common in Scrub forests of Harihara, Davanagere and Jagalur range.
FDD-945.
Note: Ricinus communis L., is cultivated for its oil yielding seeds.
ULMACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Fruit samara Holoptelea
1 Fruit drupe Trema
HOLOPTELEA Planchon
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 3, 10:
269. 1848; Wight, Ic. t. 1968. 1853; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 629(3: 127).
1908; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1348(943). 1928. Ulmus integrifolia
Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 78. 1798; Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 1326. 1799; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t.
310. 1873; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:108. 1984.

Deciduous tree, leaves simple, penninerved, petiole long, 2-3cm,

stipules lanceolate, 0.5-0.8cm long, lamina elliptic-ovate or suborbicular,
apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate. Flowers in short condensed cymes,
brown, pubescent, tepals 4-8, stamens equalling the tepals. Fruit samara,
wing membranous, reticulately veined.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Dec. Distribution-India, Malesia.

Common tree along road sides. FDD-708. KN-Thapasi.
TREMA Loureiro
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 61. 1856; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
631(3: 129). 1908; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1350(445). 1925; Soepadmo
in Steenis, Fl. Malesiana Ser. 1, 8: 51. 1977. Celtis orientalis L., (Fl. Zeyl.
176. 1747) Sp. PI. 1044. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 602, 603. 1842. Sponia wightji
Planchon, Aim. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 3, 10: 322. 1848; Wight, Ic. t. 1971.
1853; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 311. 1873; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:108. 1984.
Small sized, deciduous tree to 5m tall, young branchlets pubescent,

spreading, leaves simple, alternate, 9-14x2.5-5.5 cm, oblong lanceolate,
apex acuminate, scarbid above, white pubescent beneath. Flower unisexual,
white, in axillary cymes, peduncle to 1cm long, perianth 5-Iobed, lobes
elliptic in both male and female, hairy, stamens opposite the perianth lobes,
pistillode compressed, ovary sessile, 1-celled, ovules solitary style villous,
cui-ved. Fruit drupe, ovoid, black.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Mar. Distribution-lndomalesia, Burma, China. KUSF range.

FDD-693. KN-Kiruliale.
MORACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant armed shmb Plecospermum
1 Plant unarmed:
2 Receptecle flask shaped, Inflorescence hypanthodium Ficus
2 Receptecle flat Inflorescence globose head: Artocarpus

A R T O C A R P U S J. & G. Forester nom. cons.

Key to pecies
1 Plant glabrous, Syncarp large cylindrical A.heterophyllus
1 Plant tomentose, Syncarp cylindrical small A.hirsutus
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Encycl. 3: 210. 1789; Jarrett, J. Arnold

Arbor. 60: 334. 1959. Artocarpus integrifolius sensu Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1369(957). 1928, non L. f., 1781; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:110. 1996.
Ever green tree, to 8m high, branchlets with stipular scar, leaves

simple, alternate, coriaceous oblong, 5.6-12x5-6.5cm, apex obtuse, margin
entire, base acute, green above, pale below, stipules foliar to 3cm long.
Flower unisexual, in globose axillary heads on old trunk, male flowers
perianth 4-lobed, lobes tubular, acute, in female flowers 2-Iobed, lobes
spathulate. Fruit cylindrical, greenish-yellow, clothed with fleshy, enlarged
perianth, carpels spiny, seeds greyish, refiner.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Jun. Distribution-Native to South W. India.

Common along road side and cultivated. FDD-694.
Note: Leaf extract used in skin diseases, as antidote to snake bite. Juice
of plant applied to glandular swellings. Wood yields coloring matter
morin and cyanomaclurin.crystalline steroketone, artostenone isolated
from the latex; artostenone have been converted to artosterone a
compound with highly androgenic properties.
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., Encycl. 3: 210. 1789; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1369(957). 1928; Wight, Ic. t. 1957. 1853; Said, Fl. Kar.
Ever green tree, to 20m high, branchlets strigose, tomentose, leaves

simple, alternate, broadly ovate-elliptic, 15.2-18.5x8.5-10cm, apexroimded,
margin entire, base acute, pubescent above, tomentose beneath, stipules
hairy yellow. Fruit syncarp, 8.5-9.5x6-8cm, oblong-cylindrical, echinate
with long soft orange when ripe.

Fl-Fr:-Jan-May. Distribution-South W.India. Occasional tree in Joldal

range. FDD-722. KN-Hebbelasu.
Note: Dry leaves and juice together with jaggary and camphor applied
externally to bulbos and sevesled testicles.
FICUS Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Plant with aerial roots
2 Figs stalked F. racemosa
2 Figs sessile:
3 Leaves velvety tomentose beneath:
4 Figs red on ripe, to 2cm in diameter F.benghalensis
4 Figs purple on ripe, to 1.5cm in diameter F.amplissima
3 Leaves pubescent/glabrous, figs to 4cm, red on ripe F. drupacea
var pubescens
1 Plant without aerial roots:
5 Leaves opposite F. hispida
5 Leaves alternate:
6 Figs solitary, yellow on ripe F. exasperata
6 Figs in pairs:
7 Figs sub sessile, apex caudate, figs red on ripe F.arnottiana
7 Figs sessile, apex cuspidate, figs purple on ripe F. religiosa
Ficus ampUssima Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 14. n. 68. 1810. Ficus tsiela
Roxb. ex Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15(1): 149. 1826; Wight, Ic. t.
668. 1843; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 314. 1873; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card.
(Calcutta) 1: 59, t. 73, 74 & 84Z2. 1887-88; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
650(3:150). 1907; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1362(953). 1928; Said, Fl.
Kar. 1:114. 1984.
Laige spreading bee, branchlets glabrous or slightly pubescent when

yoimg, aerial roots often present, leaves simple, alternate, ovate-elliptic,
5.6-10.2x3.8-5.8cm, petiole to 2.5cm long, coriaceous, apex slightly
acuminate, margin entire, base rounded, basal nerves 3, secondary nerves
10-12pairs, prominent beneath. Figs in axillary paks, on leafless branches,
globose, glabrous, to 2cm in diameter, purple on ripe, bracts scarious .,
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar.Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Maldive. Kalbigiri gudda,

Yerehalli, Tadasa. FDD-971.

Ficus arnottiana (Miq.)Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Ludg. Bat. 3:287. 1867;
King, Ami. Roy. Bot. Gaid.(Calcutta) 1: 56, tt. 68 & 84V. 1887-88; Cooke,
Fl. Bombay 2: 649(3: 149). 1907; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1363(953).
1928; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:114. 1984.
Medium sized tree, to 10m tall, aerial roots absent, leaves simple,
alternate, clustered at tip of branchlets, coriaceous, orbicular-ovate, 8.5-
11.5x6-8.5cm, glabrous, apex acuminate, margin entire, base rounded-
cordate, primery nerves 5-7, lateral nerves 8-12 pairs. Figs clustered, on
tubercles, in the axil of fallen leaves and also on trunk, red on ripe.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Apr. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka. Common tree in moist

deciduous forest of KUSF range. FDD-953.
Note: Leaves and bark extract used in skin diseases.
Ficus benghalensis L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753; King, Aim. Roy. Bot.
Card.(Calcutta) 1: 18, tt. & 8IE. 1887-88; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 645(3:
145). 1907; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1361(952). 1928; Wight, Ic. t. 1989.
1853:Sald, Fl. Kar. 1:115. 1984.
Large ever green tree, aerial roots many, branchlets spreading, leaves
simple, alternate, coriaceous, orbicular-ovate, 8.6-12.5x6.5-8.2cm, velvetly
tomentose below, glabrous above, nerves prominent, basal 5-7, lateral 4-6
pairs, prominent beneath. Figs sessile, in axillary pairs, globular, red on
ripe, to 2cm in diameter, basal bract prominent.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-Jun. Distribution-India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Sacred tree,

widely planted. FDD 977.
Note: Milky juice- applied externally for pains in rheumatism,
Infusion of bark used in treating diabetes.
Floristic Composition of Davanaêre District 443

Ficus drupacea Thunb., Diss. Fie. 11. 1786.

wai.pubescens (Roth) Comer, Gard. Bull.Singapore 17: 381. 1960; 21: 13.
1965. Ficus mysoremis Var. Pubescens Roth in Roemer & Schultes, Syst.
Veg. 1: 508. 1817. Ficus mysoremis Heyne ex Roth, Ic; King, Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gard.(Calcutta) 1: 19, t. 14 & 81D. 1887-88; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
645(3: 145). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1361(952). 1928; Said, FI.
Kar. 1:1176 1984.
Small evergreen tree, branchlets pubescent, leaves alternate,

obovate-ovate or elliptic-oblong, petiole 2-3cm long, hairy, apex obruptly
acuminate, margin minutely serrate, base truncate-cordate, 9.5-13.2x6.8-
8.5cm, glabrous above, tomentose beneath, basal nerves 3-5, laterals 10-12
pairs. Figs sessile, in axillary pairs, densely tomentose, red on ripe, to 4cm
in diameter, basal bracts wooly, spreading, deciduous.
F-Fr:-Apr-May. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka to Laos.

Common along road sides. Sulekere. FDD 961. Bili goli, Kotte goli.
Ficus exasperata Vahl Enum. PI. 2: 197. 1806; King. Ann. Roy. Bot.
Gard.(Calcutta) 1: 80, t. 100. 1887-88; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 653 (3: 153).
1984.
Small deciduous tree, to 8m tall, aerial root absent, branchlets

scabrous, leaves simple, alternate, ovate-oblong or obovate, 5.6-11.5x3.5-
5.2cm, apex shortly acuminate, margin minutely serrate, base cuneate-acute,
pubescent-tomentose above, hispid beneath, basal nerves 3, lateral nerves 3-
5 pairs, prominent beneath. Figs dioceous, glabrous, pubescent, sohtary in
axils, yellow when young, turning yellow on ripe, to 2cm in diameter,
peduncle to I cm long.

Fl-Fr:-Mar-Apr. Distribution. India, E. Africa, Sri Lanka, Arabia. Danavadi.

KUSF, Often cultivated. FDD 1011.
Ficus hispida L. f. Suppl. PI. 442. 1781; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
(Calcutta) 1: 116, t. 154. 1887-88; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 654(3: 154). 1903;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1367(956). 1928; Comer, Gard. Bull. Singapore
21: 89. 1965. Ficus oppositifolia Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 124. 1798; Wight, Ic. t.
638. 1843. Ficus daemona Koenig ex Vahl, Enum. 2:198. 1806: Wight, Ic.
t. 641. 1843; Said, Fl. Kar. 1:117. 1984.
Small tree, to 5m high, aerial roots absent, branchlets hispid, leaves

simple, opposite, ovate-oblong, membranous, 8.8-18.5x4.5-9cm, apex
shortly acuminate, margin entire, base rounded, scarbid above, hispid
beneath, basal nerves 3, lateral 5-7 pairs. Figs obovoid, fascicled on woody
tubercles on leafless branches, to 3 cm in diameter.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Bhutan, Malaysia,

China to Australia. FDD-932. Thirtharameshwara.
Ficus racemosa L. Sp. PI. 1060. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 667. 1843; King, Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gard.(Calcutta) 1: 173, t. 218A. 1887-88; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:
654(3: 154). 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1364(954). 1928; Said, Fl.
Kar. 1:119. 1984.
Medium sized deciduous tree, to 10m high, aerial roots few, short,
leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-oblong, coriaceous, petiole, 3cm long,
lamina 5.2-12.5x2-4.6cm, apex acute, margin entire, base oblique, basal
nerves 3, lateral 5-6 pairs, indistinct. Figs monoecious, on short, warted,
tubercled leafless branches, peduncle 1cm long, red on ripe.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons.Distribution-India, Bangladesh, China to Australia,

Sri Lanka.
Kalbigiri gudda. KN-Atlii mara. FDD 966.
Note: Bark extract given to Cattle, suffering form rinder pest. Sap of
root- in treating diabetes.

Ficus religiosa L., Sp. PI. 1059. 1753; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 314. 1873; King,
Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. (Calcutta) 1: 55, t. 67 A «fe 84 U. 1887-88; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1363(953). 1928; Wight, Ic. t. 1967. 1853; Said, Fl. Kar.
1:119. 1984.
Large deciduous tree, aerial root absent, branchlets glabrous, leaves

simple, alternate, broadly ovate-sub orbicular, petiole slender, 6cm long,
apex cuspidate, margin slightly repend, entire, base acute-truncate, basal
nerves 5-7, lateral nerves cuspidate, 8-10 pairs. Figs sessile, in axillary
pairs, 1-1.5cm in diameter, purple on ripe.
Fl-Fr:-.Maich-may. Distribution-India. Pakistan, Bangladesh, China to

Thailand.
Cultivated as sacred tree. FDD-903. KN-Arali mara, Ashwatha vruksha.
Note: Infusion of bark given internally in scabies
PLECOSPERMUM Trecul
Plecospermum spinosum (Willd.) Trecul, Aim. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 3,
8:124.1824; Wight, Ic. t. 1963.1853; Cooke, Fl. Bombay,
2:642(3:142). 1907; Gamble, Fl. Prsesi. Madras 1353(947). 1928; Said, Fl.
Kar. 1:121. 1984.
Small, armed tree-shrub, branchlets armed with long spine, leaves

simple, obovate, to 9x4cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate,
blabrous. Flowers white, in axillary, pedunculate head, stamens 4, exserted.
Fmit syncaipus, with few achenes adnate to perianth.
Fl-Fr:-Jaii-Jul. Distribution-Common in HarapanahaUi range. FDD-891.

(Figure-37)

URTICACEAE
BOEHMERIA Jacquemont
Key to species
1 Leaves alternate,flowersin axillary clusters B.glomeruUfera
1 Leaves opposite, flowers in paniculate spikes B.platyphylla
Boehmeria glomeruUfera Miq. in Zoll., Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. 1010. 104.
1854; Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2: 45. 1965. Boehmeria malabarica
Wedd., Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 8:350. 1855-56; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2;
636(3:135). 1907; Gamble,. Fl. Presi. Madras 1387(970). 1928; Said, Fl.
Kar. 1:123. 1984.
Shrub, branchlets softly hairy, leaves simple, alternate, ovate-

lanceolate, 12-18x6-9cm, apex acuminate, margin crenate, base subcordate,
softly hairy when young. Flowers in axillary clusters, greenish, perianth 4-
lobed, persistent, stamens isomerous, reflexed in bud. Fruit achene,
enclosed by persistent perianth.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia.

Occasional collected once in Kallapura. FDD-791.
Boehmeria platyphylla D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 60. 1825; Gamble,. Fl.
Herb-Undershrub, 3-4m high, branchlets rugose, leaves simple,

opposite, ovate, 6-18x3-9cm, petiole long to 9cm, apex acuminate, margin
dentate, base subcordate, rugose, membranous. Flowers in axillary,
interrupted spikes, simple or paniculate, 4-merous, bracts lanceolate, periath
4-lobed, hairy. Fruitn achene, enclosed in persistent perianth.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Dec. Distribution-South W.India, Sri Lanka. FDD-787.

Collected in Kalbigiri gudda at hill top.
Note: This species grows only in higher elevations.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE
CERATOPHYLLUM Linnaeus
Ceratophyllum demersum L., Sp. PI. 992. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1391(973). 1928.
Submerged, aquatic herb, branchlets slender, roots absent, leaves

whorled, divided into dichotomous, linear segments, 6-10 segments in each
whorl, segments filiform, l-4cm long. Flowers solitary, axillary, unisexual,
greenish white, perianth lobes 6-12, persistent, reduced to scale like
segments. Fruit nutlet, warty.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Common in tanks of drier regions. FDD-

842.
SALICACEAE
SALIX Linnaeus
Salix tetrasperma Roxb., PI. Cor. T. 97. 1795; Wight, Ic. t. 1954. 1853;
Bedd., Fl. Sylv. T.302.1873;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1389(973). 1928.
Large undershrub-small tree, branchlets silvery tomentose, leaves

simple, elliptic-lanceolate, to 12x3 cm, apex acute, margin serrate,
glandular, base cuneate, peduncle long, to 5cm. Flowers in catkin,
unisexual, sessile, subtended by cauducous bract, achlamydous, stamens 4-
12, free. Fruit 2-valved capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Occasional. Joldal. FDD-990.
HYDROCHARITACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Stem subterranean, leaves cauline, whorled Hydrilla
1 Stem reduced/stoloniferous, leaves radical not whorled:
2 leaves cordate, spathe winged Ottelia
2 Leaves grass like, spathe not winged:
3 Leaf margin entire, petals white, fruit echinate Blyxa
3 Leaf margin denticulate, petals minute, fruit not echinate ....Vallisneria
Floristic Composition ofDavana2ere District '*'^«

BLYXA Noronha ex Du Petit-Thouars

Key to species
1 Stamens 8, seeds tubercled, shortly tailed at both ends B.octandra
1 Stamens 3, seeds echinate, long tailed at both ends B.echinosperma
Blyxa echinosperma (C. B Clarke) Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 5: 661. 1888;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1397(978). 1928; Hartog in Steenis, Fl.
Malesiana ser. 1, 5: 391. 1959. Hydrotrophus echinospermus C. B. Clarke,
J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 14: 8, t. 1. 1875. Blyxa talbolti, Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 5:
Acaulescent, submerged herb, to 30cm long, leaves simple, radical,

crowded, lenth variable, 6-18xO.5-0.8cm, linear, apex acute, margin
minutely denticulate, membranous. Inflorescens spathoceous, flower
solitary, white with pink throat, bisexual, sepals 3, linear, petals 3, white,
coiled at tip, stamens 3. Fruit capsule, linear, to 6cm long, enclosed in
ribbed ventricate spathe, seed oblong, echinate, spines in longitudinal rows,
margin scarious, tailed at both ends, tails filiform.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Rare aquatic herb, collected in Shanthi sagar. FDD-561. KN-Jala shulaka.
Blyxa octandra Planch. B.roxburghii, Rich.; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India

5:660.1888; Vallismria octandra Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 165. Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1397(978). 1921.
Acaulescent herb, leaves long, membranous, radical, 15-50 cm long,

linear, brown. Flowers white, clustered, spathe distinct, straight in male,
flower as long as leaf, or longer than leaves, in female plants scape shorter,
thick, terminating in solitary flower, sepals 3, green, petals 3, white,
stamens 8, filaments unequal, included. Fruit capsule, oblong, elliptic, to
10cm long, white, seeds prominently tubercled, shortly tailed at both ends.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Common aquatic herb in Shanthisagar. FDD 563.

Flnri^tir Cnmnnsitinn of Davanapere District 449
HYDRILLA L Richard
Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle 111. Bot. Himal. t. 376. 1839; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1396(977). 1928. Serpicula verticillata L. f., Suppl. 416.
1781.
Aquatic, free floating herb, stem slender, often rooting at nodes,

leaves simple, whorled at nodes, 4-6 in each whorl, linear, apex acute,
margin entire, base sheathing, 1-1.2x0.1cm. Flower axillary, solitary,
unisexual, male flower sepals 3, ovate, green, acute, corolla white, petals 3,
oblong, stamens 3, anther reniform, pistillode small. Female flower tubular,
sepals 3, linear, corolla white, tubular, tube to 3cm long, lobes obovate,
ovary unilocular, inferior, style linear, stigma fringed. Fruit muricate,
enclosed in persistent spathe, seeds small, oblong.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Feb. Distribution-Temperate & Tropical Old world.

Common aquatic herb in ponds and tanks of Channagiri. FDD-567.
OTTELIA Person
Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 400. 1807; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1398(978). 1928; Hartog in Steenis, Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 5: 398.
1957. Siraliotes alismoides L., Sp. PI. 535. 1753.
Submerged, freshwater herb, leaves submerged and floating,

submerged leaves narrow, floating leaves broadly ovate-cordate, petiole
lengtli depending on depth of water, apex rounded, margin entire, base
cordate, 8-12x7-11cm, nerves ll-pairs. Flower solitary, axillary, bisexual,
covered by spathe, spathe winged, wings undulate, peduncle long, angular,
fleshy, to 15cm long, calyx 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, to 2cm long,
petals 3, exerted, ovate, 2.5-3cm long, throat yellow, veins prominent,
stamens 6-9, filament unequal, anther linear, erect, ovary oblong-fusiform,

1-celled, ovules many, style 6, linear, stigma bifid. Fruit oblong, fleshy,
enclosed by spallic, seeds brown, numerous, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Mar. Distribution-Paleotropics to Solomon Islands.

Common along marshy areas of Baramasagara. FDD-579. KN-Kotta
genasu, Hasuru niru pathre.
VALLISNERIA Linnaeus
Vallisneria spiralis L., Sp. PI. 1015. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1396(977). 1928.
Submerged, dioceous, aquatic herb, stem stoloniferous, root fibrous,

leaves radical, linear, grass like, green, membranous, lanceolate, to
20x0.5cm, apex acute, margin entire. Inflorescence pedunculate, flowers
dioecious, female flower solitary, pedicel long, spirally coiled, male flower
minute, petals absent, stamens 3, staminodes absent in female flower, ovary
inferior, covered by spathe. Fruit enclosed by spathe.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-S.Asia Through Malaysia.

