2 - B - Com - (Tamil) - 102 22 - HRM

அழகப்பா பல்கைலக்கழகம்
ேதசியத் தர நிர்ணயக் ��வ�ன் �ன்றாம் �ற்�த் தர மதிப்ப�ட்�ல் A+(CGPA: 3.64) த�தி�ம்

மன�தவள ேமம்பாட்� அைமகச்சகம் - பல்கைலக்கழக மான�யக்��வ�ன் �தல் தரப்
பல்கைலக்கழகம் மற்�ம் தன்னாட்சித் த�தி�ம் ெபற்ற�
காைரக்�� – 630 003
ெதாைலநிைலக்கல்வ� இயக்ககம்
ப�.காம்.
ப�வம் – II
102 22
மன�த வள ேமலாண்ைம
BCom-Human-Resource-Management-II.indd 1 5/8/2019 7:45:19 PM

PG Aquinas, Chairman, Post Graduate Department of Studies and Research in Social Work, Mangalore University
Units (1.0-1.2, 2.0-2.4, 2.6, 3, 4, 5, 6.0-6.2, 7.0-7.2, 9, 10, 11, 12.3.3)
Prof S. C. Srivastava, Secretary General of the National Labour Law Association
Units (8.0-8.2, 12.0-12.2, 12.3.4, 12.5, 13.0-13.3)
Dr. Richard Regis, Adjunct Professor, VIT University, Vellore
Unit 14
Vikas Publishing House: Units (1.4-1.8, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7--2.10, 6.2.1-6.8, 7.3-7.9, 8.3-8.8, 12.4, 12.6-12.10, 13.4-13.9)
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gy;fiyf;fofg; ghlj;jpl;lk; – ghlg;gFg;G ml;ltiz
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik
gy;fiyf;fofg;ghlj;jpl;lk; ghlg;gFg;G
gFjp – I: kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;
myF 1: kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik – tiuaiw kw;Wk; fUj;J – rpwg;gk;rq;fs; myF 1: mwpKfk; kdpj ts
– Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; – gzpfs; – kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL – kdpj Nkyhz;ik
ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; – kdpj ts eilKiwfs;. (gf;fq;fs; 1–16)
myF 2: HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik: gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik myF 2: HRM kw;Wk;
fUj;J – ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik – njhopyhsu; ey mYtyupd; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik
gzpfs; – gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; kdpjtu;f;fk; ,ilNa cs;s (gf;fq;fs; 17–41)
NtWghL.
myF 3: kdpj ts jpl;lk; – kdpj ts jpl;lkply; (HRP) – kdpj ts myF 3: kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
Kfhikj;Jtf; fhuzpfs; – HRP nray;Kiw. (gf;fq;fs; 42–62)
myF 4: gzpg; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; tbtikg;G – gzpg; gFg;gha;T – gzp myF 4: Ntiy gFg;gha;T
tpsf;fk;- xU gzp tptuk; vOJjy; – gzp tptuf;Fwpg;G – gzp tbtikg;G. kw;Wk; tbtikg;G
(gf;fq;fs; 63–76)
gFjp – II: gzpahsu; Nju;T kw;Wk; gapw;rp

myF 5: gzpaku;j;jk;: gzpaku;j;j fUj;Jfs; – gzpaku;j;Jjiy myF 5: gzpaku;j;jk;
ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; – gzpaku;j;j tiffs;. (gf;fq;fs; 77–93);
myF 6: Nju;njLj;jy;: Nju;njLj;jypd; fUj;Jf;fs; – njupT nray;Kiw – myF 6: Nju;e;njLj;jy;
njupT Nrhjidfs; – Nju;njLj;jy; Kiwfs; (gf;fq;fs; 94–119)
myF 7: J}z;ly;: nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiw – J}z;Ljypd; Njit – myF 7: J}z;Ljy;
J}z;Ljypd; NghJ cUthFk; rpf;fy;fs; – J}z;ly; epfo;T jpl;lkply;. (gf;fq;fs; 120–128)
myF 8: gapw;rp: fUj;J> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Njitfs; – Kiwfs; – myF 8: gapw;rp
gapw;rpapd; tiffs;. (gf;fq;fs; 129–153)
gFjp – III: Copau;fspd; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; rYiffs;

myF 9: nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL: nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL – nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL myF 9: nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
fUj;J – nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL Nehf;fk; – nray;Kiw – nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL (gf;fq;fs; 154–184)
Kiwfs; – nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL Kf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;.
myF 10: $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; – Cjpa epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; myF 10: $yp kw;Wk; rk;gsk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; – $yp Nfhl;ghL – $yp epu;zak; Kiw. (gf;fq;fs; 185–204)
myF 11: Cf;fj; njhiffs; – gaDWFk; Cf;Ftpg;G Kiwik – Cf;f myF 11: Cf;fj; njhiffs;
jpl;lj;jpd; tiffs;. (gf;fq;fs; 205–229)
gFjp – IV: tsu;r;rp & Nkk;ghL

myF 12: gzpahsu; cwTfs;- gzpahsu; cwTfspd; fUj;J – myF 12: gzpahsu; cwTfs;
xOq;FKiw Nkyhz;ik – Fiwfis epu;tfpj;jy; – gzpahsu; (gf;fq;fs; 230–255)
MNyhrid.

myF 13: gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; – gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; gw;wpa myF 13: gzpahsu;
fUj;jhf;fk; – gzpahsu; nray;Kiw – ,e;jpa R+oypy; mjpfhukspj;jy; – mjpfhukspj;jy;
cyfshtpa R+oypy; mjpfhukspj;jy;. (gf;fq;fs; 256–281)
myF 14: ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) – cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kdpj myF 14: ru;tNjr kdpj tsk;
ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; xg;gPL – ru;tNjr kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jt (HRM): (gf;fq;fs; 282–301)
rthy;fs;.

cs;slf;fk;
Kd;Diu x
gFjp – I: kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;

myF 1 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; gw;wpa mwpKfk; 1–16
1.0 Kd;Diu
1.1 myfpd; Nehf;ffq;fs;
1.2 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik: rpwg;gk;rq;fs;> Nehf;fk;> kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL
1.2.1 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; tiuaiwfs;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs;
1.2.2 HRM gzpfs;
1.2.3 HRM rthy;fs;
1.3 kdpj ts nray;Kiwfs;
1.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1.5 RUf;fk;
1.6 Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;
1.7 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 2 HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik 17–41

2.0 Kd;Diu
2.1 myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
2.2 gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikf;fhd Nfhl;ghL
2.3 ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik
2.4 njhopyhsu; ey mYtyu; gzpfs;
2.5 gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; kdpj tsk; ,ilNaNaahd NtWghL
2.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;;
2.7 RUf;fk;
2.8 Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;;
2.9 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;;
2.10 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 3 kdpj ts jpl;lkply; 42–62

3.0 Kd;Diu
3.2 kdpj ts jpl;lkplypd; (HRP) fUj;J kw;Wk; nray;Kiwfs;
3.3 kdpj ts jpl;lkplypd; fhuzpfs;
3.5 RUf;fk;
3.8 NkYk; gbf;f

myF 4 gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; tbtikg;G 63–76
4.0 Kd;Diu
4.2 gzp Ma;T kw;Wk; gzp tbtikg;G
4.3 gzp tpsf;fk;
4.4 gzp tptuf;Fwpg;G
4.6 RUf;fk;
4.9 NkYk; gbf;f
gFjp – II: gzpahsu; Nju;T kw;Wk; gapw;rp

myF 5 gzpaku;j;jk; 77–93
5.0 Kd;Diu
5.2 gzpaku;j;jk;: fUj;Jfs; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; tiffs;
5.4 RUf;fk;
5.7 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 6 Nju;njLj;jy; 94–119

6.0 Kd;Diu;
6.2 Nju;njLj;jypd; fUj;Jf;fs;: nray;Kiw kw;Wk; njupT Nrhjidfs;
6.2.1 Nju;njLj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
6.2.2 Nju;njLj;jy; Kiwfs;
6.3 Nju;njLj;jypd; jilfs;
6.5 RUf;fk;
6.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 7 J}z;ly; 120–128

7.0 Kd;Diu
7.2 nghUs;> tiuaiw kw;Wk; J}z;Ljypd; Njit
7.3 J}z;Ljypd; NghJ cUthFk; rpf;fy;fs;
7.4 J}z;ly; epfo;T jpl;lkply;
7.6 RUf;fk;

7.9 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 8 gapw;rp 129–153

8.0 Kd;Diu
8.2 gapw;rp: fUj;J> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Njitfs;
8.3 gapw;rpapd; tiffs;
8.5 RUf;fk;
8.8 NkYk; gbf;f
gFjp – III: Copau;fspd; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; rYiffs;

myF 9 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL 154–184
9.0 Kd;Diu
9.2 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL: nray;Kiw kw;Wk; cj;jpfs;
9.2.1 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Nehf;fk;
9.2.2 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Njit
9.2.3 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd nray;Kiw
9.2.4 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Kiwfs; my;yJ El;gq;fs;
9.4 RUf;fk;
9.7 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 10 $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; 185–204

10.0 Kd;Diu
10.2 $yp kw;Wk; Cjpa epu;thfk;
10.2.1 $yp kw;Wk; Cjpa epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
10.2.2 $yp Nfhl;ghLfs;
10.2.3 $yp epu;zak; Kiw
10.4 RUf;fk;
10.7 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 11 Cf;fj;njhiffs; 205–229

11.0 Kd;Diu

11.2 Cf;fj;njhif fUj;J
11.2.1 jpwd;tha;e;j Cf;fj;njhif mikg;G
11.2.2 Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fspd; tiffs;

11.4 RUf;fk;

11.7 NkYk; gbf;f
gFjp – IV: tsu;r;rp & Nkk;ghL

myF 12 gzpahsu; cwTfs; 230–255
12.0 Kd;Diu
12.2 gzpahsu; cwTfspd; Nfhl;ghL
12.3 xOq;FKiw Nkyhz;ik
12.3.1 xOf;fj;jpd; jd;ikfSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;
12.3.2 xOf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
12.3.3 xOq;FKiw nray;Kiwfs;
12.3.4 xOf;fj;jpd; FwpaPL
12.4 gzpahsu; MNyhrid
12.5 Fiwfis epu;tfpj;jy;
12.7 RUf;fk;
12.10 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 13 gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; 256–281

13.0 Kd;Diu
13.2 gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; gw;wpa fUj;jhf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;Kiw
13.3 ,e;jpa R+oypy; mjpfhukspj;jy;
13.4 cyfshtpa R+oypy; mjpfhukspj;jy;
13.6 RUf;fk;
13.9 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 14 ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) 282–301

14.0 Kd;Diu
14.2 ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM): xU mwpKfk;
14.3 cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; xg;gPL
14.4 ru;tNjr kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jt (HRM): rthy;fs;

14.6 RUf;fk;
14.9 NkYk; gbf;f

Kd;Diu
,d;W vy;yh mikg;Gf;fspYk; epWtdj;jpd; nray;ghLfspy; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; midtupd;
eyidAk;> nray;jpwj;ijAk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; xU jdpj; Jiw cs;sJ. mikg;gpd;
msitg; nghWj;J> tof;fkhf xU jdpegu; my;yJ xU FO epfo;r;rpfis xOq;fikg;gjpy;
<Lgl;bUf;fyhk;> epfo;Kiwfis xOq;FgLj;JtJ kw;Wk; mikg;Gld; njhlu;Gs;s my;yJ
njhlu;Gila midtiuAk; Neubahfj; jhf;ff;$ba nfhs;iffis mikg;gJ Mfpait
tof;fj;jpy; cs;sd. mj;jifa FO kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. kdpj
ts Kfhikj;Jtf; FO> tpjpfis mikj;jy; cl;gl gy eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ.
nray;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nray;Kiwfis epWTjy;> xOq;FKiw eilKiwfs;>
Gjpa Copau;fis epakpj;jy;> Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; gzpahsu;fSf;fhd gapw;rp kw;Wk;
fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fis Vw;ghL nra;jy; kw;Wk; ,og;gPL gw;wp KbT nra;jy; MfpaitfshFk;.
nghUshjhuk; mjpfupj;JtUk; G+Nfhskakhf;fYld;> re;ijahdJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ>
kpfTk; epr;rakw;wJ> Nghl;bapLk; kw;Wk; khw;wkile;J tUfpwJ. ,Wjp NtWghL vJthf
,Ue;jhYk;> xU epWtdk; Nghl;bapLk; tifapyhd NtWghl;il cUthf;fNth my;yJ
epWtNth KbahJ. ,q;F jhd; kf;fs; xU ePbj;j Nghl;b Mjhaj;Jld; epWtdq;fis
toq;fpr; nry;fpd;wdu;. tsu;r;rp rhu;e;j fyhr;rhuj;ij tsu;g;gjd; %yk; epWtd Nehf;fq;fis
miltjw;fhf epWtdq;fs; Kidg;Gld; tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik> kf;fs; jq;fSlDk; mtu;fspd; tho;tpYk; rpwe;jtw;iw ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F VJthf> epiyikfis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; ifahs;fpwJ.
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik, vd;Dk; ,g;Gj;jfk; gjpdhd;F myFfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ>
xt;nthU myFk; xU mwpKfj;Jld; njhlq;FfpwJ> mjd; gpwF Nehf;fq;ffspd;
ntspg;ghl;il czu;j;JfpwJ. ,jpy; tpupthd cs;slf;fk;, gpd;du; xU vspa kw;Wk;
fl;likf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; toq;fg;gLk;, ‘cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf’, khztupd;
Gupjiy Nrhjpf;f cjTfpwJ. RUf;fk;, Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;, jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp
tpdhf;fs; mlq;fpa njhFj;Jiuj;jy; xt;nthU myfpd; ,WjpapYk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

gFjp – I kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa
mwpKfk;
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;
myF 1 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;

mwpKfk;
mikg;G
1.0 Kd;Diu
1.2 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik: rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> Nehf;fk; kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rpfs;
1.2.1 HRM ,d; tpsf;fk;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs;
1.2.2 HRM nray;ghLfs;
1.2.3 HRM rthy;fs;
1.3 kdpj ts eilKiwfs;
1.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd
tpilfs;
1.5 RUf;fk;
1.8 NkYk; gbf;f
1.0 Kd;Diu
kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpd; njhopyhsu;fs;
my;yJ kdpj tsq;fis epu;tfpg;gNj MFk;. gzpahsu;fis Nju;T
nra;jy;> gapw;rp mspj;jy;> kjpg;gpLjy;> gzpahsu;fSf;F ed;kjpg;G
kw;Wk; jf;f itj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;wit ,jd; nghWg;G MFk;.
epWtd jiyik kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ij Nkw;ghu;itapLtJk;>
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; njhopyhsu; eyr; rl;lq;fis gpd;gw;Wtij
cWjp nra;tJk; ,jd; nghWg;ghFk;.
,e;j myfpy;> HRM mikg;Gfspd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
nray;ghLfis gw;wp ePq;fs; gbg;gPu;fs;. epWtd Nehf;fq;fs;> jdpegu;fs;
kw;Wk; r%f ,yf;Ffs; HRM ,d; Nehf;fq;fis jhf;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j
Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F Kjyhsp kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd; eyd;fis
xUq;fpizj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. NkYk;> HRM ,d; mbg;gilg;
gzpfs;> $l;LwT kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikg; gzpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd>
xt;nthd;Wk; kw;wtw;wpy; ,aq;fhJ vd;gij ePq;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;tPu;fs;.
,e;j myF> HRM mikg;Gfspd; gq;F kw;Wk; mikg;G gw;wpAk;
tpthjpf;fpwJ. gzpahsu; Nkyhsu;fspd; gq;F> njhopy; my;yJ
njhopy;Jiwapd; msT kw;Wk; mjd; ,Ug;gplk; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy;
jhf;fg;gLfpwJ. khwptUk; R+oypd; gpufhuk; HR Nkyhsu;fspd; rpy
Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fs; cs;sd mit:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs; 1

kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa ••vjpu;tpidg;G/nray;jpwd; nray;gLk; ghj;jpuq;fs;
mwpKfk;
••tu;j;jf gq;Fjhuu; gq;F
••ty;Yeu;fspd; gq;F
Fwpg;Gfs; ••jiyaPr gq;F
••GJik ghj;jpuk;
••cs;sf MNyhrid gq;F
••fz;fhzpg;G gq;F
kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiwapd; (kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw)
epu;thf mikg;G kdpj ts Nkyhsu; my;yJ kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw
,af;FeUld; jiyik tfpf;Fk; gpukpL Nghd;w tbtj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ
vd;gijAk; ePq;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;tPu;fs;. kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw
NkyhsUf;F HRD fPNo> kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw NkyhsUf;F
HRD Neubahf jfty; njuptpf;Fk; gzpahsu; mjpfhupfSld; kw;nwhU
epiy cs;sJ.
,e;j myF HRM ,y; cs;s rthy;fisAk; tpsf;Fk;>
mtw;wpy; rpy cyfkakhf;fiy epu;tfpj;J> jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fis
tsu;j;J> Ntiy nra;Ak; ed;dlj;ijfs;> jpwikia jf;fitj;jYk;>
njhopyhsu; kd mOj;jk; kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G cwTfis epu;tfpj;jy;>
njhopyhsu; gd;Kfj;jd;ik Kjypad.
HRM d; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L HRM f;fhd
mZFKiwfis tpthjpg;gjd; %yk; ,e;j myF KbtilAk;.

,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;>
••(HRM) kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; tiuaiw kw;Wk; fUj;jhf;fk;
gw;wp fye;Jiuahl KbAk;.
••HRM ,d; ,ay;Gfs;> Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis
tpsf;f KbAk;.
••HRM ,d; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpia tpthjpf;f KbAk;
••HRM kw;Wk; kdpj ts eilKiwfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
Muha KbAk;.
1.2 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik: rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> Nehf;fk;

kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpfs;
,j;Jiwapy; cs;s gy;NtW epGzu;fs; mij tpj;jpahrkhf
tiuaWj;Js;sdu;. ,J kf;fs; mikg;G kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l ,yf;Ffis
miltjw;F kpfTk; gaDs;s tifapy; gad;gl;l xU gzpahFk;.
kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk; (HRM) xU jpwikahd mikg;ig
cUthf;fp> Copau;fis xU jdpeguhf kw;Wk; xU Ntiy FOtpy;
2 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

cWg;gpduhf Nru;j;J nfhs;s cjtp nra;fpwJ. kWGwk;> HRM ,d; kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa
mwpKfk;
Nehf;fk; gue;j mstpy; cs;sJ. ,J gy tifg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs;
cs;slf;FfpwJ. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; %yg;nghUs; tsq;fSld;> xU
epWtdj;jpy; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; cw;gj;jpf;F gq;fspf;fpwJ
vd;w cz;ikapy; HRM ,d; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mlq;fpAs;sJ. kdpj Fwpg;Gfs;
ts Nkyhz;ikapd; gzpfs;> Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik gzpfs;>
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; kdpj ts %Nyhgha
rthy;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
1.2.1 HRM ,d; tpsf;fk;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs;

HRM gw;wpa tiuaiwfs;: ,td;nrtpr; kw;Wk; fpSf; fUj;Jg;gb>
‘kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ mikg;GuPjpahd kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l
,yf;Ffis miltjw;F kf;fs; (Copau;fs;) kpfTk; gaDs;s
tifapy; gad;gLj;j trjpaspf;Fk; epWtdq;fspy; nra;ag;gLk;
gzpahFk;.’
igu; kw;Wk; Uap $WtJ: ‘kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikj;Jtk;> xU
epWtdj;jpd; kdpj tsj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhd kw;Wk; xUq;fpizf;Fk;
tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffis nfhz;Ls;sJ’.
Nly; A+lu; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘kdpj tsj;ij epu;tfpg;gtu;fs; jdpegu;
kw;Wk; FO ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; Kw;gLk; xU
mikg;G vd;W ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.’
/ngypg;Ngh fUj;Jg;gb HRM vd;gJ ‘kdpj tsq;fspd;
nfhs;Kjy;> tsu;r;rp> ,og;gPL> xUq;fpizg;G> guhkupg;G kw;Wk;
,dg;ngUf;fk; Mfpatw;iw jdpegu; mikg;GuPjpahd kw;Wk; r%f
Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf KbTfl;l jpl;lkpLjy;> xOq;fikj;jy;>
,af;Fjy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;’ MFk;.
ikf;Nfy; N[. [_]pa]; mtupd; nrhw;fspy;> ‘kdpj ts
Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ> nfhs;Kjy;> cUthf;Fjy;> guhkupj;jy; Mfpa
gzpfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w jpl;lkpLjy;
Nkyhz;ikg; Gyk; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.; NkYk;> epWtdk; epWtpAs;s
(i) Nehf;fq;fs;> nghUshjhu uPjpahf kw;Wk; jpwk;gl nray;gg ; l;L
milag;gLfpd;wd> (ii) midj;Jj; Jiw gzpahsu;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; kpf
; gl;lg;gbg;Gf;F gupkhwg;gLfpwJ. (iii) rKjhaj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
cau;ej
Kiwahfg; guprPypf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; gupkhwg;gLfpd;wd.’
HRM ,d; Nehf;fq;fs;: Nehf;fq;fs; xU epWtdj;jpy; cs;s midj;J
jdpegu;fs; my;yJ FOf;fs; jq;fs; nray;ghLfis Neubahf ,af;f
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Kd; epu;zaf ,yf;Ffshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. epu;thf Nehf;fq;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp jdpegu; kw;Wk; r%f ,yf;FfSk; HRM ,d; Nehf;fq;fis
ghjpf;fpd;wd. xt;nthU epWtdKk; rpy Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.
mjd; xt;nthU gFjpAk; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth ,e;j
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F rpy gq;fspg;ig nra;fpd;wd.
xU epWtdj;jpd; Fzhk;rj;ij mjd; Fwpf;Nfhshy; jPuk ; hdpf;f KbAk;.
,e;j Nehf;fq;fs; midj;J Copau;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa jd;dhu;tj;Jld;

kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa xj;Jiof;Fk; xUq;fpizg;Gf;Fk; mbg;gilahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
mwpKfk;
Nehf;fq;fs;> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gl P L
; f;fhd ngd;rpFwpfs; my;yJ
juj;ij KbT nra;tjw;fhd jsq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. HRM
,d; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;> mtu;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l flikfspd;
Fwpg;Gfs; nray;ghl;by; gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.
Kjyhsp -gzpahsu; cwTfSf;F gjpyhf xj;Jiog;igg; gjpyPL
nra;tjd; %yk; ,J Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;jpa gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik
epWtdj;jpd; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik (kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik)
jpwikiaAk; ePjpiaAk; miltjw;fhd Nehf;fky;y. ,it ,uz;Lk;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,y;yhky; ntw;wpfukhf njhlug;gl KbahJ. ,J
xU jpwikahd mikg;ig cUthf;fp tsu;ff ; Kay;fpwJ. ,J xU
epWtdk;> kw;Wk; xU njhopyhsu; FOtpd; cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapy;
jdJ ntw;wpf;F rpwe;j gq;fspg;ig nra;Ak; tifapy; xU epWtdj;ij
cUthf;fp> mij cUthf;f Kw;gLfpwJ. Ntiy nra;Ak; midtUf;Fk;
epahakhd tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; gzpepiyikfs; kw;Wk; jpUg;jpahd
gzp Mfpatw;iw toq;f Kay;fpwJ.’
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; Nehf;fq;fs; xU epWtdj;jpd;
mbg;gil Fwpf;Nfhs;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. epWtd Nehf;fq;fis
miltjw;F> Ntiyaspg;gtupd; kw;Wk; Copau;fspd; eyd;fis
xUq;fpizg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW njhFf;fg;glyhk;:
1. rpwe;j gzpahsu; kdtypikia fl;bnaOg;Gtjd; %yk; epWtdk;
toq;Fk; Nritfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> NkYk; jpwikahd jdpegu;
kw;Wk; FO nray;jpwd; Mfpatw;iw Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt>
jdpegu;fs;> FOf;fs;> mikg;G kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; gu];gu
Mjhaj;jpw;F khw;wj;ij epu;tfpf;f HRM Kaw;rpf;fpwJ.
2. epWtdk;-Copau;fs;> gq;Fjhuu;fs;> fldPe;Njhu;> thbf;ifahsu;fs;
kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fs; kdjpy; epw;f — epWtdk; rpwe;j Nrit
nra;fpwJ vd;W cz;ikapy; mjd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l ed;ikfis
jpwd; kw;Wk; tpepNahfk; epWtdj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F XusT kw;Wk;
gq;fspf;Fk;.
3. mbg;gil epWtd ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F Vw;w kw;Wk;
Cf;fkspf;Fk; gzpahsu;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
4. gzpahsu; eyd;fs;> me;j];J> r%fg; ghJfhg;G Cf;fj;
njhiffs;> mq;fPfhuk;> rthyhd gzp kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
Mfpatw;iw toq;Ftjd; %yk; jdpegu; kw;Wk; FO Njitfisg;
Gupe;J nfhz;L jpUg;jp mila nra;fpwJ. vdNt> xU epWtdk;
jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FO ,yf;Ffis ftdpj;J xU njhif kw;Wk;
epjp my;yhj Cf;fk; toq;Ftjd; %yk; czu KbfpwJ.
5. gzpahsu;fspd; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; mwpit jpwk;gl> mjhtJ>
epWtd ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F kdpj tsj;ij jpwk;gl
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ.

6.
gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fSf;F njhlu;eJ ; kdpj kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa
mwpKfk;
nrhj;Jf;fis mq;ff P upg;gNjhL> xg;Gtpj;jy; mspf;fpwJ. ,j;jpl;lq;fs;
ed;F gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; ed;F Cf;fg;gl;l gzpahsu;fis
toq;Ftjd; %yk; jdJ ,yf;Ffis mila cjTfpwJ.
7. gy;NtW epiyikfisAk; trjpfisAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Fwpg;Gfs;
gzpahsu;fspd; xOf;fj;ij mjpfupj;jy; kw;Wk; kdpj cwT-
fis guhkupf;fpwJ.
8. gzpahsu;fspd; gzp jpUg;jp kw;Wk; Ra njhopy; jpwid
mjpfupj;jy;> xt;nthU gzpahsUk; jdJ KO Mw;wiy
czu;tjw;F Cf;fk; mspj;J cjTfpwJ.
9. ey;y trjpfs; kw;Wk; gzpr;R+oiy Vw;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Ntiy
cWjpj; jd;ikia guhkupf;f rhjfkhd R+o;epiyia cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
10. cupa gzk; kw;Wk; gzkw;w Cf;fj;njhiffis toq;Ftjd;
%yk; jdpg;gl;l Njitfs; kw;Wk; FO ,yf;Ffis fz;lwpjy;
kw;Wk; G+u;j;jp nra;tJ.
11. epWtdj;jpy; Ntiy tha;g;gpid cUthf;f trjpahf> xU jukhd
Ntiy tho;f;ifia cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; nray;gLj;jy;.
jdpegupd; mjpfgl;r tsu;r;rp> ey;y Ntiy kw;Wk; kdpj tsj;ij
KOikahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpait HRM ,d; Kjd;ikahd
Nehf;fq;fs; MFk;. epu;thfk; trjpahd kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd R+oiy
cUthf;fp> Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F Njitahd Kd;epge;jidfisj;
ju Ntz;Lk;.
HRM ,d; Nehf;fk;: gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; Nehf;fk; cz;ikapy;
gue;J tpupe;J fplf;fpwJ. mtu; xU epWtdj;jpy; NrUk; fhyk; tiu
xU Copaupd; ciof;Fk; tho;tpy; midj;J Kf;fpa eltbf;iffSk;
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; tuk;gpd; fPo; tUk;. (glk; 1.1) cs;sJ.
Nature of
human resource
management
Employee
education Employee
selection
PERSONNEL
MANAGEMENT
Industrial
relations Employee
remuneration
Employee
health and Employee
safety motivation
glk; 1.1 gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; Nehf;fk;


kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa kdpj cupikfs; mikg;G kpfTk; tpupthfg; Gyg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU
mwpKfk;
R+o;epiyapd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g> HR JiwAk;> gzpahsu; epu;thfpfSk;
gy;NtW tpjkhd nghWg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tu; vd;gJ ,jd; Nehf;fk;.
HR ,af;Fdu; gy Ntlq;fspy; ebf;fpwhu;> xU Muha;r;rpahsuhf>
Fwpg;Gfs; MNyhrfuhsu;> Nguk;NgRgtu;> rkhjhdJ}ju;> rpf;fy; jPu;g;gtu;. ,d;Dk;
gy Ntlq;fspy; gazpf;fpd;wd. ehu;fhl; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb
HRM ,d; nray;ghl;L gFjpfs;:
(i) Ntiytha;g;G
(ii) Nju;T kw;Wk; gapw;rp
(iii) gzpahsu; Nritfs;
(iv) $ypfs;
(v) ifj;njhopy; cwTfs;
(vi) cly;eyk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
(vii) fy;tp
vdNt> gPl;lu; buf;fu;> ‘epu;thfk; xU gy;Nehf;F cWg;G>
%d;W Ntiyfis nfhz;Ls;sJ> ,uz;L Neubahf gzpahsuplk;
njhlu;Gilait: xd;W njhopiy epu;tfpj;jy;; epu;thf Nkyhsu;fs;;
kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis epu;tfpg;gJk; MFk;.’ xU
tpahghu epWtdj;jpy;> gzpahsu; epu;thfpfs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
mit mikg;gpd; tpjpfis jPu;khdpf;f cjTtNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;>
,e;j mikg;gpd; tpjpfis tpsf;Ftjpy; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F xU
Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd.
tzpf mikg;gpd; jpwikahd kw;Wk; jpwikahd eltbf;iff;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk; epu;thfj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifia mtu;fs; mDgtpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd;
Ftpikag;gLj;jy; kf;fs; gzpapy; cs;sJ. cz;ikapy; ,J
xU gue;j gug;ghf cs;sJ. xU Nkyhsu;> mtu; cw;gj;jp my;yJ
tpahghuk; nray;ghl;by; ,Ue;jhYk;> kdpju;fNshL Nru;e;J Ntiy
nra;fpwhu;.
fle;j fhyj;jpy;> xU epWtdj;jpd; Nghl;b Mjhaj;ij epWTtjpy;
HRM ,d; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;F epiwa ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. uhy;ly;
];Fyu; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;shu;. ,J tzpfk; Vw;gLj;jpa
fhuzpfs;> HRM ,y; mjpfupj;j tUifia Ftpikag;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,e;jf; fhuzpfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••tpiuthd khw;wk;
••mbg;gil tpahghu epiyikfs; gw;wpa epr;rakw;w epiy
••caUk; nryTfs;
••tpiuthd njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fs;
••kf;fs; njhifapay; khw;wk;
••kpfTk; Fiwe;j msT gapw;rp ngw;w njhopyhsu; vz;zpf;if

••Jupjkhf khwptUk; murhq;f rl;ltpjpfSk; xOq;FKiwfSk; kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa
mwpKfk;
••cyfkakhf;fy;> njhopy;fspd; mjpfupg;G.
tu;j;jf R+oypy; Vw;gl;Ls;s ,e;j khw;wq;fs;> Ke;ija
fhyq;fspy; epWtdq;fs; vjpu;nfhz;bUg;gjpypUe;J NtWgLtjw;fhd
Fwpg;Gfs;
gy Nghl;bj; Nju;Tfspy; cs;sd. epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; kf;fis
epu;tfpf;Fk; tpjj;jpw;Fk; mtu;fshy; milag;gLk; nghUshjhu
KbTfSf;Fk; ,ilNa gykhd njhlu;G ,Ug;gjhf gy Muha;r;rpfs;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. cau; nray;jpwd; njhlu;e;J Ntiy eilKiwfs; xU
epWtdj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;ij fzprkhf ghjpf;Fk; KbAk;. cau;
nray;jpwd; gzp eilKiwfs;> epWtd nray;jpwDf;fhd Kf;fpa
mbg;gilia toq;Ffpd;wd. kf;fs; mjpfkhf Ntiy nra;tjhy;>
mtu;fs; mjpfstpy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. ,e;j mu;g;gzpg;G jq;fs; Ntiyapy;
$Ljy; fl;Lg;ghl;il nfhz;L tUfpwJ. jpwik kw;Wk; jpwikia
tsu;f;f mtu;fs; ngWk; Cf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf mtu;fs; gzpapy
mwpTG+u;tkhf nray;gLfpd;wdu;. HR mikg;Gfs;> epWtdq;fspd;
,Ug;G kw;Wk; nghUshjhu nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; mjd; gzpahsu;fspd;
Ntiyapd; juk; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ xU Kf;fpakhd eilKiw
tpisit nfhz;Ls;sd. epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; gzpahsu;fspd;
Ntiyapd; juk; kw;Wk; juj;jpid mjpfupf;fpwJ.
HRM Kf;fpaj;Jtk;: kdpj tsq;fs;> epjp kw;Wk; %yg;nghUs;
tsq;fSld; ,ize;J xU epWtdj;jpy; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd;
cw;gj;jpf;F gq;fspf;fpd;wd. clYiog;G kw;Wk; gz Mjhuq;fs;>
jq;fshy; jpwikia Nkk;gLj;j KbahJ my;yJ KjyPl;bd; kPjhd
xU mjpfupj;j tPjj;jpy; gq;fspf;f KbahJ. epWtd ,yf;Ffis
miltjw;F epjp kw;Wk; nghUs;rhu; tsq;fs; midj;Jk; ,ize;j
kw;Wk; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kaw;rpfspd; %yNk ,J eilngWfpwJ.
vdpDk;> ,e;j Kaw;rpfs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; kdpj tsj;jpd;
nray;jpwid cfe;jjhf;Fk; tifapy; mt;tg;NghJ $u;ikahf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.NkYk;> mtu;fSf;F mjpf rthy;fis re;jpf;f toptif
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,q;Fjhd; HRM Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. HRM ,d;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ehd;F epiyfspy; tpthjpf;fyhk;:;:
1. ngUepWtdk;: ey;y kdpj ts eilKiwfs; epWtdj;jpy;
cs;s rpwe;j kdpju;fis <u;f;fTk;> jf;fitf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd.
jpl;lkpLjy; epWtdj;jpw;F tpopg;G+l;ly;fs;> ,J FWfpa> eLj;ju
kw;Wk; ePz;lfhyg; gFjpfspy; Njitg;gLk; kf;fspd; tiffs;
MFk;. HRM xU epWtdk; mjd; ,yf;Ffis ,d;Dk; ed;F
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; gaDs;s topapy; mila cjtp
nra;a KbAk;:
••jpwd;tha;e;j kdpj ts jpl;lkply;> Ntiytha;g;G> Nju;T>
,og;gPL kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffs; %yk; jpwikia
tsu;j;jy;:
••gapw;rpapd; %yk; Copau;fspilNa Njitahd jpwd; kw;Wk;
rupahd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.

kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa ••Cf;Ftpj;jy; %yk; gzpahsu;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig ghJfhf;fpwJ.
mwpKfk;
••fpilf;Fk; kdpj tsj;ij jpwk;gl gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
2. njhopy;Kiw: rpwe;j kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik Ntiy tho;f;if
juj;ij NkYk; Nkk;gLj;j cjTfpwJ. ,J gpd;tUk; topfspy;
Fwpg;Gfs;
njhopy; tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;WfpwJ:
••xt;nthU Copaupd; jdpg;gl;l Nkk;ghl;Lf;F NghJkhd
tha;g;Gfis fpilf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
••Ntiyia KiwahfTk; mwptpay;G+u;tkhf xJf;FfpwJ.
••epWtdj;jpy; jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fSf;F ,ilNa
MNuhf;fpakhd cwTfis guhkupf;fpwJ.
3. r%fk;: xyp kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik r%fj;jpw;F ngUk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rKjhak;> xl;Lnkhj;jkhfg;
gpd;tUk; topfspy; ey;y kdpj ts eilKiwfspd; ngUk;
gaidg; ngWfpwJ:
••Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; ngUFk;.
••gw;whf;Fiwahd jpwikfs; rpwe;j gad;ghl;bw;F itf;fg;
gLfpd;wd.
••epWtdq;fs; vg;NghJk; kf;fspd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; ed;whf
elj;j kw;wtu;fSf;F Kd; kw;Wk; rpwe;j KbTfis toq;f
cjTfpwJ.
••vz;fs;> jFjpfs;> Njitfs; kw;Wk; jFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
fpilf;Fk; NtiyfSf;F kw;Wk; Ntiy NjLgtu;fSf;F
,ilNa rkepiyia guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••kf;fSf;F r%f kw;Wk; cstpay; uPjpahd kd cWjp-
apid cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy; jFe;j Ntiy tha;g;gpid
toq;FfpwJ.
4. Njrk;: xU Njrj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; kdpj tsKk;> mtw;wpd;
mikg;Gk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gz;Grhu;
NtWghLfspd; fhuzkhf xj;j tsq;fs; nfhz;l ehLfspy;
Nkk;ghl;by; gutyhd Vw;wj;jho;T fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU ehl;bd;
tsu;r;rp vd;gJ mjd; kdpj tsq;fspd; jpwik> kd mikg;G>
gof;f tof;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;Nj mikfpwJ. kdpj
tsq;fspd; jpwikahd Nkyhz;ik nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp
epfo;Kiwia ,Wf;fpg; gpbf;f cjTfpwJ. ,J> tho;f;ifj; juk;
kw;Wk; KO Ntiy tha;g;Gf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
1.2.2 HRM gzpfs;

HRM my;yJ gzpahsupd; Nkyhz;ik mbg;gilg; gzpfs; ,uz;L
tifahd nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;lit: $l;LwT kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik.
1. $l;LwT nray;ghLfs;: $l;LwTg; gzpfs; mbg;gilapy; jpwi-
kahd gzpahsu;fis nfhs;Kjy; nra;jy;> Nkk;gLj;Jjy;>

,og;gPL ngWjy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy; Mfpait rk;ge;jg;gl;l kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa
mwpKfk;
nray;ghLfisr; rhu;e;jit.
(i) nfhs;Kjy;: ‘nfhs;Kjy;’ vd;gJ epWtdj;jpd; Njitahd
Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kdjpy;
nfhz;L> rupahd jifikfs; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fSld; $ba Fwpg;Gfs;
gzpahsu;fisj; njupT nra;tjhFk;. rupahd Neuj;jpy;
gjtpfis epug;Gtjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd egu;fis
epakdk; nra;tjpy; Kjd;ikahf mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sJ.
kdpj tsj;ij jpl;lkpLjy;> Nju;e;njLj;jy; kw;Wk; kdpj
Mw;wiy itg;gJ Nghd;w nray;fis nfhs;Kjy; nra;jy;
cs;slf;fpaJ.
(ii) tsu;r;rp: ,e;j nrhw;nwhlu; gzpahsu;fspd; jpwd;
kw;Wk; jpwikia mjpfupg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l
nray;ghLfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd
gapyuq;Ffs; elj;Jjy;;> gapw;rp mku;Tfs;> fUj;juq;Ffs;>
FO fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs;
Mfpatw;iw elj;JjyhFk;.
(iii) ,og;gPL: ,J> njhopy; El;gk; kw;Wk; gzp epge;jidfs;
njhlu;ghd nray;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
(iv) gad;ghL: ,e;j nrhw;nwhlu;> Copau;fspd; Nritia
mjpfgl;rk; kw;Wk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtij
Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jpy; Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ>
mjpf cw;gj;jpj; jpwdpy; ,Ue;J yhgj;ij gfpu;e;J
nfhs;Sk; jpl;lq;fSk; mlq;Fk;.
(v) guhkupj;jy;: ,J midj;J Copau;fSf;F ey;y>
trjpahd kw;Wk; Ntiy epiyikfs; guhkupf;f cs;sJ.
,jd; nghUs;> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F kl;Lk; my;y.
2. Nkyhz;ikg; gzpfs;: ,e;j gzpfSf;F jpl;lkpLjy;>
xOq;FgLj;Jjy;> xUq;fpizj;jy;> ,af;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w nray;ghLfs; mlq;Fk;. ,e;j
nray;ghLfis midj;J Nkyhsu;fSk; nra;fpd;wdu;. vdNt>
,e;j nghJthd nray;ghLfs; Nkyhz;ikg; gzpfs; vd
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> mtu;fs;
gzp Nkyhsu;fs; cl;gl midj;J tifahd Nkyhsu;fshy;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
(i) jpl;lkply;: Nkyhz;ik nray;Kiw guprPyidapd; NghJ>
xU Nkyhsu; nra;Ak; Kjy; nray;ghL jpl;lkpLfpwJ. xU
gzp Nkyhsupd; xU Ntiyj; jpl;lj;ij njhlq;Fjw;F
nghWg;ghthu;. ,ij jpl;lkpLjy; %yk; kl;LNk nra;a KbAk;.
jpl;lk; vd;gJ epWtg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd
xU cWjpahd eltbf;if MFk;. jpl;lkpLjy; vd;gJ
gzpahsupd; nray;ghLfspd; nray;jpwd; vd;d kw;Wk;

kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa vg;gb nra;tJ vd;w tptuf;Fwpg;Gf;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpwJ.
mwpKfk;
(ii) xOq;FgLj;Jjy;: jpl;lkpLjy; epu;thfj;jpw;F vd;d kw;Wk;
vg;gb nra;a Ntz;Lk;> vd;W KbT nra;tij ePq;fs; Kd;Ng
mwptPu;fs;. xOq;FgLj;Jjy; jpwikahd jpl;lq;fis
Fwpg;Gfs; epiwNtw;Wk; fUtpahf cs;sJ. xOq;FgLj;Jjy;
gzpahsu;fspd; eltbf;iffis FOthf;fTk;> mtw;iw
ntt;NtW egu;fSf;F ifnahg;gkpLtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
(iii) xUq;fpizg;G: xUq;fpizg;G vd;gJ xU ,zf;fkhd
xd;Wgl;l Kaw;rp/nraypy; xU nghJthd Fwpf;Nfhis
Nehf;fp ,af;fg;gLk; eltbf;if MFk;. xUq;fpizg;G
midj;J FOf;fSf;Fk;> egUf;Fk; jpwikahd>
,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; Ntiy nra;tij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
xUq;fpizg;ig rhjpg;gjpy; jdpegu; njhlu;G kpfTk;
gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(iv) ,af;Ftpj;jy;: ,af;Ftpj;jy; vd;gJ Nkyhsu;fs;>
njhopyhsu;fspd; Ntiyia kw;Wk; Cf;fg;gLj;JtJ,
jpwk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;NghL njhlu;Gnfhs;tJ
Mfpait rk;ge;jg;gl;l xU nray;ghL MFk;. gzp Nkyhsu;
Neubahf kw;w jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
(v) Cf;Ftpj;jy;;: Cf;Ftpj;jy; vd;gJ xU Nkyhz;ikg;
gzpahFk; kw;Wk; Njitahd eltbf;iffis
vLf;FkhW kf;fis Cf;fg;gLj;JjyhFk;. Cf;Ftpj;jy;
vd;gJ gzpahsu;fis topfhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it
nra;fpwJ. Cf;fk; vd;gJ ve;j xU epWtdj;ijAk;
ntw;wpfukhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; epu;tfpf;f cjTfpd;wd.
xU gzpahsu; NkyhsUf;F Cf;fk; kl;Lk; ,y;yhky;>
epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffis ghuhl;lTk;> vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk;
Neu;kiw gf;fj;ij fhzTk; njhopyhsu;fis rk;kjpf;f
itf;f Ntz;Lk;. Cf;Ftpj;jy; xU jdpegUf;F rpy gzp-
fis xOq;fhf nra;a cjtf;$Lk;. xU gzp; Nkyhsu;>
nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;j Copau;fis topelj;j Ntz;Lk;
kw;Wk; cw;rhfj;JlDk;> ek;gpf;ifAlDk; nray;gl
mzpia Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(vi) fl;Lg;ghLfs;: fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpy epakq;fspd;
%yk; cz;ikahd KbTfis mstpLk; KiwahFk;.
,jpypUe;J cz;ikahd KbTfs; Vd; tpyf;fg;gLfpwJ
vd;gJ gw;wp tprhuizAk;, Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk;
jpUj;j eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> jpl;lq;fis
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F toptif nra;fpwJ.
,e;j ,U gzpfSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit Vnddpy; xUtu; ,y;yhky;
gzpahw;w KbahJ. gzp Nkyhsu; ,UtUk; tpUk;gpa msTf;F
fye;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gzpahsupd; Nkyhz;ikf; nfhs;iffs; kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa
mwpKfk;
xU nfhs;if vd;gJ> ve;j xU eltbf;iff;Fk; kjpg;Gld; KbntLf;Fk;
gzpahsupd; xU mwpf;ifNah my;yJ nghJ topfhl;bNah
MFk;. gzpahsu; nfhs;iffs; gy;NtW Ntiy cwTfSf;fhd
Fwpg;Gfs;
topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ffpd;wd kw;Wk; Ml;Nru;g;G> Nju;T> Nkk;ghL>
gjtp cau;T> ,og;gPL> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; gy tifahd
epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis milahsk; fhZjyhFk;. Mk;];l;uhq;
fUj;Jg;gb> gzpahsupd; nfhs;iffs; kf;fis epu;tfpg;gjpy; epWtdk;
tpUk;Gk; mZFKiw gw;wpa topfhl;Ljy;fis njhlu;fpd;wd. kf;fs;
vt;thW elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j mikg;gpd; jj;Jtq;fs;
kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis mit tiuaWf;fpd;wd NkYk; gzpahsu;fspd;
tptfhuq;fis ifahSk; NghJ Nkyhsu;fs; nray;gLthu;fs; vd;W
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nfhl;ghLfs; cs;sd.
HR my;yJ gzpahsu; nfhs;iffspd; Nehf;fq;fis gPl;lu;
buf;fu; gpd;tUk; thu;j;ijfspy; tptupj;Js;shu;: gzpahsu;fs; jq;fs;
gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; kw;Wk; jq;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l gzpfis
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w ghzpapy; epu;thfk; jdJ nfhs;iffisAk;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kdpj tsq;fs;> NtW ve;j
tsq;fisg; Nghyy;yhky;> MSik> FbAupik> fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w
gz;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sJ> Ntiy vq;Nf> vt;tsT> vt;tsT ed;whf.......
vd;gijAk; ,J Fwpf;fpJ. epu;thfk; kl;LNk ,e;j Njitfis G+u;j;jp
nra;a KbAk;.
gpd;tUk; gFjpfspy; HR my;yJ gzpahsu; nfhs;iffs; Njit:
••gzpahsu;fis ifafg;gLj;jy;
••gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp
••kdpj tsk; kjpg;gPL nra;J ,og;gPL
••kdpj ts trjp
••Ntiy epiyikfs; kw;Wk; gzp ml;ltizfs;
••njhopy; cwTfs;
1.2.3 HRM rthy;fs;

kdpj ts cWg;G xU epWtdj;jpd; njhiyNehf;F> Fwpf;Nfhs;
kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffis Nehf;fp ,aq;FfpwJ. ve;j xU mikg;gpYk;
HRM njhopy;Kiw> cUkhw;wk; kw;Wk; ,ilkhw;W Mfpa %d;W
Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdu;. xU epWtdj;jpy; kdpj ts Nkyhsu;fs;
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs; ,aw;ifahfNt ngUepWtd cyfpy;
vg;NghJk; khwpg;Nghfpd;w R+o;epiyapy; gupzhkpj;J tUfpd;wd.
mikg;Gfs; kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapy; gy rthy;fis
vjpu;nfhs;ffpd;wd> mtw;wpy; rpy gpd;tUkhW gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:
••HR f;fhd %Nyhgha rthy;fs;
••epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; HRM njhopy;epGzu;fspd; rthy;fs;

kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa οοkhwptUk; njhopyhsu; kf;fs; njhif
mwpKfk;
οοHRM epGzu;fspd; jhf;fq;fs;
οοtho;ehs; KOtJk; fw;wypd; mtrpak;
Fwpg;Gfs; οοcyfg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Nghl;b
οοepWtdf; fw;wypd; trjpfs;
οοjpwd; ,ilntspia ePf;FtJ
1.3 kdpj ts nray;Kiwfs;

kdpj ts nray;ghLfspypUe;J HR eilKiwfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
mstpy; NtWgl;lit. njhopw;ghLfs; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpw;Fs;shf
ifahsf;$ba my;yJ vspjhf ntspNa tuhj> njhopy;Kiw
nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. eilKiwfs; vd;gJ ghff;
Nfhl;ghl;L Kiw> xU gFjp kdpj ts %Nyhghak;> tof;fkhd
my;yJ tof;fkhd Kiwapy; tzpfk; nra;Ak; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk;
mikg;Gfs; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. ‘rpwe;j eilKiwfs;’ vd;gJ
Copau;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; kPJ mjpf jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
HR mikg;Gfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. nghJthf> kdpj ts Ml;Nru;g;G
kw;Wk; Nju;T eilKiwfs; gzpaplg; gz;ghL kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd;
gzpf;F mbg;gilahf cs;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gzpapl gd;Kfj;
jd;ikia mq;fPfupf;Fk; Kjyhspfs;> gy;NtW tpz;zg;gjhupfis
<u;f;Fk; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l Ml;Nru;g;G eilKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. Ml;Nru;g;G eilKiwfs;> fy;Y}upfspy; njhopy;
nghUl;fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; gzp epakdk; Nghd;w nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
eilKiwfs; gy;tifg;gl;l khztu; kf;fs;njhifapy; cs;s
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;, gy ,lq;fspy; cs;s tpsk;gu Ntiy tha;g;Gfs;
gue;j ghu;itahsu;fis nrd;wila Ntz;Lk;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikia tiuaWf;f.
2. Nehf;fq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
3. midj;J gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik Nehf;fj;jpd; fPo; tUgit
vd;d?
4. nfhs;Kjy; %yk; vd;d Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;?
1.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik tbtikf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffis
cs;slf;fpaJ kw;Wk; xU epWtdj;jpd; kdpj tsq;fis
xUq;fpizf;fpwJ.

