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Entrance Conditions
in Laminar Flow
Instructor’s Name:
Engr. Huzaifah Zahran
huzaifah.zahran@cust.edu.pk
Department of Civil Engineering
CUST Islamabad
Entrance Conditions in Laminar Flow
▪ Consider a fluid entering a circular pipe at a uniform velocity. Because of the no-
slip condition, the fluid particles in the layer in contact with the surface of the
pipe come to a complete stop. This layer also causes the fluid particles in the
adjacent layers to slow down gradually as a result of friction.
▪ To make up for this velocity

reduction, the velocity of the
fluid at the midsection of the
pipe has to increase to keep
the mass flow rate through the
pipe constant. As a result, a
velocity gradient develops
along the pipe
1. Pipe Flow | ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS | Department of Civil Engineering | CUST Islamabad
▪ The region of the flow in which the effects of the viscous shearing forces caused
by fluid viscosity are felt is called the velocity boundary layer or just the
boundary layer.
▪ Within the entrance length the flow is unestablished; that is, the velocity profile
is changing. In this region, we can visualize the flow as consisting of a central
inviscid core in which there is no frictional effects, that is, the flow is uniform.
▪ The hypothetical boundary surface divides the flow in a pipe into two regions: a)
the boundary layer region, in which the viscous effects and the velocity changes
are significant, and b) the irrotational (core) flow region, in which the frictional
effects are negligible and the velocity remains essentially constant in the radial
direction.
▪ Viscosity in the boundary layer acts to transmit the effect of boundary shear
inwardly into the flow. At section AB, the boundary layer has grown until it
occupies the entire cross section of the pipe.
▪ At this point, for laminar flow, the velocity profile is a perfect parabola. Beyond
section AB, for the same straight pipe the velocity profile does not change, and
the flow is known as (laminar) established flow, or (laminar) fully developed
flow.
Entrance Length
▪ Using the knowledge of theory and observation
𝐿𝑒 = 0.085𝑹𝐷
▪ For critical (maximum) value of Reynolds number, the entrance length Le equals
116 times pipe diameter.
▪ In other cases of laminar flow with Re less than 2000, Le will correspondingly be
low.
Turbulent Flow
▪ A distinguishing
characteristic of
turbulence is its
irregularity, there
being (i) no
definite frequency
as in wave action,
and (ii) no
observable pattern
as in the case of
large swirls.
Turbulent Flow
▪ Turbulent flow is characterized by

fluctuations in velocity at all points of the
flow field.
▪ These fluctuations arise because the fluid
moves as many small, discrete particles
or “packets” called eddies, jostling each
other around in random manner.
▪ Although small, the smallest eddies are macroscopic in size, very much larger
than the molecular size of fluid particles.
Turbulent Flow – Eddies
▪ The eddies interact with one another and with the general flow.
▪ They are the cause of the effective mixing action experienced with turbulent
flow.
▪ They are often caused by rotation, particularly near boundaries, and so the eddies
themselves often rotate.
▪ They change shape and size with time as they move along with the flow.
▪ Each eddy dissipates its energy through viscous shear with its surroundings and
eventually disappears.
▪ New eddies are continuously forming. Large eddies (large-scale turbulence) have
smaller eddies within them giving rise to small-scale turbulence.
Turbulent Flow
▪ Consider the case of laminar flow shown in
Fig., where the velocity u increases with y.
▪ Even though the fluid particles are moving
horizontally to the right, because of
molecular motion, molecules will cross
line ab and transport momentum with
them.
▪ On the average, the velocities of the molecules in the slower-moving fluid below
the line will be less than those of the faster-moving fluid above; the result is that
the molecules that cross from below tend to slow down the faster-moving fluid.
▪ Likewise, the molecules that cross the line ab from above tend to speed up the
slower-moving fluid below. The result is a shear stress tau (𝜏) along the surface
whose trace is ab.
Turbulent Flow
▪ In the modern conception of turbulent flow, we assume mechanism similar to
that just described for laminar flow. However, we replace the molecules by
minute and finite masses or eddies.
▪ So, by analogy, for turbulent flow we may define the shear stress along the
through ab as:
𝑑𝑢
Turbulent shear stress = 𝜂
𝑑𝑦
▪ Where 𝜂 is the eddy viscosity which is not normally constant for a given
temperature as it depends on the flow turbulence.
▪ 𝜂 can also be called coefficient of momentum transfer expressing the momentum
transfer from points of low velocity to higher ones or vice versa.
Turbulent Flow
▪ In general, the total shear stress in turbulent flow is the sum of the laminar shear
stress plus the turbulent shear stress, i.e.,
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇 +𝜂 = 𝜌(𝑣 + 𝜀)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
where
𝜇
𝑣= kinematic viscosity
𝜌
𝜂
𝜀= kinematic eddy viscosity (flow property)
𝜌
Numerical Problem
• Tests on 70oF water flowing through a 9-in-diameter pipe showed that when V
= 13 fps, f = 0.0162. If, at a distance of 3 in from the center of the pipe, τ =
0.388 psf, and the velocity profile gives a value for du/dy of 6.97/sec, find at
that radius (a) viscous shear, and (b) turbulent shear.
• Solution:
Turbulent Velocity Profile
Turbulent Flow
Viscous sublayer
14.14𝑣 14.14𝐷
𝛿𝑣 = =
𝑉 𝑓 𝑹 𝑓
▪ If the irregularities on any actual surface are small enough that the effects of
projection do not pierce through the viscous sublayer, the surface is
hydraulically smooth.
▪ If the effects of the projections extend beyond the sublayer, the laminar layer is
broken up and the surface is no longer hydraulically smooth.
▪ If the surface roughness projections are large enough to protrude right through
the transition layer, it is totally broken up. The resulting flow is completely
turbulent, known as fully rough (-pipe) flow, and friction is independent of
Reynolds number.
Turbulent Velocity Profile
Pipe Roughness
• Unfortunately, there is as yet no scientific way of measuring or specifying
the roughness of commercial pipes.
• Several experiments have worked with pipes with artificial roughness