Common aquatic herb. FDD-553. KN-Halasarpi, Hasiru ribbon gida.
ORCHIDACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant terrestrial:
2 Plant cUmbing, leaf thick fleshy Venilla
2 Plant erect, leaf thick/membranous, fleshy/not fleshy:
3 Flowers in pendulous, drooping spike Geodorum
3 Flowers not in pendulous, drooping spike:
4 Flower without spur:
5 Leaves cordate/orbicular, spreading flat on ground Nervilia
5 Leaves not cordate, erect not flat on ground:
6 Lip superior, denticulate column shorten Malaxis
6 Lip superior, not denticulate, column long winged at apex..Xiparis
4 Flower with spur:
7 Flower white, large 3-4 cm in diamete Platanthera
7 Flower white/yellow, small 0.5-1.5cm in diameter Habenaria
1 Plant ephiphytic:
8 Plant with reduced stem, pseudobulb on creeping rhizme ..Bulhophyllum
8 Plant with long scandent leafy stem Vanda

BULBOPHYLLUM Du Petit-Thouars nom. com.

Bulbophyllum jlmbriatum (Lindl.) Reichenb. f. in Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst.
6: 260. 1861; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 29: 243. 1973. Cirrhopetalum
fimbriaium Lindl., Bot. Reg. 1839; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1420(993).
1928.
Epiphytic herb, pseudobulb uninodal, clustered, angular, yellowish

green, 2.5-4cm long, rhizome short, leaves 1-2, oblong-lanceolate, 15-25x5-
8cm, leaf less at the time of flowering. Flowers numerous in axillary spikes,
yellow/purple, lateral sepals linear, longer than dorsal sepal, 1.5-2.5 cm,
dorsal sepal long tailed, tip short, fleshy, recurved.
Fl-Fr:- Jan-Apr. Distribution- Western South India.

Common epiphytic herb in KUSF range. FDD-327.
Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schlecher, Feddes Repert. 4:259.1929;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1437(1004). 1928; Sant. & Kap., Orch. Bombay
203. 1966. Limodorum densiflorum Lam., Encycl. 3:516.1792.
Herb, to 30cm tall, pseudobulb exposed, leaves dark green, simple,

usually 2, upper most largest. Flowers in long pendulous, drooping spike, to
10cm long, flower white, scape lateral, sepals and petals similar, lip
emerginate, witli purple markings on inner surfaces.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Set. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia.

Occasional in Joldal range. FDD-447. (Plate-12 E)
HABENARIA Willdenow
Key to species
1 Flower white:
2 Spur long 15-20cm H.longicorniculata
2 Spur short:

3 Leaves flat on grpund/cauline, petals entire:

4 Leaves cauline, lateral lobe of lip broader
than median lobe heyneana
4 Leaves flat on ground, lateral lobe of lip
equaling median lobe H.plantaginea
3 Leaves whorled at the middle of the stem, petals bilobed,
lobes filiform H.multicaudata
1 Flower other than white:
5 Leaves towards lower half of the stem, flower green H.ovalifolia
5 Leaves cauline towards base of the stem, flower yellow:
6 Leaf margin yellow, petals etire H.marginata
6 Leaf margin not yellow, petals bilobed, longer lobe stright
shorter lobe curved If.ehvesii
Habenaria elwesii J. Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 7478. 1896; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1468(1026). 1928.
Herb, to 40cm long, leaves cauline, 3-5 in the middle of stem, ovate,
5-8x3-4cm, apex acute, margin entire, base sheathing. Flower yellow, in
terminal raceme, bracts sheathing, sepals shorter than ovary, ovate, petals
long, lobes linear, divericate, lip glabrous, spur slender, shorter than ovary.
FI-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution- Endemic to Southern Western Ghats.

Rare herb in Joldal. FDD-338.
Habenaria heyneana Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 320. 1835; Wight, Ic. t. 1710.
1851; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1471(1028). 1928; Sant, Rec. Bot. Surv.
India 16(1): 308. 1953.
Terrestrial herb, to 20cm long, leaves few, cauline, ovate, 3.5-5x2.5-

4cm, apex acute, margin entire, base sheathing, dark green, thick. Flovêrs
white, in terminal simple spikes, bracts long, exceeding ovary, sepals
subequal, petals entire, lip 3-lobed, 3 partite, lateral lobe of lip broader than
median lobe spur subcalvate.

Fl-Fr:- Jul-sep. Distribution-Deccan, Western peninsular India.

Conunon herb in Joldal range & Ammanagudda. FDD-306. (Figure-40)
Habenaria longicorniculata Grahm, Cat. Pi. Bombay 202. 1839; Sant. &
Kap., Orch. Bombay 29. 1966. Habenaria longecalcarata 925, 1845;
Small herb to 20 cm long leaves few at the base of the stem, thin,
ovate-oblanceolate, often elliptic-lanceolate. Flower white, in terminal
spikes, petals 3-lobed, lateral lobes linear, median narrow, spur long to 15-
20cm, slender, swalloned at tip.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution- Peninsular India.

Common in Joldal & KUSF range. FDD-321/657.
Habenaria marginata Coleb. in Hooker, Exotic Bot. T. 136. 1825; Gamble,

Fl. Presi. Madras 1471(1028). 1928; Sant. & Kap., Orch. Bombay 33. 1966.
Terrestrial herb, 20-30cm long, leaves usually at base of the stem,

oblong, 5-8x3.5-4cm, apex acute, margin entire, yellow lined, base
sheathing. Flower yellow in terminal spikes, bract equaling/slightly longer
than ovary, sepals subequal, oblong lanceolate, petals yellow, lobes ovate,
lip longer than sepals, spur stout, shorter than the ovary.
Fl-Fr:- Sept-Oct. Distribution- India, Burma.

Common in Joldal range. FDD-319. (Plate-12 D)
Habenaria multicaudata Sedgewick, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 6: 352. 1919;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1469(1026). 1928; Sant. & Kap., Orch. Bombay
14. 1966.
n'lrtfirfi/^ fmnnnvifinn nf T)nvnMaopr<> DiKtrict 454

Herb, to 30cm long, leaves cauline, usually in the middle of the stem,
oblong, 6-9x3-4cm, apex acute, margin entire, yellow lined, base sheathing,
narrow. Flower in terminal spike, 10-15cm long, flower greenish white,
bract shorter tlian ovary, petals white, bilobed, lobes filiform, lip 3-partite,
segments filiform, contarted, spur curved, shorter than ovary.
Fl-Fr:-Sep-Oct. Distribution-N.Kanara to Anamalais on Western Ghats.

Common in Joldal range, Occasional on KUSF range. FDD- 334.
Habenaria ovalifolia Wight, Ic. t. 1708.1851; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras

1471(1028); Sant. & Kap., Orch. Bombay 37.1966.
Herb, to 20cm tall, leaves simple, cauline, whorled, at lower half of

the stem. Flower greenish, in terminal raceme, bracts ovate-lanceolate,
sepals subequal, entire, petals entire, lip deeply 3-lobed, fleshy, green,
median lobe oblong, orched upward, towards dorsal sepal, lateral lobes
diamond shaed, spur green, longer than ovary, curved upwards.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Aug. Distribution- Not common, collected at Joldal range. FDD-

896. (Figure-39)
Habenaria plantaginea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 323. 1835; Wight, Ic. t.
1710. 1851; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1420(1027). 1928. Orchis
plalyphylhs auct. non Wild. (1805): Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 450. 1832.
Small herb, to 10-15cm long, leaves few, flat on ground, elliptic or

orbicular, 5-8x3-4cm, flower white in terminal spikes, bracts shorter than
ovary, sepals oblong, petals linear, lateral lobes of Up equal to median lobe,
spur slender, longer than ovary.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Common in Joldal range. FDD-335. (Figure-41)
Flnrivtir Cnmnnd/inn nf Davanapere District 455

LIPARIS L. C. Richard nom. com.

Key to species
1 Leaves ovate, lip suborbicular, erect JLprazeri
1 Leaves elliptic lanceolate, lip cuneately obovate, recurved X.nervosa
Liparis nervosa Lindl. Liparis paradoxa, Reichb. F.; Hooker's Fl. Brit.
India 5: 697& 6. 181. 1874; King & Pantl. Ann. Calc. Viii. t. 34.
Herb, to 20 cm long, stem slightly swalloned at base, leaves flat on

ground, ovate-elliptic, 5.5-12x4-7cm, apex acute, margin entire, base
sheathing, nerves prominent. Flower pale green-yellow, in terminal
racemes, to 10 cm long, many, sepals spreading, recurved, petals slender,
lip cuneatly obovate, recurved, adnate to column, recurved.
Fl-Fr;-Jul. Distribution- India, Burma.

Occasional herb in Joldal. FDD-38.
Liparisprazeri King & Pantling, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66:
582. 1897; Sant. & Kap., Orch. Bombay 179. 1966. Liparis Jlavo-viridis
Blatter & McCann, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 260, t. 6. 1931.
Herb, 15-20 cm long, leaves flat on the ground, ovate, 3.5-2-4cm,

stem pseudobulbus at base, ovoid. Flower yellow, in terminal raceme,
sepals 3, ovate, free, petals 3, reflexed, lip suborbicular, erect, column long,
recurved.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Aug. Distribution-India, Burma.

Common in KUSF range. FDD-258
MALAXIS Solander ex Swartz

Malaxis versicolor (Lindl.) Abeywickr., Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 2: 147.
1959; Sant. & Kap., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 58: 347. 1961. Microstylis
FInriitir Cnntnnsitinn of Davanapere District 456

versicolor Lindl, Gen. Sp. Orchid. 21. 1830; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1408(985). 1928.
Herb, 20-30 cm long, stem erect, stout at base, leaves simple, 3-5,
petiole short, broadly ovate-elliptic, 6-10x3.5-6cm, apex acute, margin
entire, undulate, base acute. Flower greenish yellow, in terminal raceme, lip
semicircular, adnate to staminal column, sessile, not spurred.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Aug. Distribution-India, Srilanaka.

Common in Joldasl range. Joldal range. FDD-296. (Figure-42)
NERVILIA Commerson ex Gaudichaud nam. Cons

Nervilia prainiana (King & Paantling) Seidenfaden & Smith., Orch.
Thailand 730. 1964. Pogonia prainiana King & Pantling, J.Asiat. Soc.
Bengal 65(2). 1896; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 8; 267, t. 355. 1898.
Small herb, root tuberous, leaf simple, solitary, flat on ground, absent
at the time of flowering, orbicular-reniform, 2-5x3-8cm, apex rounded,
margin entire, hairy, base cordate, dark green above, pale beneath. Flower
solitary, pale white, lip purple, long, 3-lobed, lateral lobes equaling/smaller
than median lobe, median lobe fimbriate, column curved.
Fl-Fr:- May, leaves Aug. Distribution-Sikkim.

Common herb in Joldal. Abundant in Joldal range on the way to Joldal
range from Badiavatlii. FDD-369. (Plate-12 F), (Figure-38)
PLANTANTHERA L. C. Rich. Norn. com.

Plantanthera susannae (L.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 295. 1835; Wight, Ic. t.
920. 1845; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1475(1031). 1928; Sant & Kap.,
Orch. Bombay 42. 1966. Orchis susannae L., Sp. PI. 939. 1753. Habenaria
susanae (L.) Rafm., Fl. Tellur. 2: 37. 1836.
'^''•—"*•*•'» /^^••*»«>i«»frf»yiM ^f T\rtttn%4rtnaw*a rîctt*i/*t 457

Large herb, to 60cm tall, stem long, leafy, green, glabrous covered
by sheatliing leaf base, leaf oblong-lanceolate, 5.5-12x2.5-4cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base sheathing. Flower white, large, 4-5.5cm wide, in long
terminal raceme, bracts leafy, sepals 3, lateral sepals oblong, dorsal smaller,
rhomboidal, median spathulate, petals white, linear, lip fimbriate, with
lateral lobes, median lobe narrow, spur narrow, exceading ovary.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Rare, collected once in KUSF range. FDD-396. (Plate-13 A)
VANDA R. Brown
Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hooker ex G. Don in Loud., Hort. Brit. 372. 1830;
Gamble, FI. Presi. Madias 1445(1010). 1928; Sant. & Kap., Orch. Bombay
220. 1966, Epidendrum lessellalum Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 42. 1795.
Epiphytic herb, stem long scandent, leaves linear-oblong, in

conduplicate, 5-9x2-4cm, tliick, fleshy. Flower in axillary racemes, few-
many flowered, flower large, resupinate, yellowish white with purple
streaks, sepals and petals tessellated on the inside, lip 2-lobed, with conical
pointed spur, median lobe long with 2 fleshy longitudinal ridges, spur pale
yellow.
Fl-Fr:-Sep-Mai-. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Common in Joldal & Kusf range. FDD-387.
Note: Root- useful in treating rheumatism and allied disorders enters
into the composition of various medicated oils for external application
in diseases of the nervous system and rheumatism. Leaves- Made into a
paste by pounding, applied during fever; the juice was intruduced into
the aural meatus as a remedy for otitis media. Whole plant contains
alkaloid-and glucoside which stimulate all organs having autonomic
cholinergic nerve supply at dose levels.
FInristic Comoosition ofDavanaeere District 458

VANILLA Swartz.
Vanilla walkeriae Wt. Ic. t. 932; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 90. 1874.
Stout terrestrial climbing herb, leaves coriaceous, fleshy, linear-

lanceolate, thick, dark green, apex acute, margin entire. Flower white, in
axillary racemes, bracts ovate, sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, petals
undulate, lip entire.
Distiibution- Cultivated. FDD-455.
MUSACEAE
MUSA Linnaeus
Miisaparadisiaca L. Sp. Pi. 1043. 1753; Cameron, Cat. HI. 1880; Schum.
Pflreich. 4(45): 19. 1900; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1496. 1928-
M.paradisiaca L. subsp Sapientum (L.) K. Schum. Pflreich. 4(45): 20.
1900.
Large shrub, stem stoloniferous, to 4m high, stem hallow,

cylindrical, leaves simple, spiral, large oblong, 40-70x18-25cm, apex sub
acute, margin entire, base sheathing. Inflorescence a spadix, monoecious,
bracts leafy, large ovate, greyish purple above, brownish purple beneath,
cauducous, large, 20-30x10-18cm, outer perianth lobes spathoceous, 3-5
lobed, imier two lobes fused with outer lobe, embracing the base of stamens
and style, stamens 5, staminode 1, filament stout. Fruit baccat, oblong, 3-5
angled.
Fl-Fr:-All season. Common cultivated plant in gardens. FDD-1021.
T71^îr-*i^ i^M.*srt^ciHr»tt ^f Tirt\irtn/tn^fj7 T\t%:fw*i/*f 4S9

CANNACEAE
CANNA Linnaeus
Canna indica L., Sp. PI. 1. 1753; Sant, Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 277. 1967.
Canna orientalis Roscoe, Monandr. PI. t. 12. 1824; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1495(1045). 1928.
Perennial, rhizomatous herb, stem erect, leaves simple, alternate,

ovate lanceolate, apex acute-acuminate, margin entire, base sheathing, 30-
40xl0-15cm. Flower reddish, in branched spike, sepals 3, petaloid,
subequal, 2-3x0.5-0.8cm, red, petal 3, fused at base, shorter than stamens,
stamens petaloid, staminodes red, labellum yellow. Fruit capsule,
subglobose, black.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Sept. Disrtribution-From Neotropics now pantropical.

Cultivated as ornamental plant. FDD-194. KN-Kabale.
Note; Stalksare cut into pieces and boiled with rice water and given to
cattle as antidote for effects produced by eating poisonous grasses.
ZINGIBERACEAE
ZINGIBER Boehmerwom.com.
Zingiber cernum Dalzell, Hooker's J.Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4:342. 1852;
Sant, Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 274. 1967. Alpinia nimmonii Grahm, Cat. PI.
Bomb. 206. 1839, nom. Zinziber nimmonii Dalz., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew
Gard. Misc. 4:341. 1852 ('nimmoi'); Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1489(1040).
1928.
Rhizomatous herb, stem leafy, leaves elliptic-oblong, to 30x8cm,

apex acuminate, margin entire, base narrow, sessile. Flowers in spike, to
8cm long, arising laterally from rhizome, ovoid or sub-globose, bracts
linear, bracteoles shorter than bracts, calyx shortly 3-fid, corolla tube
equalling bract, to 1cm, lobes unequal, labellum yellowish white, with
brown patches, stamens 1.
FI-Fr:- Sept. Distribution- Western Ghats.

Fairly common in Kukkwada. FDD-1011.
COSTACEAE
COSTUS Linnaeus
Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 1: 249. 1791;
Banksea speciosa Koenig in Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 75. 1783.
Rhizomatous herb, usually unbranched, stem prostrate twisted, root

rhizomatous, leaves simple, alternate, subsessile, 25-35x6-8cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base sheathing, tubular, ligulate, glabrous above, white
pubescent beneath. Flower pale pink, in terminal, elongated spike, bracts
petaloid, daik red, calyx petaloid, tubular, toothed, 3-lobed, 1.5-2cm, dark
red, corolla flat, 3-lobed, lobes 3.5-4.5xl-2cm, pale pink, lip large, to
2.5cm, haiiy at base, tluoat yellow, white out side, stamens 3, 1-fertile,
staminodes 2, filament together with connective forms a oblong petaloid
process, with dithecus anther at the middle, staminode combined in large
petalloid labellum, style filiform, stigma crescent shaped. Fruit capsule,
globose, seeds arillate.
Fl-Fr:-May-Sept. Distiibution-Indomalaysia.
In shades of Ammanagudda range. FDD-381. KN-Changala kosta, Kundige
gida.
AGAVACEAE
Key to species
I Plant armed, rhizome erect/suberect:
2 Flower large, stamens and style longer than tepals Agave
2 Flower small, stamens and style included Furcraea
1 Plant unarmed rhizome creeping Sansevieria
Floristic Comvosition ofDavanagere District 461

AGAVE Linnaeus
Agave americana L. Sp. PI. 323. 1753; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 277. 1884;
Erect, armed shrub, with thick rootstock, leaves radical, fleshy,

oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, margin spinus, dentate, base cuneate, to
25x0.2cm. Flowers in long terminal panicle, subtended by a scape, perianth
fused at base, lobes 6, free, ovate, shorter than stamens, to 5cm, apex acute,
prominently veined, ovary inferior, 3-celled, multiovulate, stamens and
style longer than tepals, stigma 3-lobed.
Fl-Fr.-Apr-Jul. Common hedge plant in plains. FDD-765. KN-Kannaru,

Ane katiiale, Butliale.
FURCRAEA Ventenat
Furcraeafoetida (L.) Haworth, Syn. PI. Succ. 73. 1812; Backer & Bakh. f,
Fl. Java 3: 165. 1968. Agava foelida L., Sp. PI. 323. 1753. Furcraea
gigantea Vent., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 1: 65. 1793; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1505(1052). 1928.
Armed shrub, stem reduced, rhizomatous, leaves large, alternate,

ovate coriaceous, 50-60x8-12 cm, apex acute, margin spiny below, entire
above, base broad. Flowers greenish white, in terminal panicle, scape stout,
perianth 6-lobed, lobes free, filament flat, to 1cm long, included, ovary
inferior, style broad at base, shorter than tepals stigma inconspicuous.
Fl- Jul. Distribuiton- Native to Central America.

Common hedge plant of Plains. FDD-750, 1102.
Note: In some of the specimen (FDD-1102) the buds are modefied in to
bulbils
Floristic Comoosition ofDavanasere District 462

SANSEVIERIA Thunberg nom. com.

Sansevieria roxburghiana J. & J. Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 7:
357. 1829; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1520(1061). 1928. Sansevieria
zeylamca Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 184. 1805, non (L.) Willd., 1799.
Shrub, stem rhizomatous, creeping, leaves basal in 8-9 tuft, 0.8-1x8-

10 cm, fleshy, glossy, glabrous, apex acute, margin entire, base sheathing,
upper surface with black horizontal bars. Flower pale green, with violet
tinge, in long raceme, 60-70 cm long. Fruit berry, globose 1-3 nerved.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jun. Distribution-South W. India & Sri Lanka.

Common hedge plant, rarely in wild. FDD-689. KN-Manjina nam, Heggu
ran tike.
DIOSCOREACEAE
DIOSCOREA Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaf compound:
2 Leaf trifoliate
3 Stem cottony tomentose, with prickles D.tomentosa
3 Stem hispid without prickles D.hispida
2 Leaf pentafoliate/often trifoliate at tips of branches 5-nerved ...D.pentaphylla
1 Leaf simple:
4 Leaves hastate D.glabra
4 Leaves broadly ovate-suborbicular:
5 Leaf base deeply cordate, bulbils common, capsule longer
than broad D.bulbifera
5 Leaf base acute not cordate, bulbils not present, capsule broader
than long D.oppositifolia
Dioscorea bulbifera L., Sp. PI. 1033. 1753; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3; 265.
1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1055. 1919; Prain & Burkill, Ann. Roy,
Hot. Gard. (Calcutta) 14(1); 188, t, 77, 1936;Wight, Ic. t. 878. 1874.
A stout, deciduous, climbing shrub, stem twining to the left, bulbils

common in the axil, leaves 10-25x3-15cm, alternate, long petioled, broadly
FlnrUtir Cnmnnsitinn ofDavanaeere District 463

ovate, acute/acuminate, entire, shallowly cordate. Inflorescens a spike,

axillary, pendulous, flowers white/pink, unisexual, male flowers in axillary
pendulous, slender panicles, flowers small, white/greenish, sweat smelling,
to 1mm long, sessile, perianth lobes linear, 6 in 2 whorls, stamens 6, female
flowers in clusters of 2-4, staminodes 6, ovary 3-celled, ovules single style
slender, stigma trifid. Fruit capsule, turns to straw brown on maturity, fruits
winged, seds brown, winged at base.
Fl-Fr. -Sept-Oct. Distribution- India, Sri Lanka.