2. Nehf;fq;fs; Kd;Dupik ,yf;Ffshf ,Uf;fpd;wd my;yJ kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa
mwpKfk;
FOf;fs; jq;fs; nray;ghLfis xU epWtdj;jpy; Neubahf
nra;fpd;wd.
3. mtu; xU epWtdj;jpy; NrUk; fhyk;tiu xU Copaupd;
ciof;Fk; tho;tpy; midj;J Kf;fpa eltbf;iffSk; Fwpg;Gfs;
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; tuk;gpd;fPo; tUk;.
4. ‘nfhs;Kjy;’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> rupahd jFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s
Copau;fspd; vz;zpf;ifg; gzpahsu;fisj; njupT nra;jy;;
kw;Wk; mDgtk;> epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kdjpy; nfhz;L nray;gLfpwJ.
1.5 RUf;fk;
••,td;nrtpr; kw;Wk; f;Sf; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik
vd;gJ mikg;G kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F
kf;fis (Copau;fs;) kpfTk; gaDs;s Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
cjTk; epWtdq;fspy; epfo;j;jg;gLk; nray;ghL MFk;.’
••Nly; Nahju; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘kdpj tsj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tJ>
gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; jdpegu; kw;Wk; FO ,yf;Ffs; ,uz;ilAk;
mila Kw;gLk; xU mikg;ghf ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.’
••Nehf;fq;fs; Kd;Dupik ,yf;Ffshf cs;sd my;yJ vy;yh
jdpegu;fSk; FOf;fSk; xU epWtdj;jpy; jq;fs; eltbf;iffis
topelj;Jfpd;wd. HRM ,d; Nehf;fq;fs; epWtd Nehf;fq;fis
kl;Lkpd;wp jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; r%f ,yf;FfisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wd.
••,e;j Nehf;fq;fs; jd;dhu;t xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd mbg;gilia
cUthf;Ffpd;wd kw;Wk; midj;J Copau;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
cs;s xUq;fpizg;ghFk;.
••kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; Nehf;fq;fs; xU epWtdj;jpd; mbg;gil
Fwpf;Nfhs;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
••mtu; xU epWtdj;jpy;; Nru;e;jjpypUe;J ntspNaWk; tiu
ciof;Fk; tho;tpy; midj;J Kf;fpa eltbf;iffSk;
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; tuk;gpd;fPo; tUk;.
••kdpj ts Nkyhsu; xU Muha;r;rpahsu;> MNyhrfu;> thq;Fgtu;>
kj;jpa];ju;> rkhjhdk; nra;gtu;> rpf;fy; jPu;g;gtu; Nghd;w gy;NtW
nghWg;Gfis tfpf;fpd;wdu;.
••vdNt> gPl;lu; l;uf;fu; ,ij rupahd Kiwapy; ftdpf;fpwhu;
‘Nkyhz;ik xU gy;Nehf;F cWg;G MFk;> ,jpy; %d;W
Ntiyfs; cs;sd> mtw;wpy; ,uz;L Neubahf gzpahsu;fSld;
njhlu;Gilait: xU tzpf Nkyhz;ik epu;thf Nkyhsu;fs;;
njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiyfis epu;tfpj;jy;.’
••uhd;l;uy; ];Fyu;> HRM ,y; mjpfupj;j tUifia ikag;gLj;jp
Vw;gLj;jpa fhuzpfis fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;.

kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa ••epjp kw;Wk; nghUs;rhu; tsq;fSld; Nru;e;j kdpj tsq;fs;>
mwpKfk;
xU epWtdj;jpy; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; cw;gj;jpf;F
gq;fspf;fpwJ.
••ey;y kdpj ts eilKiwfs; epWtdj;jpy; cs;s rpwe;j
Fwpg;Gfs; kdpju;fis <u;f;fTk;> jf;fitf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd.
••kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;L epWtdk; jdJ ,yf;Ffis xU ed;F
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; miltjw;Fk; kw;Wk; miog;G
%yk; gaDs;s top> jpwikahd kdpj ts jpl;lk;> Ntiy>
Nju;T> ,og;gPL kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhs;iff;Fk; cjTfpwJ.
••kdpj tsj;jpd; cfe;j Nkyhz;ik tho;f;if juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpwJ.
••kdpj tsq;fSk; mtw;wpd; mikg;Gk; xU ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpapy;
Kf;fpa gq;iff; nfhz;Ls;sd.
••kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gz;Grhu; NtWghLfspd; fhuzkhf xj;j
tsq;fs; nfhz;l ehLfspy; tsu;r;rpapy; gutyhd Vw;wj;jho;T
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
••HRM my;yJ gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; mbg;gilg; gzpfs;
,uz;L tifahd nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;lit: $l;LwT kw;Wk;
Nkyhz;ik.
••$l;LwT nray;ghLfs; mbg;gilapy; nfhs;Kjy;> tsu;r;rp>
,og;gPL> gad;ghL kw;Wk; guhkupg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l nray;ghLfisr;
rhu;e;jit.
••‘nfhs;Kjy;’ vd;w nrhy;> jFjpAila gzpahsu;fspd; Njitahd
Ml;Nru;g;G vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; mDgtk;> epWtdj;jpd; epWtg;gl;l
Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kdjpy; itj;Jf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
••xU nfhs;if vd;gJ ve;j xU eltbf;iff;Fk; kjpg;Gld;
KbntLf;Fk; gzpahsupd; xU mwpf;ifNah my;yJ nghJ
topfhl;bNah MFk;.
••gzpahsu; nfhs;iffs; gy;NtW Ntiytha;g;G cwTfSf;fhd
topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ffpd;wd kw;Wk; Ml;Nru;g;G> Nju;T>
tsu;r;rp> Cf;Ftpg;G> ,og;gPL> Cf;fk; kw;Wk; gy epWtdq;fspd;
Nehf;fq;fisf; fz;lwpfpd;wd.
••Mk;];l;uhq; fUj;Jg;gb> gzpahsupd; nfhs;iffs; kf;fis
epu;tfpg;gjpy;, epWtdk; filgpbf;f tpUk;Gk; mZFKiw gw;wpa
topfhl;L newpKiwfis njhlu;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
••HR eilKiwfs; kdpj tsq;fspd; nray;ghLfspypUe;J
fzprkhf NtWgl;lit. nray;ghLfis epWtdj;jpw;Fs; ifah-
Sjy; my;yJ vspjpy; epYitapy; nra;af;$ba guptu;j;jid
eltbf;iffs; MfpaitAk; mlq;Fk;.

1.6 Kf;fpa fUj;Jgbkq;fs; kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa
mwpKfk;
••Nkyhz;ik: ,J nray;fis my;yJ kf;fisf; ifahStijNah

my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;JtijNah Fwpf;fpwJ.
••ngUepWtdk;: ,J xU ngupa epWtdk; my;yJ FO njhlu;ghdJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
••mikg;G: ,J gy egu;fis cs;slf;fpa xU epWtdk; my;yJ
mikg;G MFk;. ,J xU $l;L ,yf;if nfhz;Ls;sJld;
ntspg;Gw R+oYld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. HRM ,d; Nehf;fj;ij RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
2. HRM Vd; Kf;fpakhdJ? gy;NtW epiyfspy; mjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpf;fTk;.
3. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikg; nfhs;iffs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. kdpj ts eilKiwfis RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1.
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; nghUs;> Fwpf;Nfhs; kw;Wk;
Nehf;fq;fisg; gw;wp fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
2. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; nraw;ghL kw;Wk; epu;thf nraw;ghLfis
tpupthf tpsf;fTk;.
3. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikfspy; gy rthy;fis epWtdq;fs;
vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd; tpku;rdf; fUj;J ahit.
1.8 NkYk; gbf;f

ntq;fluhkd;> C.S. & B.K. ];uPt];jth. 1991. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik
kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fs;. lhlh nkf;uh `py;.
Nahju;> Nly; & gTy; D ];ld;Nlh`hu;. 1990. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik
kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw cwTfs;. ];nlu;ypq; gg;spNf\d;];.
nty;> ,ad; gpau;l; kw;Wk; nyd; N`hy;ld;. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik
– A rkfhy Kd;Ndhf;Ffs;. Nkf;kpy;yd;.
mf;Adh];> P.G. 2005. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik – nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
gapw;rp. GJ jpy;yp: tpfh]; gg;sp\pq; `T]; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;
bnrd;Nfh> Nltpl; A. kw;Wk; ];Bgd; P. uhgpd;];. 1989. gzpahsu;/
HRM> 3tJ gjpg;G. GJ jpy;yp: ,e;jpahtpd; g;upz;l;]; `hy;.
g;spg;Ngh vl;tpd; B. 1984. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik> 4tJ gjpg;G. epA+ahu;f;:
nkf;uh `py;.

kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa ngu;dhu;bd;> [hd;. 2004. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik–xU gupNrhjid
mwpKfk;
mZFKiw. GJ jpy;yp: lhlh nkf;uh `py; ypkpnll;.
gPau;Lnty;> ,ad; kw;Wk; nyd; N`hy;ld;. 1995. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik.
yz;ld;: kf;kpy;yd;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
igau;];> Nyhapl; L. kw;Wk; yP];yp W. UA 1997. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik.
rpfhNfh: ,u;tpd;.
tu;ju; Jr> tpy;ypak; B. kw;Wk; fPj; Nltp];. 1993. kdpj tsq;fs; kw;Wk;
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik> 4 tJ gjpg;G. epA+ ahu;f;: Nkf;kpy;yd;.

myF 2 HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
Nkyhz;ik
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
2.0 Kd;Diu
2.2 gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikf;fhd Nfhl;ghL
2.4 njhopyhsu; ey mYtyu; gzpfs;
2.5 gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; kdpj tsk; ,ilNaNaahd
NtWghL
tpilfs;;
2.7 RUf;fk;
2.10 NkYk; gbf;f
2.0 Kd;Diu
,e;j myfpy;> gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
cq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;. mjd; ngau; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy> gzpahsu;fspd;
ftdpg;G vd;gJ kf;fspd; gupkhzkj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J xU
epWtdj;jpy; cs;s kf;fspd; Nkyhz;ikia fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
jj;Jtk;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfis Fwpf;fpwJ. ,e;j midj;J
mikg;GfSk; kf;fis xd;W Nru;g;gjhy;> mtu;fspd; Nritfis
ifafg;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Mfpait
Kf;fpakhditahf cs;sJ. mtu;fs; cau; nray;jpwd; epiyfis
mila ce;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> jq;fs; mikg;Gf;F kf;fs;
vt;tsT <LgLfpwhu;fs; vd;gJ> epWtd Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F
rkkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;. Cf;fk; jUk; njhopyhsu;fis
tsu;j;jy;> J}z;Ljy;> kw;Wk; Cf;fg;gLj;jp itg;gjpy; mtu;fs; ntw;wp
ngw;why;> epWtdq;fs; kpfTk; nray;jpwd;kpf;f> jpwikahdit vd;gJ
ed;F epWtg;gl;l cz;ikahFk;. ,e;j rhjpf;fj; jtWk; mikg;Gf;fs;
gpd; jq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt> ,J xU epWtdj;ij cUthf;Fk; my;yJ
cilf;Fk; kdpj nrhj;Jfspd; epu;thfkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. kdpj
tsq;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ jtwhf epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lhy;>
me;j mikg;G rpwg;ghf nray;gl tha;g;gpy;iy.

••gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik fUj;J gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; ••,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; epu;thfj;ij Muha;e;J ghu;f;f KbAk;
Nkyhz;ik
••njhopw;Jiw ey mYtyupd; gzpfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;f KbAk;
••gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; kdpjtu;f;fk; ,ilNa cs;s
NtWghl;il tpsf;f KbAk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
2.2 gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikf;fhd Nfhl;ghL.
gy Mz;Lfshf> jq;fs; gzpahsu;fs; fLikahf gzpahw;Wtjw;fhf
mwpnthsp ngw;w Kjyhspfs; fLikahf Kaw;rp nra;jjhy;
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik cUthfpAs;sJ. fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;by;>
kdpj nrhj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpa Kiwahd Nkyhz;ik kpfTk; mjpfkhf
,Ue;jJ vd;W nfsby;ah $WfpwJ. fp.K. 400 y;> njhopyhsu; gpuptpd;
nfhs;ifia NkhNr Njhw;Wtpl;lJ. fp.K. 1800 y; ghgpadpau;fs;
Cf;f Cjpa jpl;lq;fSf;F xU FwpaPil nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,t;thwhf>
ehfupfk; Vw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J> cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy;
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik VNjh xU tbtj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
njhopw;Gul;rp njhlq;fpa epiyapy;> me;j epiyg;ghL xU jPtpukhd
khw;wkhf ,Ue;jJ.
njhopw;Gul;rp 1760–1850 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; epfo;e;j
khw;wq;fis Fwpf;fpwJ. kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tho;f;ifapy; kpf
mjpfkhd khw;wq;fis mJ nfhz;Lte;jJ. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;
vz;zw;w GJg;GidTfs; epfo;e;jJ. cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; gfpu;T Kiw
KOtijAk; khw;wpaJ. ,ae;jpuq;fspd; gad;ghL njhopy;Jiw
mikg;gpd; topKiwfspy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJld;> cs;ehl;bd;
mikg;gpypUe;J xU njhopw;rhiy Kiwikf;F xU khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,J xU ngupa mstpyhd kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd
ciog;G gpupit cs;slf;fpaJ. ePuhtp Mw;wy; xU Kf;fpa
Mjhukhf ,Ug;gjhy; cw;gj;jpia gy Kiw mjpfupf;f cjtpaJ.
,ae;jpuq;fspd; gad;ghL mjpf msT %yjdj;ij mtrpakhf;fpaJ>
,J nghUshjhu rf;jpfspd; nrwpT kw;Wk; ngupa epWtdq;fspd;
tsu;r;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.
,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy;jhd; etPd gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd;
Njhw;wj;ij ehk; fz;lwpfpNwhk;. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; gupzhkj;jpd;
gy;NtW epiyfis glk; 2.1 Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Industrial Scientific Industrial

Paternalistic
Revolution Management Psychology
Era
Era Era Era
Personnel Human
Behavioural
Welfare Era Specialists Relations
Science Era
Era Era
glk; 2.1 gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapy; gupzhkj;jpd; epiyfs;

1. njhopy;Jiw Gul;rp rfhg;jk; HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
njhopy;Jiw Gul;rp ve;jpuq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ.
,jdhy; Vuhskhd nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld. ngupa mstpyhd
cw;gj;jp> cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;G kw;Wk; %yjdk; jpul;ly; Mfpatw;iw
Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhz;Lte;jJ. njhopy; kw;Wk; tzpfk; ngUksT tpiuTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
tu;j;jf kw;Wk; njhopy; KidNthupd; cupikahsu;fs; ed;whfNt
nray;gl;lhu;fs; Mdhy; ciog;G Nkhrkhf ,Ue;jJ. thq;f kw;Wk;
tpw;f Ntz;bajhf gz;lk; fUjg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; njhopyhsu; fs; filfs; kw; W k; njhopw; rhiyfspy;
FOit Vw; g Lj; J tjd; tpisT> kw; W k; ciog; ghsu; jdpj; Jtk; >
Ntiyfs; tbtikg; g pw; F me; j NtiyfSf; f hd njhopyhsu; f spd;
Nju;Tf; Fk; (Nju; T )> Cjpak; kw; W k; eyd; f s; toq; Ftjw; F k; kw; W k;
Copau; fspd; eyDf; fhfTk; Ntiyia tpl; L ntspNaWtjw; F k;
kpfTk; jpl; l kpl; l ftdj; i j gbg; gbahf Njhw; W tpj; j J. 1800
fspd; gpw; g Fjpapy; njhopw; rq; f q; f s; mq; f P f huKk; td; Kiwj;
jhf;FjYk; xU Kf; fpakhd ftiyahf khwpaNghJ> epu; t hf
eilKiwfspy; ,e; j tsu; r; rpfs; tpiuTgLj; j g; gl; l d. 1900
fspd; Kw; g Fjpapy; > etPd gzpahsu; f spd; gy mk; rq; f Sf; F ,J
mbj; jskpl; l J.
2. mwptpay; Nkyhz;ik rfhg;jk;

1800 fspd; kw;Wk; 1940 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; mwptpay; Nkyhz;ik
Fwpg;ghf Ntiy tbtikg;G> Nju;T kw;Wk; ,og;gPL Mfpatw;wpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. 1870 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; v/Fj; njhopypy;
gzpahw;wpa gpnunlupf; lgps;A+ nla;yu; ,e;j ,af;fj;Jld; kpfTk;
neUf;fkhf njhlu;Gilatu;. Ma;Tf;$lj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdp gad;gLj;jpa
mNj El;gq;fs; gw;wp nla;yu; ek;gpdhu; — fUJNfhs;fis cUthf;fp
gupNrhjpj;jy; kw;Wk; Ma;T kw;Wk; gupNrhjidapd; mbg;gilapy;
Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;nkhope;jhu;> gzpaplj;jpy; nray;jpwid mjpfupf;f
epu;thfj;jhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
mwptpay; Nkyhz;ik ,af;fk;> mwptpay; Nkyhz;ikapd;
je;ijahd gpnul;upf; lgps;A+ nla;yu; d; Njhw;wj;jpw;F
fld;gl;bUf;fpwJ. xU epWtdj;ij epu;tfpf;Fk; gzpapy; mwptpay;
G+u;tkhd mZFKiwia filgpbg;gjd; mtrpaj;ij Kjypy;
typAWj;jp mq;fPfupj;jJ. mtu; jdJ Nrhjidfis kpj;Nty; kw;Wk;
ngj;NjNyk; nrbfspy; v/F njhopy;Jiwapy; jdJ gupNrhjidiaj;
njhlq;fpdhu;.
nla;yu; fUj;Jg;gb> epu;thfk; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fSf;F
,ilNa xj;Jiog;gpd; tpisthf ‘jpl;lkply’; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
epjp Cf;fj;njhifAld; gzpahsu;fSf;F e\;l <L toq;Ftjw;F
xU Vw;ghL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nla;yu; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs; ‘kdpj
nghwpapay;’ vdg;gLk; jdp xOf;fj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ.

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; mwptpay; Nkyhz;ikapd; gq;fspg;G
Nkyhz;ik
mwptpay; Nkyhz;ikapd; jiyaha gq;fspg;G:
••Nkyhz;ikapd; xU gFjp Fwpj;J gFj;jwpTr; rpe;jidia
Fwpg;Gfs; typAWj;jy;
••Kiwahd Ma;T kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpapd; %yk; njhopy;Jiwg;
gzpfspy; rpwe;j topKiwfspd; Njitf;F ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;
••cw;gj;jpia jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjiy typAWj;jy;
••nryT fzf;fPl;L tsu;r;rp
••gzpapd; Kiwahd Ma;T mbg;gilapy; Cf;fj; njhif
toq;Fk; jpl;lj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
••njhopw;rhiyg; gzpfspy; Nrhu;T> Xa;T Mfpa gpur;idfspy;
ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
••xU jdp gzpahsu; Jiwapd; Njit Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
Mdhy; Kg;gJ tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpwF ,e;j mZFKiw mjd;
Gfio ,of;f Muk;gpj;jJ. gy epu;thf rpe;jidahsu;fs; nla;yupd;
fUj;Jf;fis khw;Wtjw;F Mirg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fspy; Kf;fpakhdtu;
n`d;up fhd;l;> gpuhq;f; kw;Wk; ypypad; fpyg;nuj;. mtu;fs; mwptpay;
Nkyhz;ikia NkYk; kdpjhgpkhdkhfTk;> kpfTk; mu;j;jKs;s
tifapy; nla;yiu Mjuthsu;fshf;fpdhu;fs;. n`d;wp fhd;l; ‘fhd;l;
tpsf;fg;glk; kw;Wk; gzp kw;Wk; Cf;f Cjpa Kiwia’ nfhz;L
te;jhu;. ‘jpwikahd ,af;fj;jpd; tpjpfis’ /gpuhq;f; fpg;nuj;
tFj;Js;shu;. kdpj nrhj;Jfspd; tpQ;Qhd Nkyhz;ikapy; cstpay;
Nfhl;ghLfis gad;gLj;Jtjpy; mtuJ kidtp ypypad; fpyg;nuj;
cs;shu;.
3. je;ijtop rfhg;jk;
gpupl;b\; njhopyjpguhd uhgu;l; Xtd; Nkyhz;ik rpe;jidapd; khngUk;
mwpQuhf fUjg;gLfpwhu;. ,tu; 1800 kw;Wk; 1828-f;Fk; ,ilNa gy;NtW
gUj;jp [Tsp Miyfspd; Nkyhsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. gy r%f khWjy;fis
nfhz;Lte;j mtu;> njhopyhsu; eyDf;F cupa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;j
Kjy; eguhf ,Ue;jhu;. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; je;ijahd uhgu;l;
Xtd;> Copau;fSf;Fk; KjyhspfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xj;Jiog;gpd;
czu;it typAWj;jpdhu;. kdpj tsj;ij tsu;g;gjpy; KjyPL nra;tJ>
,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fisf; fhl;bYk; kpfTk; ,yhgfukhdJ
vd;W mtu; thjpl;lhu;. njhopyhsu;fspd; eyd; fUjp Ntiy nra;J>
mtu;fspd; gzp epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;j Kad;whu;.
4. njhopy;Jiw cstpay; rfhg;jk;

cstpayhsu;fs;> Nju;T nra;Ak; njhopy; EZf;fq;fisAk;>
gupNrhjid nra;Ak; topfisAk; Ma;T nra;Ak; NghJ tzpfk; kw;Wk;
njhopy;Jiwf;F cstpaypd; gad;ghLfs; (njhopy;Jiw cstpay;)>

1880> 1900 fspy; ntsptuj; njhlq;fpd. kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
njhopy;Jiw cstpayhsu; `pA+Nfh Kd;lu;ngu;f;fpd; Kf;fpa
gq;fspg;Gfs;:
••mtu;fspd; cly;> kdk; kw;Wk; czu;TG+u;tkhd Njitfs;
mbg;gilapy; Ntiyfs; gFg;gha;T Fwpg;Gfs;
••njhopyhsu;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd Nrhjid rhjdq;fspd;
tsu;r;rp.
njhopy;Jiw cstpay; rfhg;jj;jpy;> Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy;
jdpegu; kw;Wk; FO cwTfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
xU epWtdj;jpy; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FO elj;ijiag; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy;
cstpay; kw;Wk; r%ftpay; Mfpatw;wpd; gq;F typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
n[u;kd; mnkupf;f cstpayhsu; `pA+Nfh Kd;lu;ngu;f; njhopy;Jiw
cstpay; je;ijahf fUjg;gLfpwhu;. njhopy;Jiw Nkyhz;ikf;fhd
mtuJ gq;fspg;G Fwpg;ghf njhopyhsu;fspd; czu;TG+u;tkhd Njitfs;
Jiwapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. cau;kl;l Nkyhz;ikg; gzpahsu;fs;>
‘kdpj tsq;fs; vd;gJ ve;j epWtdKk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kjpg;Gkpf;f
nrhj;Jf;fs;> ,it ,y;yhky; kw;w tsq;fs; gadw;wit’ vd;gij
czuj; njhlq;fpdu;.
5. kdpj cwTfs; rfhg;jk;

kdpj cwTfs; ,af;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lg;NghJ etPd gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ikapy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,e;j ,af;fk;
FO elj;ij kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fs; czu;Tfs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ
ftdk; nrYj;Jtjhy; mit cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kw;Wk; kd cWjpAld;
njhlu;Gilait. Nkw;fj;jpa kpd;dZ epWtdj;jpd; `hd;Njhu;d;
Miyapy; cs;s tzpf epu;thfj;jpd; `hu;tu;l; gl;ljhup gs;spapy;
vy;ld; kNah kw;Wk; mikg;gpw;fhd gupNrhjidfs; elj;jg;gl;ld.
`hNjhu;d; gupNrhjidapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:
••xU tzpf mikg;G Kjd;ikahf xU r%f mikg;G MFk;.
,J xU njhopy; El;g nghUshjhu mikg;G kl;Lky;y.
••xU Copau; cstpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpUg;gq;fshy;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;glyhk;> Vnddpy; mtuJ elj;ij czu;Tfs;>
czu;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; kNdhghtq;fs; Mfpatw;why; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
vdNt> nghUshjhu Cf;Ftpg;Gfs; vd;gJ kf;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
Kiway;y.
••epu;thfk;> fl;lisia kl;Lk; rhu;e;jpUf;f $lhJ
••mjpy;> $l;LwT kdg;ghq;F tsu Ntz;Lk;. gq;Nfw;G kdpj cwTfs;
,af;fj;jpy; Kf;fpa fUtpahf khWfpwJ. gq;Nfw;ig miltjw;F>
xU gaDs;s ,uz;L top jfty;njhlu;G tiyjsk; mtrpak;.
••cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; tpahghu epWtdq;fspy; gzpahsu;fspd;
jpUg;jpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> Copau; jpUg;jpapy;
epu;thfk; mjpf mf;fiw vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; ••ve;j xU tpahghu mikg;gpYk; FO cstpay; Kf;fpag;
Nkyhz;ik
gq;fhw;WfpwJ. vdNt> Kiwrhuh FO Kaw;rpapNyNa ehk;
NkYk; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••njhopy;Jiw cstpay; rfhg;jk; kdpjd; capUf;F capuhd
Fwpg;Gfs; ,ae;jpuk; vd;W typAWj;JfpwJ kw;Wk; capuw;w ,ae;jpuj;ijtpl
kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. vdNt> mjpf cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; vd;gjd;
jpwTNfhy; gzpahsu; kdjpNy cs;sJ. cau; kdcWjp mjpf
cw;gj;jpia jUfpwJ.
`Njhu;d; gupNrhjidapd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsu;fspd; Njitfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
typAWj;Jfpd;wd. r%f> cstpay; epfo;Tfs;> Ntiyapd; ,aw;gpay;
epiyikfisf; fhl;bYk;> cw;gj;jpapd; kPJ mjpf jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpd vd;gNj mbg;gil Kbthf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt> Ntiy
FOf;fspd; Kiwrhuh kw;Wk; jd;dpr;irahd elj;ij kw;Wk;
gzpahsu;fspd; czu;Tfs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ikg; gw;wp epu;thfk;
Kf;fpakhf mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
6. elj;ij mwptpay; rfhg;jk;

NkYk;> NkYk; tprhuizfs; kw;Wk; gupNrhjidfspd; mbg;gilapy;>
Copau;fspd; FO czu;T kw;Wk; $l;LwTg; Nghf;F cw;gj;jpj; jpwid
ngupJk; jhq;fp epw;fpwJ vd;gJ KbTf;F te;jJ. Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs;
kw;Wk; gupNrhjfu;fs; Nghd;w njhopyhsu;fspd; xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk;
cw;rhfj;ij njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fspd; gq;Nfw;G
Mfpatw;wpd; kPjhd Neu;kiwahd mZFKiwia ghjpf;Fk;
gFjpfspy; KbntLf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; jq;fspd; rf;jpiaj; jtpu;g;gJ
kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fs; <LgLtJ Mfpait Fwpj;J gy fhuzpfs;
,Ue;jd.
kdpj cwtpdu;fs;> epWtdj;jpy; kdpjtu;f;fk; kw;Wk; r%f
fhuzpfis %o;fbg;gjd; %yk; Nkyhz;ik rpe;jidf;F kpfTk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;ig mspj;jdu;. elj;ij rhu;e;j mwptpay;
,af;fk;> kdpj cwTfs; Ma;Tfspd; tpisnghUshy; MdJ.
r%ftpay;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; cstpay; Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwfspy;
nra;ag;gLk; gupNrhjidfs;> mtjhdpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gha;Tfs;
%yk; ngwg;gl;l juTfis ,e;j elj;ij mwptpay; rfhg;jk; tpupthf
gad;gLj;jpaJ. elj;ij mwptpay; rfhg;jj;jpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l
gy;NtW Nfhl;ghLfs;:
(i) k
h];Nyhtpd; Njit gbepiy Nfhl;ghL my;yJ gw;whf;Fiw
J}z;Ljy; Nfhl;ghL
Njit tupirf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;j Mgpufhk; kh];Nyh fUj;Jg;gb>
‘,J jdpegu; my;yJ r%f R+oypd;; mstpNyh my;yJ KiwapNyh
Fiwthf cs;s kw;Wk; mjpfkhf cs;s rpy Njitfisj;
njhlu;r;rpahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ Fiwe;j Njitfs; jpUg;jpailahj

gl;rj;jpy; cau; Njitfs; jpUg;jpailNth my;yJ czuNth HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
KbahJ. jpUg;jpahd Njit xU Cf;fpahf ,y;iy’.
mtuJ Nfhl;ghl;bd; mk;rq;fs; tUkhW:
••kf;fSf;F gytpjkhd NjitfSk; cs;sd> mit mtw;Wf;F
Fwpg;Gfs;
tYthd ce;Jjyhf nray;gLfpd;wd.
••kdpj Njitfs; Ie;J tifahd cs;sd: cly; Njitfs;>
ghJfhg;G my;yJ ghJfhg;Gj; Njitfs;> njhlu;G my;yJ
r%fj; Njitfs;> kjpg;Gilik Njitfs; kw;Wk; RaNjitfs;
MfpaitahFk;.
••kdpj Njitfisg; gbepiyf;Fs; xOq;fikf;f KbahJ.
••,e;j gbepiyapy;> ,aw;gpay; rhu;e;j jd;ik cs;s Njitfs;
mbj;jsj;ij Mf;fpukpf;Fk;.
••Ra-fzpf;Fk; Njitfs;> kWGwk;> Nky; Mf;fpukpg;G ngLfpwJ.
••kf;fs; jq;fs; cly; Njitia Kjypy; G+u;j;jp nra;tJ
ftdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••,e;jj; Njitfs; jpUg;jpfukhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> mLj;j
Nky;epiyj; NjitfSf;F ghLgLfpd;wdu;.
••mjpf mstpyhd Njitia czu;j;Jk; tifapy;> fPo;kl;l
Njitfs; jpUg;jpfukhf ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;.
••Njit vd;w jpUg;jpahy; kf;fs; Cf;fk; ngwtpy;iy xU
jpUg;jpahd Njit mLj;j cau;e;j Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk;
tpUg;gj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.
(ii) nù;n]d;ngupd; ,uz;L fhuzpapd; Cf;Ftpg;G Nfhl;ghL

nù;n]d;ngu;f>; cs;Nehf;fk; nfhz;l ,uz;L fhuzp Nfhl;ghl;bd;
Cf;Ftpg;ig Kd;itj;jhu;. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> njhopyhsu;fspd;
Cf;fKk; mjpUg;jpAk; ,uz;L jdpj;jdp epge;jidfspd; KbTfis
nfhz;Ls;sd. jpUg;jpfs; my;yJ Cf;Ftpg;G fhuzpfs; Ntiyg;
nghUspNyNa Neubj; njhlu;Gila fhuzpfshFk;. rhjid> mq;ff P huk;>
Ntiy> Kd;Ndw;wk; Nghd;wit Cf;fkspf;Fk; fhuzpfs; MFk;. mjpUg;jpfs;>
guhkupg;G kw;Wk; Rfhjhuf; fhuzpfs; Cf;fk; mspg;gjpy;iy. mtu;fs;
jpUg;jpapd;ik jtpu;ff
; kw;Wk; jw;Nghija epiyikiaj; jf;fitf;f
Ntz;Lk;. nù;n]d;nguhy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l midj;J guhkupg;G
fhuzpfspy;> epu;thfk;> Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; kw;Wk; Jizg;gzpahsu;fs;
MfpNahUf;F ,ilNa cs;s jdpg;gl;l cwT, mikg;G kw;Wk; gzp
epiyikfspy; gzp epiy ghJfhg;G Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit MFk;.
(iii) nkfpupNfhu; Nfhl;ghL X kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghL Y

kdpjdpd; ,ay;igg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,uz;L epu;thf fUj;Jf;fis
nkfpupNfhu; Kd;itj;jhu;. ,e;j ,U fUj;Jf;fSk; ,ay;Gf;F
khwhd kw;Wk; fbdkhd kw;Wk; nkd;ikahd mZFKiwfshf

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. fbd mZFKiw nkfpupNfhu; ‘Nfhl;ghL X’ vd;W
Nkyhz;ik
miof;fg;gLfpwJ> mNj Neuj;jpy; nkd;ikahd my;yJ Fog;gkw;w
mZFKiw nkfpupNfhu; ‘Nfhl;ghL Y’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; Nfhl;ghL X
,J kdpj elj;ij gw;wpa ghuk;gupaf; Nfhl;ghL MFk;. nkfpupNfhu;
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> nghUshjhu ,yf;Ffis G+u;j;jp nra;a> gzk;>
nghUs;> fUtpfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; Nghd;w nghUshjhu Kidg;Gfis
re;jpf;f> cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epWtdq;fspd; $Wfis xOq;fikf;f
epu;thfk; flikg;gl;Ls;sJ. X Nfhl;ghL kdpj ,ay;G gw;wpa rpy
mDkhdq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ:
••kf;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> epu;thfkhdJ mtu;fspd;
Kaw;rpfis ,af;Fk; epfo;Kiwia Fwpf;fpwJ> mtw;wpd;
nray;ghLfis fl;Lg;gLj;jp> epWtdj;jpd; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp
nra;Ak; nghUl;L mtu;fspd; elj;ijia khw;wpaikf;fpwJ.
••epu;thfj;jhy; jiyaPL ,y;iy vd;why;> kf;fs; nrayw;W
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. mit mikg;GuPjpahd NjitfSf;F vjpu;g;Gj;
jpwd; my;yJ jho;e;jitahf ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt> epu;thfk;>
mwpTWj;Jjy;> ntFkjp (Njitg;gl;lhy;) Mfpatw;iw Neubj;
njhopyhsu;fs; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
••ruhrup kdpjd; Ntiyia ntWg;ghd;> mtdhy; Kbe;jhy; mijj;
jtpu;f;f Kidfpwhu;.
••ruhrup kdpj Neak; vd;gJ ,yl;rpaky;y> nghWg;Gilik kw;Wk;
jiyik jhq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J my;y.
••ruhrup kdpj Neak; ,ay;ghf kw;Wk; mikg;GuPjpahd Njitfspy;
mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy.
••ruhrup kdpjdhf khWtjw;F ,aw;ifahd vjpu;g;G ,Uf;fpwJ.
••ruhrup kdpjd; xU mg;ghtp Mthd;.
Nfhl;ghL Y
nkfpupNfhu; fUj;Jg;gb> Nfhl;ghL Y gpd;tUk; mDkhdq;fis
cUthf;FfpwJ:
••‘Ntiy epiyikfs; rhjfkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,ay;ghd Ntiy
tpisahl;lhf my;yJ Xa;thf ,Uf;fpwJ. ruhrupahd kdpjdpd;>
,ay;ghd tpUk;ghj Ntiy vd;gJ cz;ik ,y;iy.
••ntspg;Gw fl;Lg;ghLk;> jz;lidapd; mr;RWj;jYk;> epWtd
Nehf;fq;fis Nehf;fp kf;fis Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd fUtpfs;
kl;LNk my;y. kdpjd; cWjp nra;Ak; Nehf;fq;fis G+u;j;jp nra;a
Ra fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; Ra topfhl;Ljy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
••Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;fhd ntFkjpfs; kf;fspilNa xU
mu;g;gzpg;G czu;it nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. kf;fs; jq;fSf;nfd

rpy ntFkjp> nghUs; my;yJ cstpay; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
,yf;Ffis mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
••ruhrup kdpju;fs; rhjfkhd R+o;epiyfspy;> nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tNjhL> mij Nehf;fTk; nra;fpwhu;fs;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••xg;Gikapy; cau;e;j msT fw;gidj;jpwidAk;> jpwik kw;Wk;
mikg;GuPjpahd gpur;ridfis jPu;f;Fk; gilg;ghw;wiyAk;>
cyfstpy; kf;fspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ.’
ml;ltiz 2.1 Nfhl;ghL X kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghL Y f;F ,ilNaahd xg;gPL
Nfhl;ghL X Nfhl;ghL Y
1. Nfhl;ghL X> kdpju;fs; jq;fis 1. Nfhl;ghL Y, Ntiy vd;gJ
,aw;ifAld; vjpu;j;J ciof;f tpisahLtJ my;yJ Xa;T vd;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mDkhdpf;fpwJ. ,ay;ghd xd;W vd;W mDkhdpf;fpwJ.
2. Nfhl;ghL X kf;fs; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis 2. Nfhl;ghL Y jiyfPo; khw;wj;ijg;
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy kw;Wk; mtu;fs; ngWfpwJ.
nghWg;Gfis Vw;fpd;wdu; vd;gij
typAWj;JfpwJ.
3. nghJthf kf;fs; 3. Nfhl;ghL Y d; gb> gilg;ghw;wypd;
gilg;ghw;wYf;fhd rpwpa jpwidf; jpwd; kf;fspilNa gutyhff;
nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;W Nfhl;ghL X fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mDkhdpf;fpwJ.
4. Nfhl;ghL X d; gb> kf;fs; Ra 4. Nfhl;ghL Y d; gb> kf;fs; Ra
Cf;fk; ngwhjjhy;> mjpfgl;r ntspaPL ,af;fk;> gilg;G kw;Wk; Ra fl;Lg;ghL
ngw ntspg;Gwkhf fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;.
kw;Wk; neUf;fkhf Nkw;ghu;it
Ntz;Lk;.
5. Nfhl;ghL X mjpfhuk; 5. Nfhl;ghL Y nfhs;if gutyhf;fy;
ikag;gLj;jg;gLjy; gw;wp kw;Wk; KbntLj;jy; nray;Kiwapy;
typAWj;JfpwJ. mjpf gq;Nfw;ig typAWj;JfpwJ.
nkfpupNfhu; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; kf;fis

Cf;Ftpf;f Nful; kw;Wk; jb mZFKiwia gupe;Jiuf;fr; nrhd;dhu;.
7. gzpahsu; epGzu; rfhg;jKk; eyd;Gup rfhg;jKk;

njhopw;rhiy mikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; %yk;> xU epWtdj;jpy;
Vuhskhd Ml;fs; gzpaku;j;jg;gl;ldu;. me;j mikg;gpd; ,yf;Ffs;
milag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;why; ,e;j Copau;fs; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Copau;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;Js;sjhy;> jdp gzpahsu; rpwg;G
epGziu epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU gzpahsu; epGzUf;F fPo;f;fz;l
%d;W nghWg;Gfs; cs;sd:
(i) mtu; tupir Nkyhsu;fSf;F cjTtjd; %yk; njhopyhsu;fspd;
cfe;j jpwik guhkupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(ii)
ey;y kdpj cwTfs; kw;Wk; ciog;G-Nkyhz;ik cwT-
fis guhkupg;gjw;fhd jdJ Kaw;rpapy; Nkyhz;ikf;F cjt

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; Ntz;Lk;. xU xyp kw;Wk; ntWk; Copau;fspd; nfhs;iffs;
Nkyhz;ik
kw;Wk; eilKiwfisAk; tsu;g;gJ mtuJ nghWg;ghFk;.
(iii)
Copau;fSf;fhd midj;J eyd;Gup NritfisAk; mtu;
epu;tfpf;fNtz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rpapd; tuyhW kpfTk; goikahdJ my;y. tsu;e;j ehLfNshL
xg;gpLifapy;> ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikj; jpl;lk; jhkjkhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; tsu;r;rp
gpd;tUk; fl;lq;fspy; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. ,e;jpahtpy; njhopyhsu; kPjhd mur Mizf;FO mwpf;if:

,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik murpd; Mizf;FO mwpf;ifia
(1929–31) kPz;Lk; jhf;fy; nra;fpwJ. njhopy; Jiw Copau;fis
Ml;Nru;g;gjpy;> Coy; eilKiwfis rupghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s njhopyhsu;
mYtyu;fis epakpg;gJ cs;spl;l gy Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufis ,e;j
Mizak; nra;fpwJ.
(i) nkhj;jtpahghup Ntiy <Lghl;bypUe;J tpyf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
kw;Wk; njhopyhsu; gzp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;> mjw;F
gjpyhf xU njhopyhsu; mYtyiu ,jw;fhf epakpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) njhopyhsu; mjpfhupaplk; Njitg;gLk; gz;Gfshf xUikg;ghL>
MSik> Mw;wy; kw;Wk; jdpegu;fis Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd;
kw;Wk; mtu; nkhopapay; jpwd; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;
rupahd eguhf ,Ue;jhy;> njhopyhsu;fs; mtuplk; ek;gpf;if
itj;J> mtiu jq;fs; ez;gdhf fUJthu;fs;.
(iii) $ypj; njhopyhsu;fs; midtiuAk; mtu; <LgLj;jNtz;Lk;.
mtuplk; fye;jhNyhrpf;fhky; ahUk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;af;
$lhJ.
(iv)
njhopyhsu; mYtyu; gy flikfis epiwNtw;wp> Fwpg;ghf
r%fey eltbf;iffis njhlq;fTk;> epu;tfpf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.
2. njhopw;fl;rp mjpfhupfspd; epakdk;

njhopy;rhu; mur Copau;fspd; Mizf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy;
gy njhopy;fshy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;. kf;fs; eyg; gzpfis
Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghWg;G njhopyhsu; mYtyu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
mtu;fs; Fiwfis ifahs;tjw;fhf njhopy; njhlu;G mjpfhupfshf
nray;gl;lhu;fs;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gk;gha; Miy cupikahsu;fs;
rq;fk;> njhopyhsu; mjpfhupfspd; Fiwfs; kw;Wk; jfuhWfis
jPu;j;Jf; itf;f epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

3. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd;NghJ> Aj;j Kaw;rpfSf;F njhopyhsu;
Mjuit gl;baypLk; Njit ,d;wpaikahjjhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
,J nghJey mjpfhupfs; epakdj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ> ,tu;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nghJthf nghJey kw;Wk; njhopyhsu; epu;thfj;ij ifahs;tjpy;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs; Ntiy epiyikfs;> cztfq;fs;>
gq;fPL mq;fhbfs;> nghOJNghf;F trjpfs;> kUj;Jt trjpfs;> tPl;L
trjp Nghd;w trjpfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,uz;lhk;
cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ murhq;fk; kw;Wk; njhopy;fs; %yk; eyd;Gup
mjpfhupfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. eyj;jpl;l mYtyu;fs; eyr;rq;fj;jpd;
nray;ghLfs;> gzpahsu; gzpfs; kw;Wk; njhopy; cwTfs; cs;spl;l
gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
4. njhopy;Jiw jfuhW rl;lj;jpd; mkyhf;fk;

njhopy;Jiw jfuhWfs; rl;lk;> 1947 -y; tof;Fj; jPu;g;gspj;jy;
fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;> nghJey mYtyu;fs;> gzp
epge;jidfs;> Cjpak;> rYiffs; Nghd;w epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;l
tof;Ffisj; jPu;j;J itj;jdu;. ,jdhy;> ey mYtyu;fs; njhopy;
ey;YwT mjpfhupfshf khwpdu;. ,jd; tpisthf> Kjyhspfs;
nghJey mjpfhupfis rl;l gpd;dzpAld; mku;j;jpdhu;fs;.
5. njhopw;rhiyfspd; rl;l mkyhf;fk;

1948> njhopw;rhiyr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 49 gb> 500 my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l njhopyhsu;fis njhopyhsu; ey mYtyu;shf epakpf;f
njhopw;rhiyfs; fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. xU nghJey mjpfhupf;F
tpjpf;fg;gl;l flikfs; gl;bayplg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtu; eyd;> gzpahsu;
epu;thfk; kw;Wk; njhopy; cwTfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
6. 1960 kw;Wk; mjw;F gpwF

1960 tiu ciog;ghsu; epakdk; ve;j rl;lj;jhYk; epu;tfpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
,Ug;gpDk;> njhopy;Jiwapd; tpiuthd tsu;r;rpAk;> jpwikAk;>
nrk;ikAk; epiwe;j njhopyhsu;fSf;fhd NjitfSk;> njhopyhsu;fspd;
Ml;Nru;g;Gfis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhf> Ntiytha;g;G guptu;j;jidr;
rl;lk;> 1959 ,d; rl;lq;fSf;F toptFj;jJ kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd;
gapw;rpia XusTf;F Kiwg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> 1961 rl;lk; toptFj;jJ.
vdNt> gpd;du;> gzpahsu; mYtyu;fspd; rl;lg;G+u;t Njitfis
G+u;j;jp nra;a ‘njhopyhsu; ey mYtyu;fs;’ epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
mLj;jjhf> xU gzpahsu; mjpfhupapd; gq;F ‘njhopy; cwT mjpfhup’
vd khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,d;W mtuJ gq;fspg;G ‘kdpj ts Nkyhsu;’ Mf
cs;sJ. ,tu;> njhopy; nra;Ak; %d;W ,lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;a
Ntz;Lk;: mit eyd;> njhopy; cwTfs; kw;Wk; gzpahsupd; epu;thfk;
MFk;.

