Ch-1

2Marks

Q.1)Which type of synchronous machines are used with hydraulic turbines? What is there operating range.

Hydrogenerators : The generators which are driven by hydraulic turbines are called hydrogenerators. These
are run at lower speeds less than 1000 rpm.

Q2.) Explain synchronous machines?

Ans.2) A synchronous machine is an electrical machine whose rotating speed is proportional to the
frequency of the alternating current supply and independent of the load.

Q3.) Difference between sync. And Async. Torque?

ANs.3) Change in applied voltage does not affect the torque of the synchronous motor

Change in applied voltage does affect the torque of the Asynchronous motor

Q.4) what is the freq. of induced emf?

Ans.4)

Q.5) A 4 pole alternator rotate at 2500 rpm. What is freq of generated voltage?

Ans.5) 120f/p=ns

Q.6) What is the advantage of brush less excitation system?

Ans.6) The main advantage of the brushless excitation system is there is no contact between Mechanical and
Electrical parts of the system and there is no use of circuit breakers and field breakers. Reduced in
maintenance time, outage time, and costs for replacements parts. It provides increased reliability and we can
fit various shaft and mounting configurations to match voltage and current requirements.

Q.7) why core of stator is laminated?

Ans.7) To reduce Hysteresis Loss Stator Core is laminated .

To Reduces Eddy Current

Section B)

Q. 8) Write a note on different type of rotor?

Ans.8) There are mainly four types of rotor.

1.Squirrel-cage rotor.
2. Wound rotor.
3. Salient pole rotor.
4. Cylindrical rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor: The squirrel-cage rotor consists of laminated steel in the core with evenly
spaced bars of copper or aluminum placed axially around the periphery, permanently
shorted at the ends by the end rings. This simple and rugged construction makes it the
favorite for most applications. The assembly has a twist: the bars are slanted, or skewed, to
reduce magnetic hum and slot harmonics and to reduce the tendency of locking. Housed in
the stator, the rotor and stator teeth can lock when they are in equal number and the
magnets position themselves equally apart, opposing rotation in both directions.

2. Wound rotor.: The rotor is a cylindrical core made of steel lamination with slots to hold the wires
for its 3-phase windings which are evenly spaced at 120 electrical degrees apart and connected in a
star configuration. The rotor winding terminals are brought out and attached to the three slips rings
with brushes, on the shaft of the rotor. Brushes on the slip rings allow for external three-phase
resistors to be connected in series to the rotor windings for providing speed control

3. Salient pole rotor.: The rotor is a large magnet with poles constructed of steel lamination
projecting out of the rotor’s core. The poles are supplied by direct current or magnetized by
permanent magnets. The armature with a three-phase winding is attached to three slip rings with
brushes riding on them and mounted on the shaft. The field winding is wound on the rotor which
produces the magnetic field and the armature winding is on the stator where voltage is induced.
Direct current from an external exciter or from a diode bridge mounted on the rotor shaft, produces a
magnetic field and energizes the rotating field windings and alternating current energizes the
armature windings simultaneously.

4. Cylindrical rotor.: The cylindrical shaped rotor is made of a solid steel shaft with slots running
along the outside length of the cylinder for holding the field windings of the rotor which are
laminated copper bars inserted into the slots and is secured by wedges. The slots are insulated from
the windings and are held at the end of the rotor by slip rings. An external direct current source is
connected to the concentrically mounted slip rings with brushes running along the rings. The brushes
make electrical contact with the rotating slip rings. DC current is also supplied through brushless
excitation from a rectifier mounted on the machine shaft that converts alternating current to direct
current.

Q.9) explain classification of synchronous machines.

Ans.9) According to the arrangement of the field and armature windings,

synchronous machines may be classified as rotating-armature type or rotating-
field type

2.1. Rotating-Armature Type The armature winding is on the rotor and the field
system is on the stator. The generated current is brought out to the load via three
(or four) slip-rings. Insulation problems, and the difficulty involved in
transmitting large currents via the brushes, limit the maximum power output and
the generated electromagnetic field (emf). This type is only used in small units,
and its main application is as the main exciter in large alternators with brushless
excitation systems.
 2.2. Rotating-Field Type The armature winding is on the stator and the field
system is on the rotor. Field current is supplied from the exciter via two slip-
rings, while the armature current is directly supplied to the load. This type is
employed universally since very high power can be delivered. Unless otherwise
stated, the subsequent discussion refers specifically to rotating-field type
synchronous machines.

OR
Salient Pole Rotor

In salient pole type of rotor consist of large number of projected poles (salient poles) mounted on a
magentic wheel.Construction of salient pole rotor is shown in the figure left . The projected pole are
made up from laminations of steel .The rotor winding is provided on these poles and it is supported
by pole shoes. salient pole rotor have large diameter axial length .