Common straggler in Joldal and KUSF range. FDD-168. KN-Heggenasu,
Kuntagenasu. (Figure-43).
Note: Tubers-used in piles, dysentry, and syphilis. Applied to ulcers.
Dioscorea glabra Roxb., Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6:294.1876.
Prickly climbing slirub, leaves simple, ovate-hastate, rarely orbicular,

petiole long, to 2cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, 6-lOx5-8cm. Flowers
in axillary panicles. Fruit capsule, subquadrate, longer than broad.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution Rare collected at Joldal range. (Figure-44)
Dioscorea hispida. Dennstedt, Schluss. Hort. Ind. Malab. 15. 1818;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1511. 1928; Prain & Burkill, Ann. Roy. Bot.
Gard. (Calcutta) 14(1); 188. t.77. 1936. Dioscorea daemona auct. non.
Roxb;Wight, l e t . 811.1844.
Deciduous, unarmed, climbing shrub, stem twining to left hirsute, leaf

trifoliate, hirsute, leaflets obovate, 3.5-7-2-4cm. Flowers in pendulous
spikes, male spikes solitary/clustered, flowers small stamens 6 all fertile,
female flowers in solitary, distinct spikes. Fruit capsule, quadrately oblong.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Oct. Distribution-South and South East Asia.

Common in Joldal and Hormali range.

Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Sp. PI. 1033. 1753; Hook. Fl. Brit. India. 6; 292.
1886; Cooke, Fl. Bombay. 3; 266. 1904; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1056.
1918; Praiii & Burkill. Ami. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 14(2); 392. t. 139.
1938; Wight, Ic. t. 813. 1844.
Large deciduous, climbing shrub, stem twining to right, terrate,

unarmed, glabrous/pubescent, leaves simple, opposite, elliptic, ovate (in
some branches leaves alternate), variable in shape, apex acuminate, base
rounded. Inflorescence clustered spike, axilllary, male spikes brownish,
pubescent, flowers small, sessile, peduncle 6-8cm long, stamens 6, all
fertile, filament short, female spikes solitary, axillary, pistil pubescent,
staminodes 6, ovary 3-celled, rudimentary in male spikes, stigma bifid,
hooked, capsule stipitate, pedunculous, broader than long, seeds orbicular
winged.
FI-Fr. Jun-Oct. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka.

Common in Honnal range. FDD-164. (Figure-45)
Note: In some specimens studied, leaves are alternate. Tubers- used as
an external application to reduce swellings, in scorpion sting and
Snake-bite
Dioscorea pentaphylla L., Sp. PI. 1032, 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1511. 1928; Wight, Ic. t. 814. 1844; Prain & Burkill, Ann. Roy. Bot.
Gard.(Calcutta) 14(1). 1936.
Claimbing shrub, stem armed with prickles, pubescent when young,

cylindrical, green, glabrescent jn older portions, leaves alternate, 3-5 foliate,
pubescent, leaf lets ovate/obovate, entire, acute/acuminate, lateral leaflets
small, median one large, 8.5-12.5x3.5-5.5cm. Inflorescence a pendulous
spike, male flowers pale greenish, in very slender shortly pedunculate
racemes, 20-25cm long, stamens alternate with staminodes. Female flowers
in axillary pendulous spikes, 3-5 cm long, pistil hairy. Fruit capsule, longer

tlian broad, 3-angled, winged, pubescent, brownish green in young, turning

brown on maturity, seeds winged at base.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution-Tropical Africa to Malaysia.

Common in Thirtharameshwara. FDD-612. (Plate-13 B)
Note: Tubers- used for dispersing swelling.
Dioscorea tomentosa Koenig ex Roxb. & Heyne, in Roth Nov. PI. Sp. 371.
1821. Hooker. Fl. Brit. India. 6:289. 1892; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1511(1055). 1928. Prain & Burkill in Ann. Roy. Dot. Gard(Calcutta.)
4(1);188. t. 77. 1936; Santapau in Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 49(4):630.
1951.
Prickly tomentose, climbing shrub, stem armed with small recurved

prickles, clotlied witli tomentum, leaves tri-penta foliate, alternate, petiole
long, to 5cm, covered with recurved prickles, leaflets elliptic-ovate, apex
acute, maigin undulate, base cordate, pale green above, white tomentose
beneath, 8-15x3-6 cm. Flowers in axillary panicles, unisexual, male spike to
9cm long, bracts scaly, sepals 3, ovate, thick, petals smaller than sepals,
ovate, stamens 3, female spikes slightly shorter than the male, staminodes 6,
style 3, stigma bifid. Fruit capsule, oblong, winged, green, seeds winged at
base.
Fl-Fr:- Jul-Oct. Distribution-Occasional in Joldal range. FDD-670. KN-Bili

genasu, Mullu genasu.
LILIACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant climbing:
2 Leaves reduced to spiniscent scales, cladodes present,
flowers white Asparagus
2 Leaves well developed, leaf tip tendrillar, flower
yellow-red Gloriosa
3 Leaves succulent, fleshy, in radicals, capsule
loculicidally dehiscent Aloe
3 Leaves not succulent, linear, capsule trigonus,
3-valved Chlorophytum
Floristic Comvosition ofDavanaeere District 466

ALOE Linnaeus
Aloe vera (L.) N. Burman, Fl. Ind. 83. 1768; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1520(1062). 1928. Aloeperfoliata var vera L., Sp. PI. 320. 1753.
Rhizomatous herb, 6-90cm tall, leaf simple, succulent, arranged in

rosette, lanceolate, apex acute-acuminate, spinous tipped, margin spinous
tipped, fleshy, with jelly like mucilage. Flowers red, in terminal, racemose
scapes, bracts lower ones foliar, upper ones scaly, ovate, lanceolate,
perianth tube cylindrical, 6-lobed, red, 3-4cm long, tubular, stamens 6,
stigma simple. Fruit loculicidal, dehiscent capsule.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Jan. Distribution-Native of Canaries. Occasional, often cultivated

as Medicinal plant. FDD-570.
KN-Lole rasa
ASPARAGUS Linnaeus
Asparagus racemosus Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 152. 1799; Wight, Ic. t. 2056.
var. racemosus
Straggling, armed shrub, roots tuberous, fascicled, stem woody,
green, prickly, leaves reduced, cauducous, cladodes crowded at nodes,
linear, green, narrow, acicular, 1.5-2.5cm, curved. Flowers white, in axillary
racemes, perianth 3+3, connate at base, stamens 6, filament fi-ee, ovary
trigonous, style simple, stigma 3-lobed. Fruit berry, green, turning black on
maturity.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Jan. Distribution-Paleotropics. Abundent in Joldal. KUSF range.

FDD-848. KN-Halavu makkala thayi. (Plate-13 C)
Note: Acicular cladode with white flowers in axillary racemes draws
the attention in the fleld, this plant is abundant in most part of the
district and also most widley collected plant from the local
practitioners, measures should be taken to reduse unscientific harvest
of this plant otherwise it becomes extinct from the district, as the
people uproot this plant for the tuberous roots used against several
diseases.
PlnriKtin f^nmnntitintt nf Dnvnunoaro DtKfnrf <l<i7

GLORIOSA Linnaeus
Gloriosa superba L., Sp. PI. 305. 1753; Wight, Ic. t. 2047. 1853; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1519(1061). 1928.
Climbing, tuberous herb, stem slender, green, glabrous, leaves

simple, sessile, ovate-oblong, 8-12xl.5-3cm, apex modified in to tendril,
margin entire, base sheathing. Flower yellowish-red, axillary, solitary,
perianth 6, in two whorl of 3 each, lobes linear, lanceolate, margin wavy,
reflexed, 5.5-7xl.2-2cm, basal half yellow, upper half red, stamens 6,
filaments filiform, versatile. Fruit capsule, green, oblong, seeds numerous,
slightly winged.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in Joldal. Joldal range & KUSF range. FDD- 662. KN-Agni shike.
(Plate-13 D)
Note: Local pandiths claims that the tuberous root has abortive
nature.
CHLOROPHYTUM Ker-Gawler
Chlorophytum laxum R. Br., Prodr. 227. 1810; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1526(1066). 1928. Chlorophytum parviflorum Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot.
Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 141. 1850. Phalangium parviflorum (Dalzell) Wight,
Ic. t. 2039. 1853.
Pereimial herb, leaves simple, 2-ranked, linear, lanceolate, 9-15x0.5-

1 cm, apex acute, margin entire. Flowers in elongated, slender, scape, to
12cm long, flowers scattered on the scape with jointed pedicels, perianth
lobes white. Fruit capsule markedly trigonous, 3-valved.
Fl-Fr;-Apr-Oct. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common herb in shady places of Joldal. FDD-774.

SMILACACEAE
SMILAX Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, umbels many S.perfoliata
1 Leaves broadly ovate, umbels few S-zeylanica
Smilax perfoliata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 622. 1790; Koyama, Advancing

Frontiers PI. Sci. 4: 59. 1966. Smilaxprolifera Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 795. 1832;
Climbing shrub, prickles few, leaves simple, elliptic-lanceolate, 4-

7x3-4.5cm, apex apiculate, margin entire, base cuneate, nerves prominent,
reticulate, petiole sheathing to half of its lenth. Flowers white, in umbels,
umbels many, perianth lobes trimerous, free, petaloid, stamens 6, free. Fruit
berry, globose .
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution-Tropical India.

Common in Joldal, Thirtharameshwara. FDD-775, 879.
Note: 1) The specimen FDD-879, differs from that of FDD-775 in
having few umbels and inconspicuous sheath on petiole.
2) Flowers is ground in water and given in congenital diseases.
Roots- Some of the practioners claims that root extract will be effective
in difficult labour and also in treating parkinsonia, rheumatism,
urinary discharges.
Smilax zeylanica L., Sp. PI. 1029. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1518(1061). 1928; Koyama, Advancing Frontiers PI. Sci. 4: 50. 1966.
Climbing shrub, prickles few, leaves broadly ovate, 5-15x4-12cm,

apex acuminate, margin entire, base rounded, pitiole not sheathing. Flowers
white/greenish, in umbela, few. Fruit berry, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Mar. Distribution-India, S.E. Asia to Java.

Common in Joldal, Uchhangidurga. FDD-778.
J7]nri<itS/> f^nmnncifi/iM rtf DftMnptnnaua Tiistrti't ^'«9

COMMELINACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Flower in cymes:
2 Cymes 2-fid, bracts spathoceous Commelina
2 Cyme scorpioid, bracts foliaceous Cyanotis
1 Flower in panicles/Umbels:
3 Stamens all fertile Belosynapsis
3 Staminodes present;
4 Filament beared Murdannia
4 Filament naked Aneilema
ANEILEMA R.Brown
Aneilema ovalifolium (Wight) J. Hooker, ex Clarke,in A & C. DC,
Monogr. Phan. 3: 218. 1881;Hooker,'s, Fl. Brit. India 4:382. 1894; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1546(1079). 1921. Dictyospermum ovalifolium Wight, Ic.
t. 2070. 1853.
Herb, to 15cm tall, stem erect, striate, stout, rooting at nodes, leaves
shortly petioled, to 0.3cm long, elliptic-lanceolate, 5.4-7.4xl.8-2.6cm,
glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath, apex acuminate, margin
entire, base obtuse-cuneate, sheath membranous, 0.4-0.7cm long, gray
colored. Flowers in terminal panicle, shorter than the upper leaf, 0.6-0.9cm,
pedicel short, recurved, to 0.2cm long, stamens 2, perfect. Fruit capsule,
globose, glabrous, 0.6-0.8cm.
Fl-Fr:-June-Sept. Distribution- South W. India.

Common herb in wastelands of Honnali, Jagalur & Harapanahalli. FDD-
672.
BELOSYNAPSIS Hasskarl
Belosynapsis kewensis Hassk. Cyanotis kewensis \ ./*'^-R; Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India 4:388. 1894. Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1551(1082). 1921.
Prostrate, white villous herb, usually on rocks, branchlets thick,

fleshy, often rooting at nodes, densely hairy, hairs gray-dirty white, leaves
aaaaaaa i ssssssssssassssssssaass ' i i i 11 ii i 11 i sagaanBaeâa——•
Floristic ContDOsition of Davanaeere District 470
ladical and cauline, ovate-lanceolate, 1 2-3 5x0 4-0 9cm, apex acute, base
cordate, margin entire, pubescent above, densely hairy beneath, leaf base
sheathing, to 0 4cin long, hairy Flowers in racemes, shortly pedicelled,
axillary cluster of 2-3 flowers, calyx 3-lobed, lobes hispid, corolla 3, rose-
puiple, fiee, antliers yellow, beared, filaments hairy, blue. Fruit capsule,
villous at tip, oblong, to 0 8cm in diameter
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec common heib in hill tops FDD-216
C O M M E L I N A Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves hnear-lanceolate
2 Flower orange-purple Csubulata
2 Flower blue
3 Stem stout, spathe broadly cordate, recurved Cerecta
3 Stem diffuse/slender, spathe not cordate
4 Stem diffuse, spathe ovate with long slender hairs Cforskalaei
4 Stem slender, spathe cocculate, hooked on one margin,
glabrous Censifolia
1 Leaves ovate-oblong, lanceolate
5 Spathe funnel shaped Qbenghalensis
5 Spathe not funnel shaped
6 Spathe ovate-lanceolate, base cordate, capsule 3-celled Cdiffusa
6 Spathe ovate-lanceolate, base sagittate, auriculate,
capsule 2-celled C attenuata
Commelina attenuata Kven ex Vahl Enum 2 168 1806. Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India 4 372 1884, Gamble, Fl Presi Madras 1538(1074). 192L
C rajamahalensis Clmkc m J Linn Soc II 444 1870
Blanched, slendei heib. stem angled, glabious, leaves sessile, Imear-

lanceolate, 2 5-8 2x0 8-1 2cm, glabrous, apex acute-acuminate, margin
entue, base obtuse Floweis blue, to 0 2cm long, spathe 0 5-0 8cm, ovate-
lanceolate, base sagittate, auiiculate, longei than peduncle Flint capsule,
oblong, entiie, 2-celled
Fl-Fi -July-Sept
Common herb in waste lands, along bunds of cultivated lands FDD-56/241.

Commelina benghalensis L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753; Clarke, Comm. & Cyrt. t. 4.
1874; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 370. 1884; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 782.
1907; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1539(1074). 1931. Santapau, Rec. Bot.
Surv. India 16(1): 253, 1960.
Slender herb, rooting at nodes, leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-

ovate, sessile-subsessile, 3-5.5x2-3.5cm, glabrous, apex obtuse, often
rounded, margin entire, base sheathing, sheath villous, 0.8-1.5cm. Flowers
in axillary, cymes, 2-3-fid, blue, spathe fuimel shaped. Fruit capsule, 5-
seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Sept. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Conmion weed of waste places and uncultivated lands. FDD-44.
Commelina diffusa N.Burman. f. Fl. Ind. 18, t. 7,f .2. 1768; Mer. In Jour.
Am. Arb. 18:64. 1937; Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 284. Rep.
\961 .-C.nudiflora L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753 (auct. Plur. Non L. Mant. 177. 1767);
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4:369. 1892; Cooke Fl. Bombay 2: 781. 1907;
Diffuse herb, branchlets ascending, rooting at lower nodes, leaves

simple, alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 5-8x1-2cm, apex acute, margin entire,
base cordate, puberlous, sheath membranous, ciliate along margin. Flower
1-3 flowered axillary cyme, spathe falcate, ovate-lanceolate, apex acute,
base cordate to 4x2cm, sepals 3, pale blue, petals blue, 3-lobed, lobes
orbicular, claw long. Fruit capsule, 3celled, oblong, seeds oblong, grey-
brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Jul. Distribution-Tropical India.

Common in Joldal & KUSFrange amidst grasses. FDD-15.

Commelina ensifolia R. Br., Prodr. 269. 1810; R. Rao, Blumea 14: 352.
1967. Commelina undulala var. setosa Clarke,in A. & C. DC, Monogr.
Phan. 3: 179. 1881; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1539(1075). 1931.
Rhizomatous herb, stem slender, leaves simple, alternate, linear-

lanceolate, 5-8x1-1.3cm, apex acute-acuminate, margin entire, base acute,
sheathing, sheath 1.5-2cm long. Flower blue, solitary in axil, spathe
cocculate, hooked on one margin, glabrous. Fruit capsule, 3-seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Sept. Distribution- N. Australia to India, Sri Lanka.

Common in partial shade, in Joldal rage. FDD-22.
Commelina erecta L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753. C.undulata R. Br. Prodr. 270. 1810.
C.kurzii Claike in J. Liim. Soc. Bot. 11: 144 et in DC,Monogr. Phan. 3:
185. 1891; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 373. 1884; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1580(1075). 1931.
Hairy herb, stem stout hairy, leaves simple, alternate, sessile, elliptic-
lanceolate, 3.5-5.5xl.5-2cm, apex acuminate, margin entire, base sheathing,
sheath ciliate, glabrous above, puberlous beneath. Flower blue, solitary
axillary, spathe sessile, broadly cordate, recurved. Fruit capsule, 7-valved,
3-seeded, seed ash colored.
Fl-Fr:-Juii-Nov. Common weed in cultivated land & Waste land. FDD-18.
Commelina forskalaei, Valil; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 371. 1894. Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1539(1075). 1921.
Small herb, to 15cm tall, stem diffuse, slender, rooting at nodes,

sheaths to 0.9cm long, scaly brown, leaf linear-lanceolate, 6.3-12.x0.3-
0.6cm, base sheathing, apex acute, margin entire-undulate, base cuneate,
sessile, glabrous. Flowers blue, spathe ovate with long slender hairs
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Common herb in Ammanagudd. FDD-205.

Commelina subulata Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 23. 1821; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1538(1074). 1931.
Glabrous, branched erect herb, leaves simple, alternate, linear, 4-

6xl.5-2.5cm, glabrous, apex acuminate, margin entire, base sheathing,
sheath short, villousley ciliate, ovate-lanceolate, falcate, clustered in axils,
minutely pubescent, cordate. Flower orange-purple or violet. Fruit capsule,
3-5 seeded.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-Africa, India.

Common in marshy soil in Harihara and Harapanahalli. FDD-24.
CYANOTIS D. Don
Key to species
1 Root tuberous Ctuberosa
1 Root not tuberousr, fibrous Ccristata
Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal. 46. 1825; Wight, Ic. t. 2082.
1853; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1549(1081). 1931. Commelina cristata L.,
Sp. PI. 42. 1753.
Slender branched herb, rooting at nodes, covered with spreading

hairs, leaves simple, alternate, ovate-oblong, 2.5-3.5x1-1.5cm, apex acute,
margin entire, base acute. Flowers in axillary cymes, peduncle longer than
the cyme, to 6cm, bract large, foliar, bracteoles hairy, sepals free, fiised at
base, petals purple, fused at base, stamens 6, filaments hairy, stigma
capitate. Fruit capsule, enclosed in the bract, seeds 1-2.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in HonnaUi range, in moist shady places. FDD-155.
Floristic Comoosition of Davanasere District 474

Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) J. & J. Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, Syst.

7(2): 1153. 1830; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1549(1081). 1931.
Tradescantia tuberosa Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 108. 1798.
Villous herb, to 30cm tall, roots tuberous, fascicled, stem woody at

base, hairy, hairs shining, leaves simple, alternate, radical and cauline,
oblong-lanceolate, 7-15x1.5-3 cm, apex acute, margin entire, base sheathing,
to 2cm long. Flower purple-blue in long peduncled cyme. Fruit capsule,
ellipsoid, seeds brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Oct. Distribution-South W. India.