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikia njhopy;kakhf;Fjy;
Nkyhz;ik
xU tho;f;if njhopy;Kiwf;Fupa gjpTf;F Fwpg;gpl;l xOf;f epakq;fs;
cs;sd. njhopy; nra;gtiu tpl> mtu; njhopYf;F kpfTk; tpRthrkhf
,Uf;fpwhu;. njhopy;Kiw gzpahsu; Nkyhsu;fspd; Njhw;wj;Jld;>
Fwpg;Gfs;
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik tsu;r;rp Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU njhopy;
newpQu;f;F mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd; cs;sJ> mij mtu; jdJ KbT
nra;a gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. mtu; jd; Kjyhspahy; fl;Lg;gLj;jNth
my;yJ ,af;fNthg;gltpy;iy. vdNt> njhopy;kakhf;fy; xU tzpf
epWtdj;ij NkYk; jpwikahd> khWk; kw;Wk; r%f nghWg;Gkpf;fjhf
nra;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikg; fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rp
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikia njhopy;kakhf;Ftjw;F gq;fspj;Js;sJ.
tzpfj;jpd; r%fg; nghWg;Gfs;

gzpahsu;fs; kdpj ,dkhf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. epWtd ,yf;Ffis
miltjw;F mtu;fspd; xj;Jiog;G milag;gl Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;
epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; Copau;fSf;F gpd;tUk; flikfis epiwNtw;w
Ntz;Lk;:
(i) epahakhd Cjpak;: tzpfk; epahakhd rk;gsk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;>
,jdhy; mtu;fspd; gzpahsu; xU ey;y tho;f;ifia thoyhk;
kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
(ii) NghJkhd rYiffs;: gzpahsu;fSf;F tPl;L trjp> tho;ehs;
fhg;gPL> kUj;Jt trjp> Xa;Tf;fhy rYiffs; Nghd;w rYiffs;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(iii) ey;y gzp epiyikfs;: njhopyhsu;fspd; cly;eyj;ijg;
NgZtjw;F ey;y gzp epiyikfs; mtrpakhFk;.
(iv) tsu;r;rpf;fhd tha;g;G: gapw;rp kw;Wk; fy;tp %yk; Copau;fspd;
jpwikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s tzpfk; tha;g;ig ju Ntz;Lk;.
(v) njhopyhsupd; cupikfis mq;fPfupg;gJ: epahakhd Cjpak;>
njhopw;rq;fq;fSld; $l;L Nguk; NgRtJ Nghd;wtw;Wld; Ntiy
nra;Ak; cupikia tzpfk; mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(vi) xj;Jiog;G: njhopy;> nghJthd ,yf;Ffis Nehf;fp
njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fs; rpwe;j Kaw;rpfis Kd; itf;f tpUk;Gk;
R+o;epiyia cUthf;fp> njhopyhsu;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig tzpfk;
xd;wpidf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> tzpf mikg;Gfs;> mJ mike;Js;s r%fj;jpd; ey;tha;g;G
kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F gq;fspf;Fk; tifapy; xU czu;TG+u;tkhd
Kaw;rpia nra;Js;sJ.
murhq;f mZFKiw khw;wk;

muR kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s cwT> jpl;l ty;Ydu;
Mlk; ];kpj; fhyj;jpypUe;J tuyhW fhzhj ,lj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Mjhk; ];kpj; fhyj;jpy;> jiyaplh newp vd;gJ nghUshjhu HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
eltbf;iffspd; topfhl;Lk; nfhs;if vd gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfshy;jhd; murq;fk;
jd;idg; gw;wp ftiynfhs;Sk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jdpahu;
tpahghuj;jpd; nray;ghl;by; ve;jnthU jiyaPl;ilAk; ftdj;Jld; Fwpg;Gfs;
jtpu;f;fpwJ. Rje;jpu epWtdq;fspd; rfhg;jkhf jiyaplh newp
,Ue;jJ. jiyaplh newp Nfhl;ghL mDkhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;>
‘xt;nthU jdpegUk; xU gFj;jwpTf;F tho;f;ifapy; ,Ue;J ngUk;
jpUg;jpiag; ngw Kay;fpd;wdu; kw;Wk; eilKiwapy; r%fj;jpw;F kpf
rhj;jpakhd jpUg;jpia mspg;gjpy; ,J gq;fspf;fpwJ’. ,t;thwhf>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; tzpf tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaPL mw;w nfhs;if
‘kpfg; ngupa vz;zpf;ifapy; kpfg; ngupa ed;ikia’ Nehf;fp ,l;Lr;
nry;fpwJ vd;W nrt;tpay; nghUshjhu ty;Ydu;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;G gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; njhopw;fl;rp –
epu;thf cwTfs; gw;wpa xU ngUk; mZFKiwia gpd;gw;wpaJ.
Mdhy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Njrpa muR xU eyd;Gup muir epWt
cWjpnkhop vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. vdNt> njhopyhsu;fs; eyDf;fhf
muR gy rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpaJ.
,e;jpahtpy; HRM tsu;r;rpf;F vjpuhd fhuzpfs;

,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F
vjpuhd gy;NtW fhuzpfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. jhkjkhf te;j njhopw;rhiy mikg;G

njhopy; tsu;r;rpahy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy;> etPd njhopw;Jiw ,uapy;Nt tsu;r;rpAld; njhlq;fpaJ.
njhopy;Jiwapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dUk;> gzpahsu; epu;thfk; gw;wp
Nfs;tpNfl;f Kbatpy;iy. njhopyhsu; ey Mizaf; FO> 1931 y;
njhopy; mYtyu;fis epakdk; nra;J> njhopyhsu;fspd; Fiwfisf;
fise;J jPu;T fhz gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhf> ,e;jpahtpy;
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; nkJthd tsu;r;rpia> ngupa mstpyhd
njhopw;Jiwapd; jhkjkhd tUifAld; ,izf;f KbfpwJ.
2. mgupkpjkhd kypT ciog;G

,e;jpahtpy; njhopyhsu; mspg;gpw;F Kf;fpa Mjhukhf ,Ug;gJ
kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; etPdj; njhopy; JiwahdJ
tptrhaj; Jiwapy; ,Ue;J ciog;ig <u;f;fpwJ. njhopy; ikaq;fs;
jq;fs; Cuf gFjpfspy; njhopyhsu;fs; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjw;fhf
Rw;wpAs;shu;. kf;fs;njhifg; ngUf;fk;> Fiwe;j mstpyhd
njhopy;kakhf;fy; kw;Wk; gutyhd Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik Mfpa
,uz;LNk njhopw;rhiyfSf;F mgupjkhd ciog;igf; nfhLj;J
tUfpd;wd. ciog;G mgupkpjkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> ,e;jpahtpy; ey;y kdpj
cwTfs; Njit ,y;iy> jd;dpr;irahd gzpePf;fq;fSk; kw;Wk;
Ml;Fiwg;GfSk; cs;sd.

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; 3. gytPdkhd njhopyhsu; ,af;fk;
Nkyhz;ik
,e;jpa njhopyhs tu;f;fk; nghJthf nrayw;W
cs;sJ kw;Wk; ,J jiyikf;F ntspapypUe;J tUk;
murpay;thjpfis ek;gpAs;sJ. ,e;j ntsp jiyikahdJ
Fwpg;Gfs;
njhopyhs tu;f;fj;jpd; Njitfis Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy; Njhw;Wtpl;lJ.
njhopyhsu;fs; kj;jpapy; r%f czu;it tpopg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf
cz;ikapy; murpay;thjpfs; njhopyhsu;fis jq;fs; murpay;
,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
,e;jpaj; njhopyhsu;fspd; ,lk;ngaUk; jd;ik njhopw;rq;fq;fspd;
MNuhf;fpakw;w tsu;r;rpf;F toptFf;fpwJ. gy njhopyhsu;fs;
njhopw;rq;fq;fis mikg;gjpy; nraY}f;fj;Jld; gq;F nfhs;tjpy;iy>
vnddpy;> mtu;fs; epue;jukhf tho;tjw;F efuq;fSf;F tUtjpy;iy
vd;gjhy;> mtw;wpd; re;jhf;fis nrYj;j tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
rl;l mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fhtpl;lhy; ve;j njhopw;rq;fKk; tYthf
,Uf;fhJ. njhopw;fl;rpapd; kPjhd mur Mizf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiu xU
rpy Copau;fis kl;LNk gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jhYk; njhopw;rq;fj;jpw;F
mq;fPfhuk; toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mjupj;jJ. ‘njhopw;rq;fq;fspd;
xU rpWghd;ik Copau;fis kl;LNk nfhz;Ls;sd vd;w cz;ik>
epWj;jp itf;Fk; mq;fPfhuj;jpw;F NghJkhd fhuzk; my;y’ vd;W
mJ $wpaJ. ,jidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> 1926 y; njhlq;fg;gl;l
njhopw;rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;> 1947 ,y; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j jpUj;jk;
rpy epge;jidfspd; fPo; xU njhopw;rq;fj;ijf; mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Kjyhspaplk; fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j rl;lj;jpUj;ij
mky;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. ,t;thwhf> rpW njhopw;rq;fq;fSf;F rl;l
mq;fPfhuk; ,y;yhjJ> ,e;jpahtpy; njhopyhsu; ,af;fj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia
jilnra;jJ.
4. cau;e;j ru;thjpfhu fyhr;rhuk;

,e;jpa rKjhak; cau;e;j ru;thjpfhu fyhrhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,jdhy; njhopyhsp jdJ Nkyjpfhupfis rhu;e;J nraiy nra;fpwhu;.
Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpy; xU kjpg;G my;y. ,t;thwhf> ,e;j
fyhr;rhuj;jpy; gq;Nfw;gjd; %yk; Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd jfty;
gupkhw;wKk; Vw;gLk;. ,e;j ,U epge;jidfSk; ,e;jpa epiyikfs;
,y;yhj ,yl;rpa rpwe;j kdpj cwTfSf;fhd mbj;jsq;fshf
cs;sd.
5. njhopy;El;g gpd;dilT
njhopy;El;g R+oy;> njhopy;El;gj;jpy; KjyPL nra;tJ> njhopy;El;gk;
njhlu;ghd rPuhd gad;ghL kw;Wk; re;ijfspy; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; ghjpg;G
Mfpatw;iw nghWj;J tu;j;jfj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. NkiyehLfspy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s msg;gupa njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wk; mtu;fspd;
njhopyhsu;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cau;j;jpAs;sJ. ,J ,e;jpaj;
njhopyhsu;fSldhd njhopy; El;g gpd;jq;fpa epiyapd; fhuzkhf

Vw;gl;lJ my;y. xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapy; njhopy;El;g HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
Kd;Ndw;wk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. Gjpa cw;gj;jp El;gq;fisg;
gpd;gw;whky; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp ghijapy; Kd;Ndwf; $lhJ vd;gij
ve;j gpd;jq;fpa ehLk; ek;gtpy;iy.
Fwpg;Gfs;
6. Ntiy tha;g;gpy; epiyaw;w jd;ik
,e;jpa njhopyhsu;fs; cau; Cjpaq;fs; %yk; efuq;fspy;
<u;f;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;> Mdhy; mtu;fspd; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik> ePz;lfhy
tPlikg;G gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; cau; tPlikg;G thliffs; Mfpait
mtu;fsJ FLk;gq;fSld; efuq;fspy; epiyepWj;jg;gLtij
jLf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy;> fpuhkj;jpy; NghJkhd czT kw;Wk; cilfis
ngw KbAkhdhy; xU njhopy;Jiw Copau; njhopypy; ePbf;f
khl;lhu;. ‘cz;ikapNyNa> njhopy;Jiw njhopyhsu;fs; efuj;Jf;F
,Of;fg;gltpy;iy> js;sg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.’
,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; vjpu;fhyk;

kdpj tsj;ij mjd; cfe;j gad;ghl;Lf;F nfhz;L nry;Yk;
tifapy;> me;j top Nkyhsu;fSf;F cjTtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; cjtp
nra;tjw;Fk; gzpahsu; epGzu;fspd; gq;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. $yp
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs;> $l;Lg; Nguk;> Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; r%f eyd; Nghd;w
gFjpfspy; gzpahsu; ty;Yeupd; njhopy;rhu; jpwd; kw;Wk; cj;jp
Njit. mtu;fspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp fhuzkhf> ,e;j El;gkhd
tp\aq;fis ifahs gzpahsu; njhopy; ty;Yeu;fs; kpfTk;
nghUj;jkhd egu;fshf cs;sdu;. Nguhrpupau; kNdhupah fUj;Jg;gb>
‘xU Ntfkhd khwptUk; rKjhaj;jpy;> ekJ nrhe;j> njhopy;Kiw
Jiwapy; Ra tsu;r;rp vd;gJ xU njhlu;r;rpahd mk;rk; MFk;>
,J ekJ capu;j;jpwg; gz;Gfspd; cz;zhj tifapy; midj;J
epiyfspYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.’
xU gzpahsu; Nkyhsupd; gzp gy khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.
njhopyhsu; kPjhd mur Mizaj;jpd; gupe;Jiufisj; gpd;gw;wp>
xU nghJey mjpfhupapd; gzp ‘Ntiytha;g;G tptfhuq;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsu; Fiwfis ifahSfpwJ.’ 1948 (gpupT 49)> njhopw;rhiyfs;
rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l gpwF> gzpahsu; Nkyhsu;> je;ijtop njhopyhsu;
ey mYtyUld; milahsk; fhzgLfpwhu;. Mdhy;> mtUila G+u;tPfk;
njhopyhsu; rl;lj;jpl;lkhf ,Ue;jjhy; mtUila gq;F rl;lG+u;tj;
vy;iyf;Fs; ,Ue;jJ. ey;y njhopyhsu; eyd; vd;gJ Nkhrkhd
Nkyhz;ik> rq;fj;jpw;F khw;whf ,y;iy vd;gjhy;> njhopyhsu;fs;
r%f eydpy; mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;.
,jd; tpisthf> gzpahsu;fspd; nray;ghLfs; tpuptile;jd;
Gjpa gupkhzq;fs; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jtpisthf> gzpahsu; Nkyhsupd; gq;if khw;wpaikj;jy;
mtrpakhdJ. ,t;thwhf> gz;ghl;L> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
khWjy;fs; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikg; Gyj;jpw;Fs; Eioit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
kdpj khz;Gf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy;

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikia cUthf;f xU typikahd kw;Wk; mjpf
Nkyhz;ik
QhdKs;s njhopyhsu; ,af;fk; rhjfkhd R+oiy cUthf;faJ.
,e;j khw;wq;fspd; tpisTfs; fPNo tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
Fwpg;Gfs; 1. $l;L-KbntLg;gjpy; mjpfkhd Njit

Njitg;gLk; gzpahsu;fSf;F cjtp nra;Ak; je;ijtop Kaw;rpfs;
jq;fsJ jdpg;gl;l gpur;rpidfis jPu;f;fpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
njhopy;Jiw mikg;Gfs;> Copau;fis jhf;ff;$ba KbT vLf;Fk; xU
$l;L-KbT epfo;rpKiwf;F efu;e;Js;sJ. Kjyhspfspd;> typikahd
njhopw;rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; murhq;f rl;ljpl;lq;fs; Mfpait jhkhf
Kd;te;J Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljd; %yk; ,J nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fq;fSf;fhd xUtUf;nfhUtupd;
mZFKiwfs; gbg;gbahf Nkk;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpa njhopyhsu;
njhFg;G tptuf;Fwpg;G fy;tpAld; khWfpwJ kw;Wk; mjd; cupikfs;
gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk; mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. mjd; cupikfs; gw;wpa
$Ljyhd tpopg;Gzu;T> epu;thfj;jpy; $l;lhf gq;F ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhupf;ifiaAk; ,J typAWj;JfpwJ.
2. kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

gzpahsu; Nritapd; epu;thfj;ijf; fhl;bYk;> kdpjts Nkk;ghL
Fwpj;J xU gzpahsupd; Nkyhsu; mjpf mf;fiw nfhs;s tha;g;Gs;sJ.
jdpg;gl;l tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; epWtd ,yf;Ffspd; rhjid Mfpatw;wpw;Fk;
,ilNaahd cwT gw;wp mtu; MNyhrid $Wthu;. jw;Nghija
Nkyhz;ik eilKiwfs; njhlu;ghf tupir Nkyhsu;fSf;F cjTk;
Nehf;Fld; mu;j;jKs;s gzpahsu; Muha;r;rpfis jpl;lkpLjypy; mtu;
jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3. njhopyhsu;fspd; Ratptuj;jpy; khw;wk;

gbj;j njhopyhsu;fs; gzpaplj;jpy; mjpf Rahl;rp kw;Wk; tpUg;gg;gb
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupf;if tpLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gbj;jtu;fspd;
Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs;> gbf;fhj ghku kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J
NtWgLf;fpd;wd. vdNt> gzpahsu; Nkyhsuhy; vjpu;nfhs;sg;gLk;
rthy;fis ,J tpj;jpahrg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghy;> ngz;fs; mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapy; Ntiy nra;tjhy;> njhopyhsu;fspd; ghypay;
,iaG khwpAs;sJ. ,e;j ngz; njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs
cWjpgLj;j Muk;gpj;J> mtu;fSf;F vjpuhd ‘ghugl;rj;ij’ vjpu;f;fj;
njhlq;fptpl;ldu;. jw;NghJs;s gzpahsu;fspd; nfhs;iffis
khw;Wtjw;F ,e;j fhuzpfs; fhuzkhf mikf;fpd;wd.
4. cau; Nkyhz;ikapd; kdg;ghd;ikapy; khw;wk;

gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikr; nray;ghl;bd; Nehf;fk;> epWtdj;jpy;
mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> Nky; epu;thfj;jpd; mZFKiwiaAk;
nghWj;jJ.

5. murpd; gq;fspg;G mjpfupg;G HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
gzpahsu;fspd; nray;ghl;by; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;> ehl;by; r%f
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; rl;l khw;wq;fshy; Mizaplg;gLk; Njitfis
ngUksT rhu;e;Js;sJ. gy;NtW njhopyhsu; rl;lq;fis mkyhf;Ftjw;F
Fwpg;Gfs;
epWtdq;fspd; mikg;Gfspd; xU gFjpahf khwptUk; rl;lG+u;t
flikfs; Fwpj;J epu;thfj;jpw;F MNyhrid toq;f rl;lj;jpy; xU
epGzu; Nkyhsiu epakpf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhd NjitahfpwJ.
6. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd rpwe;j Kiw

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL my;yJ jFjp kjpg;gPL vd;gJ Nkyhz;ikapd;
goikahd kw;Wk; cyfshtpa eilKiwfspy; xd;whFk;. ,J> FO
cWg;gpdu;fspd; MSikfs; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;Gfis kjpg;gpLtjw;F>
ciof;Fk; mikg;Gfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; midj;J Kiwahd
eilKiwfisAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. epue;ju nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;ilg;
gjpTnra;tJ Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l mwpit mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L epu;thfj;ij epu;thfk; nra;a cjTfpwJ. nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPL ,t;thwhf> njhopyhsu;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjw;f;F
cjTfpwJ. Cjpak; kw;Wk; nray;jpwd; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s
neUf;fkhd njhlu;ig njhopyhsu;fs; kjpg;gpLthu;fs;> NkYk; Ntiy
nra;tjw;F rpwe;j ,og;gPL ngWtjw;F fbdkhf ciof;f Ntz;Lk;.
7. Cf;Ftpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Cf;Ftpj;jy; vd;gJ Ntiy nra;a cjTfpwJ. ,J
Ntiy Cf;Ftpg;Gfis njupe;J nfhs;s Kay;fpwJ kw;Wk;
mjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; topfis mwpa Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
vk;. N[. [_rpX]; $w;Wg;gb> Cf;Ftpj;jy; vd;gJ ‘xU tpUk;gpa
eltbf;ifia ngw xUtiu my;yJ jd;idNa J}z;lf;$ba nray;
MFk;’. xU gad; ngUk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; mikg;G> ‘Nful; kw;Wk; jb’
nfhs;if> ,dp gadw;wJ> Vnddpy; mr;rj;jpd; $W fle;j fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;jijg; NghyNt typikahdjhf ,y;iy. ,d;W> rpwe;j Cjpaq;fs;>
Rthu];akhd kw;Wk; rthyhd gzp kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G Nkyhz;ik
Nghd;w gy Neu;kiwahd kw;Wk; cstpay; uPjpahd ed;ikfs;> rpwe;j
Cf;fpfshf nray;gLfpd;wd.
8. khwptUk; gzp newpKiwfs;

xU gzpahsu; Nkyhsupd; eltbf;if ngUk;ghYk; mtu; itj;jpUf;Fk;
epiyiaAk; my;yJ mtuJ jdpg;gl;l ek;gpf;iffis tpl
mYtyfj;jpy; mtu; tfpf;Fk; gjtpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. xU gzpahsupd;
Nkyhsu;> xU njhopy;Kiwapd; rpy elj;ij tpjpfisg; nghWj;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. xU njhopy;Kiw ty;Yeupd; KbTfs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;
rpy newpKiwg; guprPyidfs; %yk; topelj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt>
gzpahsu; Nkyhsu;> ey;y ju epu;zaq;fis mikf;fTk; kw;Wk;
nray;gLj;jTk; miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. mtu;fs; njhopyhsu;fspd; khWk;
NjitfSf;F mu;g;gzpg;Gld; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; ,e;jpa gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; vjpu;fhy gq;F Fwpj;J> S.N.
Nkyhz;ik
ghz;Nl mtu;fs; ftdpj;j thu;j;ijfis gad;gLj;jp ehk; KbT
nra;ayhk;:
epjp Mz;fspd; tzpfk;> KjyPl;bd; kPjhd rupahd jpUg;gj;ijg;
Fwpg;Gfs; ngWtjw;fhf> epWtdj;jpd; epjpfis epu;tfpg;gJ NghyNt> mJ
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; kdpju;fspd; tzpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> mit gy;NtW
tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> rupahd Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
mjdhy; ,J kdpj tsj;ij epu;tfpg;gJ ey;ypzf;fk;> cs;Nehf;fk;>
jpUg;jp kw;Wk; mu;g;gzpg;G Mfpatw;iw cWjp nra;fpwJ.
,t;thwhf> ,e;jpaj; njhopy;fspy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd;
vjpu;fhyg; Nghf;Ffs;> gzpahsu; Nkyhsupd; gq;if khw;wpaikf;fpwJ.
mtuJ nray;ghLfshy;> kdpj Mw;wy; jpl;lkply;> Nju;T> Ml;Nru;g;G>
gapw;rp kw;Wk; eyd; Nghd;w ghuk;gupa gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J epr;rak;
tpupTgLj;jg;gLk;. ngUfptUk; gzpahsu;fspd; NjitfSld; Gjpa
gupkhzq;fs; Nru;f;fg;gLk;.

1. njhopw;Gul;rp vijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?
2. kdpj cwTfs; ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
3. Cf;Ftpj;jypd; ,U fhuzp Nfhl;ghL ahJ?
2.4 njhopyhsu; ey mYtyupd; gzpfs;

,e;j gpupT njhopyhsu; ey mYtyupd; gzpfis gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwJ.
ngUk;ghyhd njhopyhsu; kf;fs; njhifia cUthf;Fk; Njrpa
jpl;lq;fspd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspy; njhopyhsu; eyDk; xd;whFk;.
‘njhopyhsu; eyd;’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> kpfTk; Mw;wy; tha;e;j>
,zf;fKs;s kw;Wk; tpupthd Kiwapy; cs;sJ. eyg; gzp vd;gJ
njhopyhsu;fSf;F mbg;gil trjpfisAk;> tho;f;if trjpfisAk;
Vw;gLj;jpj; jUfpwJ> ,jdhy; ,ij mtu;fs; xU gzf;fhu kw;Wk;
KO tho;it mDgtpf;f toptif nra;a KbahJ. njhopyhsu;
eyd; njhopyhspapd; xOf;fj;ijAk;> jpwidAk; kw;Wk; ,Wjpapy;
njhopy;Jiw njhopyhsu; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwidAk;
Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
njhopyhsu; ey cj;jpNahfj;ju; njhopyhsu; rl;lq;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;JtijAk; Kiwahd Ntiy epiyikfis guhkupg;gJk;
ftdpj;J tUfpwhu;. njhopy;Jiw mikjp kw;Wk; ,zf;fkhd njhopy;
cwTfSld; me;j mjpfhup njhopyhsu;fs; ey;epiyapy; ,Ug;gJ
njhlu;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;shu;.
xU njhopyhsu; ey mYtyupd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>
gzpaplj;jpy; Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nra;tjpy; cs;s Nkhrb mikg;Gfspd;
jPikfis mfw;WtJ kw;Wk; Miyfs;> njhopw;rhiyfspy; njhopyhsu;

epu;thfj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ MFk;. njhopyhsu; ey mYtyupd; gq;F> HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
khepy njhopyhsu; MizaUld; ,ize;J nray;gLjy;. 1969 ,y;
njhopyhsu; eyd; Fwpj;j khstpah FOtpd; mwpf;if> 1948 Mk;
Mz;L njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;s khjpup tpjpfis
gpd;gw;wp> ey mYtyu;fspd; gpd;tUk; flikfisf; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwJ: Fwpg;Gfs;
(a) Nkw;ghu;it
(b) mwpTiu
(c) njhlu;G
(d) MNyhrid
2.5 gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikf;Fk; HRM f;Fk; ,ilNa

cs;s NtWghLfs;
1980 fspy; ,Ue;J gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; jd;ik khw;wk;
ngw;W tUtjhy;> gzpahsu; nray;ghL mjd; Ftpaj;jpd; ikaj;ij
khw;wpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. gzpahsu; ty;Ydu;fspilNa cs;s
‘gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; ‘kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd;’
%yk; gjpyPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ. epWtd gzpahsu;fsplk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik gpujhdkhf ,af;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik Njitfs;
KOikahf fz;lwpag;gltpy;iy vd;gJ czug;gl;Ls;sJ.
gzpahsu;fs; xt;nthUtUk;> epu;thfj;Jf;Fk; Copau;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa xt;nthU NjitfisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpf;nfhs;s jfty;
njhlu;ig nfhz;Ls;sdu;. gzpahsu;fSldhd ek;gfj;jd;ikiaj;
jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s kdpju;fs; jq;fs; eyidf; ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mNj Neuj;jpy; epu;thfj;Jld; jq;fs; ,Ug;ig
epahag;gLj;Jtjw;F> njhopyhsu; eyd;fSf;fhd xU mf;fiwahfTk;
kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd; eyd;fs; vg;NghJk; mikg;GuPjpahd
nray;jpwj;jpw;F mbgzptij cWjp nra;fpd;wdu; vd;gij mtu;fs;
jq;fs; Nkyhsu;fSf;F fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik> Kuzhf> epWtdq;fspd; kf;fs;
tsq;fis epu;tfpg;gjw;fhf Kf;fpakhf epu;thfj; Njitfis Nehf;fp
,aq;FfpwJ> rpf;fy; jPu;f;Fk; kw;Wk; eLepiyikf;F khwhf> jpl;lkply;>
fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L kPJ mjpf ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. Mdhy;>
Copau;fspd; Njitfs; G+u;j;jpaile;jhy;jhd; gzpahsu;fs; gydile;J
cs;sdu; vd;w fUj;ij kughu;e;j gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik cWjp
nra;fpwJ. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gy;NtW ek;gpf;iffspd; njhFg;G
vd;gij gpujpgypf;fpwJ. rupahd tpiyf;F rupahd jpwikfSld;
kdpj tsq;fis rupahd vz;zpf;ifapy; gad;gLj;JtJ kf;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l tptfhuq;fSldhd Mjuitf; fhl;bYk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
HRM (kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk;) vd;gJ gzpahsu; epu;thfj;jpy;
,Ue;J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; khWgl;ljhf cs;sJ. HRM vd;gJ
tpidGupAk; jpwd; vd;gij tpl kpfTk; RWRWg;ghdJ> mJ xU
khWk; nryit tpl> ciog;ig r%f %yjdkhf elj;JfpwJ> mJ

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; cwit-rhu;e;jJ vd;gij tpl ,yf;F-rhu;e;jjhf cs;sJ> ,Wjpapy;
Nkyhz;ik
mJ ,zf;fg;ghl;ilf; fhl;bYk; mbg;gilapy; mu;g;gzpg;ig
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xU kpf gzf;fhu $l;L epGzj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;a gy $Ljy;
Fwpg;Gfs; epiyfis cs;thq;Ftjd; %yk; gzpahsu; epu;thfk; tsu;e;Js;sJ
vd;W Nlhupq;ld; thjpl;Ls;shu;. HRM xU Gul;rp my;y> mJ gy
Kfk; nfhz;l ghj;jpuj;jpw;F ,d;Dk; xU gupkhzk; MFk;. gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik toq;fy;-ce;Jjy; MFk;> HRM Nfhupf;if-ce;Jjyhf
,af;fg;gLfpwJ.
epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fis fz;Lgpbj;J
gapw;rpaspg;gJ> mtu;fs; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; Ntiy xg;ge;jq;fis Vw;ghL
nra;tJ> mtu;fs; vd;d vjpu;ghu;f;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij tpsf;FtJ> epu;thfk;
vd;d nra;fpwJ kw;Wk; ve;j khw;w Kaw;rp vd;d gzpahsu;fsplkpUe;J
tuNtw;fKbahj gjpiy cUthf;Ftjht; Vw;gLk; epu;thf eltbf;if
Mfpatw;wpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik Kf;fpakhf ,af;FfpwJ. ,jw;f;F
Kuzhf> kdpjts Nkyhsu;> epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fsplk; ,Ue;J
njhlq;ftpy;iy> Mdhy; kdpj ts mikg;gpd; NjitfspypUe;J
toq;Ftijf; fhl;bYk; Nfhupf;if NjitfSld; njhlq;FfpwJ.
Kjy; ghu;itapy;> cyfk; KOtJk; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapy;
xU Gul;rp epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. eilKiwapy; ,e;j my;yJ
me;j njhopy; El;gj;ij Nju;e;njLg;gjw;Fg; mg;ghYk; ngupa
khWjy;fs; Vw;gl;ljpy;iy> xU Gjpa jj;Jthu;j;j nrsfupak; fhl;Lk;
gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikg; gw;wpa rpe;jidapy; xU khw;wk; epfOk; vd;Wk;
$wg;gLfpwJ. Gjpa fUj;jpay; vd;gJ eilKiwapy; cs;s khw;wq;fis
tptupg;gNjhL> gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikia cau;j;Jtjw;F my;yJ
mjpf etPd fhy mbg;gilapy;> epWtdq;fs; ,aq;Ftjpy; %Nyhgha
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;F HRM gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w fhuzj;ijAk;
tpsf;Fk; jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mbg;gilapy;> nghUshjhuk;
G+Nfhskakhf;fypd; gpd;dzpapy;> Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj tifapy;
mjpfupj;JtUk; Nghl;bia vjpu;nfhs;Sk; tifapy;> Nghl;bj;jd;ik
epiwe;j Mjhaq;fs; gw;wpa Mjhuq;fis kWguprPyid nra;aTk; kw;Wk;
vjpu;fhy jpirfs; gw;wpa %Nyhgha tpUg;gq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;
mJ Nkyhz;ikia vjpu;ghu;f;fpwJ. [g;ghDld; ve;j nghUshjhuKk;
Nghl;bapl KbahJ mtu;fs; njhopyhsu;fspd; Cjpaq;fs; kw;Wk;
tho;f;ifj; juq;fis r%f> murpay; uPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj
msTf;F Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;> mJ rhj;jpakpy;yhjJ. khwhf mtu;fs;
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; juj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ju Ntz;Lk;.
jukhd nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; jukhd njhopyhsu;fSf;F
Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J kf;fSk;> mtu;fs; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;
tpjKk;> Nghl;b Mjhaj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhuq;fshf tpsq;FfpwJ.
,d;W HR epu;thfpfspd; rthy; jpwikia mq;fPfupg;gjhYk; kw;Wk;
mij ftdkhfg; Ngzp guhkupf;g;gjhYk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy;
cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; Mjhaq;fis mJ milfpwJ. njhopy; epWtdk;
vd;gJ kf;fis jtpu Ntnwhd;Wk;kpy;iy. rpyu; Gj;jprhypfshf

,Ug;ghu;fs;> kw;wtu;fs; mt;tsT Gj;jprhypfshf ,y;iy rpyu; HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
Ntiyfspy; gw;WWjp nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;> gpwu; mt;thW ,y;iy
rpyu; ntspr;nry;fpwhu;fs;> Vidatu;fs; xJf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ‘,e;j
NtWghLfs; ftdj;ij NfhUfpd;wd> mjdhy; xt;nthU egUk; jdJ
jpwikia mjpfupf;f KbAk;> ,jd;%yk; r%fk; KOtJkhf mjd; Fwpg;Gfs;
kdpj tsq;fis kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp nfhs;s KbAk;.’
xU kdpjts Nkyhsupd; gq;F xU ghJfhtyd; kw;Wk;
jpiuKfj;jpypUe;J xU jpl;lkpLgtu; kw;Wk; khw;W Kftuplk; ,Ue;J
NtWgLfpwJ. ,d;iwa Nghl;b epiwe;j cyfpy;> mjpf gapw;rp ngw;w>
flikg;gl;l Copau;fs; ngUk;ghYk; xU epWtdj;jpd; rpwe;j ge;jak;
Mf cs;sdu;. kdpjts ty;Yeu;fs; xU epWtdj;jpy; tsu;e;J
tUk; ghj;jpuq;fspy; gzpahsu;fis Nju;T nra;J gapw;rp ngw
cjtyhk;. ,jpy; <LghL cs;stu;fs; kl;LNk> Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf
fUj;J NtWghl;il njuptpf;f KbAk;. ‘epWtdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
mjpfupj;J tUk; epiyapy;> kdpj tsq;fs; ,g;nghOJ Nghl;brhu;e;j
Mjhaq;fSf;fhd Mjhukhf ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd’ vd;W rhu;y]; fpupau;
Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;.
ngUfpa Kiwapy; Nghl;brhu;e;j mD$yq;fs;> re;ij
nghWg;Gzu;Tfs;> jahupg;G kw;Wk; Nritj; juk;> GJikfs;>
NtWgLj;jg;gl;l jahupg;Gfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tifapy; epWtdq;fs;
Nghl;bapl cjTk; cau; juKs;s Copau;fSld; Nru;e;J nfhs;s
KbAk; vd;gij njupag;gLj;JfpwJ.
vjpu;fhyj;jpy;> HRM nray;ghL vg;gb xU kughu;e;j ghuk;gupa
Njhw;wj;jpypUe;J xU etPd Njhw;wj;jpw;F jdJ ghu;itia khw;w
KbAk; vd;w Kf;fpa gpur;rid cs;sJ: ,J> tu;j;jf Nehf;fpyhd>
cs;ehl;bNyNa ftdk; nrYj;Jk;> nray;jpwd; nfhz;l> nray;ghLkpf;f>
ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL---tu;j;jfk; rhu;e;j> thbf;ifahsu;
ftdk;> nray;kpF> nray;jpwd;-ce;Jjpwd;> gutyhf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;
mjpfhukspj;jiy rhu;e;jJ.
NkYk;> epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; Ml;Nru;gG
; Kaw;rpfis tpupthf;Fjy;>
ftdkhf gupNrhjid eilKiwfs;> khw;wq;fSld; jftikj;jy;>
gzpahsu;fSf;F jFe;j kw;Wk; NghJkhd fy;tp epfo;rr ; pfis toq;Fjy;
kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fis Nju;en ; jLg;gjpy; KjyPL nra;jy; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpaspj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa jiyKiw
Copau;fs; jq;fs; jdpg;gl;l Njitfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;GfSf;F vjpuhd
Cjpak; kw;Wk; rYiffs; njhFg;Gfis vilNghl;L nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
vdNt> ,og;gL P kw;Wk; rYif njhFg;Gfs; jdpg;gl;l Njitfisg;
G+u;jj
; pnra;Ak; tifapy; mjpf nefpo;Tj; jd;ikia mspf;fpd;wd.

4. njhopyhsu; ey mYtyupd; gq;F ahJ?
5. ,d;W HR Nkyhsu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; xU rthiyf; tiuaWf;f.

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;;
1. 1760–1850 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; epfo;e;j khw;wq;fis
Fwpg;Gfs; njhopw;Gul;rp Fwpf;fpwJ.
2.
kdpj cwTfs; ,af;fk;> cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; kw;Wk; kd
cWjpia njhlu;GgLj;jpg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> FO elj;ij kw;Wk;

njhopyhsu;fspd; czu;Tfspd; kPJ Ftpg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
3. Cf;Ftpj;jypd; ,U fhuzp Nfhl;ghl;bd; gb> njhopyhsu;fs; kPjhd
Cf;fk; kw;Wk; mjpUg;jpAk; ,uz;L jdpj;jdp epge;jidfspd;
KbTfshFk;.
4. njhopyhsu; ey mYtyu; njhopy; rl;lq;fis mky;gLj;Jjy;
kw;Wk; rupahd gzp epiyikfis guhkupj;jy; Mfpatw;iw
ftdpj;J tUfpwhu;.
5;. ,d;W ,Uf;Fk; jpwikia mq;fPfupg;gNjhL> xU fhyj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; Mjhaq;fis miltNj
kdpjts Nkyhsu;fSf;fhd rthy; Mf cs;sJ.
2.7 RUf;fk;
••gy Mz;Lfshf Ntiy nra;Ak; mwpnthsp ngw;w Ntiyaspg;Nghu;>
jq;fs; njhopyhsu;fspd; mjpf Kd;Ndw;wj;ijg; ngw Kay;tjhy;
gzpahsu; epu;thfk; gupzhkpj;Js;sJ.
••njhopw;Gul;rp 1760–1850 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; epfo;e;j
khw;wq;fis Fwpf;fpwJ. kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tho;f;ifapy; kpf
mjpfkhd khw;wq;fis mJ nfhz;Lte;jJ.
••,ae;jpuq;fspd; gad;ghL ngupa mstpy; %yjdj;jpd;
mtrpakhf Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;L> nghUshjhu rf;jp nrwpTk;
ngupa epWtdq;fspd; tsu;r;rpia ngwTk; toptFj;jJ.
••1800 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; kw;Wk; 1900 fspd; tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtk;
Fwpg;ghf Ntiy tbtikg;G> Nju;T kw;Wk; ,og;gPL Mfpatw;wpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
••tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jt ,af;fk;> tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;
je;ijahd /g;nul;upf; lgps;A+ nla;yu; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ.
••nla;yu; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘epu;thfk; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fSf;F
,ilNa xj;Jiog;gpd; tpisthf jpl;lkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;> epjp
Cf;fj; njhif cila Copau;fis <L nra;a xU Vw;ghL
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.’
••gpupl;b\; njhopyjpguhd uhgu;l; Xtd; Nkyhz;ik rpe;jidapd;
khngUk; mwpQuhf fUjg;gLfpwhu;. ,tu; 1800 kw;Wk; 1828-
f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gy;NtW gUj;jp nerthiyfspd; Nkyhsuhf
,Ue;jhu;.

••kdpj cwTfisr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;> Nkyhz;ik rpe;jidf;F kpf HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;ig mikg;gjd; %yk;> kdpj kw;Wk; r%ff;
fhuzpfis mikg;gpy; nfhz;L te;jdu;.
••nù;];ngu;f;> cs;Nehf;fk; nfhz;l ,uz;L fhuzp Nfhl;ghl;il
Kd;itf;fj; Jtq;fp tpl;lhu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••nkf; f;upNfhu Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> nghUshjhu ,yf;Ffis G+u;j;jp
nra;a> gzk;> nghUs;> cgfuzk; kw;Wk; kf;fs; Nghd;w
cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fspd; $Wfis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F epu;thfk;
flikgl;Ls;sJ.
••,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik muR Mizf;FOtpd;
mwpf;ifia (1929 – 31) kPz;Lk; jhf;fy; nra;fpwJ.
••njhopy; Jiw Copau;fis Ml;Nru;g;gjpy; Coy; eilKiw-
fis rupghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s njhopyhsu; mYtyu;fis epakpg;gJ
cs;spl;l gy Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufis ,e;j Mizak; nra;jJ.
••muR Copau; Mizf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiuia mLj;J> njhopyhsu;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; gy ifj;njhopy;fs; %yk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
••,e;j rl;lthf;fk; njhopy;Jiw tptfhuq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; jPu;g;ig
1947 Mk; Mz;L mky;gLj;jpaJ.
••kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ gzpahsu; epu;thfj;jpy; ,Ue;J
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; khWgl;ljhf cs;sJ.
••HRM vd;gJ tpidGupAk; jpwd; vd;gij tpl kpf RWRWg;ghdJ>
mJ xU khWk; nryit tpl> ciog;ig r%f %yjdkhf
elj;JfpwJ> mJ cwit Nehf;Ftij tpl ,yf;F rhu;e;jJ>
,Wjpapy; mJ ,zf;fg;ghl;ilf; fhl;bYk; mbg;gilapy;
mu;g;gzpg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
••,d;W HR epu;thfpfspd; rthy;> jpwikia mq;fPfupg;gNjhL>
xU fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; Mjhaq;fis
miltNj MFk;.

••gzpahsu;fs;: ,J xU epWtdj;jpy; gzpGupAk; kf;fis
Fwpf;fpwJ.
••epu;thfk;: ,J tzpf> mikg;G Nghd;wtw;iw ,af;Fk; nray;Kiw
my;yJ nray;ghl;il Fwpf;fpwJ.
••,zf;fk;: epWtdj;jpd; nghUe;jf;$ba rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
nfhs;iffis cWjpg;gLj;j jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FO elj;ijfs;
,uz;ilAk; tiuaiw nra;Ak; epfo;KiwahFk;.
••mjpfhuj;ijg; gutyhf;fk;: xU epu;thf ikaj;jpypUe;J kw;w
,Ug;gplq;fSf;F mg;ghy; cs;s Jiwfis (xU ngupa
epWtdj;jpd;) efu;j;Jtij Fwpg;gjhFk;.

HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
FWtpil tpdh
1. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tuyhW gw;wp
Fwpg;Gfs; Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. rpWFwpg;G tiuf:
(a) nù;];ngu;fpd; ,uz;L fhuzpfs; cs;Nehf;fk; nfhz;l
Nfhl;ghL
(b) nkf;upNfhu; Nfhl;ghL X kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghL Y
3. gzpahsu; epu;thfk; %yk; ePq;fs; vd;d Gupe;J nfhz;bu;fs;?
4. njhopyhsu; ey mYtyupd; flikfs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
5. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; HRM -I NtWgLj;Jf.
neLtpil tpdh
1. kdpj cwTfs; rfhg;jk; kw;Wk; elj;ij tpQ;Qhd rfhg;jj;jpd;
NghJ gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; tsu;r;rpia gw;wp tptupf;f.
2. kh];Nyhtpd; Njit gbKiw Nfhl;ghL my;yJ gw;whf;Fiwapd;
Nehf;fk; gw;wpa tpupthd tpsf;fk; jUf.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikia gw;wp tpsf;fk; jUf.
,e;jpahtpy; HRM tsu;r;rpf;F vjpuhd fhuzpfis tpupthf
tpthjpf;f.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; vjpu;fhyk; ahJ?
2.10 NkYk; gbf;f

nkf;uh `py;.
ngu;dhu;bd;> [hd;. 2004. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik–xU gupNrhjid

gPau;Lnty;> ,ad; kw;Wk; nyd; N`hy;ld;. 1995. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik. HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik
yz;ld;: kf;kpy;yd;.
rpfhNfh: ,u;tpd;.
Fwpg;Gfs;

kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
myF 3 kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
mikg;G
Fwpg;Gfs; 3.0 Kd;Diu
3.2 kdpj ts jpl;lkplypd; (HRP) fUj;J kw;Wk; nray;Kiwfs;
3.3 kdpj ts jpl;lkplypd; fhuzpfs;
tpilfs;;
3.5 RUf;fk;
3.8 NkYk; gbf;f
3.0 Kd;Diu
xt;nthU epWtdKk; kf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;L> mtu;fspd; Nritfis
ngw;W> mtu;fspd; jpwd;fis tsu;jJ ; > mtu;fspd; nray;jpwid mtu;fs;
njhlu;eJ; guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij cWjp nra;a> mtu;fs; jq;fs;
jpwid Nkk;gLj;JtijNa epWtd Nehf;fkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. jiyrpwe;j
njhopyhsu;fis ifafg;gLj;jp> tsu;jn ; jLf;f> J}z;lf;$ba kw;Wk;
njhlu;eJ; itj;jpUf;f $ba mikg;Gfs; gaDs;sjhfTk;> jpwikahfTk;
,Uf;Fk;. kWGwk;> gadw;wJ my;yJ jpwikaw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; me;j
mikg;Gfs;> njhopiy Klf;Fk; my;yJ ntspNa nry;Yk; mghak;
cs;sJ. kdpj tsk; ,t;thwhf epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp mtu;fis
capu;gpioj;J nropf;f itf;fpwJ. kdpj tsq;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
my;yJ jtwhf epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lhy;> me;j mikg;G rpwg;ghf nra;a
tha;gg
; py;iy. vdNt> kdpj ts jpl;lkply; xt;nthU epWtdjpYk;
Kf;fpakhd Njitahf cs;sJ. ,J epWtdj;jpd; kdpj cWg;ig
ifafg;gLj;j> cUthf;f> epu;tfpf;f kw;Wk; J}z;Lk; gy;NtW tpjkhd
eltbf;if ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J Nju;T nra;J vjpu;fhy eltbf;if
ghij jPuk ; hdpf;fpwJ. ,J xU epWtdj;jpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; kdpj ,dj;jpd;
kdpjkakhf;fypd; jpl;lkpl;l tbtq;fis milahsk; fhz;fpwJ.
,e;j myF HR jpl;lkpLjypd; nfhs;if> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jd; nray;Kiw> cj;jpfs;>
ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; tuk;Gfs; Mfpait mlq;Fk;.

••kdpj ts jpl;lkply; (HRP) fUj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••HRP ,y; cs;s fhuzpfis tpsf;f KbAk;.
••HRP epfo;Kiwia tptupf;f KbAk;.

3.2 kdpj ts jpl;lkplypd; (HRP) fUj;J kw;Wk; kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
nray;Kiwfs;
kdpj ts jpl;lkply; vd;gJ> nfhs;Kjy; nra;jy;> tsu;j;jy;>
ifahSjy;> <Lnra;jy;> njhopy; jpl;lkply;> thupRupik jpl;lkply; Fwpg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; kdpj %yg;nghUis gpupg;gJ vd gy khw;Wg; gbg;GfspypUe;J
Nju;e;njLf;fg; gl;l tUq;fhy eltbf;if Nghf;if Kd;epu;zapj;jy;
MFk;. ,J xU epWtdj;jpy; cs;s gzpahsu; KbTfis
czu;TG+u;tkhf njupT nra;tij jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
kdpj ts jpl;lkpLjypd; gz;Gfs;

nfa;];su; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘HR jpl;lkply; vd;gJ (Kd;fzpg;G> tsu;r;rp
kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; cl;gl) xU epWtdk; rupahd vz;zpf;ifasT
kf;fs; kw;Wk; rupahd ,lq;fspy; kf;fSf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; rupahd
Neuj;jpy; rupahd mstpy; cs;sJ vd;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ. ,it
nghUshjhu uPjpahf kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.’
ntd;nly; gpud;r; $w;Wg;gb> kdpj ts jpl;lkply; ‘epWtd
,yf;Ffspd; ntspr;rj;jpy; epWtdj;jpd; kdpj tsq;fspd; Njitfis
kjpg;gPL nra;tJ kw;Wk; xU jpwikahd> epiyahd njhopyhsp
Ntiyf;F mku;j;jg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis
cUthf;FtJ’ vd tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;.
Nkw;fz;l tiuaiwapypUe;J> kdpj ts jpl;lkpLjypd; rpy
nghJg; gz;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW Nrfupf;fg;glyhk;:
1. kdpj ts jpl;lkply; epWtd ,yf;Ffspd; ntspr;rj;jpy; kdpj
ts Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
2. xU kdpj ts jpl;lk; ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fis
Nehf;fp ,af;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. kdpj ts jpl;lkply;> nghUshjhu uPjpahf kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf
,Uf;Fk; rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fs;
kw;Wk; rupahf Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
4. kdpj ts jpl;lkply; xU rPupa Cf;f%l;Lk; epfo;Kiwf;F
toptFf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. xU kdpj ts jpl;lk; Gjpa tsu;r;rpfis mt;tg;NghJ
kWguprPyidf;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> Fwpg;gpl;l ePz;l fhyj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; khWjy;fspy; ifNaw;G jpl;lj;ij tpupTgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6. epWtdj;jpd; khwptUk; NjitfSf;F Vw;g kdpj tsj; jpl;lj;jpy;
NghJkhd nefpo;Tj;jd;ikia guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
HR Nkyhsu; glk; 3.1 ,y; nfhLf;fg;gl;l HR jpl;lkpLjypd; xU
Kiwahd epfo;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.

kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
FORECASTING DEMAND
Considerations
· Product/Service demand
· Technology Techniques BALANCING SUPPLY
· Trend analysis AND DEMAND
· Organizational growth
Fwpg;Gfs; · Financial resources
· Estimation
· Delphi
· Management philosophy technique RECRUIT –
· Absenteeism (For shortages).
· Labour turnover Employees can be
recruited for full time
vacancies, part time
basis or on contract
FORECASTING SUPPLY basis. We may also
recall retrenched
workers
External Considerations
· Demographic changes REDUCTION OF
Techniques
· Marko
· Labour mobility SURPLUS STAFF –
analysis · Policies of government Organizations layoff,
· Replacement · Education level of terminate or give
charts workers golden handshake to
· Succession surplus work force
glk; 3.1 gha;Tg;glk; ‘kdpj ts jpl;lkply; khjpup’ tptupf;fpwJ
kdpj ts jpl;lkpLjypd; Nehf;fq;fs;

glk; 3.1 Kjy;> HR jpl;lj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s Njhy;tp> epWtdj;jpd;
Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F xU tuk;Gf; fhuzpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ
njspthfpwJ. xU epWtdj;jpy; cs;s egu;fspd; vz;zpf;if>
Njitg;gLk; egu;fspd; vz;zpf;iftplf; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;> Ntiyapy;
,ilA+Wfs; Vw;gLk; — cw;gj;jp jilgLk;> cw;gj;jpapd; Ntfk;
nkJthfTk;> gzpahsu;fsplKk; mjpf Ntiyiar; nra;Js;sJ.
kw;nwhU Gwk;> epWtdj;jpy; cgup kdpj rf;jp cs;sJ vd;why;>
epWtdj;jpy; Copau;fs; itj;jpUf;fg;gl;lhy;> ngupa rk;gsg; gl;bay;
mikg;gjpy;> epWtdj;jpd; kPJ Njitaw;w epjpr; Rik ,Uf;Fk;>
my;yJ mtu;fs; epWj;jg;gl;lhy; ,og;gPL toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;
gzpePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l gzpahsu;fSf;F Cjpak; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
vdNt> mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F Nghjpa vz;zpf;ifapy;
Ml;fs; ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;.
,e;j mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F> HR jpl;lkpLjy; kdpj
ts jpl;lkpLjypd; Neuk; kw;Wk; fhy ml;ltizaply; Mfpatw;iw
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> kdpj ts jpl;lkply; Ma;Tfspd;
KbTfis gad;gLj;j epu;thfk; rk;kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epWtdq;fspd; HR Njitfs;> vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; khw;wq;fis
fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> gzpahsu;fspd; gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpj;
jpl;lq;fis tbtikg;gjpYk;> jpl;lkpLtjpYk; kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj;
jpl;lk; xU Kf;fpa cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.

HR jpl;lkpLjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
kdpj ts jpl;lkply; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; gaDs;s

eltbf;ifahFk;. njspthd jpl;lkply; ,y;yhky;> epWtdj;jpd;
kdpj ts Njitfs; xU kjpg;gPL ntWk; A+fpf;ff;$ba Ntisfshf
Fwpg;Gfs;
FiwfpwJ. rupahf gad;gLj;jpdhy; gy ed;ikfis jUfpwJ. ,it:
1. jpl;lkpLjy; vjpu;fhy kdpj Mw;wy; Njitia tiuaWf;fpwJ.
,J gzpahsu;fisj; njupT nra;aTk; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fs;
Nkk;ghL miltjw;Fk; mbg;gilahFk;.
2. gzpahsu;fSf;F Kd;$l;bNa gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;L>
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;L> cau;ju gzpahsu;fspd;
vjpu;fhy Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;a ,J cjTfpwJ.
3. njhopy;El;gj;jpy; khw;wk; vd;gJ rpy gFjpfspy; cs;s cgup
kdpj tsj;ij kw;Wk; gpw gFjpfspy; gw;whf;FiwAk;> mwpT
kw;Wk; jpwikf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;sJ. HR
jpl;lkply; mj;jifa R+oypy; rkepiyia cUthf;f cjTfpwJ.
4. Ntiyfs; ,d;Dk; mwpT rhu;e;j Nehf;fkhfp tUfpd;wd. ,jd;
%yk; HR-d; xU khw;wkhd Ratptuk; fpilj;Js;sJ. mwptpy;
ftdk; mjpfupg;gjhy;> Ml;Nru;g;G nryTfSk; mjpfupj;Js;sd.
mjpf nryit jtpu;f;f> Kiwahd HR jpl;lkply; mtrpak;.
5. ve;j xU Gs;spapYk; ,e;j mikg;G jpwikf;fhd xU Njf;fj;ij
nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;. xJf;fg;gl;l gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
Njitahd jpwd;fs; cs;s egu;fs; cldbahf fpilf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sdu;.
6. jpl;lkpLjy; xt;nthU Jiwf;fhf xU nghUj;jkhd kdpj ts
tuTnryT jpl;lj;ijj; jahupf;f toptif nra;fpwJ. ,J>
kdpj Mw;wy; tpepNahfj;jpy; gw;whf;Fiwfs;/mj;JkPwy;fis
jtpu;g;gjd; %yk; kdpj ts nryTfis fl;Lg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.
7. Kiwahd HR jpl;lk; xU epWtdj;jpd; cau;kl;l Nkyhz;ik
KO HR Nkyhz;ik nray;ghLfspy; RWRWg;ghf gq;Nfw;Fk;.
cau; Nkyhz;ikapd; jPtpu <LghL ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> mit epWtd
nray;jpwj;jpy; rhjpg;gjpy; kdpj tsq;fspd; cz;ikahd
kjpg;ig ghuhl;Lthu;fs;.
8. jpl;lkpl;l HRP. xU epWtdj;jpd; cau;kl;l Nkyhz;ikia
xl;Lnkhj;j HRP. nray;ghLfspy; nrayhf;fj;Jld; gq;Nfw;FkhW
nra;fpwJ. cau; Nkyhz;ikapd; jPtpu <LghL ,Uf;Fk; NghJ>
mit epWtd nray;jpwj;jpy; rhjpg;gjpy; kdpj tsq;fspd;
cz;ikahd kjpg;ig ghuhl;Lthu;fs;.
HR jpl;lkply; nray;Kiw
njhopy; tpupthf;fk;> rpf;fyhd njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Kiw
Nkyhz;ik Af;jpfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;L> kdpj ts jpl;lkply; gw;wpa

kdpj ts jpl;lkply; nray;Kiw mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J fPo;f;fz;l
epiyfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
(i) m
ikg;G rhu;e;j jpl;lq;fis myrp Muha;e;J Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
Fwpg;Gfs; KbT nra;jy;
xU epWtdj;ij HR jpl;lkply; nra;tjw;F Kd;du; FWfpa fhy
kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Nehf;fq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. epWtd
jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; HR jpl;lkply;
gw;wpa nray;Kiw njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; kdpj tsq;fspd;
Njitia Kd;fzpg;gjd; %yk; vjpu;fhy Ntiy nray;ghl;Lf;fhd
msit toq;Fthu;fs;.
(ii) kdpj tsj; NjitfSf;F fhuzpfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

jw;Nghija gzpahsu;fspd; vjpu;fhy jpwd;fs;> mwpT kw;Wk;
jpwd;fis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L jw;NghJs;s gzp tbtikg;G kw;Wk;
gFg;gha;tpid KOikahf kW Ma;T nra;ayhk;. gzp tbtikg;G
kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T Mfpait tUq;fhy kdpj tsq;fs; kw;Wk; epWtd
jpl;lq;fis gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;. kdpj Mw;wy; Njitfis ,uz;L
topfspy; gFg;gha;T nra;a KbAk;:
(a)
Kd;dwptpg;G Njit – mikg;GuPjpahd jpl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g
xl;Lnkhj;j HR Njitfs; gw;wp Kd;$l;bNa $wy;.
(b)
Kd;dwptpg;G toq;fy; – kdpj tsj;jpd; jw;Nghija ruf;Fg;
gl;baiyg; gw;wpa juTfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fisg; ngWjy;
kw;Wk; jw;Nghija kdpj ts ruf;fpUg;G vjpu;fhy khw;wq;fis
fzpf;Fk;.
Njit kw;Wk; mspg;G Kd;dwptpg;G gpupT 1.5 ,y; tpupthf
tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(iii) Ntiy tha;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

epWtdj;jpy; cs;s xt;nthU Ntiyf;Fk; gzpahsu;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia epu;zapj;j gpwF> HR Jiw Ntiy tpsf;fk; kw;Wk;
gzp tptuf;Fwpg;G gw;wp tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(a)
gzp tpsf;fk;: Ntiy gw;wpa tpsf;fk; nghJthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;ba gzpfs;> ,jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s nghWg;Gfs;> jpwd;
my;yJ gapw;rp Njitg;gLk; epge;jidfs;> Ntiy nra;ag;gLk;
epiyikfs; kw;Wk; Ntiyapd; kPjhd jdpg;gl;l Njitfs;
Mfpatw;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
(b)
Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;G: Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;G vd;gJ gzp tptuj;jpd;
xU ntspaPL> Gjpatu; Ntiyia jpUg;jpfukhf nra;a Ntz;Lk;>
ntw;wpfukhfr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fiwe;jgl;r Vw;fj;jf;f
jFjpfisf; $WfpwJ.

(iv) kdpj ts jpl;lq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
nkhj;j HR Njitfs; njhlu;ghf> vz; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; epfu HR Njitfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kdpj
tsq;fspd; mspg;G kw;Wk; Njitia kjpg;gPL nra;j gpd;> epu;thfk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
rPuikg;ig Jtq;FfpwJ. gzpahsu;fs; cs; mspg;G Njitf;F mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk; NghJ> mjhtJ HR cgupahf cs;sJ; gpwF ntsp Ms;
Nru;g;G epWj;jg;gLfpwJ. HR gw;whf;Fiw ,Ue;jhy;> jpl;lkpLgtu;fs;
ntspg;Gw Mjhuq;fis ek;gp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
HR jpl;lkply; epfo;r;rpfspd; ed;ikfs;

kdpj ts jpl;lkply;> HR ,d; rupahd gad;ghl;ilg; nghWj;j tiu>
Fwpg;ghf Njrj;jpw;Fk;> nghJthf ehl;Lf;Fk; ngUk; gad; mspf;f
KbAk;. Njrpa mstpy; kf;fs; njhif> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp>
fy;tp trjpfs;> njhopyhsu; efu;T Nghd;w fhuzpfs; Fwpj;J
mf;fiw ,Uf;Fk;. mikg;gpd; kl;lj;jpy; gzpahsu; Njitg;ghLfs;>
fpilg;Gj;jd;ik %yq;fs;> HR ,d; eyd; Nghd;wit gw;wp mf;fiw
nfhs;sg;gLfpwhu;fs;. kdpj ts jpl;lkpLjypd; mD$yq;fs; fPNo
tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
(a) ciog;gpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

kdpj Mw;wy; my;yJ HR cw;gj;jpf; fhuzp vd;gJ cw;gj;jpf;
fhuzpfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgLfpwJ. ,J ,ytrkhff; fpilf;Fk;
vd;gjhy;> njhopyhsu;fs; jpUg;jpaile;jhy; ciog;gpd; cw;gj;jpj;
jpwid Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;>
jpUg;jpahd njhopyhsu;fs; Mf;fg;G+u;tkhf ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;gjhy;>
mjpUg;jpaile;j njhopyhsu;fs mopit mila $Lk;. vdNt>
Kiwahd HR jpl;lkply; %yk; ehk; ciog;gpd; kd cWjpia
Nkk;gLj;jp mjd; %yk; ciog;gpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
(b) jFjptha;e;j HR gzpaku;j;jy;

jpwikahd kw;Wk; mwpthu;e;j ciog;G> Fwpg;ghf tsUk; ehLfspy;
gw;whf;Fiwahd epiyapy; khwptpl;lJ. vdNt> epWtdk; jg;gpg;
gpiog;gjw;fhf> rpwe;j njhopyhsu; rf;jpia rupahd kdpj ts
jpl;lkply; %yk; Nru;g;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
(c) tpiuthd njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fSld; rupnra;jy;

njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wk;> Ntiy kw;Wk; Ntiy Njitfs;
khwp tUfpwJ. vdNt> khwptUk; kdpj tsj;ij Kd;fzpf;fTk;>
re;jpg;gJk; mtrpak; njhopy;El;gg; Gul;rpapd; rthy;fSf;F
jhf;Fg;gpbf;f KbAk;. ,jd; %yk; jpwd;tha;e;j kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
%yk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

kdpj ts jpl;lkply; (d) njhopyhsu; tUthiaf; Fiwj;jy;
njhopyhsu; tUtha; vd;gJ> mjpUg;jp> Xa;T> ,wg;G Nghd;w gy;NtW
fhuzq;fshy;> epWtdj;ijf; fhl;bYk; ciog;gpd; elkhl;lj;ij
Fwpf;fpwJ. ciog;gpd; tUtha; fhuzkhf> mDgtkpf;f kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
jpwikahd njhopyhsu; rf;jpia xU epWtdk; ,of;fpwJ. jpwikahd
kdpj ts jpl;lkply; %yk; ,e;j ,og;ig rpwpjhf;fyhk;.
(e) Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rp nryTfs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghL

mjpf jpwik tha;e;j gzpahsu;fs; Fiwe;j mstpy; ,Ug;gjhy;>
mtw;iw thliff;F tpl;L> gapw;rp nra;J guhkupf;f mjpf nrythFk;.
xU epWtdk;> tpz;zg;gq;fisg; gjg;gLj;Jjy;> vOj;Jj; Nju;T>
Neu;fhzy; elj;Jjy; kw;Wk; NghJkhd gapw;rp trjpfis mspj;jy;
Mfpa eltbf;iffspy; mjpf nryit nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
nryTfis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> nryTfis Fiwf;Fk; tifapy;> kdpj
Mw;wiy ftdkhf jpl;lkpl Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.
(f) njhopyhsu; ,af;fk;

,d;W> ey;y tha;g;Gfis Njb xU epWtdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhU
gzpapy; kw;nwhU Ntiyf;F nry;Yk;NghJ> jFjpahd gzpahsu;fis
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;tJ fbdk;. xU Rje;jpukhd rKjhaj;jpy;> ehl;bd;
xU gFjpapypUe;J kf;fs; jilaw;w elkhl;lj;ij mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;.
vdNt> mDgtkpf;f kw;Wk; jpwd;kpF ciog;gpd; ,og;igf; Fiwf;Fk;
nghUl;L> xt;nthU epWtdKk; kdpj tsj; jpl;lkply; vd;w xyp
mikg;ig nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(g) tpupthf;fj; jpl;lq;fSf;F toptif nra;jy;

tpiuthd njhopy;Jiw tsu;r;rpapd; ,e;j ehl;fspy; xt;nthU
epWtdKk; jdJ eltbf;iffis tpupTgLj;Jk; tifapy; nry;fpwJ.
epWtd msT mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ> HR ,d; NjitAk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
,J> epWtdj;jpd; nray;ghLfSf;F Njitahd kdpj tsj;ij
njhlu;e;J toq;Ftij cWjp nra;Ak; nghUl;L> rupahd kdpj ts
jpl;lkply; NjitgLfpwJ.
(h)
cz;ikahd fhu;g;gNul; nrhj;Jf;fis Nghd;w kdpjtu;f;fj;ij
elj;Jjy;
,d;W ngUfpa Kiwapy; gapw;rp Nkyhsu;fshYk; cstpayhsu;fshYk;
czug;gl;L tUfpd;wd. xU epWtdj;jpy; gzpGupgtu;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhd
nrhj;Jf;fshf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid>
kdpj tsj; jpl;lkply; %yk; jhd; Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;. Nkk;gl;l
cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; %yk; epWtdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j ,yhgj;jpd; %yk;
jpUg;jpailtjw;F njhopyhsu;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;a KbAk; vd;gij
xU rupahd kdpj ts jpl;lkply; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

kdpj ts jpl;lkply; gw;wpa tiuaiwfs; kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
kdpj ts jpl;lkply; eilKiwapy; cs;s Kf;fpa jilfs;:

(a) Jy;ypaj;jd;ik: HR jpl;lk; kdpj ts Njitia Kd;fzpg;gjd;
%yk;> kdpj ts Njitfis xU fhyfl;lj;jpw;F Nky; Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhz;L tUtJ vd;gJ xU Mgj;jhd gzpahFk;. jw;Nghija
kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy Nghf;Ffis rupahf fz;fhzpj;J> mNj Nghy;
mu;j;jKs;s nray; topfhl;Ljy;fis khw;w ,ayhJ. mjpf
Neuk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> gpio Vw;gl tha;g;G mjpfk;. Jiw
uPjpahd Kd;fzpg;Gf;fs; tpku;rd Ma;T ,y;yhky; ntWkNd
xU tifapy; kl;LNk Nkk;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ Jy;ypaj;jd;ik
mjpfupf;fpwJ. njhopy; Kiw> ciog;G tUtha;> gUt epiy
khw;wk;> Nghl;b mOj;jq;fs;> njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fs; Nghd;w
fhuzpfs; ehfuPfkhd> myq;fhu Jz;Lfs; vd kdpj Mw;wy;
jpl;lq;fspd; vQ;rpa msitf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
(b) Fwpg;gplKbahj khw;wq;fs;: njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fSk;> re;ij
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> mit kdpj ts jpl;lkply; gw;wpa fl;Lg;ghLfshf
gad;gLfpd;wd. Rw;Wr;R+oypy; tpiuthd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;
kdpj rf;jpapd; nghJ kjpg;gPLfisr; rhu;e;J ,Ug;gJ Mgj;jhdJ.
(c) MjuT ,y;yhik: epu;thfj;jpd; MjuT Fiwthf cs;sJ. xU
nghUj;jkhd HR jfty; mikg;ig fl;Ltjw;F epjp xJf;Ftjpy;
tpUk;gtpy;iy. ve;jtpjkhd cWjpahd> cldb Mjhaq;fSld;
njhlu;Gila fhyKk; Kaw;rpAk; mtu;fis ‘NtW topapy;’
ghu;f;f itf;Fk;.
••HR jpl;lkpLjy; nkJthfTk;> gbg;gbahfTk; tsu;fpwJ. rpy
rkaq;fspy;> Nghl;bahsu;fs; mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUg;gjhy;>
mjpetPd njhopy;El;gq;fs; kpfTk; tYthf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdj;jpd; Njitfs; kw;Wk;
Rw;Wr;R+oYld; nghUe;jhky; ,Ue;jhy;> ,it gok; tpisr;ry;
,y;yhky; Nghfyhk;.
••nghJthf> xl;Lnkhj;j nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
jpl;lkpLjy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. nryT Fiwg;G vd;w
ngaupy;> gy;NtW epiyfspy; Njitaw;w ciog;ig fisaTk;
Nkyhz;ik cjTfpwJ. ,JNghd;w mbf;fb vjpu;g;G> Ntiy
nra;Ak; rpy jpwikahd rpy Ntiyg;gS mjpfupf;fpwJ.
epu;thfj;jpd; MjuT gw;whf;Fiwahf cs;sJ. xU nghUj;jkhd
HR jfty; mikg;ig fl;Ltjw;F epjp xJf;Ftjpy; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
,jpy; NeuKk; Kaw;rpAk; - ve;j cWjpahd> cldb yhgq;fSk;
,y;yhky; – mtu;fis ‘NtW top’ ghu;f;f fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
HR jpl;lkpLjy; nkJthfTk;> gbg;gbahfTk; tsu;fpwJ. rpy
rkaq;fspy;> Nghl;bahsu;fs; mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> mjpetPd
njhopy;El;gq;fs; kpfTk; tYthf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j
Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdj;jpd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oYld; nghUe;jhky;
,Ue;jhy;> ,it gok; tpisr;ry; ,y;yhky; Nghfyhk;.

kdpj ts jpl;lkply; (d) vz;fs; tpisahl;L: rpy epWtdq;fspy;> kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
vz;fspd; tpisahl;lhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. epWtdj;jpy;
cs;stu;fsplkpUe;Jk; ntspNaAs;stu;fsplkpUe;Jk; XusT
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba msTf;F ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; mj;jifa xU gpuj;Naf ftdk; kpf Kf;fpakhd gupkhzj;ij
Gwf;fzpf;fpwJ> mjhtJ kdpj tsq;fspd; juk;. ePz;lfhykhf
HR jpl;lkply;> Fzeyd;fspd; kPJ mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jtjhy;
ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. Copau; Cf;fk;> kdg;Nghf;F> tho;f;if
tha;g;Gfs;> gapw;rp topfs; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; Kw;wpYk; js;Sgb
nra;ag;glyhk;.
(e) Copau;fspd; vjpu;g;G: gue;j Ntiyapd;ik fhuzkhf kf;fs;
Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; Njitg;gLk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; vd
Copau;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fq;fs; czu;fpd;wdu;. NkYk;>
HR jpl;lkply; jq;fs; Ntiyg;gS mjpfupf;fpwJ kw;Wk;
cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; Nguk; %yk; mtw;iw xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ vd;W
epidf;fpwhu;fs;.
(f) Kjyhspfspd; vjpu;g;G: Kjyhspfs;> kdpj ts nryit
mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; HR jpl;lkplYk; vjpu;f;fyhk;.
(g) Nehf;fk; ,y;yhik: Nkyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; HR epGzu;fs; kdpj
jpl;lkply; nray;Kiw KOikahf Gupe;Jnfhs;stpy;iy kw;Wk;
xU tYthd Nehf;fk; ,y;iy.
(h) Neuk; kw;Wk; nryT: kdpj Mw;wy; jpl;lkply; Neuj;ij
vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; tpiyAau;e;j clw;gapw;rp MFk;.
Neuk; kw;Wk; nryTfs; ey;y xg;ge;jk; juT Nrfupg;G kw;Wk;
Kd;dwptpg;gpy; <LgLk;.
(i) jpwdw;w jfty; mikg;G: ngUk;ghyhd epWtdq;fspy; kdpj ts
jfty; mikg;G KOikahf tsu;r;rp ngwtpy;iy. ek;gfkhd
juTfs; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> gaDs;s HR jpl;lq;fis cUthf;f
,ayhJ.
HR jpl;lkply; nghWg;G
kdpj ts jpl;lkply; gzpahsu; Jiwapd; nghWg;G MFk;. HR
jpl;lkply;> topKiwfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfisg; nghWj;j kl;by;
njhlu;Gila gzpahsu; nfhs;iffis rpghupR nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj tsj; Jiwapd; nghWg;ig> gpd;tUk; thu;j;ijfspy; nfa;;];yu;
gpd;tUkhW tptupj;Js;shu;:
1. nray;ghl;L Nkyhz;ikia jpl;lkpl kw;Wk; epWTtjw;fhf>
MNyhrid kw;Wk; mOj;jk; nfhLf;f cjTjy;.
2.
nkhj;j xOq;fikg;Gf; $Wfspy; juTfis Nrfupj;jy;
kw;Wk; njhFf;fTk;> ePz;l fhy Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nkhj;j
tpahghu jpl;lj;jpd; Vida mk;rq;fSld; epiyj;jd;ikia

cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

3. ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd nray;jpwid fz;fhzpj;J mstPL kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
nra;J> mjd; Nky; Nkyhz;ikia njupag;gLj;Jjy;.

4. jpwd;tha;e;j kdpj tsk; kw;Wk; mikg;G rhu;e;j jpl;lkpLjy;
Nghd;w Muha;r;rpfis mspj;jy;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
HRP f;F khWgl;l mZFKiwfs;
jpwikahd kdpj ts jpl;lkpLjypd; njhlf;fg; Gs;sp> epWtdj;jpd;
xl;Lnkhj;j Nehf;fk; my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhs; MFk;. tpA+fKf;fpaj;Jt
jpl;lq;fs; mtw;iw tsu;f;Fk; mikg;Gfisf; fhl;bYk;
jdpj;Jtkhdit> Mdhy; ngUk;ghyhd epWtd %Nyhghaq;fs;>
epWtdq;fs; jpUg;jpg;gLj;j $ba jahupg;Gfs; my;yJ NritfSf;F
epiwNtwhj Njitia epu;zapg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,e;j jahupg;Gfs;
my;yJ Nritfis jpUg;jpg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;Ffspd;
xU gFjpahfptpLk;. epWtdf; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;gJ ePz;lfhy gue;j
Nehf;fk; my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhs; MFk;. nray;jpl;l jpl;lkpLjypd; xU
gFjp> epWtd ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.
xU ngupa mstpy;> epWtd ,yf;Ffs; epu;thf nray;Kiwfs;
kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; jd;ikia ghjpf;ff;
$baJ. ,jd; nghUs;> epWtdj;jpd; fl;likg;G> Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;ba Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; epjp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tsq;fs;
Njit> kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;Ak; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; jFjpfs;
Mfpait mikg;GuPjpahd ,yf;Ffis njhlu;e;J gpujpgypg;gjhf
,Uf;Fk;. mjhtJ> kdpj ts jpl;lkply; vd;gJ> epWtdj;jpd; kdpj
ts jj;Jtk;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis xl;Lnkhj;j %Nyhgha
jpl;lq;fspd; gpd;dzpapy; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;F cs;NsAk;> ntspNaAk;
khwptUk; epiyikfSf;fhfTk; jpl;lkpLfpwJ.
nray;jpl;l Nkyhz;ikapy; HR ,d; gq;F

jw;NghJs;s HR mikg;GfSldhd Kf;fpakhd rpf;fy;fspy; xd;W
mit Jz;lhf;fg;gl;lit> KOikaw;w> rpy Neuq;fspy; kdpj my;yJ
epWtd tsu;r;rp gw;wpa jtwhd mDkhdq;fspy; fl;likf;fg;gl;lit
MFk;. fpnusd;Nl (1997) %Nyhgha kdpj ts Nkk;ghL kw;Wk;
jpl;lkply; epWtdj;jpd; tzpf %Nyhghaj;ij jw;Nghija kw;Wk;
tsu;e;JtUk; epu;thfj; jpwd;fs; njhFg;gpw;F ,izj;jy;> ,jdhy;
Kf;fpa khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ilntspfs; kw;Wk; jiyaPl;bw;fhd
gFjpfis milahsk; fhZjy; vd thjpLfpwhu;. glk; 3.2 ,ij
tpsf;FfpwJ.
epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija epiyapd; Nghl;b %Nyhghaj;ij
vg;gbg; ghjpf;fpwJ vd;gij glk; 3.2 fhl;LfpwJ. NkYk;> ,e;j cj;jp
kdpj ts jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp ,ilNa Nghl;b %Nyhgha
,ilNa cs;s njhlu;Gfis fhl;LfpwJ. xU njspthd HR %Nyhgha
,y;yhjJ ngUepWtd %Nyhghaj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ
mikg;GuPjpahd nray;jpwid ngupJk; ghjpf;fpwJ.

kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
Strategic HR
Planning and
Development
Fwpg;Gfs; Current Competitive

Organizational Strategy Future
Policies Organizational
Plans
Environment
glk; 3.2 kdpj ts jpl;lkplypd; Af;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L mikg;G kw;Wk;

Af;jpfs;
Mjhuk;: fpnusz;b> Nlhdp. ‘kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik: xU mZFKiw Af;jpfs;’>
ePz;l tuk;G jpl;lkply;> 30: 507–17.
kdpj ts jpl;lkplypd; cj;jpfs;

kdpj ts jpl;lkply; mikg;G jdJ ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F cjTtjhf
cs;sJ. ,jw;fhf> kdpj Mw;wy; jpl;lkpLgtu;fs; rpy %Nyhghaq;fis
tsu;jJ
; f; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ];nlapdu;> kdpj ts jpl;lkpLgtu;fs;
gad;ngWk; tifapy; fPof
; f
; z;l 9 %Nyhghaq;fis gupe;Jiuj;Js;sJ:
1. kdpj tsq;fs; njhlu;ghf cupa jfty;fis Nrfupj;J>
guhkupj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2.
kdpj ts Nehf;fq;fs;> Njitfs; kw;Wk; jw;NghJs;s
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; mjd; njhlu;Gila mk;rq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
mt;tg;NghJ mtu;fs; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;Ffspd; epiyg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J> gy;NtW
tifahd kdpj rf;jpapd; Njitfisg; gw;wp mwpa eilKiwfs;
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. kdpj Mw;wy; Njitfs;> jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; rupnra;jy;
Mfpatw;Wld; ,ize;J kdpj Mw;wy; gw;wpa Kd;dwptpg;Gfis
cUthf;fNtz;Lk;.
5. kdpj tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld;> rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; gzp-
fis Nkw;nfhs;s nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;gq;fis mtu;fs;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6. ,e;j iftpidf; FOf;fis khw;wpaikg;gJ my;yJ mfw;Wjy;
vd;w Nehf;Fld; jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fspd; gq;fspg;igr; nra;Ak;
fhuzpfis jPuk; hdpg;gjw;F mtu;fs; Muha;rr; p elj;j Ntz;Lk;.
7. kdpj tsq;fspd; nghUshjhu kjpg;gl
P L
; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpAk;>
tUtha; <l;Lgtu; mjd; nryTfisAk; gpujpgypj;J> kdpj
tsj;ij ghjpf;Fk; KbTfspd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

8.
nray;jpwd; kpf;f kdpj tsj;ij nfhs;Kjy; nra;jy;> kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; jf;f itj;jy; Mfpatw;iw mtu;fs;

kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk;
9. epWtdj;jpy; gzp epakdk;> gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; el;lk; Mfpatw;iw
Ma;T nra;J> mjpf nryit <LgLj;jhky; jdpegu; kw;Wk; Fwpg;Gfs;
FO nray;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ,e;j nray;KiwfSf;F
fl;Lg;ghL Ntz;Lk;.
HRM-d; Af;jpfSf;fhd tiffs;

HRM ,d; ntw;wp> mikg;Gf;fspd; khwptUk; cs;Kf> ntspg;Gwr;
rf;jpfspd; jpirkhw;wj;Jld; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;
nefpo;Tj; jd;ikiaj;jhd; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ];Nl]; kw;Wk; ld;/gp
ehd;F HRM Af;jpfis Kd;itj;Js;sdu;. ,e;j Af;jpfs; ml;ltiz
3.1 y; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ml;ltiz 3.1 HRM-,d; Af;jpfs; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epge;jidfs;
HRM-,d; Af;jp tif gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epge;jidfs;

nraw;gzp-ftdk; nrYj;Jk; HRM Af;jp
HRM Af;jp tzpf gpuptpy; tYthf re;ij/jahupg;Gfs;/Nritfs; ngUk;
ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ khw;wk; kw;Wk; epu;Gzkhd Af;jpfis
• tYthd fPo; NfhL Nehf;Fepiy mjpfkhf ngw;W tUk;NghJ
• njhopyhsu; jpl;lk;> gzp kWtbtikg;G gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. HRM> cj;jpfs;
kw;Wk; gzp eilKiw tpku;rdq;fs; tpiuthd fl;likg;G mikg;Gfs;>
Fwpj;J typAWj;jy; jpwd; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu khw;wq;fs;
• cWjpahd ntFkjp fl;likg;Gfspy; jpwd; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. tu;j;jf gpupT
ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; jd;dhl;rpf;F tYthd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;>
• cs;sf my;yJ ntspg;Gw Ml;Nru;g;G mjpfgl;r mjpfhug; gfpu;T> tyJGwr;
• nray;ghl;L jpwd;fs; gapw;rp kw;Wk; nrayhf;fk; (njhlu;r;rpahd
gy-jpwd;fs; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ kWgzpaku;j;jy;) ciog;ig ntsp
• Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy;Jiw Naw;wk; nra;jy;.
cwTfspd; eilKiwfs;
• typikahd tzpf myF fyhr;rhuk;
tsu;r;rp Af;jp
HRM Af;jp $l;lhf ngUepWtd HR re;ijfs; tsu;e;J> jahupg;G/
gpupT kw;Wk; tzpf gpupTfs; %yk; re;ij GJikia tpUk;Gk; NghJ
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. HRM Af;jpfs;
• jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FOit tsu;f;f FWf;F mikg;G rhu;e;j rpndu;[p
typAWj;jy; kw;Wk; re;ij jiytu; fyhr;rhuj;ij
• cs;sf Ml;Nru;g;G> vg;NghNjDk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdpg;gl;l
rhj;jpaKs;sJ tsu;r;rp> ngUepWtd fyhr;rhu
• tpupthd tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; Nkyhz;ikj;Jtk;> tYthd cs;ehl;L
• cs;shu;e;j ntFkjpfisg; njhopyhsu; re;ij (gjtp cau;T/
gad;gLj;Jjy; epakdq;fs;) kw;Wk; FO jpwd;fis
• mjpf Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gl;l tsu;r;rp nra;jy;.
ngUepWtd Nkk;ghL
• ngUepWtd fyhrhuj;jpw;F tYthd
typAWj;jy;

kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
tUkhd HRM Af;jp
HRM Af;jp> epiwNtw;W jiyikapd; tzpf R+oy; tpaj;jF Kiwapy;
%yk; xU FWfpa fhyfl;lj;jpw;F khWk;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;>
ce;jg;gLfpwJ> ,J xU rthy;> mjhtJ me;j mikg;G mjd;
Fwpg;Gfs; kWrPuikg;G my;yJ HR mikg;Gfs;> Rw;Wr;R+oYld; xj;Jtuhj NghJ.
fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Kiwikfis epWtdj;jpd; tu;j;jf Af;jp Kw;wpYk;
xLf;fptpLfpwJ. khWk;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. HRM
•
nkhj;j mikg;G kw;Wk; njhopy; cj;jpfs; gzpePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l
fl;likg;Gfis ghjpf;Fk; ngupa HRM eilKiwfis cilj;J
fl;likg;G khw;wq;fs;. mfw;w Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; xU Gjpa
• tPo;r;rpaile;j Ml;Fiwg;Gf;fs; fyhr;rhuj;ij kWtiuaiw nra;a
•
ntspapypUe;J Kf;fpa epu;thfpfis Ntz;Lk;. fl;lha fPopwf;f> gf;f
gf;fthl;L Ml;Nru;g;G nra;jy; Ml;Nru;g;G> Gjpa HRM Kiwikfs;
•
epu;thff; FO fl;blk;> Gjpa kw;Wk; jPtpu Ntiy kw;Wk; Ntiy
kdepiyia cUthf;Fjy; kWrPuikg;G Mfpatw;wpy; tYthd
•
gioa fyhrhuj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
nry;tJ
epu;thfp HRM Af;jp
kdpj cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;Gj; epiyahd re;ijfs;/cw;gj;jpfs; kPJ
eilKiw kj;jpa muR epu;tfpf;fg;gl;L xU KOikahd VfNghf cupik
tUfpwJ. nfhz;l kpf kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
• kj;jpathj Copau;fspd; Nehf;Fepiy ntF[d cw;gj;jp R+o;epiyfspy;
•
eilKiwfs;> Kd;Djhuzq;fs; kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. HRM
kw;Wk; rPuhd jd;ik Fwpj;J cj;jpfs;> eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; rPuhd
typAWj;jy; nray;Kiwfs;/nray;ghLfSf;fhd
•
mikg;G kw;Wk; topKiwfs; rhjdq;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Ma;Tfs; Kiwahd Kjyhspfs;-Copau;
•
tise;J nfhLf;fhj cs;sf njhopy; cwTfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw
epakdf; nfhs;if tpUJfSf;F tYthd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
•
nray;Kiw kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it mspj;jy;.
gapw;rpf;F typAWj;jy;
•
njhopy;Jiw tpUJfs; kw;Wk;
xg;ge;jq;fs; HR fl;likg;ig
mikj;jy;
Mjhuk;: ];Nl];> b. kw;Wk; b. lhd;gp> ‘epWtd khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpj ts

%Nyhghaj;jpw;fhd ghuk;gupakhd jhu;kPf kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L mZFKiwfSf;F
mg;ghy;’ kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik ru;tNjr gj;jpupif, 2(3): 263–83 (1991).
tzpf HRM xOq;fikj;jy;

Vuhskhd HRM njhopy;ty;Ydu;fs; kw;Wk; Af;jp kw;Wk; ngUepWtd
jpl;lkpLdu;fs;> tzpf jpl;lq;fSf;F ,ilNa xU $u;ikahd gpizg;G
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; HRM jpl;lq;fs; xU epWtdj;jpy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa rq;fk; mikg;GuPjpahd
nray;ghl;il tYg;gLj;JfpwJ kl;Lky;yhJ> xU Af;jp gq;fpYk; HRM
epiyg;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;W mtu;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. jhk];
fNuhtd;> Nehnud; nùhl;b kw;Wk; ghl; Nfh];ld; MfpNahu;> ,e;j
,izg;igj; njhlu;e;J epWt KbAk; vd;W gj;J mZFKiwfis
fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;. ,e;j mZFKiwfs; fPNo tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:

1. NkypUe;J fPohf mZFKiw: ,e;j mZFKiw cs;slf;fpaJ: kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
(a) tzpfj; jpl;lj;ij milahsk; fhZjy;>

(b) tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpw;F njhlu;Gila HRM Af;jpia
cUthf;Fjy;> kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
(c) HRM Af;jpapd; mbg;gilapyhd HRM nray;ghLfis
tbtikj;jy;.
2. re;ij ce;Jjy; mZFKiw: ,q;F gzpahsu;fs; jq;fs;
jpwikiaAk; mwpitAk; nghWj;J FOthf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
fpilf;ff; $ba jpwd;fis kjpg;gPL nra;J> epWtd re;ijf;
Nfhupf;iffis epiwNtw;w Copau;fSf;F vd;d jpwikfs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Cfpj;jwpa Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;;.
3. njhopy; jpl;lkply; mZFKiw: xt;nthU Copaupd; ,Ug;Gk;
tsu;r;rpAk; epWtdj;jpd; tpahghu jpl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk;.
,q;F xt;nthU Copaupd; njhopy; jpl;lq;fSk; tzpfj;
jpl;lj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. vjpu;fhy mZFKiw: Af;jp cUthf;fk; fl;lj;jpy;> HRM
tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa ftdk; %yg;nghUs; MfpwJ.
5. nray;jpwd; fz;lwpjy; mZFKiw: ,e;j mZFKiw ,e;j
,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpizg;G> njhopy; jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;
kw;Wk; nray;gLj;Jtjpy;> toq;Feu; gq;if HRM %yk; mila
KbAk; vd;W Kd;nkhopfpwJ.
6. nraw;if mDgt mZFKiw: HRM gapw;rpahsu;fs;
,e;j mZFKiwapy; vjpu;fhy tpahghu jpl;lq;fis
cUtfg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; HRM xOq;FKiwr; nra;tjw;fhd
topfis cUthf;Ffpd;wdu;.
7. Jbg;G vLf;Fk; mZFKiw: ,q;F Muha;r;rp El;gk;> gapw;rp
kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lr; nray;jpwd; Mfpait tzpfj; jpl;lq;fspd;
nray;jpwid mstpl gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
8. fy;tp mZFKiw: ,e;j mZFKiwapy; milag;gLk;
gpizg;gpy; Kf;fpakhf> Af;jp rpe;jid gw;wpa gapw;rpAk;> njhopy;
jpl;lq;fisj; jahupf;Fk; KiwfSk;> mtw;iw nray;gLj;Jk;
jpwd;fisAk; mspj;J tUfpwJ.
9. jdpg;gl;l mZFKiw: ,e;j mZFKiw ngUepWtd Af;jpapd;
xU fzprkhd rjtPjk; Kiwrhuh kw;Wk; ,aq;Fepiy vd;w
mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,e;j Kiwrhuh Af;jpia
xU HRM jpl;lkpl;l> rupahd Kiwapy;> jq;fs; jdpg;gl;l
mZFKiw %yk; epWtdkakhf;fyhk;.
10. Neub mZFKiw: ,e;j mZFKiw rpf;fy;jPu;j;jy;
mbg;gilapyhdJ. njhopy; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jtjpy;
cs;s rpf;fy;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfis fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwj;
jPu;j;J itf;f HRM gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

kdpj ts jpl;lkply; %Nyhgha kw;Wk; nray;ghl;L fl;Lg;ghL
%Nyhgha fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ> ,e;j %Nyhgha mbg;gilahf cs;s
khwptUk; tshfj;ij fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; epfo;KiwahFk;>
mJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L> Gjpa NjitfSf;F Af;jpiar;
Fwpg;Gfs;
rupnra;tjw;fhd jpUj;j eltbf;iffis vLg;gJ njhlu;e;J tUfpwJ.
%Nyhghaj; jahupg;Gf;Fk; mjd; nrayhf;fj;jpw;Fk; %Nyhgha
cUthf;fj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; Njitg;gLfpw Neuk; vd;gjhy; ,e;j
nray;Kiw mtrpakhdjhFk;.
nray;ghl;L fl;Lg;ghL eltbf;if my;yJ nray;jpwdpy; mf;fiw
nfhz;Ls;sJ> ,J epWtdj;jpd; nray;jpwid KOikahfNth
my;yJ mjd; ntt;NtW $Wfisf; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLtjd; Nehf;fkhf
cs;sJ. nray;Kiwf; fl;Lg;ghL Vwj;jho xt;nthU mikg;gpYk;
VNjh xU tbtj;jpy; my;yJ gpw mikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
`Nuhy;l; nfhz;nl]; vl; my;. 3.2 ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s>
Af;jp kw;Wk; ,af;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il
fhl;bAs;shu;.
ml;ltiz 3.2 %Nyhgha kw;Wk; nray;Kiwf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F ,ilNaahd
tpj;jpahrk;
fhuzpfs; Af;jpKf;fpaj;Jt fl;Lg;ghL nray;ghl;L fl;Lg;ghL

1. mbg;gilf; ehk; rupahd jpirapy; efu;e;J ehk; vg;gb
Nfs;tp nfhz;bUf;fpNwhkh? epfo;j;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;?
2. Fwpf;Nfhs; Af;jpapYs;s mbg;gil epWtd tsq;fis xJf;fPL
jpiriag; gw;wp njhlu;r;rpahd nra;J gad;gLj;Jjy;
tprhuiz
3. Kf;fpa epWtdj;jpd; vjpu;fhy mjpub fl;Lg;ghL
,lu;ghL jpiria topfhl;Ljy;
%yk;: Nfhd;l;]; `Nuhy;l;> rpupy; X’Nlhdy; kw;Wk; nàp]; ntiul;upf;,

NkNd[;nkd;l.; nkf;uht;-`py;> epA+ahu;f;> (1980).
nray;Kiw
nray; K iwfspd; jpl; l q; f s; > vjpu; f hy nray; ghLfisf; ifahSk;
Kiwfis epWt cjTfpd; w d. xU Fwpf; N fhis miltjw; F
mtrpakhd eltbf; i f vd; w fhytupirg; gb mbg; gilapy; mit
gupe; J iuf; f g; gl; l d. ,J xU nfhs; i fia nray; gLj; J k; xU
topKiwahf nray; gLk; xU epiyapaw; jpl; l khFk; . vLj; J f; f hl; lhf>
48 kzpNeuq; f Sf; F s; midj; J cj; j uTfisAk; epiwNtw; w
xU nfhs; i fia tpw; gid Jiw nra; f pwJ. cj; j uTfis
epiwNtw; W k; eilKiw> thbf; i fahsUf; F ruf; F fis mDg; G k;
tiu> cj; j uT fpilj; j gpwF gpd; gw; w Ntz; b a FsWgbfis
gupe; J iug; ghu; f s; . ,e; j fhy tupir Kiwfs; my; y J gzpfs;
xU nray; KiwahFk; .