They are generally used in lower speed electrical machines,say 100 RPM to 1500 RPM .As the rotor
speed is lower ,more number of poles are required to attain the required frequency .(Ns=120f/P there
fore ,f = Ns*p/120 ie frequency is proportional to number of poles).Typically number of salient poles
is between 4 to 60. Flux distribution is relatively poor than non-salient pole rotor hence the generated
emf wave form is not as good as cylindrical rotor .

Salient pole rotors generally need damper winding to prevent rotor oscillations during operation.
Salient pole synchronous generation are mostly used in hydro power plant.

Non salient Pole

Non salient pole rotor are cylindrical in shape having parallel slots on it to place rotor winding. Its is
made up of solid steel .The construction of non-salient pole rotor (cylindrical rotor) is shown in figure
. Some time they are also called as drum rotor .They are smaller in diameter but having longer axial
length .Cylindrical rotors are used in high speed electrical machines ,usually 1500 Rpm to 3000 RPM
.Winding loss as well as noise is less as compared to salient pole rotors .

Their construction is robust as compared to salient pole rotors.number of poles is usually 2 or 4

.Damper windings are not needed in non salient pole rotors .Flux distribution is sinusoidal and hence
gives better emf wave form. Non -salient pole rotors are used in nuclear ,gas and thermal power
plants.

Q.10) list advantages of stationary armature in alternator

Ans.10) Advantages Of Stationary Armature Winding In Alternator

The field winding of an alternator is placed on the rotor and is connected to DC supply for producing the
magnetic flux through slip rings/ brush-less excitation.The 3Ø armature winding is placed in the stator. This
have following advantages:

1. will increase.

Because in 210 MW unit the excitation current(2600 A) is very small the the alternator full load
current(9050 A). I=210 x 10^6 / √3 x 15750 x . =9056 A

This much current will not possible to come out through slip ring/ brush

2. More no of brush will required for 3Ø four wire STAR-CONNECTIONS.

3. The Output Voltage will reduced by the reduce of no of turns of conductor or Area.

4. Due to simple and robust construction of the rotor , Higher speed of rotating rotor is possible

5. The stationary 3-Phase armature can be directly connected to load without large unreliable slip ring and
brushes.

Q.11) how is sinusoidal obtained in alternator?

Ans.11)

Q.12) write a short note on dc excitation system?

Ans,12)

The DC excitation system has two exciters – the main exciter and a pilot exciter. The exciter output is
adjusted by an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) for controlling the output terminal voltage of the
alternator. The current transformer input to the AVR ensures limiting of the alternator current during
a fault.

When the field breaker is open, the field discharge resistor is connected across the field winding so as
to dissipate the stored energy in the field winding which is highly inductive.
The main and the pilot exciters can be driven either by the main shaft or separately driven by the
motor. Direct driven exciters are usually preferred as these preserve the unit system of operation, and
the excitation is not excited by external disturbances.

The voltage rating of the main exciter is about 400 V, and its capacity is about 0.5% of the capacity
of the alternator. Troubles in the exciters of turbo alternator are quite frequent because of their high
speed and as such separate motor driven exciters are provided as standby exciter.

SECTIONC
Q.13) Discuss the construction and working of synchronous machines

Ans.14)

Synchronous motor and induction motor are the most widely used types of AC motor. Construction of a
synchronous motor is similar to an alternator (AC generator). A same synchronous machine can be used as a
synchronous motor or as an alternator. Synchronous motors are available in a wide range, generally rated
between 150kW to 15MW with speeds ranging from 150 to 1800 rpm.
Construction of synchronous motor

The construction of a synchronous motor (with salient pole rotor) is as shown in the figure at left. Just like
any other motor, it consists of a stator and a rotor. The stator core is constructed with thin silicon lamination
and insulated by a surface coating, to minimize the eddy current and hysteresis losses. The stator has axial
slots inside, in which three phase stator winding is placed. The stator is wound with a three phase winding for
a specific number of poles equal to the rotor poles.

The rotor in synchronous motors is mostly of salient pole type. DC supply is given to the rotor winding via
slip-rings. The direct current excites the rotor winding and creates electromagnetic poles. In some cases
permanent magnets can also be used. The figure above illustrates the construction of a synchronous motor
very briefly.

Working of synchronous motor

The stator is wound for the similar number of poles as that of rotor, and fed with three phase AC supply. The
3 phase AC supply produces rotating magnetic field in stator. The rotor winding is fed with DC supply which
magnetizes the rotor. Consider a two pole synchronous machine as shown in figure below.