Common in Ammanagudde. FDD-226. (PIate-13 E), (Figure-46)
MURDANNIA Royle
Key to species
1 Leaves linear, flower purple M.nudiflora
1 Leaves ovate-oblong, flower pink M.spirata
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan, Kew Bull. 7:189. 1952; Backer & Bakh.
f., Fl. Java. 3:658. 1968. Commelina nudiflora L., Sp. PI. 41. 1753, pro typ.
paite. Tredescantia malabarica L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 412. 1762. Aneilema
nudiflorum (L.) Wall., List. 182. No. 5224. 1830; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1545(1078). 1931; Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 18: 64-66. 1937. Murdannia
malabarica (L.) Brueckner in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a: 173.
1930; Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 286. 1967.
Diffuse herb, branchlets slender, rooting at nodes, leaves simple,

linear-lanceolate, 4-6x0.4-0.6cm, apex acute, margin entire, base cuneate,
sheath bearded, flowers sh-purple, in terminal panicles, stamens 6, 3 fertile,
3 staminodes, filament bearded. Fruit capsule, globose.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-Pantropical.
Common in Tliirtharameshwara, belagutti, Joldal. FDD-76. (Plate-13 F)
Flnri^tir Cnmnnxitinn nf Davanaeere District 475

Murdannia spirata (L.) Brueckner in Engl. & Prantl. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,

15a: 173. 1930. Commelina spirata L., Mant. Alt. 176. 1771. Aneilema
spiratum (L.) R. Brown, Prodr. 271. 1810; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1545(1078). 1931.
Erect herb, branchlets decumbent, rooting at nodes, roots fibrous,

leaves simple, ovate-oblong, variable, apex acute, margin entire, base
cordate, sheath ciliate, short. Flowers pink or purplish pink, in
dichotomously branched, terminal panicles, bracts ovate, amplexicaul,
stamens 3, fertile, filament hairy. Capsule ovoid or oblong, to 0.5cm across.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-NoV. Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, China, Malaya.

Common herb in shades, Ammanaguda. FDD-782.
Note: Some specimen shows linear-lanceolate and also ovate-oblong
leaves, non of the specimen has both type of leaves in the same plant as
reported by others.
ARECACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant climbing with hooked spines Calamus
1 Plant erect shrub/tree:
2 Plant cultivated in plantation
3 Spatlie and nut large Cocos
3 Spathe and nut smaller Areca
2 Plant notcultivated
4 Leaves armed, basal leaflet spiny Phoenix
4 Leaves unarmeds Pinanga
ARECA Liimaeus
Areca catechu L. Sp. PI. 1189. 1753; -^ ^ Hooker, Fl. Brit. India. 6:
403. 1882; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 319. 1904. Rep. 1958; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1555. 1931.
Tall, unbranched tree, trunk slender, straight, hallow, leaves

piimately compound in terminal croAvn, leaf lets numerous, linear,
Floristic Comvosition of Davanaeere District 476

lanceolate, to 30cm long, spathe glabrous, spadix branched, male flowers in

tip of the branches, minute, pale yellow, perianth lobes 3, pale white,
woody, stamens 6, female flowers sohtary at base, perianth lobes 3-6. Fruit
ovoid,orange, mesocarp fibrous.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Cultivated in large scales.
CALAMUS Liimaeus
Calamus pseudotenuis Becccari ex Beccari & J. Hooker in Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India. 6: 445. 1892; Beccari, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.(Calcutta) 11: 223,
t. 69. 1908; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1567(1093). 1931.
Armed, climbing shrub, dioecious, petiole and rachis armed with

long straight spines, to 2cm long, leaves pinnately compound, to 20cm long,
rachis trigonous, leaf lets linear-lanceolate, 20-30x2.5-5cm, apex
acuminate, margin setulose, male spadix to Im long, slender, peduncle
branched, calyx 3-lobed, lobes fused, cupular, petals 3, free coriaceous,
stamens 6, female spadix armed with short spines. Fruit drupe, to 2cm
ovoid.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-South W. India, Sri Lanka.

Occasional in KUSF range. FDD-505. KN-Sanna betha, Halu betha.
COCOS Linnaeus
Cocos nucifera L. Sp. PI. 1189. 1753; Becc. & Hooker, Fl. Brit, hidia. 6:
482. 1893; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 322. 1904. Rep. 1958; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1557. 1931.
Tall tree, stem unbranched, with distinct annular depressions, leaf

pirmately compound, forming a crown at tip, leaf base stout, hard, woody,
rachis long, stout, leaflets many, 40-60cm long, midrib prominent, apex
acute, tapering, margin entire, spadix stout, monoecious, spathe boat

shaped, woody, spadix branched, spikelets pendulous, male flower at tip of

spikelets, perianth lobes 3, stamens 6, anther versatile, female flower at
base. Fiiiit drupe, epicarp tliin, shining, adherent to fibrous mesocarp,
endocarp stony.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Planted in large plantations.
PHOENIX Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Seeds small to 0.8-lcm acrosss P.humilis
var.pedunculata
1 Seeds large to 2 cm across P.sylvestris
Phoenix humilis Royle, Illuster. Himal. 394, 397, 399. 1840.

yai-peiiunculata Beccaii, Males. 3: 379, 387, t. 44, f. 13-15, 18-21, 25-27.
Small tree, to 4m tall, stem stout, short, unbranched, with persistent

leaf base, leaves pinnately compound, crowning the stem, rachis
compressed, base broad, leaflets linear, oblong, with spiny tip. Flowers in
spadix, unisexual, staminate spadix to 30 cm, perianth fused, stamens 6,
pistillate spadix to 1 m long, peduncle long. Fruit drupe, 1-seeded, oblong,
to 0.8-1 cm, orange colored.
Fl-Fr:-Apr-May. Distribution- South W.India.

Common in scrub jungles. KN-Kari eachalu.
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb., Fl. hid. 3: 787. 1832; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1559(1088). \93\. Elate sylvestris L.,S]p. PI. 1189. 1753.
Tree, to 10m tall, stem often branched, with thick persistent leaf
base, leaves pinnately compound, leaflets numerous, apex acuminate,
spinous, margin entire. Flowers in spadix, spathe coriaceous, woody, spikes
nivtrirt 478
numerous, in clusters, 20-30cm long, male flowers few, female flowers

dense. Fruit drupe, orange, reddish brown, oblong-ellipsoid to 2cm.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Feb. Common tree in scrub jimgle. KN-Eachalu.
PINANGA Blume
Pinanga dicksonii (Roxb.) Scheffer, Naturk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 32: 174.
1871; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1556(1086). 1931. Areca dicksonii Roxb.,
Fl. Ind. 3: 616. 1832.
Slender tree, to 5-6 m tall, leaves pinnately compound, to 2 m long,

crowned at tip, leaflets opposite, linear, broad at base, apex praemorse,
spadix few branched, branch lets slender, with a female flower in between
male flower, perianth 3, stamens many, female flowers with 6 staminodes,
ovary unilocular.
Fl-Fr:-Feb-Apr. Distribution- South W. India. KN-Jandarige.
ARACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant climbing with roots Pothos
2 Plant floating hydrophyte Pistia
2 Plant terertial:
3 Leaf decompound Colocasia
3 Leaf simple, ovate, entire Amorphophallus
AMORPHOPHALLUS Blume ex Decaisne nom.com

Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Bl., Rumphia 1: 148. 1837; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1587(1107). 1931. Arum bulbiferum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 510.
1832.
Coimus herb, leaf solitary, 3-fid at base, each segment

dichotomously dividing, pale green, thin, 5-8x3-4cm, apex acuminate.

maigin entire, base cuneate. Spathe cauducos, spadix soltary, peduncle 10-
15cm long, spadix, at base pistillate, middle staminate. Fruit berry, seeds
globose.
Fl-Fr:-June-Sept. Distribution-India, Burma.

Common herb in Joldal range, Joldal along shades. FDD-826, 859.
KN-Kadu suvama gedde.
Note: Several workers reported that this plant is flowering before
leaves, but my observation in the field reveals that specimen (FDD-859)
has leaf and also inflorescense.
COLOCASIA Clusius ex Fabricius nom.com

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 18. 1832;
Sat., Fl. Khnadala ed. 3, 293. 1967. Arum esculentum L., Sp. PI. 965. 1753.
Colocasia antiquorum Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 18. 1832; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1580(1102). 1931.
Stoloniferousher herb, rhizome often swollen. Leaf simple, ovate,

peltate, dark green, waxy coated above, pale beneath, 20-60x20-59cm.
Spathe yellow, to 20cm long, lower pistillate, accrescent, upper staminate,
deciduous, spadix witli sterile pistillate and staminate sterile and fertile
flowers. Seeds elongated.
Fl-Fr-May-Oct. Distribution-Native of Tropica Asia but Pantropically

cultivated.
Common along streams, leaves are used as vegetable. FDD-724.
KN-Kesavu.
PISTIA Linnaeus
Pistia stratiotes L., Sp. PI. 963. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1573(1097). 1931.

Floating hydrophyte, stoloniferous, leaves simple, whorled, ovate 2-

5x2-3cm, Spathe whitish, sessile, to 0.8cm long, spadix to 0.6cm long, pistil
solitary, adnate to spathe, stamens in synandrium, ovules many, seeds
oblong.

Common in aquatic habitats. FDD-760.
POTHOS Linnaeus
Pothos scandens L., Sp. PI. 968. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1592(1110). 1931.
Root climber, leaves simple, thick, fleshy, lanceolate, 2-4x1.5-2cm,

petiole winged, apex acute, margin entire, base acute. Spathe small, to
0.5cm, whitish, persistent, globose.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Madagascar, Indomalaysia.

Common in KUSF and Joldal range. FDD-821.
LEMNACEAE
WOLFFIA Horkel ex Schleiden «om. com
Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimmer, Fl. Schles. Ed. 3, 140. 1857;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1593(1111). 1931; Hartog & Plas. Blumea 18:
367. 1970. Lemmarriza L., Mant. Alt. 294. 1771.
Aquatic thalli, rootlets absent, thalli green, granular 0.5-0.8cm, with

a single budding pouch. Inflorescense arising from the dorsal cavity, naked,
staminate flower 1, anther monothecus. Fruit urticle, 1-seeded.
Common in stagnat water bodies. FDD-744.

ALISMATACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Leaves sagittate, inflorescence not spongy, achenes
spongy JLimnophyton
I Leaves cordate, inflorescence spongy, achenes not spongy Caldesia
CALDESIA Parlatore
Caldesia parnassiifolia (L.) Pari., Fl. Ital. 3: 599. 1853; Hartog in Steenis,
Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 5: 319. 1957. CParnassifolia') Alisma parnassiifolia
Bassi ex L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 3 (App.): 230. 1768. ('pamassifolia^. Alisma
reniforme D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 22. 1825; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1594(1112). 1931. Caldesia reniformis (D. Don) Makino, Bot. Mag.
(tokyo) 20: 34. 1906.
Aquatic herb, leaves simple, deeply cordate-orbicular, 20-25x6-8cm,

apex rounded, margin entire-imdulate, base deeply sinuate, radical floating,
often erect, nerves 13-15, Inflorescence a scape, spongy, 30-50cm, long, in
axillary whorls, white, bracts linear, to 1cm long, calyx sepaloid, sepals 3,
free to base, to 0.1-0.2cm long, petals 3, white, clawed, lobes imdulate, to
0.3cm long, stamens 6, style simple, stigma simple. Fruit achene, awned,
style persistent, obovoid, ribbed, smooth.
Fl-Fr:-Mar-May. Distribution-Paleotropics to temperate areas.

Common aquatic herb along streams near Shanthisagara, out skirts of
Channagiri. FDD-101.
Note: The specimen collected near shanthisagar shows only floating
leaves but the plants growing in marshy habitats shows erect leaves.
LIMNOPHYTON Miquel
Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 3:242. 1855; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1595(1113). 1931; Hartog in Steenis, Fl. Malesiana ser. 1,
5: 324. 1957. Sagittaria obtusifolia L., Sp. PI. 93. 1753.

Aquatic herb, to 0.5m high, stem reduced, leaves radical, sagittate,

apex acute-rounded, basal lobes long, tapering to a fine point, base sinuate,
broad, to 20x3.5cm. Flowers in axillary, panicles, white, bracteate, bracts
ovate, lanceolate, apex acute-acuminate, to 1.5cm long, calyx sepaloid,
sepals 3, reflexed, corolla white, petals 3, ovate, clawed, lobes undulate,
stamens 6, stigma capitate, beard. Fruit achene, globose, glabrous, green,
turgid, spongy.
Fl-Fr.-Sept-Mar. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in shallow tanks across plains. Channagiri. FDD-102.
APONOGETONACEAE.
APONOGETON Linnaeus f.
Aponogeton echinatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 210. 1832; van Bruggen, Blumea
18: 483, t. 7. 1970.
Aquatic, submerged, acaulescent herb, rhizome tuberous, leaves

elliptic-lanceolate, dimorphic, submerged leaves sub-sessile, membranous,
floating leaves long petioled, chartaceous. Inflorescense a long spike,
emergent, 20-30cm long, flowers white, tepals 2, free, persistent, small, 0.3-
0.5cm long. Fruit of 3-foUicles, echinate.
Fl-Fr:- Aug-Jan. Distribution- S.India.

Common in stagnant water along roadside. FDD-682.
POTAMOGETONACEAE
POTAMOGETON Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Upper leavesfloating,petiolate P.nodosus
1 Leaves submerged, sessile P.pectiuatus
Potamogeton nodosus Poiret in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 535. 1816; Dandy

in Rechinger, Fl. Iran. 83 (Potamogetonaceae) 3. 1971. Potamogeton

indiciis Roxb., [Hort. Beng. 12. 1814, nom.] Fl. Ind. 1: 471. 1820, non Roth
ex Roemer & Schultes, 1818; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1600(1116). 1931;
Sant., Fl. Khandala ed. 3, 293. 1967.
Aquatic, stoloniferous herb, leaves petiolate, variable, lower

alternate, upper opposite, fibrous roots at nodes, with spongy base,
submerged leaves alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, coriaceous, 6-18x2-5cm,
upper floating. Flower green, in leaf opposed spike, to 8cm long, ebracteate,
tepals clawed, claw equaling the limb, limb orbicular, to 1x0.5cm, stamens
4, sessile, clawed, ovary 4, sessile, superior, each with 1-pendulous ovule,
style short, stigma, sessile. Fruit drupe of 4-nutlets, seed reniform.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution-Temperate and Tropical.

Common in tanks and ponds of Channagiri and Shanthisagar. FDD-499.
Potamogeton pectinatus L., Sp. PI. 127. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1600(1116). 1931.
Submerged, stoloniferous herb, leaves submerged, sessile, ovate,

lanceolate, apex obtuse, margin entire, base amplexicaul, 2.5-4xl.5-2cm,
nerves more than 7, stipule cauducus. Flower in axillary spike, peduncle
stout, to 5cm long, perianth green, clawed. Fruit drupelet, beaked.
Fl-Fr;-Mar-Dec. Distribution-Temperate and Tropical.

Common in Shanthisagar lake. FDD-500.
ERIOCAULACEAE
ERIOCAULON Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Leaves pinkish red, sepals in male spathulate E.quinquangulare
1 Leaves not pinkish red, sepals in male flower boat shaped E.odoratum
Floristic Composition ofDavanaeere District *^-*

Eriocaulon odoratum Dalz. in Hook, Jour. Bot. Kew Misc. 3: 280. 1851; J.
Hooker'ss, Fl. Brit. India 6: 574. 1893; Ruhl. Pflrich 13(30): 110. 1903;
Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 844. 1908; Fyson, in Jour. Indian Bot. Soc. 2: 308, t.
Erect herb, to 20cm long, leaves simple, linear, crowded at the base
of the stem, apex acute, margin entire, membranous, 9-10cm long. Flowers
in long peduncled head, subglobose, unisexual, bracts cuneate, rounded,
pale white-yellow, minutely hairy, calyx sepaloid, sepals 3, fiised at base,
lobes lanceolate, apex acute, hairy, in female flower sepal 2-lobed, lobes
boat shaped, petals spathulate, in male flower, petals subequal, linear, ovary
3-celled, style branched, filiform. Fruit capsule.
Fl-Fr>Aug-Jan. Distribution-Abundant.
Common herb in KUSF range. FDD-314.
Eriocaulon quinquangulare L., Sp. PI. 87. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1620(1128). 1931
Stout herb, to 25 cm long, leaves simple, linear, ensiform, pale pink-

white, apex acute-acuminate, turning purplish red, to 12cm long. Flowers in
head, head ovoid, grey colored, flower unisexual, bracts cuspidate, hairy at
apex, sepals 2-3-lobed, lobes spathulate, linear, free, petals tubular, in male,
free in female, villous, black spotted glands at tip. Fruit capsule,
subglobose.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution- India, Burma, Sri Lanka.

Common in Joldal. FDD-350. KN-Gomajjige gida, Gomti.

CYPERACKAK
Key to Genera
1 Leaf blade reduced to sheath:
2 Leaf sheath triangular, style base dilated:
3 Hypogynous bristle absent Fimbristylis
3 Hypogynous bristle present Eleocharis
2 Leaf sheath not triangular, often absent, style base dilated Schoenoplectus
1 Leaf blade well developed:
4 Leaf with collar like ligule Fuirena
4 Leaf without collar like ligule:
5 Flowering glumes spiral:
6 Rachilla winged:
7 Style persistent on nut Bulbostylis
7 Style cauducous Fimbristylis
6 Rachilla not winged Rikliella
5 Flowering glumes distichous:
8 Rachilla deciduous:
9 Spike stalked, all flowers bisexual Queenslandiella
9 Spike sessile, lower glumes bisexual, upper male/sterile Kyllinga
8 Rachilla persistent:
10 Seeds flattened Pycreus
10 Seeds trigonous Cyperus
BULBOSTYLIS Kunth «om.com.

Bulbostylis densa (Wall.) Hand-Mazzetti in Karstem & Schenk,
Vegetationsb. 20, 7:16. 1930. Scripus densus Wall, in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1:231.
1820. Isolepis trifida Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. India 108. 1834.
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Clarke,var. trifida (Nees) Clarke,in Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India 6:652. 1893; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1662(1153). 193L
Slender annuals, 10-15cm tall, stem filiform, leafy near the base,
leaves filiform, glabrous, to 7cm long, long hairy at the mouth of the sheath.
Flowers in umbels, rays terminating in spikelets, each 1-1.5cm long,
spikelets 3-5, each 6mm long, rachilla winged, flowers small,
inconspicuous, in the axil of spiral glumes, glume l-2mm long, ovate,
acute, often mucranate, dark brown, keel greenish, stamens 2. Fruit -nuts,
0.5-0.8cm long, ovoid, trigonous.

Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Dislrilnition-Palcolropics,
Common in dry deciduous forest regions of Channagiri and Honnali range.
FDD-838.
Note: The Genus Bulbostylis Kunth is included in Fimbristylis Valil by
Koyama 1961(J.Fac. Sci. uni. Tokyo 3(8).) based on resemblance in the
spikelet and nut charecters.
CYPERUS Linnaeus
Key to species
1 Flowers in sessile spikelets, in single cluster ray absent Crubicundus
1 Flowers in many clusters, pedicelled, rays present:
2 Secondary rays absent:
3 Spikelets in digitate cluster:
4 Robust, rhizomatous herb, leaves reduced, bracts papery,
to 0.8cm, rays long, to 12cm, nut oblong Carticulatus
4 Tufted weak annual, leaves well devoloped, bracts leaf like,
to 4cm, rays 3cm long, nut elliptical Gdifformis
3 Spikelets not in digitate cluster, but in spikes:
5 Spikes ovoid, rachis short:
6 Tubiferous herb, spikelets reddish brown, nut oblong Crotundus
6 Plant not tubiferous, spikelets golden yellow, nut elliptic Ctenuiculmis
5 Spikelets cylindric, rachis long Ciria
2 Secondary rays present:
7 Spikelets in digitate cluster Ctenuispica
7 Spikelets not in digitate cluster but in spikes:
8 Spike ovoid, rachis devided in to nodes and internodes Cdistans
8 Spike cylindric, internode obsure:
9 Spikelets pale green, heads 2-3 together Ctriceps
9 Spikelets brown/golden colored, not in heads:
10 Spikelets golden colored, glumes incurved,
keel rounded Calopecuroides
10 Spikelets brown, glumes straight, keel not curved:
11 Bracts leafy Cnutans
11 Bracts not leafy Cexalatus
Cyperus alopecuroides Rottboell, Descr. PI. Rar. Programm. 20. 1772;

Kueken. in Englr., Pflanzeni. 101:71. 1935. Juncellus alopecuroides
(Rottb.) Clarke,in Hooker, FI. Brit. India 6: 595. 1893; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1628(1133). 1931; Kern in Backer & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3:472. 1968.
Rhizomatous, perennial herb, stem rounded below, trigonous above,

leaf leathery, pale beneath, to 15 cm wide, sheath red-brown. Flowers in

spikes, spike clustered/solitaiy, cylindric, golden colored, glumes incurved,

keel rounded 3,5-5.5x2cin, bracts foliar, rays unequal, flattened, longest
branched, glumes ovate-elliptic, to 1.5cm long, keel broad, rounded. Fruit
nut, obovoid, pale brown, compressed dorsiventrally.
Fl-Fr;-Oct-Sept. Distribution-Old world tropics and subtropics.