; pd; fUj;Jg;gb — ‘xU nray;Kiw vd;gJ
nlu;up kw;Wk; gpuhq;fs kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
xU njhlu;rr; pahd njhlu;Gila gzpfshFk;> ,J xU fhy tupir Kiw

nray;jpwid epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd eilKiw topia cUthf;FfpwJ.’
nray;Kiwfs; xU nraiy nra;tjw;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fis
toq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j epWtdj;jpy; xt;nthU gzp vg;gbAk; eilngw Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntz;Lk;> mJ vg;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ahuhy; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mtu;fs; cs;slf;Ffpwhu;fs;.
xU ey;y eilKiwapd; gz;Gfs;

nray;Kiwfisg; gzpapy; mbf;fb gad;gLj;jf;$ba epiyapaw;
jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwfshf ,Ug;gjhy;> ,it kpfTk; ftdj;Jld;
tFf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf gpd;tUk; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;l
nray;Kiw my;yJ eilKiwfspd; njhFg;G epWtdj;jpw;F
Neu;kiwahd topapy; gq;fspf;fpwJ:
1. Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyapd; NghJkhd cz;ikfspd; mbg;gilapy;
xU nray;Kiw ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ mikg;gpd; nray;jpwid
ghjpf;fhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. xU nray;Kiw cWjpaw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU epiyahd
eilKiw nray;ghl;by; njhlu;r;rpia mspf;fpwJ kw;Wk; kf;fs;
ed;F Gupe;J nfhs;Sfpd;wdu;.
3. xU neUf;fb my;yJ mtru epiyia rkhspg;gjw;fhf xU
eilKiwapd; nefpo;Tj;jd;ik tpUk;gj;jf;fJ. vdNt> eilKi-
wapd; cWjpjd;ik kw;Wk; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAf;fpilNa rkepiy
Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. eilKiwfs; Fwpj;J njhlu;e;J guprPyid nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt mtw;wpd; gad;ghL mwpa KbfpwJ.
5. eilKiwfs; rpwpaitahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; ,y;iynadpy;
mit KbT nra;tij tpl Kf;fpakhdJ.
nray;Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;
nray;Kiwapd; ed;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••,J rPuhd nraiy cWjp nra;fpwJ.
••,J NkYk; KbntLf;Fk; Njitia Fiwf;fpwJ--mij gpd;gw;w
xU epiyahd ghijia cUthf;FfpwJ.
••epWtdk; kw;Wk; mjd; Jiwfspy; cs;s gzpahsu;fspilNa
xUq;fpizg;ig mjpfupf;fpwJ.
••Nkyhsu; jdJ Copau;fis ghuhl;Lk; tifapy; xU ey;y
juj;ij toq;FfpwJ.
••,J jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpa cjtpahf cs;sJ> Vnddpy;
mtu;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia Kbf;f gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba
topKiwfis njhlu;G nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

kdpj ts jpl;lkply; ••,J ngUk;ghYk; Ntiy Xl;lj;ij vspikg;gLj;jTk;> Njitaw;w
eltbf;iffis mfw;wTk; toptFf;Fk;.
••njhlu;r;rpahd R+o;epiyfspy; xw;Wik kw;Wk; nray;jpwd;
epiyj;jd;ikia ,J cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
nray;Kiwfspd; FiwghLfs;
••xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia nra;tjw;F epu;zapf;fg;gl;l topia
epu;zapj;jjd; %yk; gilg;ghw;wy; ,of;fg;gLfpwJ.
••nray;ghLfspd; nray;jpwdpy; ,Wf;fk; Vw;gLk;.
••mtw;iw njhlu;e;J Ma;T nra;J GJg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••mtu;fs; ve;jnthU Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd NjliyAk; Cf;fg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
3.3 HRP apd; fhuzpfs;

HRP ,d; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
rpy gbfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;: HR jpl;lk; epWtdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j
Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; nghUe;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Ntiy
epiyikfs;> kdpj cwTfs; Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fis>
jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk;NghJ kdjpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. HR
jpl;lk; epWtdj;jpd; ngUepWtd jpl;lj;Jld; rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwfSk;> njhopy;El;gq;fSk;
Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;> cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; R+oiy
nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.
••jiyik epu;thfj;jpd; MjuT: ,e;j jpl;lk; epWtdj;jpd;
khwptUk; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; cau;
epu;thfj;jpd; rPuhd Mjuit mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. HRP
epfo;Kiwia njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;> cau; epu;thfj;jpd; MjuTk;
fl;Lg;ghLk; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> tuT
nryT tuk;gpw;Fs; ,e;j gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. epjp
fl;Lg;ghLfs; fhuzkhf eilKiwg;gLj;j ,ayhj jpl;lq;fis
tFj;J ve;j gaDk; ,y;iy.
••nghUj;jkhd fpilepiy Neuk;: xU HRP fhyk; Fwpg;gpl;l
epWtdj;jpd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; R+o;epiyfs; nghUj;jkhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epWtdj;jpd; msitAk;> mikg;igAk;
kf;fspd; khwptUk; ehl;lq;fisAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
••kdpj ts tptug;gl;bay;: kdpj tsj;jpd; msTk; juKk; rPuhd
Kiwapy; typAWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJs;s Ntiyfisg;
nghUj;jtiuapy; ntWkNd nghUe;Jtijtpl> rupahd kf;fSld;
vjpu;fhy ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mikg;G xU

Kjy; ehs; Copau; jpwd; ruf;Fg;gl;baiyg; ghu;ff ; Ntz;Lk;. kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
jw;Nghija gzp> fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; jFjpfs;> Fwpg;gpl;l mwpT

kw;Wk; jpwd;fs;> Kd; Ntiy nray;jpwd;> fle;jfhy kw;Wk;
jw;Nghija el;l<L kw;Wk; elkhLk; fhuzpfshFk;. khu;Nfht;
gFg;gha;T (kdpj kdpj ts mspg;ig fle;j fhy Ml;fSk; Fwpg;Gfs;
,af;fq;fisAk; mwpjy; xU mZFKiw) kdpj Mw;wy;
,d;ntd;lupia jahupf;Fk; NghJ Nritapy; mOj;jg;glyhk;.
jw;NghJs;s gzpahsu;fspd; Nky;Nehf;fpa efu;T ftdpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
••kdpj ts jfty; mikg;G: kdpj tsj;jpw;fhf> HRP. ia vspjhf;f
NghJkhd juTj;jsk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gzpahsu; jpwd;
ruf;fpUg;Gfis epu;tfpf;f> epWtdq;fs; fzpzpkakhf;fg;gl;l
kdpj ts jfty; mikg;Gfis guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;: jdpegu;fs;>
kf;fs; njhifapay;> njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk;> kjpg;gPl;bd; jpwd;fs;
MFk;.

1. kdpj ts jpl;lkply; tiuaW
2. kdpj ts jpl;lkpLjypd; ed;ikia tpthjpf;f
3. Njit Kd;fzpg;;G vd;why; vd;d?
4. kdpj tsj; jpl;lkpLjypd; tuk;ig Fwpg;gpLf?
5. Vd; %Nyhghaf; fl;Lg;ghL Njitg;gLfpwJ?
3.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w tpdhf;fis rupghu;g;gjw;fhd

tpilfs;
1. kdpj ts jpl;lkply; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpd; kdpj ts Njitfis
epWtd ,yf;Ffspd; ntspr;rj;jpy; kjpg;gPL nra;J jpwikahd>
epiyahd gzpahsu;fs; gzpaku;j;jg;gLtij cWjp nra;a
jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ.
2. jpl;lkpLjy; vjpu;fhy kdpj tsj;ij tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,J
gzpahsu;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; kw;Wk; tsu;f;Fk; gzpahsu;fspd;
mbg;gilahFk;.
3. Njit Kd;fzpg;G vd;gJ mikg;GuPjpahd jpl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g
xl;Lnkhj;j HR Njitfis Kd;fzpj;jy; vd;gjhFk;.
4. njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; re;ij Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> mit
kdpj ts jpl;lkplypw;F jilahf cs;sd.
5. %Nyhgha Kiwikf;F mtrpakhd %Nyhghaf; fl;Lg;ghL
kw;Wk; mjd; nrayhf;fj;jpw;fhd khw;wq;fs; Njitg;gLk;
vd;gjw;F ,ilapy; xU Neu ,ilntsp cs;sJ.

kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
3.5 RUf;fk;
••kdpj ts jpl;lkply; vd;gJ> nfhs;Kjy; nra;jy;> tsu;j;jy;>

ifahSjy;> <Lnra;jy;> njhopy; jpl;lkply;> thupRupik
Fwpg;Gfs; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; kdpjj;ij gpupj;jspj;jy; Mfpa gy khw;Wg;
gbg;GfspypUe;J njupTnra;ag;gl;l eltbf;ifapd; vjpu;fhyg;
Nghf;if Kd;epu;zapj;jy; epWtdj;jpd; $Wfs; MFk;.
••nfa;];su; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘HR jpl;lkpLjy; vd;gJ Kd;fzpg;;G>
tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw MFk;. ,J rupahd
Neuj;jpy; rupahd vz;zpf;ifAs;s egu;fs; kw;Wk; rupahd
,lq;fspy; kf;fSf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ rupahd mstpy;
cs;sJ vd;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ. nghUshjhu uPjpahf kpfTk;
gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.’
••kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk; kpf Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; gaDs;s
nraw;ghlhFk;. njspthf jpl;lkplg;glhj jpl;lkply; ,y;yhky;>
epWtdj;jpd; kdpj tsj; Njitfspd; kjpg;gPL ntWkNd
A+fpf;fNtz;bajhfptpl;lJ.
••njhopy;El;gj;jpy; khw;wk; vd;gJ rpy gFjpfspy; cs;s cgup
kdpj tsk; kw;Wk; gpw gFjpfspy; gw;whf;FiwAk;> mwpT kw;Wk;
jpwikf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;sJ. kdpj ts
jpl;lkply; mj;jifa R+oypy; rkepiyia cUthf;f cjTfpwJ.
••xU epWtdj;ij kdpj ts jpl;lkply; nra;tjw;F Kd;> FWfpa
fhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Nehf;fq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
••kdpj ts jpl;lkply;> epWtd jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis
Muhaj; njhlq;fNtz;Lk;.
••jw;NghJs;s Ntiy tbtikg;G kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tf;F jw;Nghija
gzpahsu;fspd; vjpu;fhy jpwd;fs;> mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;fis
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L kWghu;it nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
••epWtdj;jpy; cs;s xt;nthU Ntiyf;Fk; gzpahsu;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia epu;zapj;;j gpwF> HR Jiw Ntiy tpsf;fk;
kw;Wk; gzp tptuf;Fwpg;G gw;wp tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••kdpj Mw;wy; my;yJ kdpj ts cw;gj;jpf; fhuzp vd;gJ
cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgLfpwJ.
••HR jpl;lj;jpy; HR ,d; Njit kw;Wk; mspg;G gw;wpa Kd;fzpg;Gk;
mlq;Fk;. kdpj tsj;ij xU fhyfl;lj;jpd; Nky; nfhz;L
tUtJ xU Mgj;jhd gzpahFk;.
••njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; re;ij Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> mit
kdpj ts jpl;lkply; gw;wpa fl;Lg;ghLfshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
••,e;j jpl;lk; epWtdj;jpd; khwptUk; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;a
Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; cau; epu;thfj;jpd; rPuhd Mjuit mDgtpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

••kdpj ts jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; kdpj tsj; jpl;lkplj;jpw;F VJthf kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
NghJkhd juTj;jsk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

••xU jdp kdpj ts jpl;lkply; gpupT cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;>
Fwpg;ghf ngupa mikg;Gfspy; kdpj ts jpl;lkply; gapw;rpia
gy;NtW epiyfspy; xUq;fpizf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••kdpj ts jpl;lkply; gzpahsu; Jiwapd; nghWg;G MFk;.
••HR njhlu;ghf rk;ge;jg;gl;l gzpahsu; nfhs;iffis gupe;Jiu
nra;a Ntz;Lk;> mjw;fhd topKiwfs; kw;Wk; nray;Kiwfisj;
jpl;lkpLtJ> HR> jpl;lkpLjy; Mfpatw;wpd; msT mk;rq;fis
epu;zapf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••HRM ,d; ntw;wp> mikg;Gf;fspd; khwptUk; cs;Kf> ntspg;Gwr;
rf;jpfspd; jpirkhw;wj;Jld; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;
nefpo;Tj; jd;ikiaj;jhd; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
••cj;jp Kf;fpaj;Jt fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ> ,e;j tsu;r;rp
mbg;gilahf cs;s khwptUk; tshfj;ij fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; epfo;KiwahFk;> mJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L>
Gjpa NjitfSf;F cj;jpfis rupnra;tjw;fhd jpUj;j
eltbf;iffis vLg;gJ njhlu;e;J tUfpwJ.

••gzpahsu;: ,J Fwpg;ghf epiwNtw;wg;glhj epiyapy;> Cjpak;
my;yJ rk;gsj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU egiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ..
••kdpj rf;jp: ,J Ntiy nra;Ak; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if>
Ntiyfspd; Njit my;yJ Nritf;F fpilf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
••,og;gPL: ,og;G> Jd;gk;> my;yJ fhak; Mfpatw;iw
mq;fPfupg;gjpy; xUtUf;F toq;fg;gLk;> nghJthf gzk; vd;W
xd;iw Fwpf;fpwJ.
FWtpil tpdhf;fs;;
1. kdpj ts jpl;lkpLjypd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fspd;
epiy ahit?
2. HR jpl;lkply; Vd; Kf;fpak;?
3. kdpj ts jpl;lkpLjypd; FiwghLfs; gw;wp tptupf;f.
4. HR jpl;lkpLjypd; nghWg;G ahu;?
neLtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. kdpj tsj; jpl;lkpLjypd; nray;Kiw gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpf;f.
kdpj ts jpl;lkply; jpl;lq;fspd; ed;ikfs; ahit?
2. nray;jpl;l Nkyhz;ikapy; HR ,d; gq;F ahJ? gy tifahd
HRM cj;jpfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.

kdpj ts jpl;lkply; 3. eilKiwfs; vd;why; vd;d? xU ey;y eilKiwapd; gz;Gfis
tpsf;Ff. nray;Kiwfspd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; jPikfs; gw;wp
tpthjpf;f.
4. HRP ,d; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F vLf;fNtz;ba rpy
Fwpg;Gfs; gbfis tpthjpf;f.
3.8 NkYk; gbf;f

nkf;uh `py;.
yz;ld;: kf;kpy;yd;.
rpfhNfh: ,u;tpd;.

myF 4 gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
tbtikg;G
tbtikg;G
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
4.0 Kd;Diu
4.2 gzp Ma;T kw;Wk; gzp tbtikg;G
4.3 gzp tpsf;fk;
tpilfs;
4.6 RUf;fk;
4.9 NkYk; gbf;f
4.0 Kd;Diu
Ntiy gFg;gha;T vd;gJ xU nray;KiwahFk;> ,jd; %yk;
Kiwfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; xU Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd
eilKiwfs;> Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lj;jpd; fPo; cs;s ,aw;gpay;
epiyikfs; kw;Wk; kw;w NtiyfSldhd Ntiy cwT kw;Wk;
Ntiytha;g;G epiyikfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd xU Ntiy Ma;tpd;
Kjy; KbT Ntiy tpsf;fk; MFk;. Ntiy tptuk; vd;gJ xU
gzpapd; Nehf;fk;> mjd; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpy;
mjd; epiyg;ghL Mfpatw;iw tiuaWf;fpwJ. Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ
kw;nwhU Kf;fpa kdpj ts nray;ghL MFk;. epWtdfspy;
cz;ikahd my;yJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; ntw;wplq;fSf;F jFjpahd
kw;Wk; jpwikahd egu;fis milahsk; fhZk; nray;Kiw ,J.
xU Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;if nfhz;l mikg;GfSf;F ,J Kf;fpakhdJ.
Nju;T vd;gJ ,uz;L tifg;gLk; – cl;Gw my;yJ ntspg;Gwk;
MFk;. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fsplkpUe;J
xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fis Nju;e;njLf;Fk;
epfo;KiwahdJ> mjpf gl;r nray;jpwDld; jkJ njhopy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;thu; kw;Wk; epWtdj;Jld; njhlu;e;J ,Ug;gtiu
Nju;e;njLg;gjhFk;. xU Nju;Tf;Fupatiu Nju;e;njLj;jgpd;> mtu;/
mts; jFe;j Ntiyapy; mku;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gzpaku;j;jy;
vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd HR nray;ghL kw;Wk; xU gzpahsUf;F
xU Fwpg;gpl;l me;j];ijAk; nghWg;igAk; <LgLj;JtjhJk;
MFk;.
,e;jg; myF gzpg; gFg;gha;T> gzp tptuk; kw;Wk; Ntiy
tptuf;Fwpg;G Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilfis cs;slf;fpaJ.

gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
tbtikg;G
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;,
••gzpg; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; gzp tbtikg;gpd; gq;F kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; gad;fis tpthjpf;f KbAk;
••gzp tptuj;jpd; $Wfs; kw;Wk; gad;fis tpsf;f KbAk;
••xU Ntiy tpsf;fj;ij vg;gb vOJtJ vd;W tptupf;f KbAk;
••gzp tptuf;Fwpg;ig Muha KbAk;.
4.2 gzpg; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; gzp tbtikg;G

Ntiy gFg;gha;T xU nray;Kiw MFk; ,jd; %yk; xU Ntiy
nra;tjw;fhd jw;Nghija Kiwfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs;> Ntiy
nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd ,aw;gpay;; epiyikfs;> kw;w NtiyfSld;
rk;ke;jg;gl;l Ntiy cwT kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;G epiyikfs;
Mfpatw;iw tiuaWf;fyhk;. Ntiy gFg;gha;tpd; Nehf;fk;
,yl;rpaj;ij tptupf;f kl;Lk; my;y vg;gb Nkyhz;ik mjd;
tzpfj;jpd; gFjpfis elj;Jfpd;wd vd;gijAk; fhl;LtjhFk;.
,t;thwhf> Ntiy gFg;gha;T vd;gJ jw;Nghija topKiw kw;Wk;
eilKiwapd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F cjTfpwJ> kw;w Ntiyfs; njhlu;ghd
Ntiyfis nra;tjw;fhd ,aw;gpay; epiyikfs; kw;Wk; kw;w
Ntiytha;g;gpd; epiyikfSf;Fk; ,J cjTfpwJ.
gzp Ma;tpd; gad;fs;

kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik jpl;lj;jpy; Ntiy gFg;gha;T mbg;gil
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. gzp Ma;tpd; rhj;jpakhd gad;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:
(i)
Ntiy gw;wp KOikahd mwpit toq;Fjy;: ,J Ntiy gw;wpa
KOikahd mwpit toq;FfpwJ. vdNt> ,J mikg;GuPjpahd
jpl;lkplYf;F cjtpahf cs;sJ.
(ii)
Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; Nju;Tf;F cjTjy;: xt;nthU Ntiyapd;
Fwpg;gpl;l Njitg;ghLfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjdhy;> gzpg;
gFg;gha;T gzpahsu;fis Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjw;F kw;Wk;
Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd ajhu;j;jkhd mbg;gilia toq;FfpwJ.
Ntiyapy; ntw;wp my;yJ Njhy;tpia Kd;dpWj;Jk; Kf;fpakhd
Fzk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfis fz;lwpjYf;F rpwe;j top-
Kiwahf cs;sJ.
(iii) Copau;fspd; ,og;gPl;Lf;fhd jsj;ij epWTjy;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l
Ntiyia nra;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; xU Ntiyia nra;tjpy; cs;s
,lu; kw;Wk; mghaq;fs; Njitahd jFjpfis Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjd;
%yk;> Ntiy gFg;gha;T xU mbg;gilia ,og;gPl;bw;fhf
Vw;gLj;j cjTfpwJ. Cjpaj;jpw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij epWTk;
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf epWtdj;jpw;Fs;shf Ntiy kjpg;ig msf;Fk;

Ntiy kjpg;gPl;bw;F ,J Kd;Dupik nfhLj;Js;sJ. xU tpup- gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
tbtikg;G
thd Ntiy gFg;gha;T ,y;yhky; xU jpUg;jpfukhd Ntiy
kjpg;gPL rhj;jpak; ,y;iy.
(iv) njhopy; kW nghwpapay;: gzpg; gFg;gha;T vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l
gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; jFjpfisf; nfhz;l gzpahsu;fshy; Msg;gl;L Fwpg;Gfs;
tUtij mDkjpg;gjw;fhf ekf;F Ntiyfis khw;Wtjw;F
cjTk; jfty;fis toq;FfpwJ. ,J Ntiy Xl;lj;ij
kWxOq;fikf;f kw;Wk; jw;NghJs;s eilKiwia kWMa;T
nra;a cjTfpwJ.
(v)
Copau; Nkk;ghL: gzpahsu; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F Njitahd
jfty;fis Ntiy gFg;gha;T toq;FfpwJ. xU gzpahsiu
gjtp cau;Tf;fhf guprPypf;Fk;NghJ> me;j Ntiyf;fhf jdJ
vspjhd ftdj;ij VJthf;FfpwJ.
(vi) nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL: Ntiy gFg;gha;T njspthd juj;ij epWt
cjTfpwJ. ,J gzpahsu;fs; jq;fSf;F vd;d vjpu;ghu;g;G
,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. NkYk;> ,J
Nkyhsu;fs; jq;fs; Jizg; gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid
kjpg;gPL nra;a cjTfpwJ.
(vii) gapw;rp: Ntiy gFg;gha;T xU Ntiy nra;a Njitahd jpwd;fs;
kw;Wk; mwpit ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gapw;rp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;
$wg;gLk; nra;jp kw;Wk; cs;slf;fj;ij jPkhdpg;gjd; %yk; ,J
njhopyhsu;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd gapw;rp mspf;f cjTfpwJ.
gq;F gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; Ntiy tbtikg;G

gq;F gFg;gha;T vd;gJ gy;NtW nray;fspd; Njitg;ghLfs;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L> gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L> xU
gq;F Ratptuj;jpd; mbg;gilia mikf;f gjpT nra;ag;gLk;
epfo;KiwahFk;. gq;F itj;jpUg;gtu;fs; vd;d vjpu;ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;>
mjhtJ> mtu;fs; vij njupe;J nfhs;s vd;d vjpu;ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;
kw;Wk; vg;gb mtu;fs; nra;a vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gjpy;
gFg;gha;T nra;a gq;F gFg;gha;T ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. ngau;
Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy; gFg;gha;T mjd; ikaj;jpy; gq;F gw;wpa fUj;ij
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,q;Nf gq;F> jpwikahd nray;ghl;bd; %yk; jq;fs;
gzpapd; Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; kf;fs; tpisahLfpwhu;fs;
vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mikg;gpd; fl;likg;G> ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk;
epfo;Kiwfis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L NghJkhd nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAld;
kf;fs; nra;af;$ba tpjKk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;.
Ntiyia nghWj;jtiu ahu; Ntiyia itj;jpUf;fpwhu;
vd;gJ tp\ak; ,y;iy. mts;/mtd; nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; flikfs;
epu;zapf;fg;gl;lit. gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; Ntiyfs; gw;wpa Kiwahd
gFg;gha;T> mtw;wpd; xg;Gik msit mwpa nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J
Ntiy kjpg;gPL vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. Ntiy kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gq;F
kjpg;gPL ngUk;ghYk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W khw;whf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; gq;F gFg;gha;ntd;gJ Ntiy gFg;gha;tpd; xU fpis vd;Wk;
tbtikg;G
$wyhk; kw;Wk; ,J nghJthf rpy jpwd; gFg;gha;T El;gj;Jld;
,ize;J Neu;fhzy; %yk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gq;F gFg;gha;T
Nf.Mu;.V. my;yJ Kf;fpa tpisT gFjpapd; milahsk; kPJ ftdk;
Fwpg;Gfs; nrYj;JfpwJ. Ntiy nra;gtu;fs;> rPuhd nray;ghLfspy; mtu;fSila
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;> elj;ij kw;Wk; njhopy; rhu;e;j
jpwd;fis tiuaWf;f ,J cjTfpwJ. ,J Ntiy itj;jpUg;gtu;fs;
mtu;fSila FO cWg;gpdu;fSldhd cwitAk;> FO jiytu;fs;>
thbf;ifahsu;fs;> toq;Fgtu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; epWtdj;jpw;F
ntspNa ifahs Njitahd midj;J cwTfisAk; gFg;gha;T
nra;fpwJ. gq;F gFg;gha;T vd;gJ> epWtdj;jpd; fl;likg;gpy;>
mtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Kd;Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; Kd;Dupikfis
mikf;Fk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iw tiuaWf;f cjTfpwJ.
xU epWtdj;jpy; gq;F gFg;igatpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

gq;F gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; Ntiy kjpg;gha;T Mfpait xg;Gik kjpg;G
my;yJ Ntiyapd; msT my;yJ nray;fspd; msit epWTtij
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lit. ,J epahakhd rk;gs fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
juq;fis tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkupf;f njhlu;Gila jfty;fis
toq;FfpwJ. gq;F gFg;gha;T kpfTk; Gwepiy Kiwapy; ghj;jpuq;fs;
kw;Wk; Ntiyfis xU ju fl;likg;gpw;Fs; itf;f cjTfpwJ.
NkYk;> epWtdk; rk;gsj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu mwnewpj; Njitfisg;
G+u;j;jpnra;tij cWjp nra;a> Ntiyfs; my;yJ ghj;jpuq;fis juk;
gpupj;jy; njhlu;ghd cWjpahd KbTfSf;F toptif nra;fpwJ.
gq;F gFg;gha;T epWtdq;fs; ghypdk;> kjk;> Cdk; my;yJ ,dj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; ghFghL nra;tij jtpu;f;f cjTfpwJ.
gq;F gFg;gha;tpd; ed;ikfs;

••,J Ntiy kw;Wk; juj;jpd; xg;Gik msT gw;wpa jPu;g;Gfis
Gwepiy uPjpahf nra;a mDkjpf;fpwJ.
••fUj;Jfis ek;ghky; cz;ikfis mbg;gilahf itj;J
jPu;g;Gfs; mspf;fyhk;.
••mJ Ntiyf;fhd kjpg;gPl;il mDkjpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; egu;fis
my;y.
••kjpg;gha;Tfs; Ntiy itj;jpUg;gtupd; jdpg;gl;l Fzhjpraq;fis
Gwf;fzpf;fpd;wd.
••kjpg;gPLfs; Ntiyapd; msit Neubahf ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;tjpy;iy.
••gq;F gFg;gha;T fzf;F re;ij tpfpjq;fspy; vLg;gjpy;iy.
gy;NtW epWtdq;fspy; Nkyhz;ik> ,yf;Ffis milahsk;
fhzTk;> epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;FfSld; ,zf;fkhd Nehf;fq;fis
mikf;fTk;> mtu;fsJ fPo;epiyfSld; ,ize;J gy;NtW

kl;lq;fspy; gzpGupfpd;wd. ,e;j epWtd ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
tbtikg;G
mtu;fs; ifnfhLf;fpwhu;fs;.
nray;ghLfspd; mstPL> Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyfy;fs; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fs; Nkyjpfhuu;fshy;
kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd> NkYk; fPo;epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; Gjpa Fwpg;Gfs;
Nehf;fq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd> mit khWghLfs; gw;wpa
tpthjq;fisg; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; my;yJ MBO %yk; Nkyhz;ik xU Ra
kjpg;gPL El;gkhFk;> ,jpy; ,yf;Ffis mikg;gjw;fhd nray;ghL
kpFe;j gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. MBO vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; Ra kjpg;gPL
nra;Ak; KiwahFk;. ,yf;F-mikg;ghdJ Ra-epu;zapf;fg;gl;l gq;F
gupe;JiufSld; kpFe;j gq;Nfw;G nray;KiwahFk;. gzp gFg;gha;T>
MBO ,d; fPo; Nkyjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; Jizg;gzpahsu;fs; nra;Ak;
gzpfspd; midj;J nray;ghLfisAk; kiwf;ftpy;iy vd;gjhy;>
,q;F> gzpahsu;fspd; MBO jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
gzpfis kiwf;f> gq;F gFg;gha;T Kd;Dupik ngWfpwJ.
Ntiy gFg;gha;Tf;F vjpuhd tpku;rdj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhz;L>
gq;F gFg;gha;T xU Copau; tfpf;Fk; khWgl;l gq;Ffisf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij vl;tpd; gp gpypg;Ngh nfhz;bUe;jhu;. xU
gq;F Ntiy itj;jpUg;gtu; vjpu;ghu;j;j elj;ij> gu];gu> czu;Tfs;
Mfpatw;iw nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gq;F vd;w fUj;J xU Ntiyia kPwp
nry;fpwJ. nghJthf> xU Ntiy itj;jpUg;gtu; jdJ flikfis
nra;Ak; nray;Kiwapy; ntt;NtW tpjkhd gq;Ffis tfpg;ghu; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Nkyhsu;> Jizg;gzpahsupd;
eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; xU jdpeguhfTk; nray;gLfpwhu;. mNj Nghy;>
Jizg;gzpahsu;fs; tpw;gid/,yhgk;/cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfupg;gij
Nehf;fp Ntiy nra;tu; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy rkaq;fspy;>
Copau;fs; gy;NtW nghWg;Gfis tfpg;gu; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
,j;jifa gq;Ffs; gzpg; gFg;gha;tpy; Nru;f;fg;gltpy;iy.
xU vy;iyia tpuptila nra;Ak; Ntiyapy;> jw;Nghija
ntspr;R+oypd; xU $Wfis ifahSk; gzp xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ntiytha;g;G vy;iyfis itj;jpUf;Fk; Copau;fs; Nghd;w
gzpahsu; Nkyhsu;fs; njhopw;rq;f jiytu;fs;> murhq;f mjpfhupfs;>
Nkyhz;ik rq;fq;fSld; njhlu;G nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> ntspg;Gw
jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; Copau;fspd; MNyhridjpwd; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l
cwTfspd; kjpg;gPLfSf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT tha;nkhop jpwd;fis
mtu;fs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> gzpahsu; Nkyhsu;> Ntiy
tptuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s> gzpahsu; Nkyhsupd; flikfSld;
$Ljyhf cs;s xU gzpfSld; Kuz;gl;L gy khWgl;l gzpfspy;
nray;gLfpwhu;.
vdNt> etPd mikg;Gfspy; Ntiy tbtikg;ghsu;fs; Ntiy
tbtikg;gjpy; gq;F gFg;gha;T vd;w fUj;ij fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;.

gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; HR njhlu;ghd nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;bw;F MBO mbg;gilahf
tbtikg;G
cs;sJ kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;bd; Kbtpy;
cs;sJ. MBO vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpd; xU gue;j fhy> kw;Wk;
FWfpa fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy ,af;fj;jpw;fhd KO %NyhghakhFk;
Fwpg;Gfs; ,jd; %yk; ,af;Feu;fshy; tFf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,e;j tpjpapy; ehk;
cau; njhlu;G kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; Ntiy njhlu;ghd gFjpapy; gjtp
tfpg;gtu; MBO gw;wp tpthjpj;Js;Nshk;.

1. Ntiy gFg;gha;tpd; xU gad;ghl;il tFj;Jiuf
2. gq;F gFg;gha;T tiuaW.
4.3 gzp tpsf;fk;

Ntiy tpsf;fk; xU Kf;fpakhd Mtzk;> ,J mbg;gilapy;
,aw;ifapy; tptupg;gjhFk; kw;Wk; Ntiy gFg;gha;T mwpf;if
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J mikg;G rhu;e;j jfty; (fl;likg;G> mjpfhuk;)
kw;Wk; nray;ghl;L jfty; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; toq;FfpwJ (gzp
vd;d). ,J Ntiy eltbf;iffs;> ngupa nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
epWtdj;jpy; gzp epiyg;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw tiuaWf;fpwJ.
njhopyhsp> Ma;thsu; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;itahsUf;F Ntiy njhlu;ghd
Nfhupf;iffis epiwNtw;w njhopyhsp vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
gw;wpa njspthd NahridAld; ,J toq;FfpwJ.
Ntiy tptuk; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gl P b
; ypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ.
Kd;Ndhu;fspd; mf;fiw jpl;lkply;> xUq;fpizj;jy; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gil
ikg;gJ Nghd;w gzpfis cs;slf;fpaJ mNj Neuj;jpy; gpe;ijatu;fspd;
mf;fiw nray;jpwd; juj;Jld; njhlu;GilaJ. Ntiy tptuk; kjpg;gL P
nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;> kjpg;glP L
; juq;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis
epWTtjw;F ,J xU Kf;fpakhd mbg;gilia toq;FfpwJ.
Ntiy tpguk; ‘Ntiyfs;’ gw;wp tptupf;fpwJ ‘Ntiyahl;fis’
gw;wp my;y gjtp cau;T> cupik Jwg;G Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;
Copau;fspd; ,af;fk;> Ntiy tptuj;ijg; gw;wp tpsf;Ftij tpl>
Ntiyaw;wtu;fSf;F epiyaw;w jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
Ntiy tptuj;jpd; gad;fs;

gzp tptuj;jpy; gy gad;fs; cs;sd> mit gpd;tUkhW
(i)
Muk;gf; fl;l tiuNthiyfs;> Fwpg;ghf epu;thf kl;lj;jpy;
epfo;Kiw njhlq;fpdhy;> cw;gj;jp FO tpthjj;jpw;fhd
mbg;gilahf gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
(ii)
,J Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;Gfs; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F cjTk;> gapw;rp kw;Wk;
Njitahd jpwd;fis gad;gLj;jp kf;fis gzpaku;j;Jtjpy;
gaDs;sjhf mikfpwJ.

(iii) mbg;gilg; nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; flikfis Nehf;fp Gjpa gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
tbtikg;G
Copau;fis mZFfpwJ.
(iv) nray;jpwd; juepiyfis cUthf;Ftjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
mbg;gil MtzkhFk;.
(v)
,ij Ntiy kjpg;gPL> Cjpak;> rk;gs epu;thf El;gj;jpw;F Fwpg;Gfs;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
xU Ntiy tpsf;fk; xU Neu;fhzypd; NghJ> nghUj;jkhd
Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;f NkyhsUf;F cjTfpwJ. tpz;zg;gg; gbtk;
jFjpapy;yhj kdpjiu ePf;Ftjw;fhd xU fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
NghJ ,J Fwpg;ghf cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. nru;fhtpd; gb> xU gzp
tpsf;fk; cjTfpwJ:
(i)
Ntiy juk; cau;j;Jjy; kw;Wk; tifg;ghL
(ii)
,lkhw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; gjtp cau;T
(iii) Fiwfisr; rupf;fl;Ljy;
(iv) tpsk;gu eltbf;iffis tiuaWj;jy; kw;Wk; jpl;ltiujy;
(v)
KjyhspfSf;Fk; Copau;fSf;FkpilNa Ntiy gw;wpa
nghJthd Gupjiy epWTjy;
(vi) tpgj;Jfs; Fwpj;J tprhuiz
(vii) jtwhd Ntiy eilKiwfs; my;yJ ,ul;bg;G Mtidfis
Fwpj;jy;
(viii) ,ae;jpuq;fis guhkupj;jy;> ,af;Fjy; kw;Wk; rupnra;jy;
(ix) fhyk; kw;Wk; ,af;f fy;tp
(x)
mjpfhu tuk;Gfis tiuaWj;jy;
(xi) jdpg;gl;l jFjpapd; kPjhd tof;if Rl;bf;fhl;ly;
(xii) Ntiy tha;g;ig vspjhf;Fjy;
(xiii) cly;eyk; kw;Wk; Nrhu;T gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;
(xiv) tpQ;Qhd topfhl;ly;
(xv) njhopy;Kiw rpfpr;irf;F Vw;w Ntiyfisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;
(xvi) gzpaku;j;jy;gw;wpa tptuf;Fwpg;Gfs; mspj;jy;
(xvii) nray;jpwd; FwpaPLfs; toq;Fjy;
gzp tptuj;jpd; $Wfs; my;yJ cs;slf;fk;

xU Ntiy tptuk; gpd;tUk; juTfis nfhz;Ls;sJ:
(i)
gzp milahsk; my;yJ epWtd epiy gzp milahsk;
my;yJ epWtd epiyg;ghL gzpapd; ngau;> khw;Wj; jiyg;G>
Jiw> gpupT> njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; Ntiyf;fhd FwpaPl;L vz;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ. Jiw> gpupT Nghd;wit ,j;Jiw
vq;F mike;Js;sNjh me;j ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.-mJ
guhkupg;G Jiwah> ,ae;jpu fil Nghd;witah vd. ,Ug;gplk;

gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; vd;gJ ,lj;jpd; ngaiuf; nfhLf;fpwJ. Ntiy tptuj;jpd;
tbtikg;G
,e;jg; gFjp> cau; kl;l Ntiy vd;gJ ,e;j Ntiyf;F
nghWg;Gilik Neubahf Nkw;ghu;itapLgtu;fs; ahu;? Nghd;w
,uz;L Kf;fpakhd tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fpwJ:
Fwpg;Gfs; (ii)
gzp RUf;fk; ,uz;L Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf cjTfpwJ.
Kjypy;> ,J xU rpwpa tiuaiwia toq;FfpwJ> ,J xU Ntiy
jiyg;G NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhj NghJ $Ljy; milahs jftyhf
gad;gLk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> ,J gpd;tUk; tpupthd jfty;fisg;
Gupe;Jnfhs;s thrpg;ghsiu Nehf;Fepiyg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU
RUf;fkhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,J thrpg;ghsUf;F xU Ntiyapd;
cs;slf;fj;ij xU ‘tpiuthd ciw tpsf;fk;’ nghJthf
xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L thf;fpaq;fspy; nfhLf;fpwJ
(iii) gzp flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; xt;nthU gpujhd flikf;F
mu;g;gzpj;j epfo;ntz; my;yJ fhy msT gw;wpa flik-
fis rpy mwpFwpfSld; ,ize;J xU tpupthd gl;baypl;Lf;
nfhLf;Fk;. ,J xU Ntiyapd; ,jakhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mJ
vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;> mJ vg;gb nra;a Ntz;Lk;> Vd; nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ekf;Fr; nrhy;fpwJ. gztuT> njhopyhsu;fspd;
Nkw;ghu;it> Jizg;gzpahsu;fspd; gapw;rp Mfpait njhlu;ghd
nghWg;GfisAk; ,J tptupf;fpwJ.
(iv) gpw NtiyfSf;F njhlu;G: Ntiy gbepiyapy; fPNo my;yJ mjw;Fk;
NkNy cs;s Ntiyiar; cldbahf Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk;
epWtdj;jpy; Ntiy NjLtjw;F ,J cjTfpwJ. ,J Ntiy Xl;lk;
kw;Wk; eilKiwfspd; Neu; cwTfspd; Nahridia nfhLf;fpwJ.
(v)
Nkw;ghu;it: ,jd; fPo>; mtu;fspd; Ntiy jiyg;GfSld; Nru;jJ ;
Nkw;ghu;itapl Ntz;ba egu;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;itapd;
gug;G — nghJ> ,il my;yJ neUf;fkhd Nkw;ghu;itAk; mlq;Fk;.
(vi) ,ae;jpuk;> fUtpfs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs;> xt;nthU ngupa tif
my;yJ tzpf ngau; ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; fUtpfs; kw;Wk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg; nghUl;fis tiuaWf;Fk;.
(vii) Ntiy epiyikfs; nghJthf Ntiy itj;jpUg;gtu; Ntiy
nra;a Ntz;ba R+oy; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jUk;. ,e;j
mikg;gpd; cs;Ns cs;s Fspu;> ntg;gk;> J}rp> <ug;gjKs;s>
vz;nza; Nghd;w epiyikfs; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.
(viii) mghak; tho;f;ifapd; ,d;dy;> clYWg;ghLfs;> epfo;tha;g;Gf;fhd
rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; Nghd;w Mgj;Jfspd; jd;ikia ekf;Fj; jUk;.
Ntiy tptuk; gw;wp vOJjy;

Ntiy tpsf;fq;fs; vg;gb vOJtJ vd;gjpy; fUj;J NtWghL. rpy
ty;Ydu;fs;> ,tw;iw tpupthf> gzpXl;lk; vd;w tifapy; vOj Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fpy; cs;sdu;. NtW thu;ji
; jfspy;> nray;jpwd; juepiyfs;
vd;W NtW nrhw;fspy;> my;yJ mJ ve;j tifapy; ‘Nehf;fq;fspd;
%yk; Nkyhz;ik vd;W gpugykhf mwpag;gLfpwJ’ Nghd;w ,yf;Ffs;

my;yJ KbTfs; mbg;gilapy; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;W kw;wtu;fs; gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
tbtikg;G
epidf;fpwhu;fs;. Ntiy tpsf;fq;fs;> flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;
vd;w tifapy; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jhd; gutyNdhu; $w;W.
gzp tpsf;fq;fs; gzpahsu; Jiw my;yJ mjd; gpujpepjpfshy;
vOjg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;Gfs;
xU Ntiy tpsf;fj;ijg; vOJtjpy;, xU mikg;G ghij $l
,y;iy vd;whYk;> gpd;tUk; ghq;F XusT tifkhjpupapy; cs;sJ>
gy epWtdq;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ:
(i)
xt;nthU Kf;fpa gzp my;yJ nghWg;Gf;F xU gpupT
xJf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(ii)
gpupTfs; vz;zg;gl;L xU Neu;ikahd gzp tupir my;yJ
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(iii)
thf;fpaq;fs; xU nraypy; cs;s tpidr;nrhy; %yk;
njhlq;fp cs;sd. cjhuzkhf> ‘tpz;zg;gq;fspd; tiffs;’>
‘Nju;Tf;Fupatu; Neu;fhzy;’> ‘,J khjpupahd topfis Nrfupj;J>
tupirg;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; gfpu;e;jspf;Fk;’ Kiwfis nra;fpd;wd.
(iv)
Jy;ypak; kw;Wk; vspik vd;gJ Neu;j;jpahd eil vd;gij
typAWj;JfpwJ.
(v)
fhyj;jpd; FWfpa msT nghJthf Kf;fpakhdjhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; tif
kw;Wk; Jy;ypak; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ngupJk; rPuikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(vi) nra;ag;gLk; NtiyfSila vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; mbf;fb Nkw;Nfhs;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. NkYk;> gzp tpsf;fj;ij ntspg;gilahf
nra;tjw;F gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
(vii)
Ntiy tpsf;fq;fs;> Fwpg;ghf mtu;fs; gapw;rp jsq;fshf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ> $l;L FOf;fshf mikf;fg;gl;L gzpfs;
kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Nrhjid Gs;spfspy; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Fiwfs;
gw;wpa tptuq;fs; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(viii) ‘Mgj;jhd R+o;epiyfs; vjpu;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ’ Nghd;w fUj;J
mwpf;iffs; jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(ix)
Nkw;ghu;it NtiyfSf;F Ntiy tpsf;fq;fs; vOjg;gLk;
NghJ> Kf;fpa fhuzpfs; (elj;ij> nryT fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;wit)
fz;lwpag;gl;L gl;bayplg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU fhuzpAk;
Nkw;ghu;itahsupd; nghWg;G gw;wpa Fwpg;Gld; xU njhlu;
$Wfshf cilf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpupl;b\; Nkyhz;ik epWtdk; NkYk; ehd;F topfhl;Ljy;fis
Nru;f;fpwJ:
(i) KO NtiyiaAk; xU njspthd> RUf;fkhd kw;Wk; vspjpy;
Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba glj;ij jUfpNwd;.
(ii) xt;nthU Kf;fpa flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; NghjpasT
tpupthf tpsf;FfpwJ.

gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; (iii) nfhLf;fg;gl;l jpir kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it msT gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
tbtikg;G
(iv) Ntiyapd; tpsf;fj;ijg; gbf;Fk;NghJ> xU Gjpa gzpahsu;
Ntiy Guptij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; gzp tptuj;jpd; tiuaiwfs;