 Now, the stator poles are revolving with synchronous speed (lets say clockwise). If the rotor position
is such that, N pole of the rotor is near the N pole of the stator (as shown in first schematic of above
 figure), then the poles of the stator and rotor will repel each other, and the torque produced will be
anticlockwise.
 The stator poles are rotating with synchronous speed, and they rotate around very fast and
interchange their position. But at this very soon, rotor can not rotate with the same angle (due to
inertia), and the next position will be likely the second schematic in above figure. In this case, poles of
the stator will attract the poles of rotor, and the torque produced will be clockwise.
 Hence, the rotor will undergo to a rapidly reversing torque, and the motor will not start.

But, if the rotor is rotated upto the synchronous speed of the stator by means of an external force (in the
direction of revolving field of the stator), and the rotor field is excited near the synchronous speed, the poles
of stator will keep attracting the opposite poles of the rotor (as the rotor is also, now, rotating with it and the
position of the poles will be similar throughout the cycle). Now, the rotor will undergo unidirectional torque.
The opposite poles of the stator and rotor will get locked with each other, and the rotor will rotate at the
synchronous speed.

Characteristic features of a synchronous motor

 Synchronous motor will run either at synchronous speed or will not run at all.
 The only way to change its speed is to change its supply frequency. (As Ns = 120f / P)
 Synchronous motors are not self starting. They need some external force to bring them near to the
synchronous speed.
 They can operate under any power factor, lagging as well as leading. Hence, synchronous motors can
be used for power factor improvement.

Application of synchronous motor

 As synchronous motor is capable of operating under either leading and lagging power factor, it can
be used for power factor improvement. A synchronous motor under no-load with leading power
factor is connected in power system where static capacitors can not be used.
 It is used where high power at low speed is required. Such as rolling mills, chippers, mixers, pumps,
pumps, compressor etc

Q14) Describe the various schemes used for excitation of synchronous machine

Synchronous motor excitation refers to the DC supply given to rotor which is used to produce the required
magnetic flux.
One of the major and unique characteristics of this motor is that it can be operated at any electrical power
factor leading, lagging or unity and this feature is based on the excitation of the synchronous motor. When
the synchronous motor is working at constant applied voltage V, the resultant air gap flux as demanded by V
remains substantially constant. This resultant air gap flux is established by the co operation of both AC supply
of armature winding and DC supply of rotor winding.
CASE 1: When the field current is sufficient enough to produce the air gap flux, as demanded by the constant
supply voltage V, then the magnetizing current or lagging reactive VA required from ac source is zero and the
motor operate at unity power factor. The field current, which causes this unity power factor is called normal
excitation or normal field current.
CASE 2: If the field current is not sufficient enough to produce the required air gap flux as demanded by V,
additional magnetizing current or lagging reactive VA is drawn from the AC source. This magnetizing
current produces the deficient flux (constant flux- flux set up by dc supply rotor winding). Hence in this
case the motor is said to operate under lagging power factor and the is said to be under excited.
CASE 3: If the field current is more than the normal field current, motor is said to be over excited. This
excess field current produces excess flux (flux set up by DC supply rotor winding – resultant air gap flux)
which must be neutralized by the armature winding.

Hence the armature winding draws leading reactive VA or demagnetizing current leading voltage by almost
90o from the AC source. Hence in this case the motor operate under leading power factor.
This whole concept of excitation and power factor of synchronous motor can be summed up in the following
graph. This is called V curve of synchronous motor.

Conclusion: An overexcited synchronous motor operate at leading power factor, under-excited synchronous
motor operate at lagging power factor and normal excited synchronous motor operate at unity power fact

Q.15) Diff B/W Diff type of rotor const. of sync machine w/d diagram
 CH-2
2 marks

1.) What is winding factor?

Ans) Winding Factor is defined as the product of Distribution factor (Kd) and the coil span factor
(Kc).The distribuition factor measured the resultant voltage of the distributed winding regards
concentrate winding and the coil span is the measure of the number of armature slots between the
two sides of a coil. It is denoted by Kw.

2) Define pitch factor?

ANs) the ratio of the voltage induced in a short-pitch winding to the voltage that would be induced if the
winding were full pitch.

3) Advantages of fractional slot winding

Ans) The various advantages of fractional slot winding are,

1. Thought appear to be complicated, easy to manufacture.

2. The number of armature slots need not be integral multiple of number of poles.
3. The number of slots can be selected for which notching gear is available.
4. There is saving in machine tools.
5. High frequency harmonics are considerably reduced.
6. The voltage waveform available is sinusoidal in nature.

4) DisAdvantages of fractional slot winding

Ans) The motor having fractional slots winding are less efficient and capable to carry the load.

5) advantages of double layer winding over single layer winding?

Ans) Double layer windings in open slots have the following advantages over single layer
windings in semi-closed slots.
Ease in manufacture of coils and lower cost of winding
Less number of coils are required as spare in the case of winding repairs
Fractional slot windings can be employed
Fractional pitch coil can be used

SECTION-B

1)Derive an expression for pitch factor of synchronous machine.