Common in marshy places near ponds. Shanthisagar. FDD-769.
Cyperus articulatus L., Sp. PI. 44. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1641(1140). 1931; Kucken. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 101:77. 1935.
Rliizomatous, robust, perennial herb, 1.5-2.5m tall, stem terete,

spongy, transversely septate, leaves reduced, papery. Flowers in compound
umbel, bracts papery, to 0.8cm, rays long, to 12cm primary rays to 10,
unequal, slender, to 6cm long, secondary rays some times present, bearing
digitate cluster of spikelets, spikelets spicate, each l-2cm long, linear,
compressed, pale brown, bracts 5-many, outer unequal, outer slightly larger,
to 1.5cm long, ovate-lanceolate, apex acute, broad at base, glumes 2-3x1-
1.5 cm, elliptic, keel green, stamens 3. Fruit nuts, 1-1.4m long, blakish,
apiculate.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-sept. Distribution-Pantropics and Subtropics.

Occasional in Joldal and Channagiri. FDD-909.
Cyperus difformis L. in Tomer, Cent. PI. 2:6. 1756; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1640(1139). 1931; Kueken. in Engl., Pflanzer. 101:77. 1935; Kern
in Backer & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3: 475. 1968.
Tufted, annual, root purple, leaves few, 8-14cm long, apex

acuminate, green above, pale beneath. Inflorescense of several globose,
dense clusters of spikelets, bracts leaf like, to 4cm, rays 3 cm long, each

3x0.5cm, glumes ovate, deciduous, keel rounded, membranous. Fruit nut,

elliptical, broader than the glume.
Fl-Fr:-Aug. Distribution-Tropics and Subtropics.

Common in rice fields at Channagiri, Honnali and Davanagere regions.
FDD-974.
Cyperus distans L. f, Suppl. PI. 103. 1781; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1640(1140). 1931; Keuken. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 101: 137. 1935; Kern in
Baker & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3:481. 1968.
var. distans
Annual herb, stem trigonous, leaves few, membranous, green above,
purplish beneath, margin hairy, 12-19x0.5-0.8cm. Inflorescense twice
antlielate, spike ovoid, branched, spike lets few, distant, linear, apex sharp,
rachis devided in to nodes and intemodes rachilla zig-zag, bracts spreading,
glumes dark brown, margin membranous, 0.2-0.3cm, slightly overlapping.
Fruit nut, ellipsoid, trigonous.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution-Tropics and Subtropics.

Common in rice fields as weed in Honnali regions. FDD-847.
Cyperus exaltatus Retzius, Obs. 5: 11. 1789; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1642(114). 1931; Kueken. In Engl., Pflanzenr. 101:64, f 9 A-E. 1935; Kern
in Baker & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3: 480. 1968.
Perennial herb, stem rhizomatous, to Im tall, leafy at base, slender,

trigonous, sheath long, dark purple, membranous, margin hairy. Flowers in
spikes, narrowly cylindrical, 30-50x40.4-0.6mm, spikelets brown, glumes
ovate, to 0.5cm long, keel green, apex mucranate. Fruit nut, ovate,
apiculate.

Fl-Fr:- Oct-Jan. Distribution-Paleotropics.

Common in marshy placea of Shanthisagar. FDD-. 1041.
Cyperus iria L., Sp. PI. 45. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1640(1140).
1931; Kueken. in Engl., Pflanzem. 101:150. 1935; Kern in Baker & Bakh.
f.,FI. Java 3:479.1968.
Tufted, glabrous, annual herb, to 50cm tall, stem erect, triquetrous,

leaves multiseriate, scabrid at apex, sheath papery. Flowers in terminal,
compound umbel, bracts foliar, longer than rays, rays 1-5, compressed,
yellowish brown, glumes obovate, minutely apiculate, 3-5 nerved. Fruit nut,
obovoid, trigonous, brownish-black.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Common weed in rice fields of Channagiri and HonnaU

regions. FDD-784.
Cyperus rotundus L., Sp. PI. 45. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1641(1140). 1931; Kueken. in Engl., Pflanzem. 101:107. 1935; Kern in
Baker & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3:479. 1968.
Glabrus, rhizomatous, tuberiferous herb, to Im tall, tubers ovoid,

trunkate, black, stem leafy at base, arising from the tuber, culms 100-120
cm tall, rigid, trigonous, ribbed, sheath reddish brown, papery, leaves linear,
short/equaling the stem. Flowers in sessile spikelets, spikelets reddish
brown, narrow-oblong, in simple/compound spikes, glumes broadly ovate,
leafy, mucranate, with green keel, membranous, finely nerved with purple
margin. Fruit nut, broadly elliptic or oblong, greyish black.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution-Pantropics.
Common herb in wet shady places and also as weed in cultivated lands.
FDD-940.

Cyperus rubicundus Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 308. 1805. Cyperus tenerijfae

Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. 7:245. 1806; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1639(1139). 1931; Kueken. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 101:306. 1935.
Perennial, herb, stem to 15cm, ridged, leaves linear-lanceolate, dark

green above, pale beneath, apex acuminate, base tappering, sheath reddish
brown. Flowers in spikes, spikelets sessile, oblong, 0.80-lx0.3-0.4cm,
compressed, each spikelet with 20-30 flowers, glumes ovate, keel green,
membranous, ray absent. Fruit nut, broadly elliptic.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-S. India.

Common herb in Uchhangidurga hill range. FDD-767.
Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl, Enum. 2:351. 1806; Cooke, Fl. Bombay

2:856. 1908; Kueken. in Engl, Pflanzenr. 101:385. 1936; Santapau Rec.
Bot. Surv. India 16(1);268. 1960. Pycerus sanguinolentus Nees, in Linnaea
9:283. 1836; Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6:590. 1893; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1627. 1931.
Perennial, rhizomatous herb, to 50m tall, stem pale green, flattened,

leaves linear, equaling stem, 30-40x0.3cm. Flowers in umbellate spike, rays
stout, spikelets flat, broadly ovate, boat shaped, yellowish green. Fruit nut,
suborbicular, compressed, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution- Pantropics.

Near shanthi sagara. FDD-1042.
Cyperus tenuiculmis Boeckeler, Linnaea 36:286. 1870; Kern, Reinwardtia

3: 28-31. 1954 in Backer & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3:481. 1968. Cyperus
zollingeri auct. non Steudel: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1641(1141). 1931;
Kueken. in Engl, Pflanzem. 101:133. 1935.
Floristic Comvosition of Davanasere District 491

Stoloniferous perennial herb, 40-60cm tall, stem sharply triquetrous,

leaves rigid, sheaths papery, brown. Flowers in spikes, spikelets few, bracts
3-4, filiform, ray 4-10, spikelets elliptic, quadrangular, yellow, rachilla
flexous, glumes ovate, keel broad, apiculate, green. Fruit nut, broadly
elliptic, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Aug. Distribution-Paleotropics.
In damp places of Honali range. FDD-811.
Cyperus tenuispica Steudel, Syn. PI. Glum. 2:11. 1855; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1640(1139). 1931; Kueken. in Engl., Pflenzenr. 101:245. 1935;
Kern in Backer & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3:476. 1968. Cyperus flavidus auct. non
Retzius; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6:600. 1893.
Tufted, erect, armual herb, to 40cm high, root purple, fibrous, stem
slender, 10-30cm tall, leaves few, narrow, shorter than stem, 8-20cm long,
blade tiigonous. Flowers in umbellate spike, terminal, rays 4-10, bracts 2-3,
the longest exceeding the rays, spikelets in digitate cluster of 5-20, glumes
broadly obtuse, purple, brown, to 0.6cm long. Fruit nut, rounded, white,
warted.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution- Paleotropics.

Common weed of rice fields in Davanagere. FDD-835.
Cyperus triceps (Rottb.) Cat. Hort. Vinodb. 1:94. 1842; Kuekenth. Pflrich
101:578. 1936; Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1):268. 1960. Kyllinga
triceps Rottb. Descr. et Icon. 14, t. 4, f 6{excl. cit. Rheed.)1773; Clarke, Fl.
Brit. India 6:587. 1893; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:877. 1908; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1623(1128). 1934.
Flnristic C.nmnosition of Davanagere District 492

Erect, annual herb, to 20cm tall, stem pale green-brown, slightly

angled, leaves linear, 10-15x0.1-0.2cm. Flowers in spiked head, 3 in each
head, cylindrical, pale green, unequal, median larger than lateral, bracts
foliar, 3-4, lower two glumes striate, membranous, strongly nerved, upper
glumes fertile, ovate. Fruit nut, oblong, compressed, yellowish brown.
Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Conunon in moist shady places of Davanagere. FDD-.869.
ELEOCHARIS R. Brown
Key to species
1 Stem triquetnjs, spikelets cylindric, to 15mm long E.acutangula
1 Stem ridged, spikelets not cylindric, spikelets less than 15mm:
2 Spikelets oblong, nut oblong-obovate E.congesta
2 Spikelets globose, nut obovate E.geniculata
Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) J.A.Schultes, Mant. 2:91.1824; Kern in

Backer & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3:461.1968. Scripus acutangulus Roxb., Fl. Ind.
1:216.1820. Eleocharis fustulosa Schultes, Mant. 2:89.1824; Hooker,'s, Fl.
Brit. India 6:626. 1893; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1648(1145). 1931.
Rliizomatous, creephig herb, to 60cm tall, stem triquetrous, 40-

50x0.5cm, sheaths brown. Flowers in spikes, spikelets cylindric, terete,
glumes ovate, striate, apex acute, margin membranous, bristles retrosely
scabrous, 6-7, unequal, one shorter, other long, exceeding nut. Fruit nut,
mceolate, biconvex.
Fl-Fr:-June-Dec. Distribution-Pantropics.
Common marshy herb in Shanthisagara. FDD-1104.
Eleocharis congesta D. Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 41.1825; Hooker, Fl.'Brit.

India 6:630.1893; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1648(1145). 1931; Kern in
Flnrivfir Cmtinnxitinn nf 1)nvnnnat>rfi Hhtrirt 493

Backer & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3:461.1968. Eleochahs afflata Steudel, Syn. PI.
Glum. 2:76. 1855; J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6:629.1893.
Annual herb, stem angular, ridged, 10-30x0.1cm, leaves linear,

sheath truncate, apiculate. Flowers in spikes, spikelets oblong, terete,
purplish, 5-6x0.2-0.4cm, glumes oblong, to 0.1cm long, margin
membranous. Fruit nut, oblong, yellowish green, bristles brown, longer than
nuts.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distriobution-India to Japan, Malaysia.

Common weed of rice fields in Channagiri. FDD-791.
Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 2:150. 1817; Kern in
Baker & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 3:461.1968. Scripus geniculatus L., Sp. PI. 48.
1753. Eleocharis capitata R.Br., Prodr. 225. 1810; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 648(1145). 1931; non Scripus capitatus L., 1753.
Rhizomatous, annual herb, stem 30-30x0.2cm, angular, ridged,

leaves linear, sheaths membranous, apex triangular. Flowers in spike,
spikelets globose, bract long, half of the spikelet lenth, glumes
membranous, 0.1-0.2x0.1-0.15cm, stigma plumose, bristles 5-7, longer than
nuts. Fruit nut, obovate, black.
Common in rice fields of Honnali and Channagiri. FDD-.751.
Note: Some of the specimens collected in Channagiri rice fields have
shorter bristles.
FIMBRISTYLIS WMnom.cons.
Key to species
1 Stem angular/ridged.
2 Spikelets 1-2
3 Cespitose herb, nut coaresly rugose F.acuminata
3 Perennial herb, nut striated F.schoenoides
2 Plant not cespitose, spikelets 1-2 or many:

4 Spikelets 1-2, nut narrow, ribbed F.tetragona

4 Spikelets many, nut not ribbed:
5 Nut trigonous, stigma 3 F.miliacea
5 Nut lenticular, stigma 2 F.aestivalis
1 Stem not angular/ribbed:
6 Cespitose herb, nut trigonous, inflated F.complanata
6 Plant not cespitose, nut lenticular:
7 Glumes hairy, nut stipitate F.sieberiana
7 Glumes glabrous, nut not stipitate, ridged F.dichotoma
Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:285; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1658(1150). 1931; Kern in Backer &Bakh.f.,Fl.Java 3:464. 1968.
Erect cespitose herb, to 15cm tall, stem 12-15x0.2cm, terete, ridged,

trigonous, leaves 2-rowed, sheath inflated at apex, ligule absent, lamina
triangular. Flowers in terminal spikelets, spikelets solitary, 8-10xO.3-0.5cm,
ovate, glumes ovate, elliptic-rounded, brown. Fruit nut, coarsely rugose,
ovate-orbicular, compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Common in marshy places of Harihara out skirts. FDD-.787.
Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retzius) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:288. 1805; Hooker, Fl.
Brit. India 6:637. 1893. Scripus aestivalis Retzius, Obs. 4:12. 1786.
Tufted aimual, 40-60cm tall, stem angular, ridged, 20-25 cm, leaves
linear, ligule absent, pubescent, 5-9cm long, membranous. Flowers in spike,
spikelets few, oblong, glumes spreading, keels green, membranous, lower
glumes and bract pubescent, style flattend, fimbriate at base of the style,
style base papillate. Fruit nut, lenticular, stigma 2 elliptical, compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Jaii-Mai-. Distribution-South East Asia.

Common in damp places of Honnali. FDD-759.
J71r\wie'ti^ i^f\i^tr%r\cWir%w* rkf r\rt\inMnn£>fi> TMcH'ir'f 495

Fimbristylis complanata (Retzius) Link, Hort. Bot. Berol. 1:292. 1827;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1659(1151). 1931. Scripus complanatus Retzius,
Obs. 5:14. 1789.
Perennial cespitose herb, 40-50cm tall, stem flattened, 30-40x0.2-

0.4cm, leaves linear, margin spinulose, apex abruptly triangular, sheath
compressed, ligule hairy. Flowers in spikes, spikelets stalked, linear-
naiTowly elliptic, angular, reddish brown, slightly contarted, glumes
elliptical, slightly hairy-hispid, keel slender apiculate. Fruit nut, obovoid,
0.5-0.75x0.5cm, trigonous, inflated, grey.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution-Pantropical.
Common weed of cultivated lads in Honnali and Channagiri. FDD-.831.
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:287. 1805. Scripus

dichotomoiis L., Sp. PI. 1:50. 1753. Scripus diphyllus Retzius, Obs.
5:15.1789. Fimbristylis diphylla (Retzius) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:289. 1805;
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6:636. 1893. Fimbristylis annua Roem. & Schultes,
vai-. diphylla Kueken; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1658(1151). 1931.
Rhizomatous, perermial herb, to 30cm tall, stem 10-40cm long,

leaves linear, flat, apex rounded, spinulose, sheadi membranous, hairy,
brovm spotted, ligule hairy. Flowers in spikes, spikelet solitary-few, brown,
ovate, 0,5-0.7x0.2cm, reddish brown, rachis winged, glumes brown,
obovate, style bearded at base. Fruit nut, obovate, glossy, stipitate, ridged
by 7-10 rows of thick walled cells.
Fl-Fr:- June-Oct. Distribution-Tropics and Sub tropics.

Common in open marshy places of Davanagere and Jagalur. FDD-.795.
-rr\ n:^*^:„4 49^;

Fimbristylis miliacea (L.)Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:287. 1805; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1660(1152). 1931; Kern in Backer & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3:463.1968.
Scripus miliaceus L., Syst. Veg. ed. 10, 868. 1759. Fimbristylis littoralis
Gaudichaud in Freycient, Voy. Bot. 413. 1826.
Tufted, cespitose, annual herb, 40-60cm tall, stem quadrangular, to

40cm long, leaves linear, 15-30x0.2-0.5cm, eligulate, apex acuminate.
Flowers in decompound umbellate spikes, spikelets subglobose, purplish
grey, glumes ovate. Fruit nut, obovate", 0.5x0.5cm.
Common weed in rice fields of Honnah. FDD-833.
Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retzius) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:286. 1805; Gamble,

Fl. Presi. Madras 1658(1150). 1931. Scripus schoenoides Retzius, Obs.
5:14.1789.
Perennial herb, to 50cm tall, leaves linear, narrow, green above, pale
beneath with dots, apex acute, margin spinulose, sheath membranous,
glabrous, to 60cm long. Flowers in umbellate spikes, spikelets sessile,
broadly ovate, apex apiculate, bracts 2, small, glumes orbicular, apex
apiculate, membranous, pale brown. Fruit nut, compressed, stipitate, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution-India to Tropical Australia.

Common in marshy places. FDD-870.
Fimbristylis sleberlana Kunth, Enum. 2:237. 1837; Kern, Blumea 8:131.

1955. Fimbristylis ferrugmea (L.) Vahl var. siberiana (Kunth) Boeck.,
Linnaea 37:17.1871.

Rhizomatous, perennial herb, 40-50cm tall, stem flat, to 40cm tail,

leaves linear, ligulate, glaucos, apex acute, sheath membranous, pubescent,
red dotted beneath. Flowers in spike, spikelets ovate, to 0.8x0.4cm, bract
erect, longer than the rays, glumes ovate, hairy, dark brown, apiculate. Fruit
nut, orbicular, to 0.15x0.1cm, stipitate, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in marshy places. FDD-937.
Fimbristylis tetragona R. Br., Prodr. 226. 1810;Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras

1658(1150). 1931;KeminBacker&Bakh.f.,Fl. Java 3:462. 1968.
Perennial herb, to 60cm tall, stem quadrangular, to 50cm long, leaf

bladeless, reduced to sheath like structure, membranous, brownish. Flowers
in spike, spikelet 1-2, ovoid, cylindrical, glumes cloesly imbricate, lowest
pair bract like, cauducous, sterile, upper fertile, oblong, many nerved. Fruit
nut, cylindric, naiTow, trabaculate with conspicuous gynophore.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution- Distribution-India to Tropical Australia.

Common in maishy places. FDD-1137.
FUIRENA Rottboell
Fuirena wallichiana Kunth, Enum. 2:182. 1837; Clarke, III. Cyper. t. 58, f.
8. 1909; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1669(1158). 1931; Vartak, J. Univ.
PoonaSci. & Tech. Sect. 40:192. 1971.
Rhizomatous, robust, perennial herb, 1-1.5m tall, stem trigonous to

Im long, leaves linear, to 15x0.5cm, Flowers in terminal corymbose spike,
spikelets large, subcylindric, bracts small, glumes broadly oblong, ciliate,
palebrown. Fruit nut, ribbed, trigonous, pale brown, surrounded by simple
bristles.
Floristic Conwosition of Davanasere District 498

Fl-Fr: Oct-Nov. Distribution:India.

Common in marshy areas of around temporary seasonal ponds in Hoimali.
FDD-938.
KYLLINGA Rottboell nom. cons.

Key to species
1 Head globose, golden yellow K.melanosperma
1 Head oblong, white K.nemoralis
Kyllinga melanosperma Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. India 91. 1834;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1624(1130). 1931. Cyperus melanospermus
(Nees) Valck.-Sur., Het Gesl. Cyp. Mai. Archip. 50, t. 2. f. 8. 1898;Kueken.
in Engl., Pflanzem. 101:583.1936; Kern in Backer & Bakh. F., Fl. Java 3:
470. 1968.
Rhizomatous herb, root prurple red, horizontally creeping, 5-8mm

tliick, stem to 40cm long, triangular, leaves linear. Flowers in spikes,
spikelet in globose heads, oblong, yellow, bracts longer than the
inflorescence. Fruit nut.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Paleotiopics.
Common in rice fields of Haiihaia. FDD-901.
Kyllinga nemoralis (Forster) Dandy ex Hutchinson, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 2:

487. 1936. Kyllinga monocephala Rottboell, Descr. Ic. PI. 13, t. 4, f 4.
1773, nom. Superfl.; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1624(1130). 1931.
Thryocephalon nemorale J. R. & G. Forster, Char. Gen. PI. 130. 1776.
Cyperus kyllingia Endlicher, Cat. Hort. Acad. Vindob. 1:94. 1842; Kueken.
in Engl., Pflanzenr. 101:606, t. 64, f C-D. 1936; Kkem in Backer & Bakh.
f, Fl. Java3:469. 1968.
Perennial, rhizomatous, marshy herb, to 30-50cm tall, triquetrotes,

glabrous, leaves hnear, longer than the stem 10-15sheath, glabrous, to 5cm
Floristic Comoosition of Davanaeere District 499

long. Flowers in spikes, spikelets in ovoid heads, white, bracts foliar,

15x0.4cm, linear, gllumes ovate-acuminate, 2-toothed at apics. Fruit nut,
biangular, brown.
Fl-Fr:-July-Sept. December-Pantropics and subtropics.