produced by various means so that the roughness could be measured and
described by geometric factors, and they have proved that the friction
depends not only on the size and shape of the projections, but also on
their distribution or spacing.
• Noteworthy efforts in this direction were made in 1933 by a German

engineer, J. Nikuradse, a student of Prandtl’s.
Pipe Roughness
▪ He coated several different sizes of pipe with sand grains that he has sorted by
sieving into different grain sizes of reasonably uniform diameters.
▪ Let us represent the diameters of the sand grains by e, which is known as the
absolute roughness.
▪ In previous slides, dimensional analysis of pipe flow showed that for a smooth-
walled pipe the friction factor f is a function of Reynolds number.
▪ A more general approach, including e as parameter, reveals that 𝑓 = ϕ 𝑅, 𝑒Τ𝐷 .

The term 𝑒Τ𝐷 is known as the relative roughness.
Pipe Roughness – Implicit and Explicit Equations
▪ Prandtl developed an equation using data from Nikuradse’s experiments for the
friction factor for such a case: Smooth-pipe flow
1 𝑅 𝑓
= 2𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑓 2.51
▪ Because of the way that f appears in two place in above Equation, it is implicit in f
and hard to solve.
▪ However, Colebrook has approximated it to explicit equation: Smooth-pipe flow
1 𝑅
= 1.8𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑓 6.9
▪ It differs from implicit equation by less than ±1.5% for 4000 ≤ R ≤ 108.
Pipe Roughness – Implicit and Explicit Equations
▪ Blasius approximation for Smooth-pipe flow:
0.316
𝑓 = 0.25
𝑅
▪ It is applicable for 3000 ≤ R ≤ 105.
▪ Colebrook and Haaland developed equations for turbulent flows whose Reynolds
numbers are above 105, which are:
▪ Colebrook implicit equation of turbulent flow for all pipes:
1 𝑒Τ𝐷 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7 𝑅 𝑓
▪ Haalnad explicit equation of turbulent flow for all pipes: (for 4000 ≤ R ≤ 108).
1.11
1 𝑒Τ𝐷 6.9
= −1.8𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7 𝑅
The Moody chart,
showing the
friction factor as a
function of
Reynolds number
and relative
roughness.
Numerical Problem
• Oil (s=0.9) with viscosity 1.6 × 10-4 lb.sec/ft2 flows in a 4-in-diameter welded
steel pipe (See Table 8.1) at 0.25 cfs. What is the friction head loss per foot of
pipe?
• Solution:
The Moody chart,
showing the
friction factor as a
function of
Reynolds number
and relative
roughness.

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Department of Civil Engineering

▪ To make up for this velocity

▪ Turbulent flow is characterized by

• Several experiments have worked with pipes with artificial roughness

• Noteworthy efforts in this direction were made in 1933 by a German

▪ A more general approach, including e as parameter, reveals that 𝑓 = ϕ 𝑅, 𝑒Τ𝐷 .

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