Ans Pitch Factor or Coil Span Factor is definite as the ratio of emf generated in short pitch coil to the
emf generated in full pitch coil. It is denoted by Kp and its value is always less than unity

Calculation of Pitch Factor or Coil Span Factor

To calculate the value of pitch factor, first of all we need to calculate the value of emf generated in
short pitch coil and that in full pitch coil. Let us now calculate the emf generated in a short pitch coil.
Figure below shows a short pitch coil.
Let E1, E2 and ER be the emf induced in coil side lying under North Pole, South Pole and
resultant of emf generated in both the active lengths of coil. As the two coil sides are
separated in space by an angle of (180-ε) i.e. the coil span is (180-ε), therefore the emf
induced in these coil sides will also be separated by this angle. This means, the angle
between E1 and E2 phasor will be equal to ε as shown in figure below.

Since the magnitude of emf generated in both the coil sides are equal, therefore E 1 = E2 = E
(say). As the resultant emf ER is the phasor sum of E1 and E2, therefore
Above expression gives the emf induced in a single turn short pitch coil with chording angle
ε. Since the chording angle for full pitch coil is 0 degree, therefore from the above
expression (2),

emf generated in a full pitch coil = 2E

Thus from (1),

Hence, pitch factor or coil span factor Kp = Cos(ε/2).

For a full pitch coil, the value of pitch factor is unity whereas for its value is also unity for
concentrated coils.

The pitch factor or coil span factor nth harmonics is given as

Kp = Cos (nε/2)

2) write gen eqn of induced emf.

Ans)

We know that Synchronous Generator or Alternator will generate an EMF. The

following is the derivation of emf equation of Synchronous Generator or
Alternator.

Let Φ = Flux per pole, in Wb

P = Number of poles

N = Synchronous speed in r.p.m

f = Frequency of induced emf in Hz

Z = Total number of conductors

Zph = Conductors per phase connected in series

Zph = Z/3 as number of phases = 3

Consider a single conductor placed in a slot.

The average value of emf induced in a conductor = dΦ/dt

For one revolution of a conductor,

eavg per conductor = (Flux cut in one revolution/Time taken for one revolution)

Total flux cut in one revolution is Φ x P

3) What are the causes of harmonics in electrical machinery and how they can be
reduced?

ANs) Harmonic distortion is caused by nonlinear devices in the power system. A nonlinear device
is one in which the current is not proportional to the applied voltage. Harmonic distortion is present to
some degree on all power systems.

Fundamentally, one needs to control harmonics only when they become a problem. Harmonic
distortion is not a new phenomenon on power systems.

There are three common causes of harmonic problems:

1. The source of harmonic currents is too great.

2. The path in which the currents flow is too long (electrically), resulting in either high voltage
distortion or telephone interference.
3. The response of the system magnifies one or more harmonics to a greater degree than can be
tolerated

Reducing harmonic currents in loads

There is often little that can be done with existing load equipment to significantly reduce the amount
of harmonic current it is producing unless it is being misoperated. While an overexcited transformer
can be brought back into normal operation by lowering the applied voltage to the correct range,
arcing devices and most electronic power converters are locked into their designed characteristics.

PWM drives that charge the dc bus capacitor directly from the line without any intentional impedance
are one exception to this. Adding a line reactor or transformer in series will significantly reduce
harmonics, as well as provide transient protection benefits.

Transformer connections can be employed to reduce harmonic currents in three-phase systems.

Phase-shifting half of the 6-pulse power converters in a plant load by 30° can approximate the
benefits of 12- pulse loads by dramatically reducing the fifth and seventh harmonics. Delta-connected
transformers can block the flow of zero-sequence harmonics (typically triplens) from the line. Zigzag
and grounding transformers can shunt the triplens off the line.

Purchasing specifications can go a long way toward preventing harmonic problems by penalizing bids
from vendors with high harmonic content. This is particularly important for such loads as high-
efficiency lighting.

4) Deriva an expression for distribution factor.

Ans) Distribution factor is defined as the ratio of phasor sum of coil emfs to the arithmetic
sum of coil emfs. It is also known as Belt or Breadth factor and denoted by k d.

Let,

M = slots per pole per phase

β = angular displacement between adjacent slots in electrical degrees

Thus, one phase of the winding consists of coils arranged in m consecutive slots. Voltages EC1, EC2,
EC3….. are the individual coil voltages. Each coil voltage EC will be out of phase with the next coil
voltages by the slot pitch β.

The figure below shows the voltage polygon of the induced voltages in the four coils of a group (m =
4)

The voltages EC1, EC2, EC3 and EC4 are represented by the phasors AB, BC, CD and DF respectively.
Each of these phasors is a chord of a circle with the center O and subtends an angle β at the point O.
The phasor sum AF, represents the resultant winding voltage, subtends at an angle mβ at the center.