Occasional found in waste places along roadsides. FDD-1105.
PYCREUS Palisot de Beauvois

Key to species
1 Leaf filiform, spikelets few, compressed P.stramineus
1. Leaf notfiliform,spikelets many, not compressed:
2 Spike digitate/capitate, spikelets oblong P.sanguinolentus
2 Spike not capitate/digitate, spikelets linear;
3 Leaves stiff, inflorescense once anthelate, spike globose P.globosus
var nilgiricus
3 Leaves papery, inflorescence twice anthelate,
spikelets cylindric P.macrostachyos
Pycreus globosus (Allioni) Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 140(10). 1830;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1627(1132). 1931. Cyperus globosus Allioni, Fl.
Pedem. Auct. 49. 1789. Pycreus capillaris Nees, Linnaea 9: 283. 1834;
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 591. 1893.
var. nilagiricus (Steudel) C. B. Clarke, J.Linn. Soc, Bot. 36:204.
1903. Cyperus nilgiricus Hoclist. ex Steudel, Syn. PI. Glum. 2:2. 1854.
Cyperus globosus Allioni var nilgiricus (Steudel) C. B. Clarke, J. Liim. Soc.
Bot. 21:49. 1884; Kueken. in Engl, Pflanzenr. 101. 355. 1936.
Aimual, rhizomatous, marshy herb, stem 20-40cm long, leaves,

linear stiff Flowers in spikes, globose to oval, once anthelate, about
10x2mm. Fruit nut 1x0.5mm
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution-Paleotiopics.
Common in marshy places and also in cultivated land as weed. FDD-1030.
J7InfSctin Cmttnnssiiinri nf Dnvnunofirf 1'ii^trict 500

Pycreus macrostachyos (Lamarck) J. Raynal, Kew Bull. 23: 314. 1969.

Cyperus macrostachyos Lamarck, III. Gen. 1: 147.1791. Pycreus
albomarginatus Nees in Martins, Fl. Bras. 2, 1:9. 1842; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madias 1628(1133). 1931. Cyperus albomarginatus (Nees) Steudel, Syn.
PI. Glum. 2:10. 1854; Kueken. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 101;359, f. 42 E-H.
1936.
Rhizomatous, robust annual, to 50cm tall, stem solitary, leaves

linear, sheaths membranous, purple veined. Flowers in spikes, spikelets
distant, spreading, cylindric to 15x4mm, glumes spreading at maturity,
elliptical, obtuse, twice anthelate, keel broad, margin white. Fruit nut.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Pantropics.
Occasional weed in rice fields around Santhebennur. FDD-903.
Pycreus sanguinolentus (Valil) Nees, Linnaea 9:283. 1834; Gamble, Fl.

Presi. Madras 3:1627 (1132). 1931. Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl, Enum.
PI. 2: 351. 1805; Kueken. in Engl, Pflanzenr. 101: 385. 1936; Kern in
Backer & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3: 471. 1968.
Rhizomatous, perennial herb, stems clothed above the base with leaf
sheatlis, leaves flat, soft, half die length of tlie stem. Flowers in spikes,
spikelets in capitate heads, oblong, 10x3mm, glumes shallowly boat shaped,
3-nerved on the back, median red, laterals reddish brown. Fruit nut
1.5xlmm.
Common weed in marshy places at Kondaijii. FDD-800.
Pycreus stramineus Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 589. 1893;

Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1627(1132). 1931. Cyperus stramineus Nees
Floristic Composition o/Davanagere District 501

in Wight, Contrib. Bot. India 74. 1834 non Desfontaines, 1820. Cyperus
substramineus Kueken. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 101: 398. 1936.
Tufted annual, stem slender, to 25cm long, leaves filiform, shorter

tlian the stem. Flowers in spikes, spikelet few, compressed, linear 10-12x2-
4mm, glumes ovate, subacute, mucranulate, keel narrow. Fruit nut 0.9-
1x0.5mm., compressed, black, often with white transvers line.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Occasional on the bunds of rice fields in Belagutti. FDD-766.
QUEENSLANDIELLA Domin
Queenslandiella hyalina (Vahl) Ballard in Hooker's Icones Plantarum t.
3208. 1933. Cyperus hyalims Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 329. 1805. Cyperus
pumilus Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. India 74. 1834, non L. Pycreus
hyalinus Domin, Bibl. Bot. 85: 417. 1915; Gamble, FI. Presi. Madras
1627(1132). 1931.
Tufted armual, to 50cm tall, leaves longer than the stem, flaccid.
Flowers in umbellate spike, spikelet distant, spreading rachilla of spikelets
prominently winged, rays 3-7, often reduced to cluster of sessile spikelets,
glumes ovate, strongly keeled, keel herbaceous, produced into a slightly
recurved cup, fruit nut, suborbicular, truncate, dark brown.
Common weed in cultivated lands of mnalebennur. FDD-792.
RIKLIELLA J Raynal
Rikliella squarrosa (L.) J. Raynal, Adansonia ser. 2, 13: 154. 1973. Scirpus
squarrosus L., Mant. Alt. 181. 1771; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1166(1156). 1931; J. Raynal, Adansonia ser. 2, 8:95, t. 1, f. 9-12. 1968.
Isolepis squarrosa (L.) Kunth in H., B. & K., Nov. Gen. PI. 1: 202. 1815.

Rhizomatous, perennial, leaves linear, shorter than stem, flowers in

spikes, bracts 2, unequal, larger erect, smaller flat, spikelets ovoid, 3-5x2-
2.5nmi, glumes to 0.5mm long, with arista of equal length, fhiit nut, to
0.4mm long, trigonous, brown.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution- India, Sri Lanka to China.

Occasional near water streams in Thirtharameshwara. FDD-865.
SCHOEISOPLECTUS (Reichenbach) Palla. nom.cons.

Key to species
1 Stem spongy, spikelets ovoid-cylindric:
2 Stem transversely septate, bristles absent, nut sharply trigonous S.articulatus
2 Stem not septate, bristles present, nut broadly
obovate, planoconvex S.mucronatus
1 Stem not spongy:
3 Bristles absent, nut unequally triquetrus S-lateriflorus
3 Bristles present, nut unequally biconvex S.juncoides.
Schoenoplectus articulatus (L.) Palla, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10:299. 1888.

Scirpus articulatus L., Sp. PI. 47. 1753; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1666(1156). 1931; Kern in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 3:458. 1968.
Robust, pereniual herb, stem spongy, 15-30cm long, transversely

septate. Flowers in spike, spikelets crowded, sessile, ovoid, becoming
cylindric, 10-15mm long, glumes broadly ovate, apex acute, keeled, keel
many nerved, bristles absent, fruit nut, 1.5-2m long, obovate trigonous,
black.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Jan. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in wet places and marshy out skirts of Davanagere. FDD-895.
Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxburgh) Palla, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10:'299.

1888. Scirpus juncoides Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1: 218. 1820; Kern in Backer &

Bakh. f. Fl. Java 3: 459.1968. Scirpus erectus auct. Non Poiret, 1805;
Annual herb, to 90cm tall, stems flaccid, often rigid leaves linear,
sheaths membranous, usually with shortly cuspidate mouth. Flowers in
spikes, spikelets sessile, 1-5, ovoid, oblong, glumes sub-orbicular, keel
green, 1-nerved. Bristles 5-6, scarbid, equaling the nut. Fruit nut,
suborbicular, unequally biconvex, to 2mm long, brown.
FlTFr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Madagascar, India to Japan, Australia.

Occasional in rice fields and marshy places in Honnali. FDD-825.
Schoenoplectus lateriflorus (J.F. Gmelin) Lye, Bot. Not. 124: 290. 1971.
Scirpus lateriflorus J. F. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 2, 1: 127. 1791; Kern in Backer
& Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3: 459. 1968. Scirpus supinus L. var. uninodis Clarke,in
Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6:656. 1893. Non Isolepis uninodis Delile, 1813.
Scirpus supinus L. var. lateriflorus (Gmelin) Koyama, J. Fac. Sci. Univ.
Tokyo sect. 3, Bot. 7:302. 1958. Scirpus supinus auct. Non L., 1753;
Tufted, annual herb, to 30cm tall, stem terete, slender, sheath long,
often enclosing ovary/nut, one leaf blade often present. Flowers in spike,
spikelets many, sessile, ovoid to 5x1 cm glumes in 5-ranks, ray few, short,
glumes ovate, membranous, bristeles absent. Fruit nut, orbicular, unequally
triquetrous, transversely ridged, black.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Common in rice fields of Kerebilachi. FDD-

789.
Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla, Verb. K. K. Zool-Bot. Ges. Wien

38, Sitzb.: 49. 1888. Scirpus mucronatus L., Sp. PI. 50. 1753; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1666(1156). 1931; Kern, in Backer & Bakh. f, Fl. Java 3:

459. 1968. Scirpus triangulatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 219. 1820; Koyama, J.
Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, sect. 3, Bot. 7:317. 1958.
Rhizomatious, perennial herb, stem robust, triquetrous, or slightly 3-

winged, spongy, rhizome horizontal, stout. Flowers in spikes, globose,
spikelets 10, bracts acute, glume broadly ovate, obtuse, finely nerved
throughout, bristles 6, scabrid. Fruit nut, broadly ovate, black.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Mediterranean region and paleotropics.

Common herb in marshy regions of Shanthi sagara. FDD-1049.
POACEAE
Key to Genera
1 Plant aromatic, usually lemon scented Cymhopogon
1 Plant not aromatic:
2 Glume deciduous:
3 Male and female flowers on different Inflorescence Zea
3 Male and female flowers on same inflorescence:
4 Culm woody:
5 Internode solid:
6 Stem juicy Saccharum
6 Stem woody, not juicy Dendrocalamus
5 Internode hallow Bambusa
4 Culm not woody:
7 Spikelets in pairs, sessile and stalked, upper leaves recurved:
8 Fertile spikelet 2-flowered Ischaemum
8 Fertile spikelets 1-flowered:
9 Panicle spathoceous:
10 Spikelets in group of 3, 1-sessile, 2-stalked,
awn slender Apluda
10 Spikelets many: Eremopogon
9 Panicle not spathoceous::
11 Raceme digitate, spikelet alike:
12 Spikelet 3-nate, sessile spikelets glumes equal Chrysopogon
12 Spikelet 2-nate, sessile spikelets glumes unequal:
13 Lemma reduced, rachis and pedicel channelled Bothriochloa
13 Lemma not reduced, 2-fid, rachis and pedicel
not chanelled Vetiveria
11 Raceme digitate/not lower pair of spikelet simillar,
other dissimilar Dichanthium
1 Spikelets not in pairs, in spike/racemes, upper lemma
mucr anate/awned:
14 Fertile lemma entire, palea adnate to lemma:

15 upper lemma hyaline Alloteropsis

15 Upper lemma ribbed Digitaria
14 Fertile lemma margin incurved, palea free from lemma:
16 Spikelets deciduous, falling in groups Pennisetum
16 Spikelets spikelets deciduous, falling from
perdidtent pedicel, not in groups:
17 Inflorescence in loose spiciform panicle Panicum
17 Inflorescence not in loose spiciform panicle:
18 Glumes awned, acuminate Echinochloa
18 Glumes not awned, cordate:
19 Spikelet dorsally compressed Brachiaria
19 Spikelet not dorsally compressed Eriochola
2 Glumes persistent
20 Fertile florets awn straight, ligule with a fringe of cilia.
21 Lemma 5-nerved
22 Spikelets deflexed Dinebra
22 Spikelets straight not deflexed Oryza
21 Lemma 3-nerved
23 Spike in panicles
24 Spikelets distichous, laterally compressed Eragrostiella
24 Spikelets not distichous, not compressed Eragrostis
23 Spikes in sessile spikelets
25 Spike solitery/paired Enteropogon
25 Spikes umbellate
26 Spikelets 1-flowered Cynodon
26 Spikelets many flowered Eleusine
20 Fertile florets awn twisted, ligule with stiff hairs
27 Rachilla jointed between lemma Arundo
11 Rachilla not jointed between lemma
28 Lemma 1 and lemma 2 awn simple or branched Aristida
28 Lemma 1 and lemma 2 awn setaceous Arundinella
ALLOTEROPSIS J.Presl ex C.Presl

Aloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf in Prain, FL Trop. Afr. 9:487. 1919;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1766(1223). 1934; Bor, Grasses India 276. 1960.
Milium cimicinum L., Mant. Alt. 184. 1771.
Branched, erect, often procumbent herb, node hairy, intemode

pubescent, elongated, leaves simple ovate-lanceolate, hairy, hairs bulbous
based, 1.2-2.8x0.2-0.6cm, apex sub acute, base rounded, margin entire, base
sheathing, sheatlis striate, glabrous-minutely pubescent, 0.2-0.4cm long.
Inflorescence branched paniculate spike, peduncle long, 10-15cm long,

spikelets 0.5-0.8cm long, compressed, rachis branched, angular, lower

glumes ovate-lanceolate, 0.3cm long, nerves greenish, 3-5, upper glumes
oblong-lamceolate membranous, apex acuminate-mucranate, bristly hairy,
hairs purplish, lower lemma oblong, ovate-obtuse, tip aristate palea to
0.1cm long, 2 partite, narrow, abortive, upper lemma awned, 0.4-0.6cm
long, palea 0.5cm long, 2 nerved, lodicules 2, grain ovoid.
Fl-Fr. Sept-Nov. Distribution-Paleotropics.

Common in open fields of Jagalur. FDD-
APLUDA Linnaeus
Apluda mutica L., Sp. PI. 82. 1753. var aristata (L.) Hackel ex Backer,
Handb. Fl. Java 2: 54. 1928; Bor, Gramineae in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 524.
1970. Apluda aristata L., Amoen. Acad. 4: 303. 1756; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1750(1212). 1934.
Perennial, branched herb, 1-1.5m tall, branchlets/culm erect,

cylindrical, stem glabrous, rooting at lower nodes, roots wiry, leaves linear,
lanceolate, 8-18x0.5-0.8cm, apex acute, margin hairy, hau-s stiff, glabrous
above, glaucos beneatli, sheaths hairy, to 0.8cm long, ligule membranous.
Flowers in terminal-axillary, panicles raceme like, spikelets tp 3cm long,
bracts foliar, pedicel o 0.4cm long, lower florets male, upper bisexual,
lower glumes flat, membranous, many nerved, 0.1-0.2cm long, upper
glumes compressed, boat shaped, tip mucranate, hairy, to 0.1cm long,
lemma ovate, awned, cleft to the middle, palea oblong, grains oblong,
compressed.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Jan. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Common in open terrains of Hariahara and Davanagere. FDD-
Floristic Comoosition ofDavanaeere District 507

ARISTIDA Linnaeus
Key to Species
1 Spikelets yellowish, glumes l-3cm long A.hystrix
1 Spikelets brown, glumes 1-1.5cm long A.setacea
Aristida hystrix L. f., Suppl. Pi. 113. 1781; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1809(1252). 1934; Bor, Grasses India 412. 1960.
Tufted, perennial, to 30cm long, leaves long, to 40cm, ligulate, ligule

forming a fringe of hairs. Inflorescense contarted panicle, spikelets
pedicelled, pedicel short, bisexual, 1-flowered, yellowish, glumes
persistent, long awned, glume 1 long to 1.5cm, enclosing awn, glumel,
longer than glume 1, to 4cm, enclosing awn.
Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-Burma to Mascarene Islands.

Common in plains of Jagalur and Honnali range. FDD-840.
Aristida setacea Retz., Obs. Bot. 4:22. 1786; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1809 (1252), 1934; Bor, Grasses India 412. 1960.
Slender herb, 50-80cm tall, stem slender, erect, terete, glabrous in

axils, culms erect, to 60cm tall, leaves linear, to 40cm long. Flowers in
panicles, glume 1, long owned, to 1-1.5 cm long, glume2, to l-4cm.
Fl-Fr: All seasons. Distribution-India to Mascarene Islands.

Common in plains. FDD-790.
ARTHRAXON Palisot de Beauvois

Key to species
1 Glume 1-many nerved, nerves scabrid A.hispidus
1 Glumes 1-few nerved, nerves hispid AJancifolius

Arthraxon hispidus (Thumb.) Makino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 26:214. 1912;

Phalaris hispida Thmnb., Fl. Japon. 44. 1784.
Amiual herb, to 40cm tall, stem flat, 15-3 0cm long, sheath
membranous, leaf ovate-lanceolate, base amplexicaul, apex acute. Flowers
in spikes, spikelets sessile, glume 1-many nerved, nerves scabrid hispid at
apex, margin ciliate.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-Common herb of cultivated lands in Harihara

andHonnali. FDD-.721.
Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst., Flora 39: 188. 1856; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1729(1198). 1934; Bor, Grasses. India. 100. 1960.
Andropogon lancifolius Trin., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, ser. 6,
2:271. 1832.
Slender herb, 30-40cm tall, stem slender, culms straggling, leaves

linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5x0.5cm. Flowers in spike, pedicel hairy, outer
glumes rounded on the back, 1-few nerved, nerves hispid, iimer glumes
ciliate on keel at apex.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in Ucchangidurga hill ranges. FDD-986.
ARUNDINELLA Raddi
Key to species
1 Panicle compact, glumes with bulbous based hairs A.ciliata
1 Panicle fan shaped, glumes glabrous A.pumila
Arundinella ciliata (Roxb.) Nees ex Miq., Verb. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch.
3(4):30. 1851; Bor, Grasses hidia 421. 1960. Holcus ciliatus Roxb., Fl. hid.

1:321. 1820. Arundinella holcoides auct. non Trin.: Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1801(1247). 1934.
Annual, erect herb, to 30cm high, branchlets erect, slender, leaves

simple, lanceolate, 2.5-6.5x0.2-0.4cm, apex acute, margin hairy-ciliate,
hairs soft, bulbous based, sheath long, 0.8-1cm, hairy, ribbed, legule
membranous, fimbriate. Flowers in terminal, compact, paniculate spike, to
10 cm long, spikelets to 0.8cm long, pedicel to 0.3cm, glabrous, lower
glumes long, ovate, 3-nerved, apex acute, hairy, hairs bulbous based, to
0.3.cm long, upper glumes elliptic-ovate, apex acute, 5-nerved, to 0.4cm
long, lower lemma male, upper bisexual, elliptic-oblong awned, to 0.4cm in
diain..
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distribution-South W.India.

Common in out skirts of Hormali. FDD-999.
Arundinella pumila (A. Rich.) Steudel, Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 114. 1854;
Acrantherum pumilum Hochst. ex A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 414 t. 100.
1861.
Annual small herb, to 20cm tall, leaf linear-lanceolate, to 15x2cm,

hairy. Flowers in paniculate spike, fan shaped, spikelets small, 1.5-2.5mm,
both glumes minutely hairy, upper lemma scaberulous, awns slender.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-Paleotropies.
Common herb in rocky crevises of Kabigirigudda. FDD-1106.
AXONOPUS Palisot de Beauvois:

Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Pal.-Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12:154, 167. 1812;
Bor, Grasses India 278 1960. Milium Compressum Sw., Prodr. Veg. Ind.
Occ. 24. 1788.

Perennial herb, stem slender, leaves lanceolate-ovate, to 5x1cm, apex

rounded, margin scabrous, with bulbous-based hairs. Flowers in spikes, in
spaciform alternate racemes, spikelets soft, feathery, 2-3 mm in diam,
sessile, alternate, dorsally compressed, upper glumes wanting, lower glumes
equaling spikelets, membranous, lemma 1, membranous, lemma 2,
herbaceous enclosing palea.
Fl-Fr:-Sept. Dsitribution- Introduced from Neotropics.

Occasional in Kondajji. FDD-890.
BAMBUSA Schreber
Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Roxb., PI. Cor. t. 79. 1796; Gamble, Ann.
Roy Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7:51, t. 48. 1896; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1859
(1286). 1934; Holttum, Taxon 8:67. 1956. Arundo bambos L , Sp. PI. 81.
1753, nom. Conf Bambos arundinacea Retz., Obs. Bot. 5:24. 1788.
Bambusa bambos Voss in Vilmorin, Blumengart. 1:1189. 1896.
Large, thorny shrub, intemodes hollow, nodes solid, culm thick,

erect, 10-50m tall, sheaths hairy, triangular, 10-20x2-3cm, glabrous, leaf
sheaths linear, to 12x3cm, blade trigonous, broad, scabrous, brown inside,
petiole short. Flowers in pseudopanicles of spikelets, apikelets clustered in
heads in spicate branchlets, 3-6 flowered, supported by 3 empty glumes,
glumes broadly ovate, mucranate.
Fl-Fr-Collected at flowering during Feb 18-1999.

Common in Joldal and Thirthaiameshwara range. FDD-741.
BOTHRIOCHLOA Kuntze
Bothriocola pertusa (L.) A. Camus, in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 1930, n.s.
76:164, 1931; Bor, Grasses India 109. 1960. Andropogon pertusus (L.)
Willd. Sp. PI. 4:922, 1806; Cameron, Cat. 118, 1880; Hooker.Fl. Brit. India.

7:173, 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:978, 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1731. 1934.
Amiual herb, to 50cm high, branchlets erect, nodes hairy, leaves

lineal', long, narrow, apex acuminate, margin scarbid, base narrow, 5-6x0.4-
0.6cm, sheath compressed, 0.6-1cm long, legule membranous, ciliate.
Inflorescence fasciculate racemose, silky, flexuous, pedicel, to 0.2cm long,
ciliate, lower glumes oblong-elliptic, apex emerginate, 5-7 nerved, upper
glume lanceolate, upper lemma linear, glabrous, lower lemma reduced,
palea absent, lodiculeas 2, grains ovoid.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution- South W. India.

Common fodder grass of dry places. FDD-
BRACHIARIA Grisebach
Key to species
1 Spikelets crowded, minutely pubescent, lower glumes
orbicular, 1-3 nerved B.eruciformis
I Spikelets alternate, lower glumes broadly ovate, 7-nerved B.ramosa
Brachiaria eruciformis (Smith) Griseb. in Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 4: 469.