Ntiy tpsf;fq;fs; VNjDk; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jhy;> ,e;j tpsf;fq;fs;
Ntiyapd; rupahd gpujpgypg;Gfs; my;y vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ‘Ntiy tpsf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; mij kw;w Ntiyfspy;
,Ue;J NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ mjd; ntsp vy;iyfis
epu;zapg;gjhFk;.’ NkYk;> epu;thfpfs; Ntiy khjpupfis Gjpa
NtiyfSf;F nfhz;L nry;y Kidfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy;> mtu;fs;
Ntiyia fLikahf khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,J Nghd;w gpur;ridfis jtpu;f;f> xU Ntiy tpsf;fj;ij
vOJtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mJ Kbe;jtiu Jy;ypakhfTk;>
epu;thfj; njhopy; my;yJ njhopy; uPjpahd mstpYk; Ma;T nra;J>
Ntiy Kbe;jTld; tpthjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ntiyfs; ,aq;Fepiyapy;
,Uf;f Kidfpd;wd. Mdhy;> mJ epiyahdit my;y. xU Ntiy
tptupg;G vd;gJ tpiuthf NjjpapypUe;J Kbe;J tpLfpwJ. vdNt> xU
Ntiy njhlu;e;J jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;G> Ntiy nray;jpwd; jpUg;jpfukhf Fiwe;jgl;r
Vw;fj;jf;f gz;Gfs; Kf;fpak;. Ntiy tpsf;fj;ij mjd; jskhf
nfhz;L> mJ xU njhopyhspaplk; xU gzpahsiu Nfs;tpapy;
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; gz;Gfis fPNo nfhLj;Js;sJ.
Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;Gfs; Ntiy xU Ntiyapd; ntw;wpfukhd
nray;jpwDf;F mtrpakhd> kdpj jFjpfSf;fhd epge;jidfSf;F
Vw;g Ntiyf;fhd tpsf;fj;ij nkhopngau;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Ntiy
tptuf;Fwpg;G my;yJ kdpjdpd; tptuf;Fwpg;G vd;gJ xU Ntiyia
jpUg;jpfukhf nra;tjw;F mtrpakhd Fiwe;jgl;r Vw;fj;jf;f
kdpj Fzq;fis gw;wpa $WtjhFk;. ,J ve;j tifahd egu;
gzpaku;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ve;j Fzj;jpw;F egu; Nrhjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W $WfpwJ. ,e;j tptuf;Fwpg;Gfs; njhlu;Gilajhf cs;sd:
(i) cly; gz;Gfs;: cauk;> vil> ghu;it> Fuy; Kjypad.
(ii) jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfs;: czu;r;rp cWjpg;ghL> ey;y kw;Wk;
jpUg;jpahd elj;ij> kw;wtu;fis ifahs;tjpy; cs;s jpwd;.
(iii) cstpay; gz;Gfs;: gFg;gha;T jpwd;> kd nrwpT kw;Wk;
tpopg;Gj;jd;ik> ,ae;jpu kdepiy> Kjypad.
(iv) nghWg;Gfs;: kw;wtu;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F nghWg;G> ek;gpf;if
kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifia cUthf;Fk; nghWg;G Kjypad.
(v) kf;fs; njhifg; gz;Gfs;: taJ> ghypdk;> fy;tp> mDgtk;
Kjypad.

gzp tptuf;Fwpg;Gfs; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyfg; gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
tbtikg;G
gzpahsu;fspd; fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; cs;sd. xU rupahd Ntiy
tptuf;Fwpg;Gld; xg;gpLk;NghJ> xU KOikahd kw;Wk; rupahd Ntiy
tptuf;Fwpg;G jahupg;gJ xg;gPl;lstpy; fbdkhf cs;sJ vd;gij
epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd kdpjj; Njitfs; Fwpg;Gfs;
gw;wp vg;NghJk; fzprkhd fUj;J NtWghLfs; cz;L. NkYk;> Njit
vd;gJ ‘fl;lhakhf’ my;yJ ‘tpUk;gj;jf;fJ’ vd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkh
vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; fUj;J NtWghL cs;sJ.
kQ;R+ud; cztfk;
gioa JiwKf tPjp> G+z;nlu;> kq;fShu;-575 001
fy;tpj; jFjp: SSC> SSLC tFg;G x my;yJ mjw;F rkkhd gs;sp tpyf;Fk;
rhd;wpjo;.
mDgtk;: ];lhnul; cztfj;jpy;> Fiwe;jJ 2 Mz;Lfs; mNj epiyapy;
Ntiy ghu;j;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nray; jpwd;> mwpT> jpwikfs;
jpwd;: Rj;jkhd fz;zhb Ntiy> gpsh];bf; milahsq;fs; Rj;jk; nra;a
,ae;jpu J}a;ikahf;Fgtu;/nkL$l;Lgtu; nray;Kiw gad;gLj;jTk;> nkD
gad;gLj;jTk;> nkDit khw;w Nghd;wtw;wpf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
r%fj; jpwd;fs;: ,uh[je;jpuk; (tpUe;jpdu;fshy; jlq;fy; gpur;rpid)>
guhkupg;Gj; JiwapdUld; njhlu;G> gzpahsu;fSld; njhlu;G.
jpwd;fs;: Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; cs;Shu; nkhopfspy; tpUe;jpdu;fSld; xsp
ciuahliyf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jpwd;.
mwpT: Njit gl;bay; nray;Kiw milahsq;fs; kPJ kpd; FiwghLfs;
mq;fPfupf;f> jw;Nghija tpUe;jpdu; gl;bay;fs; kw;Wk; jw;NghJ
gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l Copau;fs;.
Ntiy Nehf;Fepiy fhuzpfs;: epiy 30% Ntiy Neuq;fs; tiu epw;f
Ntz;bapUf;fyhk;
taJ: 28 tajpw;F cl;gl;ltu;fs;.
fy;tpj; jFjp: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; (`r;Mu;.vk;)-y; epGzj;Jtk;
ngw;w vk;.gp.V> vk;.V - ,d; njhopy;Jiw cstpay;> njhopyhsu; eyj;jpl;lj;jpy;
epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w vk;.v];.lgps;A+
tpUk;gj;jf;fJ: njhopyhsu; rl;lj;jpy; gl;lk; my;yJ jFjp rhd;W.
mDgtk;: xU ngupa jahupg;G epWtdj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 3 tUl mDgtk;.
jpwd;: Ntiy gFg;gha;Tf;F Neu;fhzy;> FO tpsf;ff;fhl;rpfs; vLj;jy;>
Ntiy tptuk; vOJjy;> jw;Nghija Kiwikapy; cs;s Fiwghl;ilg;
gw;wp NkYk; mwpe;Jf; nfhz;L ntspNaWjy; Ngl;bfis elj;Jjy;.
jpwd;: njhopy;Jiw jiytu;fSld; $l;lq;fis elj;Jtjpy; jpwd;> Ntiy
Kd;Dupikia kw;Wk; xU ek;gj;jf;f Kiwapy; fUj;Jf;fis Kd; itg;gJ.
mwpT: Nghl;bapLk; njhopy;fspy; ,og;gPL eilKiwfs; gw;wpa mwpT>
,og;gPL ru;Nt cj;jpfs;> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;L mikg;Gfis gFg;gha;T
nra;jy;> gzp Ma;T eilKiwfs; elj;Jjy;.
gzp Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; fhuzpfs;: gzp Neuj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 15% tiu Ntiy
nra;Ak; ,lj;jpypUe;J tpupthfg; gazk; nra;a Ntz;bapUf;fyhk;.
taJ: 35 kw;Wk; 45 taJf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyk;.

gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf
tbtikg;G
3. gzp tpsf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
4. Ntiy tpsf;fq;fis vOJgtu; ahu;?
Fwpg;Gfs;
1. gzpg; gFg;gha;T vd;gJ Ntiy gw;wpa KOikahd mwpit

toq;FfpwJ. vdNt> ,J mikg;G uPjpahd jpl;lkplypy; cjtpahf
cs;sJ.
2. gq;F gFg;gha;T vd;gJ gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fspd; Njitg;ghLfs;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L> gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L> xU
gq;F tptuj;jpd; mbg;gilia mikf;f gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
3. gzp tpsf;fk; vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; ,aw;ifapy; tpsf;fg;gl;L
Ntiy gFg;gha;itg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; xU Kf;fpakhd Mtzk;
MFk;.
4. gzp tpsf;fq;fs;> gzpahsu; Jiw my;yJ mjd; gpujpepjpf-
shy; vOjg;gLfpd;wd.
4.6 RUf;fk;
••Ntiy gFg;gha;T vd;gJ jw;Nghija Kiwfspy; xU tpsf;fk;

cUthf;fg;gLk; epfo;KiwahFk;. kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;Ak;
eilKiwfs;> Ntiy nra;Ak; cly; epiyikfs; kw;Wk; gpw
Ntiy epiyikfis Fwpf;fpwJ.
••Ntiy gFg;gha;tpd; Nehf;fk; yl;rpaj;ijg; gw;wp tptupg;gJ
my;y. khwhf> mjd; tzpfj;jpd; cWg;Gf; $Wfspy; vt;thW
ele;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gij Nkyhz;ikf;F fhz;gpg;gjhFk;.
••xt;nthU NtiyapYk; cs;s Fwpg;gpl;l Njitg;ghLfis
Rl;bf;fhl;bdhy;> gzpg; gFg;gha;T gzpahsu;fis Ml;Nru;g;G
nra;tjw;F kw;Wk; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd ajhu;j;jkhd mbg;gilia
toq;FfpwJ.
••gq;F gFg;gha;T vd;gJ gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fspy; cs;s
Njitg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L> gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl;L> xU gq;F Ratptuj;jpd; mbg;gilia mikf;f
gjpT nra;ag;gLk; epfo;KiwahFk;.
••gq;F vd;gJ xU gFjp kf;fs; jq;fs; gzpapd; Nehf;fq;fis
jpwikahd nray;ghl;bd; %yk; G+u;j;jp nra;tjpy; tpisahLtij
Fwpf;fpwJ.
••gq;F gFg;gha;T> Nf.Mu;.V. my;yJ Kf;fpa tpisT gFjpfspd;
milahsk; kPJ FtpfpwJ.

••gq;F gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; Ntiy kjpg;gPL vd;gJ xU xg;Gik gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
tbtikg;G
kjpg;G my;yJ Ntiyfspd; msit epWTtij ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;lJ.
••Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; my;yJ MBO %yk; Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ
,yf;Ffis mikf;Fk; nray;Kiw xU Ra kjpg;gPl;L Fwpg;Gfs;
cj;jpfshFk;.
••Ntiy tpguk; vd;gJ ‘Ntiyfs;’ my;yJ ‘Ntiyaplq;fis’
tptupf;fpwJ. gjtp cau;T> Fl;lk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;
Copau;fspd; ,af;fk;> Ntiy tptuq;fis tpl> kf;fs;
Ntiytha;g;Gfis tpl xU epiyaw;w jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
••gzp tpsf;fq;fs;> gzpahsu; Jiw my;yJ mjd; gpujpepjpf-
shy; vOjg;gLfpd;wd.
••Ntiy tpsf;fq;fs; VNjDk; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jhy;> ,e;j
tpsf;fq;fs; Ntiyapd; rupahd gpujpgypg;Gfs; my;y vd;gij
epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
••Ntiy tptuj;jpd; Nehf;fk; mij kw;w Ntiyfspy; ,Ue;J
NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;j;jhy;> mjd; ntspg;Gw vy;iyfis
epu;zapg;gjhFk;.
••Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;G kw;Wk; Ntiy nray;jpwd; jpUg;jpfukhf
Fiwe;jgl;r Vw;fj;jf;f gz;GfSld; Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sd.
••Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;G my;yJ kdpjdpd; tptuf;Fwpg;G vd;gJ xU
Ntiyia jpUg;jpfukhf nra;tjw;F mtrpakhd Fiwe;jgl;r
Vw;fj;jf;f kdpj Fzq;fis gw;wpa $WtjhFk;.
••gzp tptuf;Fwpg;Gfs; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; kw;Wk; gzp
Nkyhsu;fspd; fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; cs;sd.
••xU rupahd Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;Gld; xg;gpLk;NghJ> xU KOikahd
kw;Wk; rupahd Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;G jahupg;gJ xg;gl P l
; stpy;
fbdkhf cs;sJ vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
••kjpg;gPL: ,J ahiuahtJ my;yJ vijahtJ kjpg;gpLk; nray;.

••Nkyhsu;: ,J xU epWtdj;ij my;yJ gzpahsu; FOitf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ epu;tfpg;gjw;fhd nghWg;ghd egiuf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
••gzp: ,J tof;fkhd Ntiy tha;g;G vd;w fl;lz epiyia
Fwpf;fpwJ.
••rk;gsk;: ,J xU epiyahd tof;fkhd gzk;. nghJthf> ,J
khjhe;jpu mbg;gilapy; nrYj;jg;gLk;. Mdhy;> ngUk;ghYk; xU
Copau; xU Ntiyia> Fwpg;ghf xU njhopy;Kiw my;yJ
cly; ciog;gw;w xU Mz;L njhifia ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; ••rhu;epiyg; gzpahsu;: ,J xU epWtdj;jpw;Fs;shf kw;nwhU
tbtikg;G
mjpfhuj;jpd;fPo; xU egiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

Fwpg;Gfs;
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. Ntiy gFg;gha;T vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fs; vd;d?
2. gzp tptuj;jpd; nghUs; kw;Wk; gad;fis tpsf;Ff.
3. gzp tptuj;jpd; FiwghLfs; ahit?
4. gzp tptuf;Fwpg;G gw;wp tpupthd Fwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1.
xU epWtdj;jpy; gq;F gFg;gha;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tpthjpf;fTk; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;fs; vd;d?
2. gzp tptuj;jpd; $Wfs; ahit?
3. xU Ntiy tpsf;fj;ij vg;gb vOJtJ vd;gJ gw;wp tpupthd
Fwpg;G tiuf.
4.9 NkYk; gbf;f

nkf;uh `py;.
yz;ld;: kf;kpy;yd;.
rpfhNfh: ,u;tpd;.

gFjp – II gzpaku;j;jk;
gzpahsu; Nju;T kw;Wk; gapw;rp
myF 5 gzpaku;j;jk; Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
5.0 Kd;Diu
tpilfs;
5.4 RUf;fk;
5.7 `NkYk; gbf;f
5.0 Kd;Diu
Ke;ija gpuptpy; kdpj ts jpl;lkply; gw;wpa nghUs;> Nehf;fq;fs;>
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nray;Kiw gw;wp gbj;Njhk;. ,J jtpu> ePq;fs;
Ntiy gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; Ntiy tbtikg;G gw;wpa kjpg;Gkpf;f
jfty;fis Nrfupj;jPu;fs;. ,e;j gpuptpy;> Ml;Nru;g;G El;gq;fs; gw;wp
fw;Wf;nfhs;tPu;fs;. ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpd; kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
nray;ghl;bYk;> Nghl;bapLk; jpwdpYk; Ml;Nru;g;gpYk; Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ. Ml;Nru;g;gpy; ,uz;L %yq;fs; cs;sd. mit mf
%yq;fs; kw;Wk; Gw %yq;fs;. cau;kl;l jpwikAs;s kdpj tsq;fs;
xU epWtdj;jpw;Fs;Ns nghUj;jkhd kl;lj;jpy; epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
gzpaku;j;jy; nray;Kiw vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapy;
jukhd gzpahsu;fs; miltij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,e;j
gzpahsu;fs; mikg;G Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis
miltjw;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;F Mjutspf;Fk; tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpf;Nfhspd; tpupthf;fkhf> epWtdj;jpw;F tUq;fhy gzpahsu;fs;
FOit cUthf;f Ml;Nru;g;G cjTfpwJ. ,e;j FOtpypUe;J>
epu;thfkhdJ Ntiyf;F jFe;j nghUj;jkhd Copaiu Nju;T nra;J
nfhs;syhk;.

••Ml;Nru;g;G fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wp fye;Jiuahl KbAk;
••Ml;Nru;g;ig ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis tpsf;f KbAk;
••Ml;Nru;g;G tiffis tptupf;f KbAk;

gzpaku;j;jk;
HR Jiw %yk; epakdk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba egu;fspd; juk; kw;Wk;
vz;zpf;ifapd; juj;ij milahsk; fhzj; jtwpdhy;> Njitahd
Fwpg;Gfs; jFjpfs;> jpwd; kw;Wk; fhymsT Mfpa Nritfis njhlu;e;J
thq;Ftjpy; Njhy;tp mile;jhy;> jFjpahd egu;fs; midtUk; Xa;T
ngw;w gpwF> jFjpahd egu; vtUk; me;j epWtdj;jpy; ,Uf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
vdNt> rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd tif egu;fis Ml;Nru;g;G nra;jy;
kw;Wk; Nju;e;njLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; me;j mikg;Gf;F
,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ.
nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwfs;

Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ epWtdj;jpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd;
jFjpahd njhFg;igf; ftUk; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU
nray;Kiw MFk;. Ntiy kw;Wk; tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F ,ilapy;
,zf;fj;jd;ik ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;. Ml;Nru;g;G
Kaw;rpfs; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;> epug;gg;gl Ntz;ba NtiyfSf;fhd
Njitfs; njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Ntiyg; gFg;gha;T>
Ntiy tpsf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;Gfs; %yk; ,e;jj;
Njitfs; epWtg;glyhk;.
ePq;fs; Vw;fdNt Ke;ija gpuptpy; fw;Wf;nfhz;lijg; Nghy;
Ntiy gFg;gha;T vd;gJ Ntiy Njitg;ghLfisg; gw;wpa xOq;fhd
gbg;ghFk;> NkYk; ntw;wpahsDf;fhf Njitg;gLk; mwpT> jpwd; kw;Wk;
nray;jpwd;fs; cs;spl;l nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; njhlu;ghf
Kiwahd Ntiyapd; nray;jpwd; tprhuizfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty; ,aw;gpay; R+oypd; jd;ik> cgfuzq;fs;
kw;Wk; fUtpfspd; tif> nray;jpwd;> juepiyfspd; jpwik> gapw;rp>
mDgtq;fspd; %yk; vd;d nra;ag;gLfpJ vd;gij nghWj;Nj
gzpahsu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l fhuzpfs; mikfpwJ. Ntiy gFg;gha;T
vd;gJ gzp tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; gzp tptuf;Fwpg;Gf;fhd mbg;gilia
cUthf;FfpwJ.
gzp tpsf;fq;fs;> Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; flikfs; kw;Wk;
nghWg;Gfis Kd;itg;gjw;fhd mwpf;iffs; gw;wp ePq;fs; Ke;ija
gpuptpy; fw;Wf;nfhz;Bu;fs;. ,J Ntiy gFg;gha;T ‘ahu;> vg;NghJ>
vq;Nf> vg;gb> Vd;’ vd;gJ gw;wpa xU cWjpahd KbT MFk;.
Ntiy gw;wpa tptuj;jpy; nghJthf Ntiyapd; milahsk; fhZjy;>
Ntiyapd; tif> flikfs;> ifahsg;gl;l ,ae;jpuq;fspd; tif>
gzpepiyikfs; kw;Wk; mt;thW ,Uf;Fk; jfty; Mfpait
mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. Ntiy tpsf;fq;fs; njhopyhsu;fSf;F mtu;fs;
vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njspthfj; njuptpf;fpd;wd> ,J
Fog;gj;ijAk;> jtwhd GupjiyAk; Fiwf;fpwJ.
Ntiyf; F gzpaku; j ; j g; gl Ntz; b a egu; f spd; rpwg; g pay; G fis
Ntiy tptuq; f s; tiuaWf; f pd; w d. ,e; j tptuf; F wpg; G fs;
gpd; t UkhW:

••cly; gz;Gfs;: ,jpy; nghJthd MNuhf;fpak;> cauk; kw;Wk; gzpaku;j;jk;
vil> ghu;it> nghWik epiy> Nfl;Fk; jpwd;> epwg; ghFghL>

mdpr;ir> euk;G xUq;fpizg;G Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
••cstpay; gz;Gfs;: ,jpy; kdeyj;jpwd;> czu;Tg; G+u;tkhd
cWjpg;ghL> Kjpu;T> nghWik> Mf;fpukpg;G> ntspr;nry;Yk; Fwpg;Gfs;
jd;ik> ngha;> Kd;Kaw;rp> jiyikg; gz;G> $l;LwT czu;T
kw;Wk; ciuahly; jpwd; mlq;Fk;.
••cstpay; gz;Gfs;: ,jpy; kdeyj;jpwd;> czu;Tg; G+u;tkhd
cWjpg;ghL> Kjpu;T> nghWik> Mf;fpukpg;G> ntspr;nry;Yk;
jd;ik> ngha;> Kd;Kaw;rp> jiyikg; gz;G> $l;LwT czu;T
kw;Wk; ciuahly; jpwd; mlq;Fk;.
••gpw gz;Gfs;: ,e;j gjpT> taJ> ghypdk;> fy;tp> mDgtk;>
gapw;rp Njit> Gyd; czu;T kw;Wk; ghu;it czu;T> thrid
my;yJ Nfl;Fk; czu;T Nghd;w Gyd; rhu;e;jitfis
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
xU KOikahd Ntiy gFg;gha;T Kbf;fg;gl;L> kdpj ts
Njitfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lTld;> epu;thfj;jpd; Ml;Nru;g;G eilKiwia
njhlq;fyhk;. Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ epWtdj;jpw;F cs;sfkhfNth my;yJ
tUq;fhy tpz;zg;gj;jhuuhy; ntspapypUe;J tUk; Mjhuq;fspypUe;Jk;
ngwg;glyhk;. cs; %yq;fs; my;yJ Ml;Nru;g;Gf;fhd ntspg;Gw
%yq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ epWtdj;jpd; Fwpg;ghd R+oiyAk;
mj;Jld; mjd; jj;Jtj;ij rhu;e;Jk; mikAk;. rpy epWtdq;fs;
Kf;fpa gjtpfspy; ,Ue;J Cf;Ftpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wd> Vnddpy; ,e;j
egu;fis epWtdk; ed;F mwpe;jpUf;Fk;. kw;wtu;fs; ntspapy; ,Ue;J
gzpaku;j;j tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;> Vndd;why; ntsp Copau;fSf;F epWtdk;
gw;wp njupahjjhy;> mtu;fs; Gjpa> Gjpa Nahridfis epWtdj;jpw;F
nfhz;Ltu KbAk;.
/gpspNgh fUj;Jg;gb> ‘Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ tUq;fhy Copau;fis
NjLtJk; xU epWtdj;jpy; gzpaku;j;Jtjw;F J}z;LjYk;
Cf;Ftpg;gJk; MFk;’.
khNkhupahtpd; thu;j;ijfspy;> ‘cz;ikahd my;yJ
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l mikg;G uPjpapyhd fhypg; gzpaplq;fSf;F
rhj;jpakhd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fisj; njupT nra;jy;’ vd;gjhFk;.
Ml;Nru;g;G tiffs; kw;Wk; nray;Kiwfs;

mbg;gilapy;> Ml;Nru;g;G Mjhuq;fs; ,uz;L tiffspy; cs;sd:
cs; kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw Mjhuq;fs;.
cs; Mjhuq;fs;
xU epWtdj;jpd; rk;gsg; gl;baypy; Vw;fdNt cs;s gzpahsu;fspd;
cs; Mjhuq;fs; cs;slq;Ffshf cs;sd. cs; Mjhuq;fspypUe;J
xU ntw;wplj;ij epug;Gjy;> jw;NghJs;s gzpahsu;fspd; kdcWjpia

gzpaku;j;jk; mjpfupg;gJ> kw;Wk; me;j epWtdj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gpj;jtiu gw;wpa
ek;gfkhd jfty; mspg;gJ Mfpatw;wpd; ed;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mwptpf;fg;gLk; gjtpf;F Copau;fspd; Cf;Ftpg;Gfs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;
kw;Wk; gjpy;fs; Mfpait cs; Mjhuq;fspy; mlq;Fk;. gzpahsu;
Fwpg;Gfs; gupe;Jiu kw;Wk; Kd;dhs; Copau;fSk; cs; Mjhuq;fspd; Ml;Nru;g;G
tiffspy; cs;sJ. ,jpy; cs;s Ie;J tifahd Mjhuq;fisg;
gw;wp ghu;f;fyhk;.
1. gjtp cau;T
jw;Nghija gzpahsu;fs; kj;jpapy; tUk; gjtp cau;T vd;gJ rpwe;j
Ml;Nru;g;G %yk; KbAk;. nray;jpwd;> gjtp cau;T Ntiytha;g;G gjpT>
gzpahsu; gjpTfs; kw;Wk; jpwd; tq;fpfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
mtrpak;. Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fhf> gzpahsu; $l;lq;fspy; mwptpg;gJ>
mwptpg;Gfis ntspapLtJ kw;Wk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l fhypaplq;fis
tpz;zg;gpf;FkhW Copau;fis miog;gjd; %yk; fhypahf cs;s
epiyfisj; njuptpf;fyhk;. gzpahsu;fspd; gjpNtLfis Ma;T
nra;tJ> jpwikahd Copau;fis cau; gjtpfSf;F milahsk;
fhz cjTfpwJ. jpwd; tq;fpfs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd; nfhz;l
gzpahsu;fspd; gl;bay; MFk;. epWtdj;jpd; gjtp cau;Tfs; kw;Wk;
mjd; gzpahsu;fspd; gy ed;ikfis nfhz;Ls;sJ:
••epWtdq;fs; cau; gjtpfisg; guprPypg;gjhy;> Copau;fs;
kj;jpapy; kdcWjpia cUthf;FfpwJ.
••ntspg;Gw Mjhuq;fistpl ,J kypthdJ.
••cs;sf Copau;fs; mikg;Gfs; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jtu;fs;.
••cau; kl;l NtiyfSf;F Copau;fis cUthf;Fk; gapw;rp rhjd-
khf ftdkhf jpl;lkplg;gLk; NghJ Cf;Ftpj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
••me;j egUf;F Vw;fdNt njupe;jpUg;gjhy;> xU ey;y Nju;tpd;
epfo;jfT mjpfupf;fpwJ.
••,J yl;rpakhf ,Uf;Fk; jpwikahd egu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;JfpwJ.
,e;j gjtp cau;Tf;F> rpwe;j jFjpg; ngw;w ntspahl;fis
epakpg;gjd; ed;ikahf> epWtdq;fs; nraypof;Fk; kw;Wk; jpwik
kWf;fg;gLk; tifapy; ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;gij ,q;Nf Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;. gjtp cau;Tf;F> cwT egu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gJ epWtdj;jpw;F
ey;yjy;y Gjpa egu;fis Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. gupkhw;wq;fs;
gupkhw;wk; vd;gJ Ntiy xJf;fPl;bd; xU khw;wk; MFk;. nghWg;G
kw;Wk; epiyg;ghl;by; khw;wk; Vw;glhJ. Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy;
rkkhd epiyg;ghLfSf;fpilNa xU Copaupd; ,af;fk; ‘gupkhw;wk;’
vd;W mioffg;gL;fpwJ. vdNt> xU gupkhw;wk; vd;gJ nghWg;Gzu;T
my;yJ ,og;gPL khw;wj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gltpy;iy. gupkhw;wq;fs;
nghJthf> mit ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; Copau;fis ,lk;

khw;wf;$Lk;. ,d;Dk; rpwg;ghf my;yJ mtu;fSf;F Ntiy jpUg;jp gzpaku;j;jk;
fpilf;f tha;g;G cs;sJ. epWtdq;fspd; gue;j mbg;gilapyhd

ghu;itAld; Copau;fis toq;Ftjpy; gupkhw;wq;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
Kf;fpakhFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
3. mwptpf;fg;gl;l fhypaplq;fSf;F Copau;fspd; gjpy;
jFjp ngw;w Copau;fs;> jq;fs; fy;tpj; jFjpfSf;Ff; fPNo Ntiy
nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs; my;yJ jpwd; kl;lq;fs; mwptpf;fg;gl;l
fhypaplq;fSf;fhf gjpyspf;fyhk;. nghJthf eilKiwapypUe;J
gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; epug;gg;gl;l %j;j gjtpfSf;F gupe;Jiuf;f
,e;j eilKiw gpd;gw;wg;gLtjpy;iy.
mwptpf;fg;gl;l fhypaplq;fSf;F Copau;fs; gjpyspf;Fk;NghJ>
Ma;T gzpahsu;fspd; gjpNtLfs; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ MFk;. ,J $Ljy;
gapw;rpf;fhd jpwidf; nfhz;l egu;fs; my;yJ fhypahf cs;s
gjtpfspd; rupahd gpd;dzpfis fz;fhzpf;f cjTfpwJ.
4. gzpahsu; gupe;Jiufs;
gzpahsu; gupe;Jiu vd;gJ> cs;sf Ml;Nru;g;Gf;F rpwe;j Mjhukhf
$l fUjg;gl KbAk;. ,e;j Mjhuk; tof;fkhf Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjpy;
kpfTk; gaDs;s Kiwfspy; xd;whFk;> Vndd;why; gy jFjp tha;e;j
kf;fs; epWtdj;jpd; kpff; Fiwthd tpiyapy; milfpd;wdu;.
vdNt> fhypg;gzpaplq;fs; mwptpf;fg;gLk; NghJ> mwptpg;Gfisr;
nra;tjd; %yk; Copau;fSf;Fk; ,e;j jftiy nfhz;L tUtJ
mtrpakhfpwJ. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd Copau;fis nfhz;l
epWtdj;jpy;> ,e;j mZFKiw xU ngupa kpd;dOj;j njhFg;ig
mikg;G cWg;gpdu;fSf;F toq;FfpwJ.
gzpahsu;fs; jq;fs; FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fSf;F ey;y tha;g;Gfis
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s cjtf;$Lk;> ez;gu;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspy;
cs;s fhypaplq;fSf;F mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j mtu;fis J}z;LfpwJ.
ngUk;ghyhd Copau;fs; gzpapd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; epWtdk; NjLk;
tifahd egu;fisg; gw;wpAk; jq;fs; nrhe;j mDgtj;jpypUe;J
njupe;J nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. ,e;j Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; ez;gu;fs;
my;yJ njupe;jtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; gzpahsu;fs; Mtu;.
5. Kd;dhs; Copau;fs;
Kd;dhs; Copau;fs; gFjp Neu mbg;gilapy; gzpahw;wpatu;fs;
kw;Wk; jw;NghJ KONeu Ntiy tha;g;G> Xa;T ngw;w Copau;fs;
my;yJ rpy fhuzq;fSf;fhf epWtdj;ij tpl;L tpyfp Ntiy nra;a
tpUg;gk; cs;stu;fs; Nghd;w rpy fhuzq;fshy; ntspNawpatu;fs;>
jw;NghJ kPz;Lk; te;J gzpahw;w tpUg;gk; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. Kd;dhs;
Copau;fs; rpwe;j cs; Mjhuk; %yk; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;fpd;wdu;. me;j
mikg;ig mwpe;J nfhs;tjhy; mtu;fSf;F ed;ik cz;L. ,jd;
%yk; ,e;j kf;fspd; nray;jpwid mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

gzpaku;j;jk; mf %yq;fs; %yk; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;jy;
cs; Mjhuq;fs; %yk; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjd; ed;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••epWtd fyhr;rhuj;Jld; Vw;fdNt gupr;rakhd kf;fis mtu;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
••epWtdk; ahiu rhu;e;jpUf;f KbAk; vd;gij mtu;fs; Kaw;rp
nra;J Nrhjpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
••mtu;fs; jq;fs; Nritfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lit vd;gij cWjp
nra;tJ Copau;fSf;F xU gaDs;s mwptpg;ghFk;> ,J
mtu;fspd; Cf;fk; kw;Wk; kd cWjpia jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s
cjTfpwJ.
••Copau;fSf;F Ntiy ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tha;g;ig toq;Ftjw;fhd
tha;g;gpid ,J toq;Ffpd;wJ.
••mtu;fs; Ntiy gapw;rpia Fiwf;fpwhu;fs;.
••kw;w MnsLf;Fk; Mjhuq;fis tpl ,tw;wpd; nryT Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;.
Ml;Nru;g;G cs; Mjhuq;fspd; FiwghLfs;

cs;sf Ml;Nru;g;G Mjhuq;fs; gpd;tUk; rpy fl;Lg;ghLfshy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
••xU rpy Copau;fs; kl;Lk; Nju;e;njLg;gij kl;Lg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
••Nkyjpfhupfspd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs; xU gzpahsiuj;
Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
••Nju;T nra;ag;glhj Copau;fs; kj;jpapy; mit tpuf;jpia
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
ntsp Mjhuq;fs;
ntspg;Gw Mjhuq;fs; mikg;Gf;F ntspapy; cs;sd. Ml;Nru;g;Gf;fhd
VO ntspg;Gw Mjhuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ:
1. tpsk;guq;fs;
nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> tu;jj
; f ,jo;fs; kw;Wk; ,jo;fs; Mfpatw;wpy;
tpsk;guk; nra;tJ mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwahFk;. ntw;wp ngw
Ntz;Lnkdpy;> xU tpsk;guk; ftdkhf vOjgl Ntz;Lk;. mJ rupahf
vOjg;gltpy;iy vd;why;> mJ rupahd tif tpz;zg;gjhuu;fis vLg;gJ
my;yJ Ntiyf;F jFjpaw;w gy tpz;zg;gjhuu;fis <u;ff ; f;$Lk;.
2. Ntiytha;g;G gupkhw;wq;fs;
xU Ntiytha;g;G gupkhw;wk; vd;gJ Ntiytha;g;G NjLk; kw;Wk;
Ntiyapoe;j gzpahsu;fisj; NjLk; rhj;jpakhd tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fis

tpiuthf xd;whf ,izf;Fk; xU mYtyfkhFk;. Ntiy NjLNthu; gzpaku;j;jk;
kw;Wk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l fhypaplq;fspy; jq;fs; ,lq;fis gjpT nra;jy;

Ntiytha;g;G gupkhw;wq;fspd; Kf;fpa nray;ghLfshFk;.
3. tshf Ml;Nru;g;G Fwpg;Gfs;

rpy Neuq;fspy;> Ml;Nru;g;ghsu;fs; fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;F mDg;gp
itf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;> mq;F Ntiy tha;g;G mjpfhup my;yJ
Mrpupa cWg;gpdu;fs; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspy; nghUj;jkhdtu;fis
gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j Kiwik mnkupf;fhtpy; cs;sJ> mq;F
tshf Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ xU Kf;fpa MjhukhFk;. vdpDk;> ,d;W
tshf Ml;Nru;g;G gw;wpa fUj;J ,e;jpa Kjyhspfspd; fw;gidNa
nkJthff; ifnfhLj;Js;sJ.
4. ftdpf;fg;glhj tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs;
Ntz;lhj tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; kw;nwhU Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. rpy
Ntl;ghsu;fs; me;j mikg;gpypUe;J ve;j miog;Gk; ,y;yhky; jq;fsJ
tpz;zg;gq;fis mDg;Gfpd;wdu;.
5. njhopyhsu; xg;ge;jjhuu;fs;
gy epWtdq;fs; njhopyhsu;fis gzpaku;j;Jtjw;F njhopyhsu;
xg;ge;jjhuu;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j Kiw xU jw;fhypf
,ay;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ tof;fkhf ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
6. gzpahsu; gupe;Jiufs;
jw;Nghija Copau;fspd; ez;gu;fs; kw;Wk; cwtpdu;fs; ey;y
Mjhukhf ,Ue;jhy; gzpahsu;fshf Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.
7. ,lg; gazq;fs;
xU Neu;fhzy; FO> efuk; kw;Wk; khefuq;fSf;F gazk; nra;J>
Njitahd gzpahsu;fspd; tiffisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwapy;> epWtdk; kw;Wk; mJ toq;Fk; Ntiyiag; gw;wp
tptupf;fj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;> Nju;Tfhz;gtu; tUKd;
tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. tUif Njjpfs; kw;Wk;
Neu;Kfj; Nju;T eilngWk; Neuk;> ,lk; Mfpait Kd;$l;bNa Nju;T
nra;ag;gLNthUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
8. ,izajs Nju;T
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikf;fhd rq;fj;jpd; Muha;r;rpf;F ,zq;f> midj;J
Ntiy NjLgtu;fSf;fhfTk; 96 rjtPjk; ,izak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,J kpfTk; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Njly; Kiwia
cUthf;FfpwJ. kWGwk;> ,izaj;ij 88 rjtPjk; Ngu; Gjpa tha;g;Gfs;
kw;Wk; fhypg; gzpaplq;fSf;F tpsk;guk; nra;a gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

gzpaku;j;jk; ,e;j mZFKiw epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fSf;F
kypthd> Ntfkhd kw;Wk; kpfTk; jpwikahdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs;> ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> ,izaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gy
,izajsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gad;ngwyhk;. tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;j tiyj;jsq;fis gad;gLj;jp kPz;Lk; rku;g;gpf;f KbAk;>
mNj Nghy;> tUq;fhy Kjyhspfs; jq;fs; Njitfis G+u;j;jp
nra;Ak; tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fshy; ,e;j Nrhjidia kPz;Lk; nra;a
KbAk;. ,e;j tiyj;jsq;fspy; tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fspd; jpwd;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;a xU mikg;G cs;sJ.
tiyj;jsq;fs; tpiuthdjhfTk; trjpahdjhfTk; ,izaj;ij
gad;gLj;Jk; tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fSf;F mtu;fspd; tpz;zg;gq;fis
rku;g;gpf;f nryT Fiwe;jjhfTk; cs;sJ. gpd;du; xU epiyahd
gbtkhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gLfpwJ> ,J nkd;nghUl;fspy; xU FWfpa
gl;baiy cUthf;Ftjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j jFjpfs;> mDgtq;fs;
Kjypad mikg;G newpKiwg;gb cs;sJ. ,e;jj; Njitfs; `r;.Mu.;
gpuptpduhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd> ,J epWtdj;jpd; juTj;jsj;jpypUe;J
tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fspd; Ratptuq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.
••Ml;Nru;g;G khw;wPLfs;: KONeu kw;Wk; epue;ju Copau;fis ,lk;
kw;Wk; gzpapy; mku;j;Jtjw;F Ml;Nru;g;G Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd.
,Ug;gpDk;> nghUshjhu cz;ikfs;> cupikfs; Nghd;w
epu;thfj;jpd; Nghf;FfSld; ,ize;J rw;W khWgl;l ftdj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. ngUk;ghd;ikahd epWtdq;fs; jw;NghJ
jw;fhypf Copau;fis epakpg;gNjhL> Copau;fis Fj;jiff;F
vLj;J> RahjPdkhd xg;ge;jf;fhuu;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
••jw;fhypf cjtp Nrit: kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikf;fhd FWfpa
fhy Vw;w ,wf;fq;fisr; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ ,J kjpg;Gkpf;fJ
vd;gij ep&gpf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf jw;fhypf Copau;fs; ,jpy;
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. mYtyf epu;thfj;ij ifahs;tjpy; mtu;fs;
ghuk;gupakhf ,Ue;jhYk;> jw;fhypf gzpahsu; Nritfs; gue;j
mstpyhd jpwd;fspy; tpuptile;Js;sd. ,J jw;fhypfkhf
fzpdp epuyhsu;fs;> fzf;fhsu;fs;> njhopy;El;g ty;Yeu;fs;>
epu;thf cjtpahsu;fs; vd midj;jpYk; epakpf;fpwJ.
••Fj;jif gzpahsu;fs;: Fj;jif Copau;fs; ePz;l Neu
cWjpAld; ,Uf;f Kidfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; Ntiy kw;Wk;

mikg;Gf;F Vw;g Fj;jif Vw;ghl;Lld; gzpaku;j;jg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
Fwpg;ghf jpwikahd Copau;fis NjLk; gzpapy; epWtdk;
,Ue;jhy;> mJ Fj;jif epWtdq;fNshL njhlu;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;j epWtdq;fs; mtw;iw Fj;jiff;F vLf;Fk; Copau;fshy;
G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l gzpahsu;fSf;F
rpwe;j gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Fj;jif epWtdk; mtw;wpd;
Njitfisj; jpwe;J mtu;fSf;F rupahd Kiwapy; gapw;rp
mspf;fpwJ. xU Fj;jif Copau; nra;ahj gl;rj;jpy;> me;j
epWtdj;jpw;F khw;W ,lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;L> my;yJ nrYj;jpa
fl;lzk; jpUk;g toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J> Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l

CopaUf;F gadspf;fpwJ. xU rpy njhopyhsu;fs; nefpo;thd gzpaku;j;jk;
tho;f;if tho tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; Fj;jifapy; ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ> mtu;fs; trjpahf Ntiy kw;Wk; tpUk;Gk; Ntiyia
nra;a mDkjpf;fpwJ.
••RahjPd xg;ge;jf;fhuu;fs;: RahjPd xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ xU khw;W Fwpg;Gfs;
Kiw Ml;Nru;g;G KiwahFk;. epWtdq;fs; mjd; tshfj;jpd;
cs;NsAk; my;yJ ntspNaAk; cs;s Fwpg;gpl;l NtiyfSf;fhf
RahjPd xg;ge;jf;fhuu;fis epakpg;gij tpUk;gyhk;. RahjPd
xg;ge;jkhdJ me;j mikg;Gf;Fk; njhopyhspf;Fk; Kiwahf
gadspf;fpwJ. ,e;j tof;fpy;> njhopyhsp xU CopauplkpUe;J
tpj;jpahrkhf ,Uf;fpwhu;> Vndd;why; epWtdk; KOikahd
my;yJ gFjp Neu Copau;fSf;fhf> $Ljy; epjp> fhg;gPL>
ed;nfhil> Nghd;w r%f ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fspd; Ngupy;
mjpf nghUshjhuj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. NkYk;> yl;rpa
njhopyhsu;fis> epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F
,JTk; xU rpwe;j topahFk;. xU jdp egu;> jd; trjpf;Nfw;g
tPl;by; ,Ue;J Ntiy nra;Ak; Rje;jpuj;ij mDkjpj;jhy;> ,J
cWjpahfTk;> jdpegUf;Fk; ed;ik gaf;Fk;.
9. Ntiytha;g;G gupkhw;wk;
Ntiytha;g;G gupkhw;wk; vd;gJk; xU Kf;fpakhd ntspg;Gw
MjhukhFk;.
Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfq;fspy; cs;s fhypg; gzpaplq;fis
fl;lhakhf mwptpf;if nra;a Ntz;Lk;> Ntiy tha;g;gpy;
Ntiyaspg;Nghu; njhlu;ghd tpguj; jpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;wpl
Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfq;fs; (NtiyfSf;fhd fl;lha mwptpg;G)
rl;lk; 1959 y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rl;lk; Nk 1> 1960 Kjy; mkYf;F
te;jJ.
nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapy; cs;s
midj;J epWtdq;fSk;> rhjhuzkhf 25 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
egu;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; tuk;Gfs;> tptrhaj;ij
jtpu;j;J mikf;fpwJ. ,e;j epWtdq;fs; midj;J fhypaplq;fisAk;>
cupa gbtj;jpy;> muR mwpf;ifapy; mwptpj;Js;sgb> jFe;j
Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfj;jpy; cs;s midj;J fhypg; gzpaplq;fisAk;
(tpjptpyf;F mspj;jij jtpu) mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j rl;lk; Ntshz;ikapy; cs;s ve;j Ntiy tha;g;gpYk;
(Njhl;lf;fiy cl;gl)> tPl;L Nrit> jpwd;kpf;f mYtyf Ntiy>
ghuhSkd;w Copau;fSld; njhlu;Gila Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk;
fhypaplq;fspd; nkhj;j fhy msT %d;W khjj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthf
,Ue;jhy; mJ nghUe;jhJ.
xt;nthU fhyhz;bw;fhd gbtk; <.Mu;.[ apy; fhyhz;L
Ntiytha;g;Gfis khu;r; 31> [_d; 30> nrg;lk;gu; 30 kw;Wk; 31 brk;gu;
Njjpfspy; Kbtile;j tUthia epWtdq;fs; toq;FtJ mtrpakhf

gzpaku;j;jk; cs;sd. kw;Wk; ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiwahf gbtk; <.Mu;.
-II ,y; ,U Mz;LfSf;Fs; njhopy;Kiw tUtha;> xw;iwg;gil
Mz;Lfspy; jdpahu; Jiw kw;Wk; nghJ Jiw %yk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfspd; gb> murhq;fj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
Fwpg;Gfs; egu;fs; Kjyhspapd; ve;jnthU nghUj;jkhd gjpitAk; mZf
KbAk;. rk;ge;jg;gl;l gjpTfs; my;yJ Mtzq;fspd; gpujpfis
Ma;T nra;aNth my;yJ vLj;Jf;nfhs;sNth mtu;fSf;F mjpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW tpjpKiwfSf;F vjpuhd>
Fw;wj;Jf;fhf mguhjj; njhif nrYj;jg;gLtJ jz;lidf;Fupa
Fw;wkhFk;.
ntspg;Gw Ml;Nru;g;G Mjhuq;fspd; rpwg;Gfs;

ntsp Mjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjd; rpwg;Gfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
••Gjpa nray; jpwd; kw;Wk; jpwik me;j mikg;Gf;F te;JtpLfpwJ.
••Gjpa gzpahsu;fs; gioa gof;fq;fis khw;w Kaw;rp nra;ayhk;.
••epWtdj;jpd; rkPgj;jpa tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfspy;
Gjpa gzpahsu;fis Nju;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;.
••mjpf jFjpngw;w kw;Wk; mDgtk; tha;e;j Copau;fs;>
nray;jpwid mjpfupf;f epWtd Copau;fSf;F cjtf;$Lk;.
••xU ngupa re;ijapypUe;J Ml;fs; gzpaku;jj ; g;gLtjhy;> rpwe;j
Nju;it Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. NtW thu;ji ; jfspy; $Wtjhdhy;>
Nju;en
; jLg;gtUf;F xU gutyhd tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fs;; fpilf;fpwhu;fs;.
••mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd jpwd; kw;Wk; jukhd gzpahsu;fis
toq;fp tUfpwJ.
ntspg;Gw Ml;Nru;g;G Mjhuq;fspd; FiwghLfs;

ntsp Mjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjw;fhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
••cau; fhypaplq;fis epug;g ntspahl;fs; vLf;fg;gLtjhy;>
jw;NghJs;s Copau;fspd; kd cWjpia mtu;fs; Fiwj;Jk;
tpLfpd;wdu;.
••jw;NghJs;s Copau;fSf;fhd Cu;jp Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mit
kWf;fpd;wd.
••jtwhd Nju;tpy; Vw;gLk; fhy fl;Lg;ghL fhuzkhf Kiwahd
kjpg;gha;Tfs; rhj;jpakpy;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;.
••me;j epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis
ntspahl;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;F Kd; gapw;rp Njitg;gLfpwJ.
,it midj;jpypUe;Jk;> Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ cs; my;yJ ntspapy;
my;yJ xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gilajh vd;gJ gw;wp fLikahd>