The arithmetic sum of the individual coil voltage is given as

The phasor sum of the individual coil voltages is given as

 Therefore, from the
equation (1) shown above, we know that,

The distribution factor Kd for a given number of phases is dependent only on the number of
distributed slots under a given pole.

CHAPTER-3
1)What is meant by synchronous impidiance in alternator.

Ans) The synchronous impedance of an alternator, for a given armature current, a given field excitation and
normal speed, may be defined as an impedance, which, if inserted in a separate external circuit, would
permit the same flow of current, with an impressed pressure equal to the open circuit voltage of the
alternator at the same speed. Synchronous impedance is an imaginary a fictitious quantity and has not an
actual physical existence as an impedance

2) factors that affect size of alternator.

Ans)

3 )why alternators are rated in kva

Ans) The alternator conductors are calculated for a definite current and are designed for a definite
voltage independent of p.f. (Cos φ) of the load. For this reason apparent power measured in kVA is
regarded as the rated power of the alternator

4) Explain voltage regulations of alternator?

Ans) the voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in its terminal voltage when full
load is removed, keeping field excitation and speed constant, divided by the rated terminal voltage.

 The value of the regulation not only depends on the load current but also on the power factor
of the load

5) List out various losses in synchronous machines.

Ans)Stator copper losses
Eddy current losses
Hysteresis losses
Windage losses
Bearing losses

6) Define short CKT ratio.

Ans) Short Circuit Ratio, or SCR, is the ratio of field current required to generate rated voltage under
open circuit condition, to the field current required to circulate the rated armature current under three
phase short circuit condition

7) Define power angle.

Ans) Power angle is the angle between a generator’s internal voltage and its terminal voltage, or between
the voltages at the source and load points of an electrical transmission line.

8) What is an air gap length?

Ans) Air gap in rotating electrical machine is a coupling medium to transfer electrical energy from
stator to the rotor or vice versa. It is also required for free rotation and proper cooling of the machine

SECTION-B

1) Explain emf method for calculation of voltage regulation.

Ans)

his method is also known as synchronous impedance method. Here the magnetic
circuit is assumed to be unsaturated. In this method the MMFs (fluxes) produced by
rotor and stator are replaced by their equivalent emf, and hence called emf method.

To predetermine the regulation by this method the following informations are to be

determined. Armature resistance /phase of the alternator, open circuit and short
circuit characteristics of the alternator.
Determination of synchronous impedance Zs

As the terminals of the stator are short circuited in SC test, the short circuit current is
circulated against the impedance of the stator called the synchronous impedance.
This impedance can be estimated form the oc and sc characteristics.

The ratio of open circuit voltage to the short circuit current at a particular field
current, or at a field current responsible for circulating the rated current is called the
synchronous impedance.

Synchronous impedance Zs = (open circuit voltage per phase)/(short circuit current

per phase) for same If

Hence Zs = (Voc) / (Isc) for same If

From Fig: 1.16 synchronous impedance Zs = V/Isc

Armature resistance Ra of the stator can be measured using Voltmeter - Ammeter

method. Using synchronous impedance and armature resistance synchronous
reactance and hence regulation can be calculated as follows using emf method.
where Vt = phase voltage per phase = Vph , Ia = load current per phase

In the above expression in second term + sign is for lagging power factor and - sign is
for leading power factor.

% Regulation = [ Eg – Vt ] / Vt
where

Eg = no-load induced emf /phase,

Vt = rated terminal voltage/phase

Synchronous impedance method is easy but it gives approximate results. This method
gives the value of regulation which is greater (poor) than the actual value and hence
this method is called pessimistic method. The complete phasor diagram for the emf
method is shown in Fig 1.18.
3) Explain 2 reactance theory for salient pole synchronous machine.

Ans) Two Reaction Theory of Salient pole Synchronous Alternator.

REGULATION OF SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE-BLONDEL’S TWO REACTION THEORY:

In case of salient pole machines the air gap is not uniform in length around the inner periphery of the
armature.

It is minimum along the polar axis and maximum along the inter polar axis.

It is not correct to combine the actual field AT of the distributed armature winding.

They can be combined vectorially only when they act upon the same magnetic circuit.

Consequently the methods for finding out the regulation of cylindrical rotor machines when applied to
salient pole machines give results which are not correct.

In case of salient pole machines regulation is found out by applying Blondel’s two reaction theory.

According to this theory two axes are recognized in the machine namely an axis along the polar axis called
the direct axis or d-axis and an axis along the interpolar axis called the quadrature axis or q-axis which is 90◦ e
displaced from the direct axis.
 The armature mmf contains a quadrature (cross magnetizing) and a direct (demagnetizing or magnetizing)
component which produce effects of different kinds.