1853; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1769 (1226). 1934; Bor, Grasses hidia
283. 1960. Panicum eruciforme Smith in Sibth. & Smith, A. Graeca 1:44, t.
59. 1806.
Annual herb, to 30cm tall, stem slender, leaves linear, flat, sheath
hairy, hairs bulbous based, 3-4x0.5cm. Flowers in spikes, spikelets
horizontally spreading in racemes, rachis trigonous, lower glumes glabrous,
to 2mm in diam, orbicular, l-3nerved, upper glumes 3-5mm in diam, softly
haiiy on the back.
Fl-Fr:-Nov-Mar. Distribution-India to Mediterranean.

Common in paddy fields of Honnali. FDD-756.

Brachiariia ramosa (L.) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9:542, 1919;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1770(1226). 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay
Grass. 134, Pi. 86. 1935; Bor, Grasses. India.284, 1960. Panicum ramosum
L. Mant. 1:29, 1767.
Annual tufted herb, to 90cm high, branchlets ascending, hairy, leaves

linear, flat, 4.8-1.5x1 cm, sparsely hairy above, glabrous below, apex
acuminate, margin ciliate, sheaths long, hairy, to 4cm, legule membranous.
Flowers in slender, long peduncled, paniculate spike, spikelets ovoid,
alternate, green, lower glumes ovate, 7-nerved, upper glumes ovoid,
membranous, 7-nerved, glabrous, lemma ovate, 5-nerved, lodicules 2,
small, grains ellipsoid.
Fl-Fr. Aug-oct. Distribution-Common in open fields of Channagiri. FDD-

837.
CHRYSOPOGON Trinius:
Key to species
1 Leaves pubescent, pedicel hairy Corientalis
1 Leaves and pedicel glabrous Caciculatus
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. 188. 1820; Gamble,

Fl. Presi. Madras 1738 (1205). 1934; Bor, Grasses India. 115. 1960.
Andropogon aciculatus Retz., Obs. Bot. 5:22. 1789.
Rhizomatous, tufted, perennial herb, 40-50cm tall, culms 60-80cm in

high, leaves basal, linear-lanceolate, apex rounded, glabrous, sheath margin
ciliate. Flowers in spikes, spikelets in panicle of whorled branches, 3 in
each whorl, 1-sessile and 2-pedicelIed, pedicel hairy, glumes coriaceous,
subequal, lower glume 1-keeled, upper boat shaped, 1-keeled/not, lemma
hyaline, lower empty, upper entire with geniculate awn, enclosing bisexual
floret.

Fl-Fr:-Aug-Oct. Distribution: Tropical Asia.

Common in Channagiri and Chitradm-ga. FDD-735.
Chrysopogon orientalis (Desvaux) A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-

Cliine 7:332. 1922; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1739(1205). 1934; Bor,
Grasses India 118. 1960. Rhaphis orientalis Desvaux, Opusc. 69. 1831.
Annual or pereimial herb, to 30cm long, culms comparitively

slender, 2.5-3ft, leaves linear, 10-20x0.5-0.6cm, apex acute, pubescent
aboVe, glabrous beneath. Flowers in paniclulate spikes, 15-20cm long,
spikelets sessile, pyramidal, branchlets ultimately horizontal, glume 1 and
glume2 awned.
CYMBOPOGON Sprengel
Key to species
1 Lower glumes with deppressions, spikelets 2-seriate, drooping Cflexuosus
I Lower glumes entire, spikelets not 2-seriate, compressed Cnardus
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, Cat. Welw. Afr. PI. 2:155. 1899;
Andropogonflexuosus Nees ex Steudel, Syn. PI. Glum. 1:388. 1854.
Perennial, tufted, aromatic herb, lemon scented, leaves linear-

lanceolate, 30-80x0.3-1cm. Flowers in spikes, spikelets in panicles,
compressed, branches long, slender, pyramidal, glume 1 flat, margin with
winged keels, glume2, boat shaped, keeled.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Dec. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Abundant in Kalbigiri gudda, Kondajjii. FDD-906.
Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steudel) Watson in Atkinson, Gz. N. W. Prov.

India 392. 1882; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1756(1216). 1934; Bor, Grasses

India 127. 1960. Andropogon flexuosus Nees ex Steudel, Syn. PI. Glum.
1:388. 1854.
Perennial, erect, aromatic herb, to 2m tall, branches erect,

cylindiical, leaves simple, flattened, lanceolate-oblanceolate, rigid, apex
acute, margin ciliate, nerves prominent, lemon scented, 20-40x1.5-2cm,
legule ring like, hairy, to 1cm long. Inflorescence a racemose spike, brown-
gray colored, peduncles long, to 20cm, spikelet sessile-peduncled, pedicel
to 0.5cm long, lower glumes flat, keeled, to 0.4cm, upper glume boat
shaped, to 0.3cm, keeled, lemma lobed, palea absent, lodicules 2. Caryopsis
ovoid.
Fl-Fr:-Jun-Dec.. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Occasional in KUSF range. FDD-758.
CYNODON Richard ex Persoon nom.com.

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Syn. PI. 1:85. 1805; Cameron, Cat. 119, 1880;
Hooker,Fl. Brit. India 7:288. 1896; Cooke Fl. Bombay 2:1032. 1903; C.
Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1835(1270). 1934.
Perennial, slender herb, rhizome creeping, often spreading by stolon,

branchlets erect, leaves simple, linear-lanceolate, 5.5-6.5x0.2-0.3cm, apex
acute, margin hairy, scarbid, sheath compressed, hairy, to 0.6cm long,
legule hairy, hairs white. Inflorescence a fascicled, terminal spike,
resembling umbel type, spikelets 2-6, purple, sessile, to0.3cm long, glumes
lanceolate, to 0.15cm long, base acute, apex mucranate, upper glumes
keeled, to 0.3cm, longer than lower glumes, lemma ciliate, to 0.1cm,
lodicules 2, stamens 3, anther oblong, stigma plumose, brown-black. Grains
oblong.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Common in open fields. FDD-
Floristic Cnmnosition of Davanagere District 515

DENDROCALAMUS Nees
Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees, Linnaea 9:476. 1834; Gamble, Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7:78, t. 68-69. 1896; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1858(1286). 1934. Bambosa stricta Roxb., PI. Cor. T. 80. 1798.
Unanned shrub, culm usually erect, from a densely branched

rootstock, nearly solid, sheath large elongate, leaves linear, narrowly
triangular. Flowers in compound paniculate spikes, spikelets in congested
heads, ovate, few flowered, empty glumes at base, 2-3, apex mucranate,
lemma glume Uke, palea acute, lodicules '0'.
Distribution- Dry hills of India and Burma.

Occasional in Joldal Flowering not seen during study period. FDD-878.
DICHANTHIUM Willemet
Dichanthium aristatum (Poiret) C. Hubbard, Bull. Misc. Inform. 654.
1939; Bor, Grasses India 134. 1960. Dichanthium nodosum Willemet, Ann.
Bot. (Usteri) 18:11. 1796; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1741 (1207). 1934,
nom. illegit. Andropogon aristatus Poiret in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 1:585.
1810.
Tufted perennial, stem soft, hairy, culms 40-60cm, long, nodes hairy,
leaves linear-lanceolate, 20-35cm long. Flowers in spiciform racemes,
peduncle conspicuously hairy, spikelets dorsally compressed,
sessile/pedicelled, sessile spikelet glume 1, equaling the sspikelet, glume2,
short, boat shaped, upper lemma thin, membranous, lower lemma reduced
to stipe. Pedicelled spikelet male, unawned, glume 1 similar to sessile
spikelet, glume2 not boat shaped, lower lemma absent.
Fl-Fr:-Dec-Mar. Distribution-Central and South India.

Common in open plains of Jagalur.FDD-898.
Flonstic ConiDosition ofDavanaeere District 516

DIGITARIA Heister ex Fabricius

Key to species
1 Rachisflexuous,trigonous D.abludens
1 Rachis straight, flat, margin winged:
2 Stem creeping, rooting at nodes D.longiflora
2 Stem erect, not rooting at nodes D.ciliaris
Digitaria abludens (Roemer & Schultes) Veldkamp, Blumea 21: 53. 1973.
Panicum abludens Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 2: 457. 1817. Paspalum
gmnulare Trin. ex Sprengel, Neue Entd. 2:47. 1821. Digitaria granulans
(Spreng.) Henrard, Monogr. Digitaria 302. 1950; Bor, Grasses India 301.
1960. Paspalum pedicellare Trin. (ex Steudel, Norn. Bot. ed. 2, 2:272.
1841, nom.) ex Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7:19. 1896. Digitariapedicellaris (J.
Hooker) Prain, Bengal PI. 1182. 1903; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1765(1223). 1934.
Aimual herb, culms tufted, slender, 30-60cm high, leaves linear, to

40cm long. Flowers in spiciform racemes, rachis flexuous, trigonous sub
digiate, spaced, spikelets unequally pedicelled, hairy, hairs clavate, flowers
2, articulated at the tip of thickened pedicel, glume 1 absent, glume 2
glabrous, often reduced, fruiting lemma brown, shining.
Fl-Fr:-June-Nov. Distribution-Tropical Asia.

Common in open fields of Jagalur and Harihara. FDD-913.
Digitaria clUaris (Retz.) Koeler, Descr. Gram. Gallia et Germania 27. 1802;
Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland ser. 2, 81:14. 1969. Panicum ciliare
Retz., Obs. Bot. 4:16. 1786. Panicum adscendens H., B. & K., Nov. Gen.
Sp. 1:97. 1816. Digitaria fimbriata Link, Hort. Berol. 1:226. 1827.
Digitaria adscendens (H., B. & K.) Henrard, Blumea 1:92. 1934; Monogr.
Digitaria 9. 1950; Bor, Grasses India 298. 1960. Digitaria marginata Link
vox. fimbriata (Link) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9: 440. 1919; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1764 (1222). 1934.

Annual herb, to 80cm tall, culm erect, to 60cm tall, leaves linear, to
40cm long. Flowers in spiciform racemes, subdigitate, on a common short
axis, rachis straight, flat, margin winged, lower glumes absent, upper glume
witli spreading hairs, nerved
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution: Pantropical.

Common in Joldal on tlie way to Ammana gudda. FDD-781.
Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers., Syn. PI. 1:85. 1805; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1765(1223). 1934; Henrard, Monogr. Digitaria 408. 1950; Bor,
Grasses India 302. 1960. Paspalum longiflorum Retz., Obs. Bot. 4:15. 1786.
Perennial herb, rhizome creeping, culms arising in fasicles, from

creeping rhizome, slender, leaves 10-20cm long, linear. Flowers in
spiciform racemes, digitate, slender, pedicel flexous, rachis straight, flat,
margin winged spikelets oblong, to l-2cm long, lower glumes absent, upper
delicate, equalling the spikelet, barren lemma 7-nerved, pubescent, fertile
lemma minutely hairy.
Fl-Fr:-July Sept. Distribution-Ppaleotropics.

Common in Jagalur out skirts. FDD-772.
DIMERIA R Brown
Dimeria pubescens Hackel in A. & C. DC, Monogr. Phan. 6:83. 1889;
Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1713 (1188). 1934; Bor, Grasses India 144.
1960.
Robust, tufted, prennial, culms to 40cm long, leaves linear, narrow,

densely villous, 20-30cm long, sheath densely villous. Flowers in spiciform
racemes, rachis terete, margin villous, glumes 1 chartaceous, hairy, strongly

keeled, glume2 larger than glume 1, margin winged, outer lemma empty,
iimer lemma awned, enclosing bisexual floret.
Fl-Fr:-Nov-Dec. Distribution: South W. India, Sri Lanka.

Comtnori in Kalbigirigiidda. FDD-844.
DINEBRA N. Jacquin
Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz., Denkschn. Konigl. Akad. Wiss.
Muenchen4: 270, t. 12. 1814; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1841(1274). 1934;
Bor, Grasses India 491. 1960. Cynosurus retroflexus Vahl, Symb. 2:
20.1791.
Aimual, leafy herb, culms 20-40cm high, leaves linear lanceolate,

flat, to 30cm long. Flowers in slender, deflexed spikes, spikelets crowded,
sessile, glumes persistent, subequal, upper longer, awned or cuspidate,
lemma hyaline, much shorter, broadly ovate, lodicules 2, grain ovoid.
Fl-Fr:-Sept. Distiibution-East Africa to Western India.

Common in cultivated lands of Jagalur after harvest. FDD-9I0.
ECHINOCHLOA Palisot de Beauvois

Key to species
I Raceme simple, lower lemma acute, un-awned Ecolonum
1 Raceme branched, lower lemma acuminate, awned E.crusgalli
Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2:209. 1833; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1776(1230). 1934; Bor, Grasses India 308. 1960. Panicum
colonum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 870. 1789.
Aimual, tufted, slender herb, to 60 cm high, branchlets erect, stem

slender, leaves linear-lanceolate, 3.5-8.5x0.5cm, apex acuminate, 'base
rounded. Flowers in terminal, simple, raceme simple, paniculate spike,
crowded, peduncle slender, angular, to 5cm long, lower glumes orbicular,

acute, 3-nerved, pubescent, to 0.1cm long, upper glumes 5-nerved, to 0.3cm

long, ciliate, lower lermna empty, upper lemma bisexual, broadly ovate,
boat shaped, to 0.2cm, lodicules 2, stamens 3. Caryopsis ovoid-obovoid.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Oct. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common weed in cultivated lands of Honnali. FDD-830.
Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Pal.-Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53: 161. 1812;

Panicum crusgalli L., Sp. PI. 56. 1753.
Annual herb, to 30cm tall, leaves linear-lanceolate, 10-20cm long,

sheath glabrous with brown patch. Flowers in panicle of spiciform racemes,
spikelets ovate, subsessile glume herbaceous, outer glume shorter, inner
longer, equaling spikelets, distinctly nerved, lower lemma awned,
herbaceous, upper lemma coriaceous.
Fl-Fr:-all seasons. Distribution-Paleotropics.

Common weed in paddy fields.FDD-728.
ELEUSINE Gaertner
Key to species
1 Plant cultivated, peduncle hairy E.coracana
1 Plant not cultivated, growing wild, peduncle glabrous Kindica
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertner, Fruct. 1:8, t. 1. 1788; Gamble, Fl.

Presi. Madras 1839(1273). 1934; Bor, Grasses India 492. 1960. Cynosurus
coracana L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 875. 1759.
Extensively cultivated in most part of the District.
Floristic Comoosition ofDavanaeere District Sin

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner, Fruct. 1:8. 1788; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madias 1839 (1273). 1934; Bor, Grasses India 493. 1960; Cynosurus indicus
L., Sp. Pi. 72. 1753.
Annual herb, to 60cm tall, leaves flat, linear, to 20cm long. Flowers
in mnbellate spikes, pedicel glabrous, lower lemma 0.3cm long, palea not
winged, glumes subequal, persistent. Grains oblong, narrowed at the ends.
Fl-Fr:-Sept. Distribution-Paleotropics.
Common in open lands and often on bunds of paddy fields in Honnali.-875.
ELYTROPHORUS Palisot de Beauvois

Elytrophorus spicatus (Willd.) A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine
7:547. 1923; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1843(1273). 1934; Bor, Grasses
India 493. 1960. Dactylis spicala Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue
Schriften 3:416.1801.
Erect annual herb, to 60cm tall, culms to 50cm high, leaves flat,
naiTow, linear, minutely haiiy. Flowers in dense, globose clusters of
spikelets, spikelets small, laterally compressed, glumes persistent,
lanceolate, membranous, 1-keeled, 1-nerved, lemma 3-7, ovate, keels
winged, upper one empty, lower ones enclosing minute florets.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Feb. Distribution-Pantropics.
Common in damp places near Shanthisagar. FDD-936.
ERAGROSTIELLA Bor
Eragrostiella bifaria (Valil) Bor, in Idian Forester 66:270. 1940; Bor,
Grasses India 494. 1960. Poa bifaria Vahl, Symb. 2: 19. 1791. Eragrostis
bifaria (Vahl) Wight ex Steudel, (Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 1:562, 1840, nom.) Syn.
PI. Glum. 1:264, 1854; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1828(1265). 1934.

Perennial herb, to 30cm tall, branchlets erect, slender, glabrous-

clotlied witli old leaf bases, leaves linear, blade narrow, 8-18.5x0.1-0-3cm,
apex acuminate, sheath long, to 4cm, hairy, legule ciliate. Flowers in long
peduncled, paniculate spike, spikelets whip like, slender, to 10cm long, 10-
20 flowers in each cluster, glumes ovate-lannceolae, 1-nerved,
membranous, to 0.2cm, lemma ovate-elliptic, acute, membranous, palea
keeled, keel winged. Grains elliptic-oblong, orange brown.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-NoV. Distribution- India, Burma, Sri Lanka.

Common in Jagalur. FDD-
ERAGROSTIS Palisot de Beauvois

Key to species
1 Spikelets silvery green, lemma ciliate along margin E.deccanensis
1 Spikelets pink tinged, lemma glabrous E.riparia
Eragrostis deccanensis Bor, Grasses. India 507. 1960. Eragrostis

phleoides Stapf ex Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7:313. 1896, non Hillebrand,
1888. Eragrostis spicata Jedwabn., Bot. Arch. 5:185. 1924, non Vasey,
Tufted, perennial herb, culms 40-80cm high, leaves linear, flat, 20-
22cm long. Flowers in spikes, spikelts crowded, in dense panicles, silvery
green, glumes obtuse, lenuna 0.3cm long, keels of palea narrowly winged,
ciliate.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-South India

Common in Joldal range at the way to Channagiri. FDD-761.
Eragrostis riparia (Willd.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 512. 1829; Gamble", Fl.
Presi. Madras 1825(1263). 1934; Bor, Grasses India 513. 1960. Poa riparia
Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde.Berlin.Neue Schriften4: 185. 1803.

Perennial herb, culms slender, wiry, 30-50cm long, leaves linear, 20-
30cm long, often at right angle to cuhn. Flowers in spikes, spikelets in
contarted panicles, pink tinged, to 4-6cm long, lower lemma glabrous.
Fl-Fr-Oct-Nov. Distribution- South India.

Common in cultivated fields of Harappana halli. FDD-781.
EREMOPOGON (Hackel) Stapf

Eremopogon foveolatus (Delile) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa
9:183.1917; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1751(1213). 1934; Bor, Grasses
India 148. 1960. Andropogon foveolatus Delile, Fl. Egypte 16, t. 8, f. 2.
1812.
Pereimial herb, cuhns rhizomatous, leaves linear, mostly basal,

white, haiiy. Flowers in spiciform racemes, rachis many jointed, spikelets
sessile and pedicelled, lower 1 -3 pairs homogamous, maleârren, spikelets,
sessile spikelets 2-flowered, glumes subequal, outer glume 2-keeled, iimer
glumes herbaceous, boat shaped, lower lemma absent, upper awned.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Dec. Distribution-India westward to tropical Africa.

Common in Ucchangi durga. FDD-742.
IMPERATA Cyrillo
Imperata cylindrica. var.major (Nees) C. Hubbard ex C. Hubbard &
Vaughan, Grass. Mauret 96. 1940; Bor, Grasses India 170. 1960. Imperata
koenigii var. major Nees, Fl. Agr. Austr. 90. 1841. Imperata cylindrica var.
koenigii (Retz.) Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Africa 5:694. 1894; Gamble,
Fl. Presi. Madras 1707(1184). 1934.
Pereimial herb, root stock stoloniferous, culms solid, leaves linear,

narrow, flowers in spiciform racemes, spikelets unequal, 1-short, another

long pedicelled, glumes subequal, silky hairy, lower lemma small, upper
still smaller with broad palea.
Fl-Fr:- April-July. Distribution-paleotropics.

Troublesome persistent weed in Belagutti. FDD-943.
ISACHNE R. Brown
Key to species
1 Lemma similar I.elegans
1 Lemma dissimilar Ldispar
Isachne dispar Trin., Sp. Gram. l:t. 86. 1828; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1797 (1244). 1934; Bor, Grasses India 580.1960.
Perennial, rhizomatous herb, rhizome creeping, culm erect, 60-8 0cm

long, leaves linear 10-25cm long. Flowers in spiciform racemes, digitate,
spikelets, sessile and pedicelled, outer glumes oblong, chartaceous, irmer
glumes short, narrow, boat shaped, shortly awned, lemma dissimilar, outer
lemma short, male, inner lemma chartaceous, bisexual.
Fl-Fr:-Oct-Nov. Distribution-Indomalaysia.
Common weed in paddy fields. Often troublesome weed. FDD-782.
Isachne elegans Dalzell ex Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7:23. 1896; Gamble, Fl.
Presi. Madras 1797(1244). 1934; Bor, Grasses India 580. 1960.
Perennial herb, stem decumbent, rooting at base, to 80cm long,

leaves linear-lanceolate, to 20cm long. Flowers in spiciform racemes,
glumes subequal, broadly ovate glabrous, lemma similar, outer lemma
membranous male boat shaped, inner lemma chartaceous, bisexual.
Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distribution-South W. India.