Ntfkhd tpjp vJTk; ,y;iy vd;W ehk; KbT nra;ayhk;. Ml;Nru;g;G gzpaku;j;jk;
njhlu;ghd rpwe;j Nkyhz;ikf; nfhs;if Kjypy; mikg;gpw;Fs;

,Uf;Fk;> jpwik fpilf;fhtpl;lhy;> ntspg;Gw Mjhuq;fspy;
ghu;f;fg;glyhk;. $z;l;]; kw;Wk; X ‘Nlhdy; thu;j;ijfisg; gad;gLj;j>
(Ml;Nru;g;G) nfhs;ifapy; Nrhjidia ‘tpl’ jpwikia ‘cau;j;jpf; Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk’;.
fl;Lg;ghLfs;
xU Ntiyapy; xU Copaiu mku;j;Jk;NghJ rpy jilfs; Vw;glyhk;.
,e;j rpf;fy;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••gzpapypUe;J Copau;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; cz;ikapy;
nghUe;jtpy;iy
••Copaupd; jpwd; my;yJ jpwikia tpl> Ntiyaspg;Nghupd;
vjpu;ghu;g;G mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
••njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fshy; Ntiy kw;Wk; Copau; ,ilNa
nghUj;jkpd;ikfs; Vw;glyhk;.
••epWtd fl;likg;gpy; khw;wk; nra;tjhy; Ntiyapy; khw;wq;fs;
Vw;glyhk;. ,e;j khw;wq;fs; Copau;fSf;Fk; Ntiyf;Fk;
,ilapy; xU nghUj;jkpd;ikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;if
xU nfhs;if vd;gJ jpUk;gj; jpUk;g Nkyhz;ikg; gpur;rpidfspd;
kPJ epiwNtw;W eltbf;iffSf;fhf njhlu;r;rpahd fl;likg;ig
toq;FfpwJ. nfhs;iffs; KbntLj;jYf;F cjTfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; rpy mrhjhuz R+o;epiyfspd; fPo;>
tpyfy;fs; Njitg;glyhk;. ,j;jifa nfhs;iffs; Ml;Nru;g;Gf;fhd
Nehf;fq;fis typAWj;JfpwJ kw;Wk; nray;Kiw tbtj;jpy;
Ml;Nru;g;G jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU fl;likg;ig
toq;FfpwJ.
nfhs;if mikg;gpd; mtrpaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW gl;bayplg;
gl;Ls;sd:
••,J jpl;ltl;lkhd> Neu;kiwahd kw;Wk; njspthf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mij me;j mikg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; Gupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
••eilKiwapy; ,J nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••,J nefpo;thf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; cau;e;j msT
epue;juj;jd;ik ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••epahakhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l midj;J epiyikfisAk;
ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L mJ tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••,J cz;ikfs; kw;Wk; xyp jPu;g;Gfs; mbg;gilapy; epWtg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

gzpaku;j;jk; ••nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfSf;F
,zq;f Ntz;Lk;.
••mJ epWtg;gl;l tpjpfspd; nghJ mwpf;ifahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> ngUepWtd ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Njitfis mbg;gilahff;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhz;l ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l kw;Wk; Kd; jpl;lkplg;gl;l Ml;Nru;g;Gf;
nfhs;ifahdJ mtru KbTfisj; jtpu;f;fTk;> rupahd tif
egu;fis epakpf;fTk; epWtdj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.
Nahlu; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘xU Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;if rpwe;j jFjpfSld;
jdpegu;fs; %yk; fhypaplq;fs; epug;Gjy; Nghd;w gue;j Nfhl;ghLfspd;
xU mu;g;gzpg;igf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. ,J Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F tsu;r;rpahsu;fSf;fhd mikg;G KiwiaAk;>
gzpaplj;jpy; eilKiwfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ’. vdNt> xU
Ms;Nru;g;G nfhs;if vd;gJ me;j mikg;gpd; nfhs;iffspy; cs;s
<Lghl;ilAk; cs;slf;fpaJ:
••xt;nthU Ntiyf;Fk; rpwe;j jFjpAilatu;fis fz;Lgpbj;J
gzpaku;j;Jjy;
••tho;ehs; njhopy;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk; rpwe;j jpwikia
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
••Ntiyapy; jdpg;gl;l tsu;r;rpia vspjhf;Fjy;
xU ey;y Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;iff;F mtrpakhd epge;jidfs;

xU ey;y Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;if gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis G+u;j;jp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;:
(i)
epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;: xU ey;y Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;if>
epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; ,zf;fj;jd;ik nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Ml;Nru;g;G KbTfSf;fhd mbg;gil fhuzpfis
fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
`(ii) Ml;Nru;g;Gj; Njitfis milahsg;gLj;Jjy;: xU ey;y
Ms;Nru;g;G nfhs;if epWtdj;jpd; khwptUk; Njitfisg;
G+u;j;jpnra;Ak; msTf;F nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAld; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Ntiyapd; Ml;Nru;g;ghsu;fs; xt;nthU tif
njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; Ratptuq;fs; jahupj;J> mjw;Nfw;g
Copau;fspd; tptuf;Fwpg;Gfis jahu; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(iii) gzpahsu;fspd; ePz;lfhy Ntiy tha;g;Gfis cWjp nra;jy;:
xU ey;y Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;if xU ePz;l fhy mbg;gilapy;
jdJ Copau;fSf;F njhopy; tsu;r;rpia cWjp nra;Ak;
tifapy; epWtdj;jhy; tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gzpahsu;fspd;
cs;shu;e;j Mw;wiy tsu;f;f ,J cjTk;.
(iv) Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l Kd;Dupik Mjhuq;fs;: xU ey;y Nju;T
nra;ag;gl;l gzpahsu;fspd; nfhs;if Fzeyd;fis
mtu;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; NjitfSld; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,J jpwikahd my;yJ miu jpwikahd njhopyhsu;fs; gzpaku;j;jk;
epWtdj;jhy; jf;fitf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; cs; Mjhuq;fs; my;yJ

Ntiytha;g;G gupkhw;wq;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;> kpfTk; rpwg;G epu;thf
mjpfhupfSf;F> ntspg;Gw Mjhuq;fs; Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gLk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
1. Ml;Nru;g;G vd;why; vd;d?
2. gjtp cau;Tfisj; J}z;Ltjw;F Njitfs; vd;d?
3. khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?
4. Ntiytha;g;G gupkhw;wj;jhy; vd;d Gupe;Jnfhs;fpwPu;fs;?
5. ey;y Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;if gw;wp tiuaWf.

1. Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ epWtdj;jpw;F jFjpahd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fisj;
Nju;T nra;Ak; xU nray;Kiw MFk;.
2. Ntiytha;g;G mspj;jypy;> gzpahsu; gjpNtL kw;Wk; jpwd;
tq;fpfis gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. Ntiy ,LifapLjy; vd;gJ>
gzpahsu; $l;lq;fspy;> mwptpg;Gfis ntspapLtJ kw;Wk;
mwptpf;fg;gl;l fhypaplq;fSf;F tpz;zg;gpf;FkhW Copau;fis
miog;gjd; %yk; fhypahf cs;s epiyfisj; njuptpf;ff
KbAk;.
3. Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; rkkhd epiyfisf; nfhz;l
gzpahsupd; ,af;fk; ‘khw;wk;’ vd miof;fpwJ.
4. Ntiy tha;g;G mYtyfk; vd;gJ> tUq;fhy Copau;fis NjLk;
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; Copau;fis Njb Kbe;jtiu tpiuthf
xd;W Nru;f;Fk; xU mYtyfkhf cs;sJ.
5. xU rpwe;j Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;if epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
,J Ml;Nru;g;G KbTfSf;fhd mbg;gil msTUf;fis
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5.4 RUf;fk;
••ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpYk; kdpj tsj;jpd; jpl;lkply;
nray;ghl;bYk; Ml;Nru;g;Gf;F Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ kw;Wk;
mtu;fspd; Nghl;bapLk; jpwd;fSk; MFk;.
••Ml;Nru;g;gpy; ,uz;L Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd; mf Mjhuq;fs;; kw;Wk;
Gw Mjhuq;fs;
••xU epWtdj;jpw;Fs;shf epiyfs; cau; Nju;r;rp ngw;wjw;fhd kdpj
tsq;fspd; cupa Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nra;a epiyg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

gzpaku;j;jk; ••Ml;Nru;g;G epfo;Kiw vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifAk;>
jukhd gzpahsu;fis miltijAk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;lLs;sJ.
••Nju;T> cs; my;yJ ntspg;Gw> xU jpl;lkpl;l Kaw;rp
ngUe;njhifahd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fsplkpUe;J Fwpg;gpl;l
Fwpg;Gfs; vz;zpf;ifapyhd gzpahsu;fis Nju;T nra;Ak; mikg;GfshFk;.
••Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ epWtdj;jpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd;
jFjpahd njhFg;igf; ftUk; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU
nray;Kiw MFk;. gzp kw;Wk; tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F ,ilNa
,zf;fj;jd;ik ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;.
••xU KOikahd gzp Ma;T Kbf;fg;gl;L> kdpj Mw;wy;
Njitfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lTld;> epu;thfk; Ml;Nru;g;G eilKi-
wia Muk;gpf;f KbAk;.
••gpspg;Ngh fUj;Jg;gb> Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ ‘xU Njly;
nray;Kiwapd; vjpu;fhy Copau;fis> xU epWtdj;jpy;
Ntiyf;F tpz;zg;gpg;gjd; %yk; mtu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jyhk;’.
••kNkhupah thu;j;ijfspy;> ‘cz;ikahd my;yJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l
mikg;G uPjpapyhd fhypg; gzpaplq;fSf;F rhj;jpakhd
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fisj; njupT nra;jy;’ vd;gjhFk;.
••xU epWtdj;jpd; rk;gsg; gl;baypy; Vw;fdNt cs;s
gzpahsu;fshy; cs; Mjhuq;fs; cs;slq;fshf cs;sd.
••kf;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; cs; Mjhuq;fspypUe;J fhypaplk;
epug;Gjy; Vw;fdNt cs;s kd epiyia mjpfupf;Fk; Copau;fs;
kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpw;F toq;FtJ Ntl;ghsu; gw;wpa ek;gfkhd
jftyhFk;.
••jw;Nghija gzpahsu;fspd; gjtp cau;T Ml;Nru;g;Gf;F ey;y
Mjhukhf ,Uf;Fk;. gjtp cau;T> Ntiy gjpT> gzpahsu;
gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk; jpwd; tq;fpfis gad;gLj;Jjy; mtrpakhFk;.
••rpwe;j jFjp kw;Wk; jpwik cs;s ntspahl;fis epakpg;gjd;
mD$yk; kWf;fg;gLk; tifapy;> epWtdq;fSf;F gjtp cau;T
vd;gJ nraypof;Fk;.
••gzpahsu; gupe;Jiu vd;gJ> cs;sf Ml;Nru;g;Gf;F xU rpwe;j
Mjhukhf $l fUjg;gl KbAk;. ,e;j Mjhuk; nghJthf
MnsLg;gjpy; kpfTk; gaDs;s Kiwfspy; xd;whFk;.
••Ntiy tha;g;G mYtyfk; vd;gJ> tUq;fhy Copau;fis NjLk;
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; Copau;fis Njb Kbe;jtiu tpiuthf
xd;W Nru;f;Fk; xU mYtyfkhf cs;sJ.
•• gy epWtdq;fs; njhopyhsu;fs; gzpaku;jJ
; tjw;fhd xg;ge;jq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j Kiw nghJthf xU jw;fhypf ,ay;G
,Uf;Fk; NghJ ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
••kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikf;fhd rq;fj;jpd; Muha;r;rpf;F ,zq;f>
,izak; midj;J Ntiy NjLgtu;fSf;fhd 96 rjtPjk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

••kWGwk;> 88 rjtPjk; Ngu; Gjpa tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; gzpaku;j;jk;
fhypg; gzpaplq;fSf;F tpsk;guk; nra;a ,izaj;ijg;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
••rkPgj;jpy;> epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j tiyj;jsq;fis cUthf;f
kpfTk; trjpahd kw;Wk; gaDs;sjhf fz;Lgpbj;Js;sd> mjpy; Fwpg;Gfs;
mtu;fs; Ntiy fhypaplq;fis tpsk;gug;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
••KONeu kw;Wk; epue;ju Copau;fis gzpaku;j;jy; kw;Wk;
gzpapy; mku;j;jy; %yk; Ms;Nru;g;G Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd.
••Mdhy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd epWtdq;fs; jw;NghJ jw;fhypf
Copau;fis epakpg;gNjhL> Copau;fis Fj;jiff;F vLj;J>
RahjPdkhd xg;ge;jf;fhuu;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
••Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l gzpahsu;fs; ePz;l Neuk; cWjpAld;
,Uf;f Kidfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; Ntiy nra;J> xU Fj;jif
Vw;ghl;bd;gb epWtdj;Jld; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdu;.
••xU Fj;jif Copau; nra;ahj gl;rj;jpy;> me;j epWtdj;jpw;F
khw;W ,lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;L> my;yJ fl;lzk; jpUk;g
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
••Rje;jpukhd xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ xU khw;W Kiw Ml;Nru;g;G
KiwahFk;.
••Rje;jpukhd xg;ge;jk; vd;w Kiw> epWtdk; kw;Wk; njhopyhsUf;F
ed;ik gaf;Fk;.
••Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfq;fspy; fhypg; gzpaplq;fis fl;lha
mwptpf;if nra;a Ntz;Lk;> Ntiy tha;g;gpy; Ntiyaspg;Nghu;
njhlu;ghd tpguj; jpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;wpl Ntiytha;g;G
mYtyfq;fs; (fl;lha fhypaplq;fs; mwptpg;G) rl;lk; 1959 y;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
••nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapy; cs;s midj;J
epWtdq;fSk;> rhjhuzkhf 25 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs;
Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; tuk;gpw;Fs;> tptrhaj;ij
jtpu;j;jJ.
••$z;l;]; kw;Wk; O’Nlhd;dpy; nrhw;fspd;gb nfhs;iffis ‘tpl’
jpwikia ‘cau;j;jpf’; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.’
••xU nfhs;if vd;gJ Nkyhz;ikg; gpur;rpidfspd; kPJ
epiwNtw;Wk; eltbf;iffSf;F njhlu;r;rpahd fl;likg;ig
toq;Fk; xU fl;lis MFk;.

••jpwik: rpf;fyhd eltbf;iffs; my;yJ Ntiyg; gzpfisr;
Rygkhf gpd;gw;Wtjw;F, Kiwahd kw;Wk; njhlu;r;rpahd
Kaw;rpapd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba jpwd; kw;Wk;
jpwikahFk;.

gzpaku;j;jk; ••tpz;zg;gjhuu;: ,J VjhtJ xU Kiwahd gad;ghL, Fwpg;ghf
Ntiy nra;Ak; xU egiu Fwpf;fpwJ.
••gupe;Jiu: Copau;fs; jkJ nrhe;j ez;gu;fs;> Kd;dhs;
fy;Y}upfs;> fy;Y}up rfhf;fs; my;yJ mtu;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak;
Fwpg;Gfs; epWtdj;jpy; Ml;Nru;g;Gf;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. myfpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW tiuaiwfspd; %yk;
Ml;Nru;g;G nghUs; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. mf Mjhuq;fs; %yk; Ml;Nru;g;Gpd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfs;
ahit?
3. Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. xU ey;y Ms;Nru;gG
; nfhs;iff;F mtrpakhd epge;jidfis tptup.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. xU Ntiyf;fhf thliff;F mku;j;jg;gl Ntz;ba jdpegu;fspd;
rpwg;gpay;Gfis tiuaWf;f Njitahd tptuf;Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wp
tpthjpAq;fs;.
2. Ml;Nru;g;G Mjhuq;fspd; gy;NtW tiffs; ahit? xt;nthd;iwAk;
tpupthf tpthjpf;fTk;.
3. Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d? nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpd;
Njitfs; vit?
5.7 NkYk; gbf;f

nkf;uh `py;.

gPau;Lnty;> ,ad; kw;Wk; nyd; N`hy;ld;. 1995. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik. gzpaku;j;jk;
yz;ld;: kf;kpy;yd;.
rpfhNfh: ,u;tpd;.
Fwpg;Gfs;

Nju;njLj;jy;
myF 6 Nju;njLj;jy;
mikg;G
6.2 Nju;njLj;jypd; fUj;Jf;fs;: nray;Kiw kw;Wk; njupT
Nrhjidfs;
6.2.1 Nju;njLj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
6.2.2 Nju;njLj;jy; Kiwfs;
tpilfs;
6.5 RUf;fk;
6.8 NkYk; gbf;f
6.0 Kd;Diu
xU epWtdk; Njitahd jFjpfs;> jpwik kw;Wk; msTUj; jpwd;
nfhz;l egu;fspd; Nritfis nfhs;Kjy; nra;aj; jtwpdhy;>
jFjpngw;w egu;fs; midtUk; Xa;T ngWk;NghNjh> mjd; gpwF me;j
mikg;G ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. vdNt> rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd tif
egu;fis Ml;Nru;g;G nra;jy; kw;Wk; Nju;e;njLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;j;JtJ> me;j mikg;Gf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf
cs;sJ.
Ke;ija myfpy; ek; Ms;Nru;g;G gzpfs; gw;wp tpthjpj;Njhk;.
,e;j myfpy; ehk; Nju;e;njLj;jy; gw;wp tpthjpg;Nghk;.

••Nju;T gw;wpa fUj;ij tpthjpf;f KbAk.;
••Nju;T nra;Ak; Kiwia tpsf;f KbAk;.
••Nju;T gupNrhjidfis tptupf;f KbAk;.
••Nju;tpy; cs;s jilfis Muha KbAk;.
6.2 Nju;njLj;jypd; fUj;Jf;fs;: nray;Kiw kw;Wk;

njupT Nrhjidfs;
gzpahsiuj; Nju;e;njLg;gjd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;> mjpf gl;r
nray;jpwDld; jq;fs; Ntiyfis kpfTk; rpwg;ghf nra;Ak; egu;fis
Nju;e;njLj;J epWtdj;Jld; njhlu;e;J ,Uf;f nra;tJ MFk;. ,jdhy;>

Ntiyf;F jFe;j tpz;zg;gjhuiu fz;lwpa Kaw;rp elf;fpwJ. ,t;thW Nju;njLj;jy;
nra;ifapy; ,ay;ghfNt gy tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; epuhfupf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

,J njupT Kiwia xU vjpu;kiw nray;ghlhf fhl;LfpwJ.
Nahlu; mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘gzpaku;j;jy; nray;Kiw xd;W
my;yJ gy’ ‘nry;-epy;-nry;’ mstPLfshf cs;sJ. gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs;
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs;> Ntiyaspg;gtu; %yk; jpiuaplg;gLfpd;wdu;> kw;Wk;
FWfpa gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s tpz;zg;gjhuu;fSk; mLj;j jil epiyf;F
nry;fpd;wdu;> mNjNtis jFjpaw;wtu;fSk; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wdu;.
Nju;T eilKiwapd; gbfs;

xU tpz;zg;gjhuupd; Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPl;il fz;lwpa FWf;F top
vJTk; ,y;iy. gzpahsu;fis Nju;e;njLf;f gy;NtW Kiwfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> Nju;T Kiw midj;J epWtd
mikg;GfSf;Fk; nghJthdjy;y. ,J epWtdj;jpd; epiyik kw;Wk;
Njitfisg; nghUj;J> xd;Wf;F xd;W NtWgLfpwJ. vdNt> epiyahd
Nju;T eilKiw vJTk; gpd;gw;wg;gLtjpy;iy.
vdpDk;> Nahlu; fUj;Jg;gb nghJthf gpd;gw;wg;gLk; gbfs; fPNo
cs;sd:
(a) ntw;wpl Mtzk;

xU tifahd ntw;wpl Mtzk; vd;W xU kpf tbtikf;fg;gl;l
Neu;fhzy; cs;sJ> mjpy; Nfs;tpfs; jug;gLj;jg;gl;L Kd;$l;bNa
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU ntw;wpl Mtzk;> xU tUq;fhy
tpz;zg;gjhuuplkpUe;J jftiyg; ngw> xU ghuk;gupa> gutyhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rhjdk; cs;sJ. ntw;wpl Mtzk; gad;ghL
ntw;W jfty;fis toq;FfpwJ NkYk; Mu;tk; kpFe;j gFjpfis
Rl;bf;fhl;b> tpthjj;jpw;F gaDs;s tifapy; Neu;fhziy Kd;dlj;j
cjTfpwJ.
(b) tpz;zg;gjhuupd; Muk;g Neu;fhzy;

tpz;zg;gjhuupd; fhypahf cs;s tptuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
Neu;fhzYf;F Nju;T nra;ag;gl;ltu;fs;> me;j mikg;Gfspd; Muk;g
Neu;fhzYf;F miof;fg;gLthu;fs;. ,J tpz;zg;gjhuupd; Njhw;wj;ij
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk;> tpz;zg;gjhuupd; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa
el;Gwit Vw;gLj;Jtjw;f;Fk;> tpz;zg;gj;jpy; Vw;fdNt cs;s jfty;
njhlu;ghd $Ljy; jftiyg; ngWjy; my;yJ njspTgLj;Jjiy
Fwpf;fpwJ. xU Ntiyf;F mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd Ntl;ghsu;fs;
tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;NghJ> G+u;thq;f Neu;fhzy; mtrpak; MfpwJ.
(c) Nju;Tg; gupNrhjidfs;

xU tpz;zg;gjhuupd; jd;ik kw;Wk; jpwd;fis NkYk; kjpg;gpl> Nju;T
eilKiwfspy; rpy gupNrhjidfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Nrhjidfs;
Kiwahf elj;jg;gl;lhy;> mtu;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd

Nju;njLj;jy; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspy; ,Ue;J Nkyhz;ikf;Fupa tifapy; Fiwf;fg;gl;L
Nju;Tf; nryit Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. gy;NtW tifahd
Nrhjidfshtd:
(i)
jFjpepiy gupNrhjid: xU Gjpa Ntiy kw;Wk; jpwikiaf;
Fwpg;Gfs; fw;f xU tpz;zg;gjhuupd; jpwik kw;Wk; jpwikia mstpl
jpwdwpjy; my;yJ rhj;jpakhd jpwd; Nrhjidfs; gutyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. jFjpepiy gupNrhijfs; jpwd; kw;Wk;
jpwikfis mstpLk;. xU tpz;zg;gjhuu; Ntiyf;F Vw;wtuh
,y;iyah vd;gij fz;lwpa mtu;fs; ek;ik topelj;jp
tUfpd;wdu;.
(ii)
Mu;tj; Nju;T: Mu;tj; Nju;T> tpz;zg;gj;jhuu; vJ njhlu;ghd
Ntiyia nra;a Mu;tk; cs;sJ vd;gij fz;lwpa cjTfpwJ.
xU tpz;zg;gj;jhuupd; Mu;tk; rhu;e;j gzpfis kl;LNk Fwpg;gpl
gad;gLfpwJ. ,J tpz;zg;gj;jhuupd; jpwik Fwpj;j tptuq;fis
ntspf;nfhzu Ntz;bajpy;iy.
(iii) mwpTj;jpwd; Nrhjid: tpz;zg;gjhuupd; Gj;jprhypj;jdj;ij
fz;lwpa ,e;j Nrhjid gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J tpz;zg;gjhuupd;
kd tpopg;Gj;jd;ik> gFj;jwpTj; jpwd;> Gupe;Jzu;T Mw;wy;
Kjypatw;iwf; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mwpTj;jpwd; gupNrhjidfspd;
kjpg;ngz;fis epiyepWj;j nghJthf mwpTj;jpwd; Nkw;Nfhshf
(IQ) ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ> ,J gpd;tUkhW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ:
kdjpd; taJ
IQ = × 100
cz;ikahd taJ
(iv) nray;jpwd; my;yJ rhjidj; Nju;T: ,e;j Nrhjid xU Fwpg;gpl;l
tu;j;jfj;jpy; my;yJ njhopypy; cs;s tpz;zg;gjhuupd; epiy
gw;wpa mwpitAk; jpwidAk; mstpl gad;gLfpwJ. rhjidg;
gupNrhjid> xU tpz;zg;gjhuupd; ngwg;gl;l Ke;ija mDgtk;
my;yJ gapw;rpapd; tpisthf ngwg;gl;l jpwd; kw;Wk; mwpit
mstpLfpwJ.
(v)
MSikr; Nrhjid: MSikj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
gz;Gfis mstpLtjw;F MSik Nrhjid gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(d) Neu;fhzy;
kw;w gupNrhjidfs; midj;ijAk; rup nra;J Kbj;j gpd;du;>
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; Neu;fhzYf;F miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. Neu;fhzy;
vd;gJ Ngl;bfhz;gtUf;Fk; tpz;zg;gjhuUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;G MFk;. rupahf ifahsg;gl;lhy;> Jy;ypakhd jfty;fis
miltjpy; kw;Wk; kw;wgb fpilf;fhj %yg;nghUis ngWtjpy;
xU rf;jptha;e;j njhopy;El;gkhf mJ ,Uf;f KbAk;. Neu;fhzy;
ftdkhf ifahsg;gltpy;iy vd;why;> mJ ghugl;rj;jpd; Mjhukhf
,Uf;fyhk;> jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpd; Xl;lj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ
jpupf;Fk;. ,t;thwhf> xU Neu;fhzy; vd;gJ> jdJ gzpapy; cs;s

jdJ nghUj;jj; jd;ik njhlu;ghf> tpz;zg;gjhuuplkpUe;J mjpfgl;r Nju;njLj;jy;
jfty;fis ngWtjw;fhd Kaw;rpahFk;.
(e) Fwpg;Gfis rupghu;j;jy;

tpz;zg;gjhuu; mspj;Js;s Fwpg;Giu rupghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J> Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntl;ghsupd; fle;jfhy gjpTfspy; ,Ue;J njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba
xd;whFk;. Fwpg;Gfis rupghu;j;jy;> Neu;fhzy; nra;gtUf;F rpy
uh[je;jpuj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g mNj msT jpwd;fspd; gad;ghL
Njitg;gLfpwJ. Kf;fpa ,lu;g;ghL vd;ndntd;why; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
jfty;fspd; Jy;ypaj;ijf; fz;lwpjy; MFk;. Jy;ypakw;w
cz;ikfisj; jtpu> kDjhuiu kjpg;gPL nra;aTk; tptupf;f
,ayhikAk;> Ntl;ghsu; gw;wpa mtuJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mwpTk;
$l rpf;fiy vOg;Gfpd;wd. mjd; ,lu;ghLfisAk; kPwp> Fwpg;Gjtp
Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhd xd;whf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
gy epWtdq;fspy;> xg;gPL rupghu;g;G tof;fkhd xU tp\akhf
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;L> tof;fkhfr; rpfpr;iraspf;fg;gl;L my;yJ
Kw;wpYk; tpLgl;bUf;fpwJ.
(f) cly; my;yJ kUj;Jt gupNrhjid

xUNtis Njit Vw;gl;lhy;> Nju;T nra;ag;gLNthu; kUj;Jt gupNrhjid
nra;J nfhs;tJ mLj;j fl;lkhf cs;sJ. ngUk;ghYk; Nju;tu;fs;>
jdJ gzp njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifapLk; Kd; kUj;Jt gupNrhjid
nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. muR kw;Wk; gpw muR rhu;G epWtdq;fspy;
kUj;Jt gupNrhjid nra;J nfhs;tjw;F Kd; my;yJ flik
mwpf;ifapLk; Neuj;jpy; kUj;Jt Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLthu;fs;.
kUj;Jt gupNrhjid vd;gJ gy epWtdq;fspy; jFjpahd midj;J
Nju;tu;fSf;fhd Nje;njLj;jy; epfo;Kiwapd; xU gFjpahFk;.
(g) ,Wjpg; Neu;fhzy; kw;Wk; J}z;ly;

,Wjpahf tpz;zg;gjhuu; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lgpwF> epu;thfk; me;j
Ntiyia mtUf;F tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtuJ flikfs; vd;d> mjw;fhd
Njit vd;d> me;j epWtdj;jpy; mtUila vjpu;fhy tha;g;Gfs;
vd;d vd;W mtu; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. rhjhuzkhf ,e;jj; jfty;>
,Wjpj; Nju;T Neu;fhzypd; NghJ> tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gbj;jhd; tpz;zg;gjhuu; Ntiyapy; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. mtUf;F
xU epakdf; fbjj;ij my;yJ xU Nrit xg;ge;jj;ij epiwT
nra;tjd; %yk; mtu; Kiwg;gb epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. gzp epakdf;
fbjj;jpy; Ntiytha;g;G njhlu;ghd epge;jidfs;> Cjpa msTNfhy;
kw;Wk; gpw rYiffs; Mfpait ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
Neu;fhzy; nra;gtu; epWtdk; kw;Wk; mjd; nfhs;iffs;>
tpz;zg;gjhuupd; flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis tptupf;fyhk;> NkYk;
vjpu;fhy Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fhf mtUf;F fpilf;Fk; tha;g;GfisAk;
$wyhk;. cz;ikapy; Neu;fhzy; nra;gtu; Ntiyapd; mD$ykhd

Nju;njLj;jy; mk;rq;fis cau;j;jpf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j nray;Kiw mLj;jLj;j
gpupTfspy; tpupthf tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
6.2.1 Nju;e;njLj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;

Fwpg;Gfs; g;sk; kw;Wk; nea;yu; MfpNahu; ftdpf;Fk;NghJ> xU jpwikahd
Ntiy nray;jpwDf;fhd kpf ngupa mstpyhd Fzq;fs; nfhz;l
jdpegu;fisf; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfis
jpwk;gl gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ Nju;T epfo;Kiwapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
cz;ikapy;> jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfs;> Nju;T kw;Wk; gzpaku;j;jy;
epfo;KiwfSf;F mbg;gilia toq;Ffpd;wd. kpfTk; jpwikahd
kw;Wk; Fiwe;j jpwikahd njhopyhsu;fSf;FkpilNa> ];G+d; ghyp\
pq; Nghd;w rpy NtiyfSf;F Ie;J Kiw NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gJ
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J xg;Gikapy; Fiwe;j jpwd; nfhz;l
jdpegu;fis epuhfupf;f Nju;T Kiwfis cUthf;Ftjpy; cs;s
mD$yq;fis Fwpf;fpwJ. jdpkdpj NtWghLfspd; cstpay;> kf;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfs; nghJthf kf;fspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ
vd;gJ ftdpf;fg;glyhk;. ,jdhy;> rpy jdpegu;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
mstpy; mjpf msT jFjpAld; ,Ug;ghu;fs;> rpyUf;F Fiwthd
msT jFjp ,Uf;Fk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd jdpegu;fs; me;j
jFjpapy; kpjkhd msT ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
6.2.2 Nje;njLf;fg;gLk; Kiwfs;

Nju;T eilKiwfs; xU epWtdj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU epWtdj;jpw;f;F
msT> njhopy;Jiw> ,Ug;gplk;> kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;Ak; Ntiyapd;
msTfs; Mfpait mbg;ilapy; NtWgl;lhYk;> Nju;T epfo;Kiw
gaDs;s gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; Ml;Nru;g;G Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;jJ
vd;W ePq;fs; Muha;e;jPu;fs;. Nahlu; vl; my; gupe;Jiuj;jypd; gb>
,e;j Nju;T epfo;Kiw fPo;f;fz;l VO gbfis cs;slf;fpaJ. (i)
tpz;zg;gq;fspd; Kjw;fl;l jpiuaply;> (ii) ntw;wpl Mtzq;fs;
Fwpj;j kPs;ghu;it> (iii) Fwpg;Giufisg; gupNrhjpj;jy; (iv) cly;
gupNrhjid> (v) cstpay; gupNrhjid> (vi) Ntiytha;g;G Neu;fhzy;
kw;Wk; (vii) epfo;r;rp kjpg;gPL Mfpait MFk;. ,tw;iw gw;wp tpupthf
,g;NghJ gbf;fyhk;.
I. t
pz;zg;gq;fspd; Kjw;fl;l jpiuaply; gupNrhjid kw;Wk;
kPs;ghu;it
(a) tpz;zg;gq;fspd; Kjw;fl;l jpiuaply;

midj;J tpz;zg;gjhuu;fSf;FKs;s Nju;T eilKiwfspd; KOj;
njhlu; gupNrhjidfisAk; epu;tfpg;gjpy; ,J kpfTk; rpf;fdkhdJ
my;y. Nju;T kpd;fyj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd; jFjpaw;w
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J tupirg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J
mD$ykhf cs;sJ. ,jw;fhf> tof;fkhf Kjw;fl;l Neu;fhzy;>

ntw;wpl Mtz Nju;T gl;bay;fs; kw;Wk; FWfpa gupNrhjidfis Nju;njLj;jy;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. jFjpepiy mwpAk; Neu;fhzy;fis nghWj;j tiu>

gzpahsu; Jiwapy; cs;s rpy fPo;epiy vOj;ju;fSf;F gjpyhf>
jpwikahd kw;Wk; gapw;rp ngw;w Neu;fhzy; nra;gtu;fshy;
elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tpz;zg;gq;fSf;fhd epuhfupg;G epakq;fs; ed;F Fwpg;Gfs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> ntw;wpl Mtz rupghu;g;G gl;bay;fs;
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fisj; tupirg;gLj;jTk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. vdpDk;>
,e;j gl;bay; Muha;r;rpapd; %yk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L epuhfupg;Gf;fhd jFe;j
juepiy Ntiy nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jl;lr;Rr; nra;tjw;fhd
Fiwe;jgl;r epakk; epkplj;jpw;F 40 nrhw;fs; vd;W itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;;
,e;j jftiy rupghu;g;Gg; gl;baypy; Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 40 fPNo jl;lr;R
Ntfk; nfhz;l midj;J tpz;zg;gjhuu;fSk; Neuhf epuhfupf;fyhk;.
rpy Neuq;fspy;> tha;top %yk; jug; gupNrhjidfs; my;yJ jFjpepiy
gupNrhjidfSk; gupNrhjid Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
gupNrhjid rhjdk;
Nahlu; ml; my; gupe;Jiuapd; gb> njhlu;r;rpahd jilfs; xU jpwikahd
jFjpepiy mwpAk; fUtpahFk;. ,e;j El;gj;jpd;gb> midj;J Nju;T
fhuzpfSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwe;J tupirapy; mike;Js;sd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jFjpepiy Nrhjid vd;gJ> Ntiyapd; ntw;wpAld;
$ba midj;J Nju;T rhjdq;fSf;fpilNa kpf cau;e;j njhlu;ig
nfhz;bUe;jhy;> mJ Kjypy; jutupirg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mNj Nghy>
jdpg;gl;l tuyhW> Ntiy ntw;wpAld; vy;yh fhuzpfspilNaAk;
Fiwe;j njhlu;igf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> mJ filrpapy; tUk;. ,jd;gb>
xU jFjpj;Nju;T %yk; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fisj; gupNrhjidf;F
jpiuapl;L nfhs;syhk;. gpd;du;> mLj;j nry;yj;jf;f Nrhjid
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. rpy epWtdq;fs; cw;WNehf;fy; njhopy;El;gq;fs;
(mjhtJ Kf ntspg;ghL) kw;Wk; mDgtq;fspd; ePsk;> jFjpepiy
tpz;zg;g Kiwfs;> Nghd;w Gwepiy Kiwfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,J xU rhj;jpakhd nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik nfhz;l xU kpfTk;
jd;dpr;irahd KiwahFk;.
(b) ntw;wpl tpz;zg;gq;fspd; kWMa;T

jdpg;gl;l tuyhw;W juT. ntw;wpl tpz;zg;gq;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
Nju;T rhjdq;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j ntw;wplq;fs;>
tpz;zg;gjhuupd; tuyhW njhlu;ghf E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd cUg;gbfs;
nfhz;l gy Nfhg;Giwfs; rpwpa xU gf;f jhspypUe;J khWgLfpwJ.
tpz;zg;gg; gbtq;fs; tof;fkhf ngau;> Kftup> taJ> jpUkz
epiy kw;Wk; rhu;e;jpUg;Nghu;> gs;sp> mDgtk; kw;Wk; xg;gPL Nghd;w
nghUl;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. epWtdk; kw;Wk; Ntiyapd; Fwpg;gpl;l
Njitg;ghLfisg; nghUj;J NtW gy cUg;gbfSk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
`huy; mtu;fs; fUj;Jg; gb> ,e;j ntw;wplq;fs;> Mu;tj;ijAk;
tpthjg; gFjpfisAk; Fwpg;gjd; %yk; Muk;g jfty;fisAk;>
Neu;fhzypd; cjtpAk; toq;Ffpd;wd. ntw;wpl tpz;zg;gq;fs; rupahd

Nju;njLj;jy; cUg;gbfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> jdpg;gl;l tuyhw;W cUg;gbfis
jpwk;gl gad;gLj;j KbAk;. tof;fkhf> fle;j fhyk; vjpu;fhyj;ijg;
gw;wpa Fwpg;igf; nfhLf;fpwJ. Ntiy ntw;wpapd; kpfr; rpwe;j
Kd;fzpg;ghdJ ,NjNghd;w Ntiyfspy; jpwk;gl nray;gLtjw;fhd
Fwpg;Gfs; xUtupd; Mw;wiyf; fhl;LfpwJ.
tuk;Gfs;. vdpDk;> eilKiwapy;> ,e;j tpz;zg;g gbtq;fs;
ek;Kd; Njhd;Wk; mtu;fisg; Nghy; gaDs;sjhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. rpy
rkaq;fspy;> tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; jq;fs; jpwikfis ngupJgLj;jg;
ghu;f;f Kidfpd;wdu;. gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> ntw;wplq;fs; mlq;fpAs;s
tpdhf;fs; nghUj;jkw;witahf cs;sd. NkYk;> rpy Neuq;fspy;
gzpahsu; Jiw cWg;gpdu;fSf;F rupahd kjpg;gPl;L Kiwiag;
gw;wpj; njupahjjhy;> mjw;Nfw;gthW mtw;wpd; gaidAk; Vw;gLj;j
Kbtjpy;iy.
gl;lg;gbg;ig njhlu;e;J Ie;jhz;LfSf;F gpwF> fy;Y}
up fy;tp cjtpj; njhif kw;Wk; ,ju fhuzpfs;> rk;gsj;Jld;
xg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. njhopy; ntw;wpf;F fy;Y}up fy;tp cjtpj; njhif
kpf Kf;fpa fhuzpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ ,jd; KbTfspy; ,Ue;J
njupate;jJs;sJ. tzpfj; jiytu;fs; fy;Y}up gl;ljhupfshf
,Ug;gjhfTk;> tpahghuj;jpy; ‘FLk;g ,Ogwpahy;’ Mjhakiltjpy;iy
vd;Wk;> mtu;fs; tof;fkhf njhopy;Kiw kf;fs;> Nkyhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; tpahghu kf;fspd; ,y;yq;fspy; ,Ue;J tUthu;fs; vd;Wk;
rpy Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdu;. vdpDk;> me;j KbTfs;
vr;rupf;ifAld; tpsf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ftdpf;fg;glyhk;. Ntiy
kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSf;fhd jdpg;gl;l tuyhw;W juTfspd; nray;jpwid
njhlu;e;J jPu;khdpf;f Kaw;rpfs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l ntw;wpl tpz;zg;gq;fs;. Ntiy ntw;wpAld;
njhlu;Gila jdpg;gl;l tuyhW njhlu;ghd jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;>
gad;ghl;bw;fhd tpz;zg;gg; Gs;spfs; jahu; nra;ayhk;. 30
taJf;Fl;gl;ltuhf ,Ug;gJ xU fhg;gPl;L KftUf;F rhjfkhdJ
vd;why;> mJ mjpf gad;ghL nfhz;lJ> mJ Fiwe;j gad;ghL
nfhz;lJ vd;W itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. mNj Nghy;> tpw;ghz;ik
gw;wpa vjpu;fhy ntw;wpf;F fy;tprhu; rhjid Fiwe;j msT
Cfpj;jpUe;jhy;> mJ Fiwthd gad;ghl;L kjpg;ig xJf;FfpwJ. ,J
epu;thf Ntiyfspy; ntw;wpAld; njhlu;GilajhFk; vd;why;> mJ
xg;gPl;lstpy; mjpf gad;ghl;Lld; xJf;fg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf vy;yh
NtiyfSf;Fk; xU gad;ghl;bw;fhd tpz;zg;gg; Gs;spfis jahupf;f
KbahJ. khwhf> Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; mikg;GfSf;F gad;ghL
tpz;zg;gj;jpid jahupf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
II. Fwpg;Gfis rupghu;j;jy; kw;Wk; cly; gupNrhjidfs;

(a) Fwpg;Gfis rupghu;j;jy;
ntw;wpl tpz;zg;gq;fs; vOj;J kw;Wk; nghJ xg;gPLfis toq;f
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Kd;ida KjyhspfSk;

ghlrhiyfSk; gaDs;s jfty;fisj; ju KbAk;. Gwepiy gjpy;fis Nju;njLj;jy;
nfhs;Kjy; nra;a jdpg;gl;l tUiffs; kw;Wk; njhiyNgrp miog;Gfs;

Nghd;w Kaw;rpfs; nra;ag;glyhk;. nghJthf> Ntiy tuyhW xg;gPl;L
jfty;> gzp> rk;gsk; kw;Wk; Cjpak; ngwg;gl;l Njjpfs; cs;spl;l
jfty;fis rupghu;f;f fbjg; Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rpwe;j Fwpg;Gfs;
vOj;JfSf;F gjpyhf> gjpy;fis rupghu;j;jy; njhlu;ghd RUf;fkhd
Nfs;tpj;jhis mDg;GtJ xU rpwe;j gapw;rpahFk;. tprhuizfs;>
Kbe;jtiu Fwpg;ghd> Jy;ypakhd Kiwapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(b) cly; gupNrhjidfs;

tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd; epuhfupg;Gf;F khwhf cly; gupNrhjidfs; mbf;fb
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L> NtWgl;l Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
ngupa epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j kUj;Jtkidfis nfhz;Ls;sd>
mNj Ntisapy; rpwpa gpupTfs; jdpahu; kUj;Jtkidfis
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;. mjpfupj;J tUk; eyj;jpl;lq;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjidfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sd. Nahlu; ftdj;jpd;
gb> cly; gupNrhjidfs; xU vjpu;kiw Nju;T rhjdj;ij tpl
rhjfkhdjhf mikfpwJ. ,J xU jdpegupd; jpwidg; gw;wpa
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;f;Fk; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; mikg;G Kiwapy; gy
Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fSf;F nghUe;Jk; tifapy; khWgl;l kdpj Mw;wy;
gad;ghl;bid cUthf;Ftjw;f;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ. cly; kw;Wk;
Rw;Wr;R+oy; Ntiy Njitfs; kw;Wk; epiyikfs; njhlu;ghd cly;
uPjpahd Njitfspd; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; clw;$W nray;ghLfspy;
xU egu; vt;tsT tpupthf <Lgl KbAk; vd;w cWjpg;ghl;Lld;
njhlu;Gila clw; jpwd;fspd; gFg;gha;T Mfpait Nkw;nfhs;s
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;. Ntiyfspd; cly; rhu;e;j
Nfhupf;iffs; nghUe;jf; $ba tifapy; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd; cly;
jpwd;fSld; xg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthUtUk; rpy Ntiyfspy;
cly; uPjpahf CdKw;wtu;fs; Mthu;fs;. vdNt> Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
my;yJ NtWgl;l Ntiy tha;g;Gfspy; cly; gupNrhjid kpfTk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.
Kiwfs;. `d;kd; mtu;fisj; njhlu;e;J> cly; rhu;e;j
Ma;Tfs; %d;W Kiwfspy; elj;jg;glyhk;: (1) ,ayhik Kiw> (2)
kjpg;gPl;L Kiw (3) Fwpg;gpl;l topKiw. ,ayhik Kiw> jpwd;fis
tpl Copau;fspd; FiwghLfis typAWj;JfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
,t;thwhd NtiyfshdJ> fz; ghu;itad;wp ,Uj;jy;> xU if
,oe;jtu; my;yJ xU fhJ Nfshjtu; Nghd;w khw;wpj;jpwdhsp kf;fs;
milg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. jukjpg;gPl;L Kiw ‘fduf J}
f;fy;’> ‘kpjkhd J}f;fy;’> ‘Fiwthd J}f;fy;’ Nghd;w Ntiyfspd;
jukjpg;G cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J kpfTk; mfta KiwahFk;. kjpg;gPl;L
Kiw Copau; vd;d nra;a KbAk; vd;gij typAWj;JfpwJ. Ntiy
Nfhupf;iffisAk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l gzpahsu;fspd; jpwikfisAk;
Fwpg;gpl;l> Gwepiy mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Kiw Ntiy gFg;gha;T %yk; xU