The direct component exerts (angle between E0demagnetizing effect if & I) is an angle of lag is an angle
of lead.and magnetizing effect if

Two reactances are introduced namely Xd called the direct axis synchronous reactance and xq called the
quadrature axis synchronous reactance.

Current can also be split up into components along these axes.

The component of the armature is the component of is in phase with E0 and I sincurrent I cos
armature current in quadrature with it.

Both these components of armature reaction rotate at synchronous speed with respect to the armature
winding.

The voltage vector diagram based on the two reaction theory is shown in the following figure. Referring to
the phasor diagram,

V = terminal voltage
I = load current, lagging behind V by an angle
Id = component of I along d-axis
Iq = component of I along q-axis
Ira = armature resistance drop
Idxd = direct axis synchronous reactance drop
Iqxq = quadrature axis synchronous reactance drop
E0 = induced emf
E0 = V + Ira + IdXd + IqXq

2) phasor diagram of synchronous generator on load.

Ans) Given below are the phasor diagrams for all the operations.

Ch-4
1) What is synchronous motor?
Ans) The motor which runs at synchronous speed is known as the synchronous motor. The synchronous
speed is the constant speed at which motor generates the electromotive force. The synchronous motor is
used for converting the electrical energy into mechanical energy.

2)What are V-curve?

Ans) V curve is a plot of the stator current versus field current for different constant loads. The Graph plotted
between the armature current Ia and field current If at no load the curve is obtained known as V Curve

3) what is synchronous condenser?

Ans) Synchronous condenser is actually synchronous motor under a certain condition.
A synchronous motor running with no load will lead the current i.e. leading power factor like a capacitor
This synchronous motor running without load I.e. over excited is synchronous condenser

4) applications of single phase synchronous motor?

ANs) same as sm
5) Merrits of synchronous motor?
Ans) One of the major advantage of using synchronous motor is the ability to control the power
factor. An over excited synchronous motor can have leading power factor and can be operated in
parallel to induction motors and other lagging power factor loads thereby improving the system
power facto

6) Methods of starting of synchronous motor.

Ans) The various methods to start the synchronous motor are,

1. Using pony motors

2. Using damper winding
3. As a slip ring induction motor
4. Using small d.c. machine coupled to i

7) What is hunting in synchronos machine.

Ans) We come across the term HUNTING when we study about three phase synchronous motor operations.
The word hunting is used because after the sudden application of load the rotor has to search or ‘hunt’ for its
new equilibrium position. That phenomenon is referred to as hunting in a synchronous motor.

SECTION-B
1) write a short note on v curve and inverted v curve?

Ans) on copy.

2)Applications of synchronous motor?

Ans)  An overexcited synchronous motor operates at leading power factor and takes a leading current from
the bus bars, so it can be used to raise overall the power factor of the installation. When a synchronous
motor is run without load with over-excitation for improving the power factor of an installation it is called as
the synchronous capacitor or synchronous condenser.

 Such motors are also used to regulate the voltage at the end of transmission lines.

 Because of the higher efficiency possible with synchronous motors, they can be used for loads where
constant speed is required. Typical applications of a high-speed synchronous motor (above 500 rpm) are fans,
blowers, pumps and compressors.

 Since synchronous motors can be built for speeds as low as 120 rpm. They are well-suited for direct
connection to reciprocating compressors.

 Pulp beaters and grinders, steel and metal rolling mills, rock and ore crushers are generally coupled or
geared to the motor

3) Advantages and disadvantages of synchronous motor?

Ans) Advantages of Synchronous Motor

 It can be operated under a wide range of power factors both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be
used for power factor correction, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
 Most synchronous motors are rated between 150 kW and 15 kW and run at speeds from 150 to 1800
rpm.
  It is less costly in certain kW and speed ranges i.e. for 35 to 350 kW rating at speeds less than 500
rpm.
 It usually runs at higher efficiencies, especially in low-speed unity power factor
 It can be constructed with wider air gaps than induction motors, which makes it batter mechanically.

Disadvantages of Synchronous Motor

 It is not self-starting. Special methods are adopted to make it self-starting.

 It needs frequent maintenance.
 External DC source is necessary for providing excitation.
 Additional damper winding is necessary.
 Hunting takes place if the load is changed suddenly.


CH-5
Section-A
1) What are the conditions for parallel operations of two alternators.

Ans) The phase sequence of the Busbar voltages and the incoming machine voltage must be the
same.

 The Busbar voltages and the incoming machine terminal voltage must be in phase.
 The terminal voltage of the incoming machine and the alternator which is to be connected in
parallel or with the Busbar voltage should be equal.
 The frequency of the generated voltage of the incoming machine and the frequency of the
voltage of the Busbar should be equal.

2) Why parallel operations is preferred?

Ans)  When there is maintenance or an inspection, one machine can be taken out from service and
the other alternators can keep up for the continuity of supply.