Common weed of paddy fields in Honnah and Harihara. FDD-816.

ISCHAEMUM Linnaeus
Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 19:320. 1938; Bor,
Grasses India 180. 1960. Phleum indicum Houtt., Nat. Hist. II, 13: 198, t.
90, f. 2. 1782. Ischaemum aristatum auct. non L.: Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras
1721(1193). 1934.
Perennial, tufted herb, to 30cm tall, stem slender, erect or ascending,

often rooting at lower nodes, nodes hairy, leaves simple, linear-lanceolate,
rigid, to 5.5-9.8x0.5-0.8cm, apx acute, margin entire, scarbid, base rounded,
hairy on both surface, sheaths hirsute, ligule ciliate. Flowers in racemose
spikes, 6-8cm long covered half the way by leafy spathe, spikelets green-
brownish in pairs, one pedicellate, other sessile, lower floret male and upper
bisexual, sessile spikelet to 0.6cm long, lower glumes 0.3cm, membranous,
apex 2-toothed, margin inflexed, winged, wings hairy, upper glumes to
0.6cm long, ovate-lanceolate, apex aristate, lower lemma male,
membranous, minutely ciliate, upper lemma female, membranous, deeply
bifid, awned, spike paniculate, spikelets to 0.7cm long, lower glumes keeled
on back, upper glumes shortly aristate, lower lemma male, and upper
female, grain green, oblong-obovoid.
Fl-Fr:-Sept-Nov. Distiibution-South India.

Common in Honnali and Harihara. FDD-
PANICUM Lmnaeus
Panicum psilopodium Trin., Gram. Panic. 217. 1826; Gamble, Fl. Presi.
Madras 1782(1234). 1934; Bor, grasses hidia 329. 1960.
Aimual herb, to 40cm high, branchlets slender, erect, often

ascending, branched, leaves simple, lanceolate, 5.4-10.8x0.4-0.6cm, apex
acute, margin entire, base rounded, hairy, sheath 0.5-1cm long, compressed,
ligule hauy. Flowers in long peduncled, terminal panicles, to 15cm long,

spikelets 0.3cm long glabrous, pedicels to 0.2cin, longer than spikelets,

lower glume broadly ovate, apex acute, membranous, large, covering the
entire spikelet at base, to 0.2cm long, 3-5 nerved, upper glumes to 0.3cm
long, acute, many nerved, lower lemma sterile, upper lemma 0.4cm long,
oblong, shining, palea membranous, narrow^, margin incurved. Caryopsis
ovoid.
Fl-Fr:-Aug-Nov. Distribution- Indomalaysia.

Common marshy grass in Joldal.
PENNISETUM L. Richard
Pennisetum iyphoides (N. Burman.) C. Hubbard -Is cultivated in the
Disbict for grains called Sajjai in Davanagere , Jaglur and Harapanahalli.
SACCHARUM Linnaeus
Saccharum officinarum is cultivated in large scale in irrigated part of
the District.
VETIVERIA Lemaire
Vetiveria lawsonii (J. Hooker) Blatter et McCann, J. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc. 32:409. 1928; Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 1733(1201). 1934; Bor,
Grasses India 258. 1960. Andropogon lawsonii Hooker, Fl. Brit. India
7:187. 1896.
Peremiial, rhizomatous herb, culm developing from the base of

creeping rhizome, leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, 15-25cm long, margin
minutely pubescent. Flowers in panicle of spiciform racemes, spikelets
digitate, whorled, rachis hairy, spikelets sessile and pedicelled, sessile
spikelets laterally compressed, glumes unequal, outer glumes equaling
spikelet, 7-nerved, bristles minute, inner glumes slightly shorter than
spikelets, boat shaped, outer lemma shorter than glumes, membranous,
empty, iimer glumes enclosing bisexual florerts.
Fl-Fr:-Oct. Distribution-Western kamataka.

Common in open lands near Channagiri.

ILLUSTRATIONS
CAPPARACEAE
Figure 1. Capparis divaricata Lam. 1. Flowering twig. 2. Fruit 3. L.S. of fruit
k •,* .
CAPPARACEAE
Figure 2. Capparis sepiaria L. 1. Flowering twig. 2. Fruit 3. L.S. of fruit

CAPPARACEAE
Figure-3. Capparis zeylanica L. 1. Flowering twig. 2. Flower. 3. L.S. of flower.

4. T.S. of ovary. 5. Fruit.
Figure 4. Aspidopterys indica (Roxb) Hochr. 1. Flowering twig 2. Flower 3. L.S. of
flower 4.T.S.of ovary. 5. Fruit
VITACEAE
0-5'<otr\
Z.'^T}
Figure 5, Ampelocissus tomentosa (Roth) Planch. 1. Flowering twig 2. Flower 3.

Calyx 4. Bract 5. Stamen 6. L.S.of flower 7.T.S.of ovary
am'n
Imrrv
Figure-6. Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. 1.Flowering twig. 2. Flower. 3. Androecium.

^ 4,5. Bracts. 6. L.S. of Gynoecium. 7,8 Stamens. 9.Fruit.
CELASTERACEAE
0-Q'»im
Figure 7. MayterAts emarginata (Willd) D.Hou . 1. Flowering twig. 2 & 3. Flower.

4. Stmens. 5. L.S.of flower. 6.T.S.of ovary
FABACEAE
Figure 8. Crotalaria calycina Schrank. 1. Flowering twig. 2,3 & 4 Corolla

5. Stamens. 6. Calyx. 7. Gynocelum
FABACEAE
Figure 9. Crotalaria dubia Graham ex Bentham. 1. Flowering twig. 2,3 & 4 Corolla
5. Calyx. 6. Stamens. 7. Gynoceium
FABACEAE
Figure 10. Crotalaria heyneanaVJ.&A. 1. Flower[ng twig.

2, 3&4Corollc 5. Stamens 6 & 7. Calyx 8. Gynoceium
FABACEAE
Figure 11. Crotalaria mysorensis Roth. 1. Flowering twig. 2,3 & 4 Corolla
5 & 6. Calyx 7. Stamens S.Gynoceium
' ^ Figure 12.
Crotalaria prostrata Rottl. 1. Flowering twig. 2,3 & 4 Corolla
5. Stamens 6 & 7. Calyx S.Gynoceium
, ^ FABACEAE . _ _ ^
^^^S^^P^^^¥ \ |y^-'• •'"^"'vr/

/sL,
t^T_v£^ * ^ W-'^-T^fkW
"^^''^ ><^^^^^^»
If ^^-^^^^
'^
'^
'^ i "L>^^îS'^'v^ffllE5^
. / • ; :
8
Fiqure 13.
^ Crotalaria walkeri Arn. 1. Flowering twig. 2, 3 & 4 Corolla
7. Stamens S.Gynoceium 5 & 6. Calyx
FABACEAE
Figure 14. Flemingia macrophylla (WliWd.) Prain ex Merr 1. Flowering twig. 2,3 & 4
Corolla 5 & 6. Calyx 7. Stamens S.Gynoceium
Figure 15. Desmonbium benthamii Baker 1. Flowering twig. 2, 3 & 4 Corolla
5. Stamens 6. Calyx 7. Gynoceium
FABACEAE
Figure 16. Indigofera cassioidesRoXtl 1. Flowering twig. 2, 3 & 4 Corolla 5.Stamens

6 & 7.Calyx 8.Fruit
FABACEAE
Figure-17.
Tephrosia pulcherrima Wt. ex. Baker.
1.Flowering twig. 2,3,4. Corola.
5,6. Calyx. 7,Stamens. 8. Gynoecium. 9. Fruit.
FABACEAE
Figure-18. Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Persoon. 1. F/owering twig. 2 3 4

Corolla. 5 Stamens, 6,7. Calyx. 8. Gynoecium. ' ' '
Figure-19. Tephrosia purpuria (L.) Persoon. 1.Flowering twig. 2,3,4. Corola.
5,6. Calyx. 7.Stamens. 8. Gynoecium. 9. Fruit.
Figure 20. Uraria rufescens (DC.) Schindl. 1. Flowering twig. 2,3 & 4 Corolla 5.
Stamens 6&7.Calyx S.Gynoceium
MELASTOMATACCAB
.21. Osbeckia m/nor Triana. 1.Flowering twig.

Figure
MELASTOMATACEAE
Figure 22. Osbeckia zeylanica L.f. 1. Flowering twig 2. Flower 3. L.S. of Flower 4 & 5.
Stamens 6.T.S. of ovary
RUBIACEAE
Ao/n.
a-'^'^'V
Figure 23.Canthium dicoccum var. umbellatum (Wt.) Svant. & Merch 1. Flowering
twig 2,2A. Flower 3 & 4. L.S. of Flower 5. Calyx 6. Stamens 7,T.S. of ovary
RUBIACEAE
Figure 24.0phiorrhiza hirsutulaW/t ex. Hook 1. Flowering twig 2. Flower 3.Petais

with stamens 4.Calyx 5 & e.Stamens 7 & 8.Bract
APOCYNACEAE
Figure 25Jchnocarpus frutescens (L.) R.Br. 1. Flowering twig 2. Flower 3.Petals

with stamens 4.Stamens 5.Calyx
APOCYNACEAE
Icm
Figure 2&.Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. 1. Flowering twig 2. Petals with stamens
3. Calyx 4. Stamens 5. Gynoecium
GENTIANACEAE
Icm
Figure 27.Exacum cahnatum Roxb. 1 .Flowering twig 2.Petals with stamens 3,

Flower 4.Stamens S.Gynoecium
CONVOLVULACEAE
2cin
Zni^-
Figure 28. Argyreia kleiniana L. 1. Flowering twig 2.Petais with stamens 3.Stamens
4.Gynoecium
CONVOLVULACEAE
T-Crt
Figure-29. Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Boj. 1.Flowering twig. 2,3.Corolia split

open. 4.Calyx. 5.T.S. of Ovary. 6. Stamen.
CONVOLVULACEAE
kn-.
St.<n.
Figure 30. Erycibe paniculata Roxb. 1. Flowering twig 2 &3. Flower 4. Fruit.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Figure 31. Buchnera hispida Ham. ex D.Don 1. Flowering twig 2. L.S. of Flower 3.
Petals with stamens 4. Flower
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Figure 32.Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze. 1. Flowering twig 2.Flower3.Calyx4.Fruit.

5.Bract. 6.Stamens
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Figure 33.Striga gesnnerioides (Willd.) Vatke 1. Flowering twig 2. Flower 3. Petals

with stamens 4 & 5. Calyx 6. Fruit.
VERBENACEAE
Aît}.
9tO'
Figure 3A.CIerodendrum phlomides L.f. 1. Flowering twig 2.Petals witii stamens 3.

L.S. of Flower 4.Gynoecium 5.T.S. of Flower
VERBENACEAE
Figure 35. Petrea volubilis L. 1. Flowering twig

OPILIACEAE
Figure 36. Cansjera rheediiGmeWn. 1. Flowering twig. 2.Flower. 3. Petals with sta-
mens. 4. Gynoecium. 5. Fruit
Figure 37. P/ecospermumsp/nosum (Willd.)Trecul 1. Flowering twig. 2.
Inflorescens 3. Flower. 4. Petals with stamens. 5.T.S. of Ovary
ORCHIDACEAE
e
0
0
(0
1. Habit 2.Flowering twig. 3.Flower. 4. Perianth Figure 38.

5.Column
Nervilia prainiana (K. & P.) S.& S.[
ORCHIDACEAE
0(
0(
Figure-39. Habenaria ovalifolia Wt. 1.Habit. 2. Bract. 3,4. Flower. S.Perianth.

6. C o l u m n .
ORCHIDACEAE
Figure 40. Habenaria heyneana Lindl. 1. Flowering habit 2.Bract 3&4.Flower. 5.

Perianth
ORCHlDACEAE
Figure 41. Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. 1. Flowering habit 2&3. Flower. 4. Perianth
5 & 6. Column 7.Pollinia
ORCHIDACEAE
Figure 42. Malaxis versicolor(L\n6\.) Abeyw. 1. Flowering habit 2.Bract 3.Flower. 4.

Perianth 5 & 6. Column 7.PoHlnla
DIOSCORIACEAE
Figure 43. D/oscoreabu/fc/feraL. 1. Fruiting twig 2. Flower 3.Fruit 4.Stamens.

DIOSCORIACEAE
•-
i»i'»i
prtl/V)
lcr».
Figure 44. Dioscorea glabra L. 1. Flowering twig 2. Flower 3.Flower bud 4, Sta-
mens. S.Fruit 6&7. Stamens
'DIOSCORIACEAE
2<nrr|
Figure-45. Dioscorea oppositifolia L. 1.Flowering twig. 2,3. Flower bud.

4.Gynoecium. 5.Stamens. 6.Petals. 7.Stamens. 8.T.S. of Ovary.
COMMEDNACEAE
3<"v
Figure 46 Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Sch. 1 .Habit. 2. Flowering twig 3.Petals with
stamens.
PLATES
I l a i ^ - I
A. View of Moist deciduous forest in B. View of Dry deciduous forest

Channagiri taluk. in Honnali taluk.
C. View of Dry deciduous forest in D. View of Scrub forest in Harihara taluk.

Honnali taluk.
x / : ^ . . . ^f i^:ii t^ 1 / . .1,1^ . -J— P^ l l l o n o l troo ftallinn <^^fi\/i4-i<:^c> ii-i f^^^^ f/-vr/ôt

naie-z
A. Capparis divericata Lam. B. Capparis zeylanica L.
C. Hibiscus aculeatus Roxb. D. Kydia calycina Roxb.
PS
C Ljî:^*^^^^ :~—.
riaie-o
^. Abrus pu/cheftus\Na\\. ex Thwaites. B. Butea superba Roxb.,
C. Crotalaria calycina Schrank. D. Crotalaria retusa L.
\A7nll «»# ~rL^....nl4A C r^^ê^fv^r^îi itnrt l^^\y!'fl^~\fiifvy V\(^

f-'iate-4.
B. Dalbergia volubilis Roxb.
.>."vT*3
V. ^^
m
Vi
C. Indigofera hirsuta L., D. Indigofera prostrata Wild.
p ^//iItrîma niirianc^ n \ nn F. Teramnus /vo///sBer\{h.

nate-0
A. Cassia absus L. B. Cassia suffruticosa Koenig ex Roth.
C. Acacia s/'nuotA CLour; iWQn. D. Dicfirostac/iys cinerea (L.) Wt. & Arn.
•^*'
i -\ ^ .i^ -
j^B
M^ ...v*^..
5 4 i Cî-v.
...
"Jmi• ^n : • •>f".^
jji^^ -^
• • ' ^ * ^
m\
^
V V :.• *
C Dfamlnhiiim havanafaliim /Rnth ^ Qant A Arn F Vi/Z/i? ywlnnarna ^Rnxh/i Taub
riaie-D.
A. Drosera burmannii\ldX\\ B. Combretum latifolium Bl.
C. Careya arborea Roxb. D. Begonia integrifolia Dalzell.
F Chaaalia nnhinyv/nidfifi l\Na\\ \ Craih. F. Gardenia latifolia Alton.

riaie-^.
A. Ixora nigricans W. & A. B. Blepharispermum subsessile DC.
C. Embelia ribes Burm. D. Madtiuca longifolia (Koenig) Mach.
E. DiosDvros montana Roxb. F Raiix/nlfia fif^rnf^ntina i\ \ Rpnth

Plate-8
A. Ceropegia hirsuta W. & A. 6. Cynanchum callialata Buch.-Ham.
C. Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schultes. D. Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt.
P Tulnnhnra rntiinrlifnlia Wt F. Wattakaka vo/ubi/is{L.i.)S\.a\ii.

ridie-»
A. Canscora decussata Sch. & Sch. B. Canscora perfo/iataLaxr\.
C. Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) K.-G. D. Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.)Boj.
C^ \r\r\innr\£:sr\ r\\r\c^r^% trry (\ \ L^ _d. F M'lC^ndr^ nh\/<zi:ilnHf^fi (\ \ n ^ p r t n

Mate-iu
A. Physalis minima L. B. Solanum /(hasianum Clarke.
C. SolanumpubescenseW\M. D. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.
F Rlf^nhari<i a(int=>rrima NfifiR F. Ecbolium viride (Forsk.) Alston.

naie-1 I
B. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. C. Vitex altissima L.f.
n Vifpy trifniia I E. Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall.

nate-i;^
A. Acalypha malabarica Muell.-Arg. B. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.
C. Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. D. Habenaria marginata Coleb.
C ^^Ln^<n^/JMA /-/^•nr^lC/j^Htrtn f) I%t1ti\ Cjtinl F Nf>r\/ilia nrainiana (K fi. P\ Si. R. P>

riciie- lo
A. Plantanthera susannae (L.) Lindl. B. Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
C. Asparagus racemosusW\M. D. Gloriosa superba L.
C r^\/'^^r\4-ic^ 4-1 ihir\rr\c^^ /D/-^vK \ Cr*K C hAtirHanni^ niiHiflnr^ l\ \ Rronan

11 - Chapter 6 PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

11 - Chapter 6 PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CHAPTER - VI

1 Plant erect herb, leaf alternate Thalictrum

Climbing shrub, branchlets 6-12 ribbed, hairy, leaves bipiimately

Climbing shrub, branchlets glabrous, leaves trifoliately compound,

panicle, bisexual, biseriate, sepals 4-5, deciduous, petals pale white-yellow,

Fl-Fr:- Oct-Dec. Distribution- Himalaya to Sri Lanka.

Stiff herb, 30-50 cm tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves compound,

Fl-Fr:-Jul-Oct. Distribution-Hills of Peninsular India.

Evergreen tree, to 20m high, leaves simple, stipulate, alternate,

Flnri<itir Cninnnsition of Davanacere District 41

yellow, cyclic, many, slmnens many, spirally arranged around thalamus,

Fl-Fr. Mai-Aug. Distribution-Indomalaysia.

Medium sized tree, to 15m high, young branchlets silky, spreading,

Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Distiibution- Occasional, In Joldal and KUSF forest range.

Floristic Composition of Davumigere District 42

Large climbing, shrub with hooked peduncle, petiole to 5cm long,

Fl-Fr:-Dec-Aug. Distribution-Western Ghats, Sri Lanka.

Moderate sized tiee, leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, apex acute

Fl-Fr:-Mar. Distribution-Western Ghas, Sri Lanka.

Floristic Composition of Davanagere District 43

Tree, to 10m high, young parts tomentose, leaves simple, alternate,

Fl-Fr:-Apr-May. Distiibution- India, Bunna.

Small bee, 5-6m high, branchlets gray pubescent, leaves simple,

Floristic Composition of Davanagere District 44

Polyathia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw.-Is commonly cultivated, ornamental

Climbing shrub, branchlets sparsely pubescent, leaves simple,

Fl-Fr:-June-Oct. Distribution- Tropics.

Floristic Composition of Davanagere District 45

Note:Leaf extract is used in treating Asthama. Root extract in body

COCCULUS A. P. de Candolle nom. cons.

Climbing shrub, branchlets minutely pubescent, leaves simple,

Fl-Fr:-Dec-Apr. Distribution- Tropical Africa and India.

CYCLEA Amott ex Wight

Floristic Composition of Davanagere District 46

Subscandent shrub, leaves simple, alternate, peltate, petiole long, to

Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Western Ghat.

Slender climber, leaves simple, alternate, peltate, membranous, blade

Fl-Fr:-Mar-Aug. Distribution- Tropical to Temperate Asia.

Floristic Composition of Davanagere District 47

Climbing shrub, leaves simple, alternate, broadly ovate, dark green

Fl-Fr:-Feb-Jun. Distiibutiopn- India, Sri Lanka.

Aquatic, stoloniferous herb, leaves simple, alternate, long petioled,

Fhristic Composition of Davaitagere District 48

Fl-Fr:- May-No v. Distribution-Indomalaysia.

Aquatic, amiual herb, stem stoloniferous, leaves simple, alternate,

Fl-Fr:-Sep-may. Distribution- Tropics.

Fhristic Composition of Davanagere District 49

Annual, aquatic herb, leaves simple, alternate, lamina ovate-

Prickly herb, stem and branchlets glaucous, leaves simple, piimatifid,

Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution- Common. Weed in waste places. FDD-

Floristic Composition of Davanagerc District 50

Erect herb, to Im tall, branchlets glabrous, leaves simple, alternate,

Fl-Fr:-Jan-Mar. Cultivated often as an escape. FDD-195. KN-Kari saive.

Diffuse herb, branchlets often erect, leaves simple, often dissected,

Floristic Composition of Davanagere District 51

Fl-Fr:-.Jan-mar. Occasional weed in cultivated lands of Jagalur, Davanagere

Erect herb, branchlets hairy, leaves simple, alternate, pinnatifid,

Fl-Fr:- Jul-Sep. Distribution-Occasional herb in moist shady places of

Floristic Composition of Davanagere District 52

Unarmed, shrub, branchlets glandular, pubescent, leaves simple,

Fl-Fr:-All seasons. Distribution-South W. India.

Capparis cleghornii Dunn ex Gamble, Fl. Presi. Madras 46(33). 1915;

Floristic Composition of Davanafjere District 53