 Load supply can be increased.

 During light loads, more than one alternator can be shut down while the other will operate in nearly
full load.
 High efficiency.
 The operating cost is reduced.
 Ensures the protection of supply and enables cost-effective generation.
 The generation cost is reduced.

3) What are the requirements of parallel operations.

Ans) find?same as 1
4) why are altarnators put in parallel?
Ans)  several alternators can supply a bigger load than a single alternator.

 One or more alternators may shut down during the period of light loads. Thus, the remaining
alternator operates at near or full load with greater efficiency
5)what is the effect of varying excitation of an alternator running in parallel with alternator.
Ans) A change in the excitation of an alternator running in parallel with other affects
only its KVA output; it does not affect the KW output. A change in the excitation, thus,
affects only the power factor of its output

6) Mention function of damper winding in the synchronous machines.

Ans)  The rotor oscillation may dampen out by employing damper winding in the faces of field poles of
the motor.

The damper winding is nothing but copper bar embedded in the rotor faces.
The copper bars are short circuited at both ends.
The motion of rotor sets up eddy current in the damper winding.

7) What are the causes of hunting and how they can be minimized.
Ans) Causes of hunting

Sudden change of load

Sudden change in field current

Variation of load torque

Reduction of hunting

Using flywheel

Using damper winding

8) what is the effect of unequal voltages on alternator.

Ans) Machine will operated on balanced condition in unequa voltages on alternatorn

Section-B
1)Explain the effect of change in speed of one of the alternators.

Ans) Effects will be different for

 Isolated alternator and

 Infinite bus connected generator.

Let's consider the effects one by one.

 Isolated alternator: In case of an isolated generator, on increasing field current, the output
voltage and hence output current, power supply will increase for a given load keeping the
operating power factor constant.
 Infinite bus connected alternator: In this case output voltage and frequency are fixed and
governed by infinite bus. If the field excitation is equal to normal excitation, operating pf is
unity. For under excited and over excited conditions, operating pf is lagging and leading
respectively. Also reactive power sharing is varied. Active power sharing remains same.
2) Explain the concept of load sharing between two alternators.

Ans) Load Sharing between Two Alternators:

When several alternators are required to run in parallel, it probably happens that their
rated outputs differ. In such cases it is usual to divide the total load between them in
such a way that each alternator takes the load in the same proportion of its rated load in
total rated outputs. The total load is not divided equally. Alternatively, it may be
desired to run one large alternator permanently on full load, the fluctuations in load
being borne by one or more of the others. If the alternators are sharing the load equally
the power triangles are as shown in Fig

4) what is necessity for parallel operations of alternators. State the condition necessary for paralleling
alternators.
ANs) Alternators are operated in parallel for the following reasons:
Several alternators can supply a bigger load than a single alternator.
One or more alternators may shut down during the period of light loads. Thus, the remaining alternator
operates at near or full load with greater efficiency.
When one machine is taken out of service for its scheduled maintenance and inspection, the remaining
machines maintain the continuity of the supply.
If there is a breakdown of the generator, there is no interruption of the power supply.
Number of machines can be added with disturbing the initial installation according to the requirement to
fulfill the increasing future demand of the load.
Parallel operation of the alternator, reduces the operating cost and the cost of energy generation.
It ensures the greater security of supply and enables overall economic generation.
Necessary Conditions for Parallel Operation of the Alternator
Most synchronous machines will operate in parallel with other synchronous machines. The process of
connecting one machine in parallel with another machine or with an Infinite Busbar system is known as
Synchronizing. The machine carrying load is known as Running Machines while the alternator which is to be
connected in parallel with the system is known as the Incoming machine.
The following condition should be satisfied for parallel operation are as follows:-
The phase sequence of the Busbar voltages and the incoming machine voltage must be the same.
The Busbar voltages and the incoming machine terminal voltage must be in phase.
The terminal voltage of the incoming machine and the alternator which is to be connected in parallel or
with the Busbar voltage should be equal.
The frequency of the generated voltage of the incoming machine and the frequency of the voltage of the
Busbar should be equal.

5) explain in brief the effect of unequal voltages on alternator.

Ans) Genarally we are fimiliar with this issue in power plant When alternetor are operating in parallel
candition or synchronising Candition.

Let's consider two alternators having their emf

"Ea" and "Eb"

Same in phase but different in their magnitude.
The resultant emf, Er Being equal to "Ea -Eb"
Er =Ea-Eb it is acted the local circuit and causes
synchronizing current “ Isy” around the local circuit.
This synchronizing current “Isy”
lags behind Er or Ea by 90 degree.

Thus synchronizing current “Isy produce “Demagnetizing effect on machine 1.

Resulting thereby reduction in emf of machine 1 “Ea” and
Magnetizing effect on machine No 2 resulting thereby increase in “Eb” of machien 2.
Thus Difference between of E1 and E2 is reduced and Stable Condition Is Established,
Thus Machine will operated on balanced condition.

Section-C
1) briefly discuss three dark lamp method for synchronization of 3 phase alternator

Ans) Three Dark Lamps Method

The figure below shows the circuit for bright lamp method used to synchronize the alternators. Assume that
alternator is connected to the load supplying rated voltage and frequency to it. Now the alternator-2 is to be
connected in parallel with alternator-1.

Three lamps (each of which is rated for alternator terminal voltage) are connected across the switches of the
alternator-2. From the figure it is clear that the moment when all the conditions of parallel operation are
satisfied, the lamps should be more or less dark.

To synchronize the alternator-2 with bus bar, the prime mover of the alternator-2 is driven at speed close to
the synchronous speed decided by the bus bar frequency and number of poles of the alternator.

Now the field current of the generator-2 is increased till voltage across the machine terminals is equal to the
bus bar voltage (by observing the readings on voltmeters).

If lamps go ON and OFF concurrently , indicating that the phase sequence of alternator-2 matches with bus
bar. On the other hand, if they ON and OFF one after another, it resembles the incorrect phase sequence.

By changing the connections of any two leads of alternator-2 after shutting down the machine, the phase
sequence can be changed.
Depending on the frequency difference between alternator-2 voltage and bus bar voltage, ON and OFF rate
of these lamps is decided. Hence, the rate of flickering has to be reduced to match the frequency. This is
possible by adjusting the speed of alternator by its prime mover control.

When all these parameters are set, the lamps become dark and then the synchronizing switch can be closed
to synchronize alternator-2 with alternator-1.

The main disadvantage of this method is that rate of flickering only indicates the difference between the
alternator-2 and the bus bar. But the information of alternator frequency in relation to bus bar frequency is
not available in this method.

Suppose, if the bus bar frequency is 50Hz, the rate of flickering of lamps is same when the frequency of the
alternator is either 51 or 49 Hz, as the difference in these two cases is 1Hz.

2) Explain the effect of increasing excitation of one of the alternator.

Ans) A change in the excitation of an alternator running in parallel with other affects only its KVA output; it
does not affect the KW output. A change in the excitation, thus, affects only the power factor of its output.
Let two similar alternators of the same rating be operating in parallel, receiving equal power inputs from
their prime movers. Neglecting losses, their kW outputs are therefore equal. If their excitations are the same,
they induce the same emf, and since they are in parallel their terminal voltages are also the same. When
delivering a total load of I amperes at a power-factor of cos Ф, each alternator delivers half the total current
and I1 = I2 = I/2.

Since their induced emfs are the same, there is no resultant emf acting around the local circuit formed by
their two armature windings, so that the synchronizing current, Is, is zero. Since the armature resistance is
neglected, the vector difference between E1 = E2 and V is equal to, I1Xs1 I2Xs2 , this vector leading the
current I by 900, where XS1 and XS2 are the synchronous reactances of the two alternators respectively.
Now consider the effect of reducing the excitation of the second alternator. E2 is therefore reduced as shown
in Figure. This reduces the terminal voltage slightly, so let the excitation of the first alternator be increased so
as to bring the terminal voltage back to its original value. Since the two alternator inputs are unchanged and
losses are neglected, the two kW outputs are the same as before. The current I2 is changed due to the
change in E2, but the active components of both I1 and I2 remain unaltered. It can be observed that there is a
small change in the load angles of the two alternators, this angle being slightly increased in the case of the
weakly excited alternator and slightly decreased in the case of the strongly excited alternator. It can also be
observed that I1 + I2 = I, the total load current.

Ch-6
Section-A
1) Differentiate between transient and sub transient reactance.
Ans)T he period immediately after a short circuit on the generator and lasting upto 2-3 cycles, is called sub
transient period. The current during this period is highest and is determined by sub transient reactance.
After the elapse of sub transient period, we have transient period which lasts till the fault current settles to a
low value (less than normal current).
During transient period, fault current is determined by transient reactance which is nothing but leakage
reactance of the generator.
2) What is meant by transient stability.
Ans) The ability of a synchronous power system to return to stable condition and maintain its
synchronism following a relatively large disturbance arising from very general situations like
switching ON and OFF of circuit elements, or clearing of faults, etc. is referred to as the transient
stability in power system

3) what is the object of studying the transient stabikity limit in synchronous machines?
Ans) Find?

4) Define the terms stability and stability limit.

Ans) The ability of an electric system to maintain a state of equilibrium during normal and abnormal
conditions or disturbances
The maximum power flow possible through some particular point in the system while maintaining
stability in the entire system or the part of the system to which the stability limit refers

5)When the machine is said to be operating under stable conditions.

Ans)