Nju;njLj;jy; Fwpg;gpl;l cly; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; Njitfspd; mgptpUj;jpia
cs;slf;fpaJ. ,jdhy;> Fwpg;gpl;l rpy NtiyfSf;F gzpahsu;
Nkyhsupd; Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhupf;iffs; kjpg;gPL nra;a
toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
III. cstpay; gupNrhjid
(a) nghJf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
,e;j Nehf;fq;fSf;fpilapy;> kNdh jUf;f Nrhjid Kf;fpakhf
Nju;T kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xU Ntiy
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy;> gupNrhjid
jpl;lk; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. gupNrhjidfis Kiwahf gad;gLj;Jjy;
jFjpapy;yhj tpz;zg;gjhuu;fisj; epuhfupf;f cjTfpwJ. ,t;thW>
fzprkhd Ntiyapd;ik kw;Wk; Vuhskhd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gupNrhjid jpl;lk; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf
cs;sJ. vdpDk;> tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ mJ gad; ju tha;g;gpy;iy vd;W $wptpl KbahJ. ,j;jifa
R+o;epiyapy;> kdpj Mw;wy; Nkyhsu;> jdpj;j xUtiu xU Ntiyapy;
mku itj;J nghUj;jkhd xU gzpiar; nra;a> gzpaku;j;jy;
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ,J cgNahfkhf cs;sJ.
b/gpd; kw;Wk; nkf;Nfhu;kpf; $wpajd; gb> cstpay; Nrhjidfs;
jtwhdit my;y vdNt mJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpy
Neuq;fspy; tpz;zg;gjhuupd; rhj;jpakhd gzp ntw;wpf;F cz;ikahd
mwpFwp ,y;yhj KbTfis mtu;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. ve;j
xU Kiwapd; nray;jpwDk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; msitg; nghWj;jJ>
mjd; G+uzj;Jtj;ij rhu;e;jJ my;y. Nrhjid jpl;lj;jpd; gad;ghL
,y;yhky;> tUtha; tpfpjk; 30 rjtPjk; vd itj;J nfhs;Nthk;.
Nrhjid jpl;lj;jpd; gad;ghl;bdhy; ,J 25 tpOf;fhL FiwfpwJ. ,e;j
Nrhjid jpl;lk;> tpw;gidia mfw;wtpy;iy vd;whYk;> ntw;wpfukhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
(b) gupNrhjidfspd; tiffs;

cstpay; gupNrhjidfis gy tiffspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;. FO
my;yJ jdpegu; gupNrhjidfs;> fUtp my;yJ fhfpj kw;Wk; ngd;rpy;
Nrhjidfs;> MSik kw;Wk; Mu;tk; rhu;e;j Nrhjidfs; kw;Wk; kpd;rf;jp
my;yJ Ntf Nrhjidfs; ,Uf;fyhk;. FO gupNrhjidfs; cly;
cs;fl;likg;igg; nghUj;J xNu Neuj;jpy; vj;jid tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F
Ntz;LkhdhYk; epu;tfpf;fglyhk;> mNjrkak; jdpg;gl;l gupNrhjidfs;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;F xU tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F nfhLf;fglyhk;>
nghJthf gupNrhjidfs; gw;wp kpFe;j ftdk; nrYj;jglyhk;.
FOg; gupNrhjidfspd; cjhuzq;fshtd njhopy; rhu;e;j rhjidr;
Nrhjidfs;> jftikj; jd;ik Nrhjid> kw;Wk; tpe;ij gzpahsu;
Nrhjid Nghd;wit MFk;. fUtp rhu;e;j Nrhjidfs; fUtpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd> NkYk; tof;fkhf ghj;jpuj;jpy; jdpg;gl;lit.

fhfpj kw;Wk; ngd;rpy; Nrhjidfs; nghJthf vOjg;gl;l gjpy;fs; Nju;njLj;jy;
njhlu;ghd FO Nrhjidfs; MFk;.

gapw;r;rp Nrhjidfs; xU egupd; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wiy> NghJkhd
gapw;rpapd; %yk; xU Ntiyiag; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s kjpg;gplgLfpwJ.
,e;jg; gupNrhjidfs; Gjpatu;fSf;F kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
xU jdpegu; xU Ntiyia vg;gbr; nra;ayhk;> mJ gw;wp mtUf;F
vd;d njupAk; vd;gij milTj;jpwd; Nrhjidfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; ,NjNghd;w Ntiyfspy; Kd; mDgtk; ngw;wpUe;jhy;
,e;j Nrhjidfs; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Fwpg;gpl;l topapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpy Nrhjidfs;> rhjdj; Nju;Tfs;
vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L> gpw topfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ> mJ
xU jpwd; gupNrhjidfshf epakpf;fg;glyhk; vd;gJ ftdpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> mbg;gil tifghL msTNfhy; vd;gJ mjd;
Nehf;fj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ jtpu nghUSiuia Fwpg;gpLtjpty;iy.
MSik kw;Wk; Mu;tk; rhu;e;j Nrhjidfs; Ntiy nray;jpwDf;Fg;
cfe;j jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfis Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nrhjidfs;
jpwdha;T NrhjidfSld; xj;jjhFk;. xU rf;jp rhu;e;j Nrhjid
vd;gJ> Ntl;ghsupd; jpwik> jdJ Ntfj;ij tpl kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf
,Uf;Fk;. Ntf Nrhjid vd;gJ xt;nthU cUg;gbia ngUk;ghyhd
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; xU Nrhjidia Fwpf;fpwJ> Mdhy;
mjpy; Ntfk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Nrhjidfis Nrhjpj;jy;
Nrhjidfs; cz;ikapy; elj;jg;gLk; Kd; Nrhjid nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
gupNrhjidfspd; nry;Ygb. ntspg;gilahf> Nrhjidfs;
NghJkhd nry;YgbahFk; tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ‘nry;Ygb’ vd;w
nrhy;Yf;F> xU Nrhjid vd;why; mij mstpl vd;d eltbf;if
vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;jjhFk;. Nrhjidfs; rupghu;f;f gy
topKiwfs; cs;sd. jw;Nghija Copau; Kiw kw;Wk; gpd;njhlu;
Kiw ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. jw;Nghija gzpahsu; Kiw
jw;Nghija Copau;fis gupNrhjpj;J> mtu;fsJ Nju;T kjpg;ngz;fis
Nju;e;njLg;gjd; %yk; Ntiy nra;gtupd; nghUj;jkhd jFjpld; Nju;T
eilngWfpwJ. gpd;njhlu;jy; Kiw Gjpa Copau;fis Ml;Nru;g;G
Neuj;jpy; kjpg;gpLjy;> Nrhjid kjpg;ngz;fis jhf;fy; nra;jy; kw;Wk;
gpd;du; xU fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpwF gzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; Copau;fspd; nray;jpwd;
Mfpatw;iw epu;zapj;jy; Nghd;witfis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,e;j
Kiwfs; gy mD$yq;fisAk;> FiwghLfisAk; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;>
gupNrhjidj; jpl;lkhdJ mjpfgl;r jpwd; nfhz;l ,U KiwfisAk;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nrhjid gy Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ehd;F
tifahd nry;Ygb epiyfs; cs;sd. ,it cs;slf;f nry;Ygb>
Kd;fzpg;G nry;Ygb> cldpfo; nry;Ygb kw;Wk; fl;likg;G nry;Ygb
Nghd;witfshFk;. Nrhjidapd; cs;slf;fkhdJ> Nrhjidia
mstpLtjw;Fj; Njitahd tp\aq;fis my;yJ R+o;epiyfis

Nju;njLj;jy; vg;gb gpujpgypf;fpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; cs;slf;f
nry;YgbahFk; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Kd;fzpg;G (gpd;njhlu; Kiw
%yk; Kd;khjpupahf cs;sJ) Nrhjid %yk; vt;thW ntw;wpfukhd
fzpg;Gfs; njhlu;e;J cWjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLtjd;
Fwpg;Gfs; %yk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. cldpfo; nry;Ygb (jw;Nghija gzpahsu;
Kiw %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ)> ,e;j Nrhjid ve;j nray;jpwdpd;
jw;Nghija msTNfhy; njhlu;Gilajhf cs;sJ vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gjd; %yk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. xU Nrhjid tof;fkhf mstpLfpw
cstpay; gz;Gfis epu;zapg;gjd; %yk; fl;likg;G nry;YgbahFk;
kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J mNj gz;Gfis mstpLk; kw;nwhU
Nrhjidld; njhlu;GilaJ. fhuzp gFg;gha;T ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
$Ljyhf nry;Ygbahf;fj;jpw;F> b/gpd; kw;Wk; nkf;fhu;kpf;
Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sgb> cstpay; Nrhjidfspd; nray;ghl;L kjpg;ig
epu;zapf;Fk; kw;w fhuzpfs; ek;gfj;jd;ik> Nju;T tpfpjk; kw;Wk;
gzpaplj;jpy; jpUg;jpAs;s jw;Nghija gzpahsu;fspd; rjtPjk;
Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
ek;gfj;jd;ik. ,J ve;j msT epiyj;jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ
vd;gij xU Nrhjid %yk; msf;f Ntz;Lk;. epiyg;Gj;jd;ikapd;
Fzfk;> rk,izjpwd; Fzfk;> cs; epiyj;jd;ikapd; Fzfk;
cl;gl %d;W tifahd ek;gfj;jd;ik cs;sd. epiyj;jd;ikapd;
Fzj;jd;ik Nrhjid kWgupNrhjid Kiw %yk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
jdpegu;fspd; xU FO xU fhy fl;lj;jpw;Fgg; gpwF ,uz;L Kiw
mNj Nrhjidfis epu;tfpf;fpwJ> gpd;du; ,uz;L tif gupNrhjid
kjpg;ngz;fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;JfpwJ. rk,izjpwd; Fzfk;> Nju;T
nra;ag;gl;ltu;fSf;F ,uz;L jdpj;jdpahd> Mdhy; rkkhd tbtq;fs;
nfhz;l khw;W gbtq;fs; Kiw %yk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. rk,izjpwd;
Fzfj;jpy; ,uz;L tbtq;fs; cs;sd. cs; epiyj;jd;ikapd;
FwpaPlhdJ ghj;jpahf-gpupj;jy; Kiwahy; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU
NrhjidAk; ,uz;L miuit cUg;gbfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
(xw;iwg;gil kw;Wk; ,ul;ilg;gil Njhuhakhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
tha;g;Gfs;)>mjd; gpwF ,uz;L njhFg;gpd; kjpg;ngz;fSk;
njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf> 0.80 f;Fk; mjpfkhd ek;gfj;jd;ik
Fzfq;fspd; Nrhjidfs; jpUg;jpfukhdit. ,e;j Nrhjidapy;
ek;gfj;jd;ik ,Uf;fyhk;> Mdhy; mjpf nry;Ygb Njit ,y;iy
vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> xU Nrhjidapy;
Fiwe;j ek;gfj;jd;ik ,Ue;jhy;> mJ jpUg;jpfukhd nry;Ygbahf
,Uf;f tha;g;gpy;iy.
Nju;T tpfpjk;. NkYk;> xU kdpj ts Nkyhsupd; Nrhjidapd;
nray;ghl;L kjpg;G> Nju;T tpfpjj;ijg; nghWj;Js;sJ —egupd;
tpfpjk; Nrhjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJ. ehk; 100
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; ,Uf;fpNwhk; kw;Wk; Nju;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;
ngWk; 75 Ngiu nfhz;Ls;Nshk; vd;W itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. ,t;thW>
Nrhjid nra;ag;gl;ltu;fspy; 75 rjtpfpjk; itf;fg;gl;ltu;fis

Fiwf;fpNwhk;. mjd;gb> Nju;T tpfpjk; 0.75 vd ,Uf;Fk;. mNj Nghy;> Nju;njLj;jy;
200 tpz;zg;gjhuu;fisj; Nju;T nra;J> Nju;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;

ngWk; 100 I ehk; Nju;T nra;jhy;> ekJ Nju;Tf; tpfpjk; 0.50
Mf Fiwf;fg;gLk;. kPz;Lk;> 500 tpz;zg;gjhuu;fis Nrhjpf;fg;gl;L>
Nrhjidfspy; mjpfgl;rkhf 50 kjpg;ngz;fis kl;LNk Nju;T Fwpg;Gfs;
nra;ag;gl;lhy;> Nju;T tpfpjk; 0.10 Mf FiwAk;. nkhj;jj;jpy;>
Nrhjid jpl;lj;jpd; jpwd; Nju;T tpfpjj;jpy; tPo;r;rp mjpfupf;fpwJ.
,t;thW> b/gpd; kw;Wk; nkf;Nfhu;kpf; mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb> jdpg;gl;l
KbTfis tpl> kdpj ts Nkyhsu; ruhrupahf Mu;tk; nfhz;Ls;s
FO Nrhjidapy;> mtu; Nju;T tpfpjj;ij NghJkhd msT Fiwj;J
Fiwe;j nry;Ygb Nrhjidia jpwk;gl gad;gLj;j KbAk;. vdNt> FO
Nrhjidapy;> Nju;T tpfpjj;jpy; FiwtJ mjpf nry;Ygb nra;tjw;F
khw;whf cs;sJ. ,jw;F ‘nry;Ygb ,y;iy’ vd;W $w KbahJ.
Nju;T tpfpjj;ijf; Fiwg;gjd; gad;ghl;il mDkjpg;gjw;fhd rpy
nry;YgbahFk; NrhjidAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jw;Nghija jpUg;jpfukhd gzpahsu;fspd; rjtPjk;. ,Wjpahf>
cstpay; gupNrhjidapd; nray;jpwid ghjpf;Fk; kw;nwhU fhuzp>
jpUg;jpfukhf fUjg;gLk; jw;Nghija gzpahsu;fspd; rjtPjk;
gw;wpajhFk;. kw;w tp\aq;fs; mg;gbNa kPjkpUf;Fk;> Nrhjidapd;wp
jpUg;jpfukhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s gzpahsu;fspd; rjtPjk; Fiwthf
,Ue;jhy;> gupNrhjidfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jpUg;jpfukhf
,Uf;Fk; gzpahsu;fspd; rjtPjk; mjpfkhFk;. ,g;NghJ 0.50 xU
nry;YgbahFk; xU Nrhjid kw;Wk; 0.50 xU Nju;T tpfpjk;
gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;W ehk; fUjp nfhs;Nthk;> kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa Kiw
%yk; itf;fg;gLk; 5 rjtPjk; Copau;fs; kl;LNk ntw;wp ngWtu;.
,e;j epiyikfspd; fPo;> 9 rjtpfpjk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; mjpfupg;G
Nrhjid %yk; jpUg;jpfukhd Copau;fspd; vz;zpf;if 80 rjtpfpjk;
mjpfupf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy;> Nrhjid ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk; jpUg;jpfukhd
gzpahsu;fspd; rjtpfpjk; ngupajhf ,Ue;jhy;> Nrhjidiag;
gad;gLj;jp epiwNtw;wg;gLk; mjpfupg;G rjtPjk; rpwpajhfpwJ.
mjd;gb> 90 rjtPj jpUg;jpahd gzpahsu;fs; ghuk;gupa Kiwapy;
mku;j;jg;gLk; NghJ> Nrhjidia gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,e;j
rjtPjk; 97 rjtPjkhf cau;j;JtJ> gzpahsu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNaw;W
jpUg;jpfukhf itf;fg;gl;lhy; 8 rjtPjk; kl;LNk Mjhakiltjw;F
toptFf;Fk;.
,t;thwhf> kw;w tp\aq;fs; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;> NkYk; rpf;fyhd
Copau;fis gupNrhjidapd;wp milahsk; fz;L jf;f itf;f
Ntz;Lkhdhy;> xU kdpj ts Nkyhsu; xU Kiwahd cstpay;
gupNrhjid jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. nla;yu;-u];]y;
ml;ltizfs; fz;lwpag;gl;l mDkhdq;fis gw;wp njupe;Jnfhs;s
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk; gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l Copau;fspd; rjtPjk;> gy
Nrhjid Kiwik> Nju;T tpfpjk; kw;Wk; jw;NghJs;s Copau;fspd;
rjtPjj;jpy; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W fUJfpwJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j
ml;ltizfs; vr;rupf;ifAld; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Nju;njLj;jy; Nrhjidfis gad;gLj;Jjy;
Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fhd gupNrhjidfis vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ

vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhf cs;sJ. Nju;tpy; Nju;T nra;Ak; juk;
Fwpg;Gfs; (tpku;rdg; Gs;sp) re;ij epytuj;Jld; khWgLk;. re;ij epytuq;fSk;
,Wf;fkhf ,Ue;jhy;> tpku;rdg; Gs;sp Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
jsu;thf ,Ue;jhy; Nju;T juk; cauNtz;Lk;. kw;nwhU tp\ak;
vd;dntd;why;> gy Nrhjidfs; xU kpd;fykhf xd;wpizf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
xU kpd;fyk;. xU kpd;fyj;jpy; Nrhjidfis xd;wpizg;gjpy;
,uz;L Kiwfs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; gy Jd;dbg;G kw;Wk; gd;Kf
njhlu;GKiw Mfpait mlq;Fk;. gy Jz;lbg;G Kiwapy;>
gupNrhjidfs; xU Neuj;jpy; xd;W epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;> jpUg;jpfukhf
nra;ahj tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; xt;nthU gupNrhjidAk; %yk;
ePf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,t;thW Kjy; Nrhjid> Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz;
ngw;w tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fs; midj;ijAk; ePf;fptpLk;> vQ;rpa
tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fs; ,uz;lhtJ Nrhjidahf epu;tfpf;fg;gLthu;fs;.
,J ,d;Dk; $Ljyhd tpz;zg;gj;jhuu;fis mfw;WfpwJ. gd;Kf
njhlu;G Kiw Nrhjid kjpg;ngz;fspd; rpwe;j fyitiaAk;
mjDld; njhlu;Gila msTNfhy;fSf;fpilNa gy njhlu;Gfspd;
fzf;fpLjiy cs;slf;fpaJ. ,t;thwhf> ntt;NtW gupNrhjidfspy;
nray;jpwd; vd;gJ> gupNrhij kpd;fyj;jpd; nray;jpwDf;Fk;> Ntiy
ntw;wpapd; msTNfhypw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s mjpfgl;r njhlu;ig
mila> xt;nthd;iwAk; vilNghl xU fyg;G kjpg;ngz;Zld;
xd;wpizf;f KbfpwJ. ,t;thwhf> gupNrhjidj; jpl;lj;jpd; kjpg;G gy
gupNrhjidfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. Vnddpy;>
ve;j xUxw;iw NrhjidAk;> Ngl;lup KOtJk; xU nry;Ygb jpwd;kpf;f
msTf;F mjpfkhf jUtjpy;iy.
Ma;T my;yJ rpj;jpu Kiw.

Nahlu; ml; my; gupe;Jiug;gb> Ma;T my;yJ rpj;jpu Kiw mjpfgl;rk;
kw;Wk; Fiwe;jgl;r Jz;bg;G kjpg;ngz;fisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
Nrhjidapy; kpf mjpfkhd kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw;wtu;fs; kw;Wk; kpff;
Fiwthd kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;wtu;fs;> xU epWtdj;jpy; xU FWfpa
fhyg;gFjpia nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;w cz;ikia ntspg;gilahff;
$wyhk;. ,e;j tifahd cwTfs; ‘tiy NfhLfs;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd> jdpj;j njhlu;Gila $l;L njhopy;El;g El;gq;fs;
,jpy; mlq;Fk;> kw;Wk; ,J jdpj;jdpahd njhlu;Gila cj;jpfis
cs;slf;fpaJ. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nghJthf ,lh Fzfk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Ez;zwpT Nrhjidf;F 80 my;yJ mjw;Ff;
Fiwthd my;yJ 120 kjpg;ngz;fs; mjpfkhf ngw;wtu;fs; FWfpa
fhy Copau;fshf ,Ug;gjhf xU epWtdj;jpd; tUtha; juT gw;wpa
xU Ma;T njuptpf;fpwJ. ntspg;gilahf>xU Fiwe;jgl;r kjpg;ngz;
80 vdTk; kw;Wk; mjpfgl;r kjpg;ngz; 120 vdTk; mikg;gjd; %yk;>

kpf cau;e;j my;yJ kpf Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz;fis njhlu;Gila FWfpa Nju;njLj;jy;
fhy mghaq;fs; ePf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Nju;e;njLg;G

tpfpjk; cwTfspd; Neu;Nfhl;il vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ> mjd;gb tisT
juTfis gad;gLj;j KbahJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
gapw;rp. filrpahfg; ghu;j;jhy;> Nrhjidapd; KO Fwpg;Gfs;
mD$yj;jpw;fhfTk; Fiwe;jgl;rk;> Nrhjidahsu;fspd; NghJkhd
gapw;rp> kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. Nrhjid kdpju;fs;
Nrhjid nghUl;fis my;yJ nray;Kiwfs; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk;
khWgl;lJ. R+o;epiyfis rkhspf;f kdpju;fs; rhjfkhd kw;Wk;
rhjfkw;w tpjj;jpy; ele;Jnfhs;syhk;. vdNt> xU rhjfkhd gjpiy
ngw Kaw;rpfs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> Nrhjidahsu;fs;>
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fsplkpUe;J rpwe;jij vLj;J> epWtdj;Jld; rhjfkhd
czu;it tpl;Lf;nfhLf;f rupahd gapw;rpiaf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
IV. Nju;T kw;Wk; gzpaku;j;jypy; cstpay; Nrhjidfs;

b/gpd; kw;Wk; nkf;Nfhu;kpf; MfpNahu; tiuaWj;jjd; gb> Nju;T
kw;Wk; gzpaku;j;jypy; gy;NtW tifahd Nrhjidfs;> jpwdha;T
Nrhjidfs;> MSik kw;Wk; Mu;tk; rhu;e;j Nju;Tfs; kw;Wk; rhjidg;
gupNrhjidfs; cs;gl %d;W gpupTfspd; fPo; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) jpwdha;T Nju;Tfs;

jpwd;fs;> kdjpwd;fs;> ,ae;jpu njhlu;Gila jpwd;fs;> kdk;
njhlu;Gila jpwd;fs;> fhl;rpj; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju Fwpg;gpl;l
jFjpapyhd xU tFg;G cl;gl Ie;J gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(i)
kd jpwd;: kd jpwd; vd;w nrhy; Gj;jprhypj;jdj;ij khw;wkpd;wp
gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ. tha;ik Gupjy;> nrhy; rus jpwd;>
epidthw;wy;> J}z;Ljy; gFj;jwpT> vz; trjp> czu;jy; kw;Wk;
fw;gpd; Ntfk; Nghd;w gy tifahd kdj; jpwd;fs; cs;sd.
Nju;T kw;Wk; gzpaku;j;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
,e;j Nrhjidfs; ngUk;ghYk; FO Nrhjidfs; MFk;.
njhopy;Jiwapy; kpf mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gupNrhjidf-
spy; gpd;tUtd mlq;Fk;> jftik Nrhjid> Xb]; kd jpwd;>
tpe;ij Copau;fs; Nrhjid> G+u;zkw;w Copau;fs; Nrhjid
Nghd;witfshFk;. ,e;j Nrhjidfs;> vOj;ju; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it
NtiyfSf;F rpwe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> nra;jpj;jhs;
vOj;jhsu;fs;> njhiynjhlu;G tif nrayhsu;fspd;
gapw;rpahsu;fs; cs;spl;litfis Nju;e;njLg;gjpy;
gaDs;sitahf cs;sd. vdpDk;> ,e;j Nrhjidfs; rl;lrig
njhopyhsu;fs; Nghd;w tof;fkhd Ntiyfspy; nray;jpwd;
nfhz;l vjpu;kiw cwTfis nfhz;Ls;sd.
(ii)
,ae;jpu jpwd;: ,ae;jpu jpwd; vd;w nrhy; ,ae;jpu ghfq;fs;
kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fspd; Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwdpy; <LgLk; jpwid
Fwpf;fpwJ. ,e;jj; jpwik kd kw;Wk; czu;g;gp; my;yJ cly;

Nju;njLj;jy; Mfpa ,uz;L mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j kduPjpahd
mikg;G> ,ae;jpu Nfhl;ghLfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;> kw;Wk;
,ae;jpu nfhs;iffspd; Gupjy; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;GilaJ>
mNj Neuj;jpy; Nkhl;lhu; my;yJ ,aw;gpay; jd;ik jir
Fwpg;Gfs; xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; ifj;jpwd; Nghd;w jpwd;fSlDk;
njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,ae;jpuj; jpwd; vd;gJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l>
mwpthu;e;j jpwd;fis cs;slf;fpa xU rpf;fyhd nghUspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. xU nghJthd kd Mw;wYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l
jpwikfs; ,Uf;fyhk;> ntsp cwTfspd; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;
Nghd;wit ,Uf;fyhk;. ,ae;jpuj; jpwDf;fhd kpfTk; mbf;fb
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FOg; gupNrhjidfspy; gpshdpfd; jpwd;
tifg;ghl;L Nrhjidfs;> ,ae;jpu GupjYf;F ngd;dl; Nrhjid>
ve;jpu jftiktpd; Nrhjid> jpUj;jg;gl;l kpd;dpNrhl;lh fhfpj
gbt thupak; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;. kpd;dNrhl;lh nkf;fhdpf;fy;
$l;l Nrhjid> G+u;l; ,ae;jputpay;; nray;jpwd; Nrhjid Nghd;w
rpy jdpg;gl;l NrhjidAk; cs;sJ. ,e;j Nrhjidfs; Fwpg;ghf
gapw;rp> iftpidQu;fs;> ,af;ftpay; kw;Wk; gOJghu;g;G
,ae;jpuk;> tiuT kw;Wk; nghwpahsu;fSf;F gaDs;sjhf
,Uf;Fk;.
(iii) irNdhNkhl;lu; gupNrhjidfs;. ,e;j Nrhjidfs;> jpwd;rhu;
jpwd;> Nkhl;lhu; jpwd;> fz;-if xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; $l;L
czu;T kw;Wk; jirj; jpwd;fis mstpLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf>
,e;j Nrhjidfs; fl;Lg;ghl;L Jy;ypak;> gytop xUq;fpizg;G>
gjpyspg;G Nehf;Fepiy> vjpu;tpid Neuk;> Ntf ,af;fk; tPjk;
fl;Lg;ghL> ifNaL jpwd;> tpuy; jpwik> kzpf;fl;L Ntfk; kw;Wk;
Nehf;fk; Nghd;w gy fhuzpfis cs;slf;fpaJ. xU cst-
pay; Nrhjid> X’fhNdhu; tpuy; ifj;jpwk; gupNrhjid> Xfhz;l;
btP]u; ifj;jpwk; Nrhjid> kw;Wk; ngf;Nghu;L> kpd;dNrhl;lh
tpfpjk; ifahSjy; Nrhjid Kjypad ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,e;j
Nrhjidfs; tupe;Jfl;Lgtu; kw;Wk; rpW ,af;Fgtu;fis Nju;T
kw;Wk; gzpaku;j;jypy; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhl;rpg; jpwd;fs;. xt;nthU njhopy; Ntiyf;Fk;> eilKiwapy;
njhiyNehf;Fg; gupNrhjidfspd; rpwg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;.
xU njhopw;Jiwf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; fhl;rpj; jpwd;fs;> njhiyJ}uj;
njhiytpy; cs;s ghu;it (ghu;itf; $u;ik) njhiytpy; cs;s
NtWghLfspd; ghFghL> (,Utpop ,iaNfhzf; fhl;rp)> nghUj;jkhd
Nju;T J}uq;fspy;> fz;fspd; epwk; kw;Wk; gpd;dy; gz;Gfs; (fz;
jpwd;) NtWghLfs; ghFghLfs; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. njhopy;Jiwapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kf;fpa njhiyNehf;Fg; gupNrhjidfspy; Mu;j;Njh
kjpg;gPl;lhsu;> ghu;it jpiunkhop> njhiy fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; ghu;it
Nrhjid Mfpait mlq;Fk;. Muha;r;rp KbTfs; gy ghu;it Ntiy
FLk;gq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. mjhtJ gy;NtW tifahd Ntiy
FOf;fs;> xd;Wf;nfhd;W xj;j epiyapy; cs;sd. ,e;j fhl;rpg; gzp
FLk;gq;fspy; vOj;ju; kw;Wk; epu;thf Ma;T kw;Wk; neUq;fpa gzp>

thfd ,af;Fgtu;> ,ae;jpu ,af;Fgtu;> njhopyhsp> nghwpKiwahsu; Nju;njLj;jy;
kw;Wk; jpwikahd tu;j;jfu;fSk; mlq;Ftu;.

rpwg;G jpwd;fs;. Kd;djhf $wg;gl;l jFjprhu; gupNrhjidfSf;F
Nkyjpfkhf> kjFUkhu; Mu;tk;> thrpg;G Ntfk; kw;Wk; Gupjy;> nrhy;yhf;fk;
kw;Wk; GyDzu;T Ntfk; Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l nray;jpwd;fis Nrhjpf;f Fwpg;Gfs;
NtW gy gupNrhjidfs; cs;sd.
FOkq;fs;. tpupthd Muha;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy;> jpwd; Nrhjidfs;
%d;W ‘FOkq;fspy;’ mwpTrhu; jpwd;> Mw;wy; jpwd; kw;Wk; ,af;ftpay;
jpwd; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. nghJ Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs;>
Kd;Ndhbfs;> nghJ Fkh];jhf;fs;> tpw;gidahsu;fs; MfpNahiu
Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; mwpTrhu; jpwd; Nrhjidfs; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf
,Uf;Fk;. ghJfhg;G Nritg; gzpahsu;fs;> kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd ,ae;jpu
,af;Fdu;fs; kw;Wk; thfd ,af;Fdu;fs; MfpNahUf;fhd njupTf;F
gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mw;wy; jpwd; Nrhjidfs; fl;likg;G
njhopyhsu;fSf;F kpf cau;e;j nry;YgbahFk; kw;Wk; nghJ
Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; kw;Wk; vOj;ju;fSf;F kpfTk; FiwthdjhFk;.
thfd ,af;Fgtu;> gjdpLk; njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; nkhj;j clYiog;Gj;
njhopyhsu;fs; MfpNahiu Nju;T nra;J gzpaku;j;Jtjw;F Nkhl;lhu;
jpwd; Nrhjidfs; gaDs;sjhf mikfpd;wd.
(b) MSik kw;Wk; tl;b Nrhjidfs;:

xU Copau; Njitahd Ntiy nra;a NghJkhd Mu;tk; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;
vd;W mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> Mdhy; mtu; Ntiy mikg;Gfspy;
rpf;fy;fis nfhs;Sk; xU MSik ,Ue;jhy; mtu; Njhy;tpaila
tha;g;Gs;sJ. ,jdhy;> Ntiytha;g;G tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspilNa
tpUk;gj;jf;f kw;Wk; tpUk;gj;jfhj MSikg; gz;Gfis fz;lwpjy;
mtrpakhFk;. MSikiaAk;> Mu;tj;ijAk; mstpLk; tifapy;
Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;s gy Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
njhopw;Jiwapy; elj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpa MSikj; Nju;Tfs;> ngu;d;nul;lu;
MSik tptug;gl;bay;> `k; thl;];nthu;j; nka;e;epiyf;$W mstPL>
MSikr; Nrhjidapd; fpy;Nghu;l; njhlu;> kpd;dNrhl;lh ky;bghrpf;
MSik fz;Lgpbg;G> Nfhu;ld; jdpg;gl;l tptuk;> Nuhu;];fhr; g;uhn[f;bt;
Nrhjid kw;Wk; jkbf; cs;Nehf;F Nrhjid MfpaitfshFk;.
Mu;t Nrhjidfs; Fwpj;J> tYthd njhopw;Jiw Mu;t ntw;W>
kw;Wk; Flu; Kd;Dupikg; gjpT Mfpait ngUk;ghYk; njhopypy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. MSik kw;Wk; tl;bj; Nju;Tfspd; Kf;fpa
tiuaiw Ntiy Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> ‘Nghypahf;fk;’ njhlu;GilaJ>
NrhjidapLk; nghUs;fisg; gupNrhjpg;gjw;fhd gjpy;fspd; rhj;jpak;
Nrhjidf;FupaJ my;y. nkhj;jj;jpy;> MSikg; gupNrhjidfs;
kw;w njhopy; gpupTfisf; fhl;bYk; vOJgtu;fs;> tpw;gidahsu;fs;>
kf;fs; njhlu;G mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; kw;Wk; iftpidg;
nghUl;fs; Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gzpapy;
cs;s Njhy;tpfSf;Fk;> Nkyhsu;fspd; jpwikf;fhf> MSikj;
jpwd; mw;w gz;Gfs; kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit vd;W gutyhf

Nju;njLj;jy; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhopy;Jiwapy; tl;bj; Nju;Tfis tpl
MSikj; Nju;Tfs; gw;wpa gad;ghL rhd;Wfs; mjpfk; cs;sd.
(c) milTj;jpwd; Nrhjidfs;:

Fwpg;Gfs; njhopy;Jiwapy;> milTj;jpwd; Nrhjidfs;> jw;NghJs;s
gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; gapw;rp Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Ntiy tha;g;G> khw;wk;
kw;Wk; gjtp cau;T NfhUk; gzpfSf;F jdp egu;fis Nju;T nra;a
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. milTj;jpwd; Nrhjidfs; cz;ikahd
Ntiy Nju;r;rpg; ngw;wij mstpLfpwJ.
tiffs;. Ntiy khjpup (my;yJ nray;jpwd;) Nrhjidfs;>
vOj;J Nrhjidfs;> kw;Wk; tha;top Nrhjidfs; cs;spl;l %d;W
FOf;fspy; rhjidahsu; Nrhjidfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Ntiy my;yJ Ntiy khjpupj; Nju;Tfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
cgfuzq;fspd; gad;ghl;il cs;slf;fpaJ. Ntiy khjpupj; Nju;tpd;
xU cjhuzk; fl;Ljy;> Ma;T kw;Wk; gy tif ,ae;jpu nray;ghL
Nghd;w njhopy;fspy; jdpegu;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F jpwk;gl
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU rpwpa mikg;ghFk;. mNj Nghd;W ,af;Fgtu;fis
fpisfshfg; gpupj;J Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhf nray;jpwd; NrhjidAk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpy;> g;shf; ];Nlhd; RUf;nfOj;J Nju;r;rp
gupNrhjidfs;> GuNkhfy; jftikg;Gg; gupNrhjid> kw;Wk; jl;lr;R
nra;tjpy; Jupjfy; gupNrhjid Mfpait mlq;Fk;. tof;fkhf
vOj;Jj; Nju;Tfs;> Fwpg;gpl;l gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F Njitahd
Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; ‘njhFj;jy;’ nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa Nrhjidf;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;L> njhopy; rhu;e;j gupNrhjid>
,jpy; miug;ghd;> jpl;lkpLjy;> filg;nghwp kw;Wk; miuit ,ae;jpuk;
Nghd;w gy njhopw; gpupTfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
rhjidr; Nrhjidfs; ngUk;ghYk; njhopy;Jiwapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;> mit gy;NtW Ntiy FOf;fis
NtWgLj;JtJ kl;Lky;yhky;> xU Ntiyf;Fs; ntt;NtW
jpwidg; ngw;Ws;sd vd;W mtu;fs; cWjpaspj;jjhfj; njupfpwJ.
xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy;> njhopy; goFeu;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjpy;> rhjid
Nrhjidfs; ngupJk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
V. Neu;fhzy; nray;Kiw
Neu;Kfj; Nju;T kpfTk; mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jdpegu; njhlu;G
Kiwfspy; xd;W vd;gjhy;> kpFe;j ftdj;Jld; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nghJthf> Neu;fhzy; Kiwapy; gpd;tUk; gbfs;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. mit:
1. gpd;dzpj; jftiyg; guprPyid nra;jy;
2. tpdhj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;
3. cjtpfukhd mku;tpd; cUthf;fk;
4. Neu;fhzy; elj;Jjy;

5. xg;gPLfis rupghu;j;jy; Nju;njLj;jy;
6. cly; my;yJ kUj;Jt gupNrhjid

7. ,Wjpg; Ngl;b kw;Wk; J}z;ly;.
1. gpd;dzpj; jftiyg; guprPyid nra;jy;: Fwpg;Gfs;
cz;ikahd Neu;fhzy; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;> Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;

Kf;fpa gFjpfs;> me;j Ntiyf;F Njitahd jpwd; kw;Wk; jpwd;fis
kjpg;gpLjy; fl;lhak; fz;lwpag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nghl;bahsupd; tptuq;fis
Nrfupj;J> Kd;$l;bNa Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j jahupg;G Ngl;bapd;
NghJ Neuk; kw;Wk; kd Kaw;rpfisr; Nrkpf;fpwJ. xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
Ngl;bfs; ,Ue;jhy;> rpy gapw;rp kw;Wk; khjpup Neu;fhzy;fs; cjTk;.
2. tpdh jpl;lk; jahupj;jy;:

xt;nthU Ngl;bahsupd; Nfs;tpj; jpl;lKk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpz;zg;gg;
gbtj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fis $u;e;jhay; %yk; ,J
cUthfpwJ. ,e;j tpthjk; mtuJ mDgtq;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jk;
vd;gjhy; Nju;Tf;Fupatiu NkYk; trjpahf;Fk;. NkYk;> Nfs;tpj;
jpl;lk; xd;iw jahupg;gJ mDgtkw;w Ngl;bdu;fSf;Fk; gaDs;sjhf
,Uf;Fk;. Ngl;b fhz;gtu;> Neu;Kfj; Nju;tpd; midj;J gFjpfisAk;
mtu; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhuh my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gij mwpa mJ
topfhl;bahf nray;gLk;.
3. xU gaDs;s mikg;ig cUthf;Fjy;:

Neu;fhzy; eilngWk; ,lk; ftdkhf Nju;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Ngl;b
nfhLg;gtu;> mku;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;> Ngl;bfhz;gtu;
kpFe;j ftdj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mtu; xU Kf;fpakhd eguhthu;.
ngUk;ghyhd Ngl;bfspy; tpz;zg;gjhuupd; kd mOj;jk; mjpfkhdjhf
cs;sJ. Ngl;b fhz;gjpd; ntw;wp ,e;j kd mOj;jj;ij Fiwg;gjhf
mikAk;. Kiwahf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ,Uf;if ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Nghl;bahsu; tuNtw;ghsu; %yk;> ey;y Kiwapy; tuNtw;f gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. RUf;fkhf> Neu;fhzypd; ,lj;jpy; jdpAupik kw;Wk; MWjy;>
Xa;T Neuj;jpd; R+o;epiy> FWf;fPLfspypUe;J Rje;jpuk;> cz;ikahd
czu;T kw;Wk; egupd; tpUg;gk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. Neu;Kfj; Nju;T elj;Jjy;:

Neu;fhziy elj;JtJ tof;fkhf; egUld; cwit Vw;gLj;Jtij
,yf;fhff; nfhz;L> mtuplkpUe;J KOikahd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd
jfty;fis ngw;W mij Kiwahfg; gjpT nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;ij
cilaJ MFk;. vdNt> Ngl;bapd; NghJ gy tifahd
mZFKiwfis gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
(a) ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;: mbg;gil eltbf;if vd;gJ
‘cwit’ epWTtJ> ,ilTdit vspjhf;f itf;fpwJ> Neu;fhzy;

Nju;njLj;jy; vd;gJ ,uz;L ez;gu;fSf;fpilNa ele;j ciuahly;> Nkhjy;
my;y. xU Neu;fhzy; vd;gJ tpz;zg;gjhuupd; xU Kaw;rpahf
,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt> Ngl;bfhz;gtu;> Muk;gj;jpy; jdJ cwit
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L> tpz;zg;gjhuupd; ek;gpf;ifia ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; Kjypy;> Neu;fhzy; tbtj;jpy;> ,UtUk; xUtUf;nfhUtu;
njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd> ciuahly; tbtpy;
njhlu Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfspy; jfty;fisg; ngw
Fwpg;gpl;l mbg;gil Nehf;fj;Jld; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;. xU
epahakhd kjpg;gPl;bw;F Njitahd cz;ikfis ntspg;gLj;j>
tpz;zg;gj;jhuiu epWj;j NghJkhd Neuk; mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(b) KOikahd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd jfty; ngWjy;: Neu;fhzy;
nra;jp vspjhf;fg;gl;lTld;> Ngl;bfhz;gtu; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fj;
njhlq;Ffpwhu; my;yJ Ntiy njhlu;ghd jftiyj; NjLfpwhu;.
tpz;zg;gjhuuplkpUe;J KOikahd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd jfty;fis
ngWjy; vd;gJ mDgtj;jpw;F miof;Fk; xU fiy MFk;.
Ngl;bfhz;gtu;> tpz;zg;gjhuuplk; njspthf ,Uf;Fk; nkhopia
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rpf;fyhd Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gbg;gbahf ,l;Lr;
nry;y Ntz;baJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; xU rpf;fyhd>
fbdkhd Nfs;tpia Nfl;gJ> Fwpg;ghf Neu;fhzy; tpdhTf;F
gjpy; nrhy;y Kbahky; Nghdhy;> mLj;jLj;j ,ilkhw;wq;fisAk;
ghjpf;fyhk;. ,jdhy;> rpf;fyhd tupirKiwf;F vspikahd top-
Kiwia gpd;gw;WtJ ey;yJ. tprhuiz njhlu;ghf filgpbf;f
Ntz;ba rpy nghJthd tpjpKiwfs;:
1. Ngl;bfhz;gtu; Jy;ypakhd Nfs;tpfSld; jahuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; mtw;iw cUthf;Ftjpy; mjpf Neuk;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$lhJ.
2. Kf;fpa Nfs;tpfis jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;> Vndd;why; mit
Neu;fhzypy; rpy tifahd gjpy;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ
vd;w vz;zj;ij nfhLf;fpd;wd.
3. ‘Mk;’ kw;Wk; ‘,y;iy’ vd;W gjpyspf;f $ba Nfs;tpfis
Nfl;f $lhJ. tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F mtuJ gjpy;fis
tpupTgLj;Jtjw;Fk; NkYk; jftiy toq;Ftjw;Fk;
mtu;fSf;F rpwpa tha;g;Gfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. Ngr;R> cilfs; my;yJ Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fisg; gw;wp
tpag;ig my;yJ ntWg;igf; fhl;LtJ> tpz;zg;gjhuiu
jLf;fyhk;.
5. Ngl;b fhz;gtupd; fUj;ij tpl;L ntsptu mDkjpf;ff;
$lhJ. Neu;fhzYf;F nghUj;jkpy;yhj gFjpfSf;Fs; ,e;j
tpthjj;ij topelj;j mtu; Kaw;rpj;jhy;> mtu; tpopg;Gld;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6. Ngl;bfhz;gtUf;F jpwik> mDgtk; kw;Wk; gupT kdg;ghd;ik
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> xU fzprkhd Mw;wy; cs;s
tpz;zg;gjhuiu mtu; ngw KbAk;.

7. cau; jdpg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs;> xU cwit KOikahf Nju;njLj;jy;
epWtpaJ vd;W xUtu; cWjp nra;Ak; tiu xJf;fp itf;f

Ntz;Lk;.
(c)
gjpTfis gjpT nra;jy;: Neu;fhziy Jy;ypakhf kjpg;gPL
nra;Ak; nghUl;L> Ngl;bfhz;gtu;fs; ‘gjpTfs; RUf;fkhf Fwpg;Gfs;
vOjg;gLj;jy;’ vd;gJ mtrpakhFk;. ,J xU ,Wjp Kbtpy;
Ngl;bfhz;gtu; tu cjTk; jPu;g;ghf;Fk;.
(d)
Neu;Kfj;Nju;tpd; ,Wjp: ,Wjp epiyapd; rpy epkplq;fspy;>
Neu;fhzyhdJ Neu;fhziy xU neUf;fkhf topelj;JfpwJ.
Neu;fhzypd; KbT> Muk;gj;ij NghyNt Kf;fpakhdJ.
Neu;fhzy; rhku;j;jpakhd Kiwapy; KbT ngw Ntz;Lk;. vdNt>
mtUf;F KO tprhuiz mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy;> Ngl;b mspj;jtu;
jpUg;jpailthu;. tpz;zg;gjhuupd; Nfs;tpfs; Kbe;jJk;>
Ngl;bfhz;gtu; mtuJ Fwpg;Gfis ftdpj;J> mtuJ gjpTfis
epidTgLj;Jfpwhu;> mLj;j tpz;zg;gjhuiu ghu;g;gjw;F Kd;
xU jw;fhypf kjpg;gPl;il nra;fpwhu;.
5. rupghu;f;Fk; Fwpg;Gfs;
tpz;zg;gjhuu; toq;fpa Fwpg;Gfis rupghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J>
tpz;zg;gjhuupd; fle;jfhy gjpTfis fz;lwpfpwJ. Fwpg;G rupghu;j;jy;>
xU Ngl;bfhz;gtu; kw;Wk; rhkhu;jpa Njitf;Nfw;g mNj jpwd;
gad;ghl;bUf;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. Kf;fpa rpukk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l jftypd;
Jy;ypaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. Jy;ypakw;w cz;ikfisj; jtpu>
Fwpg;gpLfpw kjpg;gPL nra;a ,ayhik> tpz;zg;gjhuiu tptupj;jy; kw;Wk;
tpz;zg;gjhuu; gw;wpa mtuJ mwpT Mfpa xg;gPLfis Nrhjpg;gjpy;
cs;s rpukq;fs; MFk;. ,e;j ,lu;ghLfis kPwp> ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
jfty;fis rupghu;g;gJ mtrpakhFk;. gy epWtdj;jpy;> Fwpg;G
rupghu;j;jy; tof;fkhd xU nrayhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;L> tof;fkhf
ifahsg;gLfpwJ my;yJ Kw;wpYk; tplg;gLfpwJ.
6. ,aw;gpay; rhu;e;j my;yJ kUj;Jt gupNrhjid

xU Njit Vw;gl;lhy;> Nju;T nra;ag;gLNthu; kUj;JtuPjpahf
gupNrhjpf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ mLj;j epiyahFk;. ngUk;ghYk;
Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fs;> flikia njuptpg;gjw;F Kd; kUj;Jt gupNrhjid
nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kUj;Jt gupNrhjidiag; ngWtJ flikf;fhf
my;yJ Gfhu; njuptpf;Fk; Neuj;jpw;F Kd;djhfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kUj;Jt gupNrhjid vd;gJ gy epWtdq;fspy; jFjpahd midj;J
Nju;Tf;FupatufiaAk; Nju;en
; jLf;Fk; nray;Kiwapd; xU gFjpahFk;.
,e;j gupNrhjidapd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) cly; jFjpia Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(b)
,og;gPL toq;fhj cupikNfhuy;fis vjpu;j;J epWtdj;ij
ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nju;njLj;jy; (c) njhw;W Neha;fis jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(d) Copau;fspd; cly;eyj;jpy; ghjpg;G my;yJ ghjpg;G Vw;glhky;
jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(e) gzpaku;j;jg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; jw;NghJs;s nghWg;Gfis fz;lwpa
Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntz;Lk; vdNt> xU fhaj;jpw;fhd e\;l <L Nfhup njhopyhsu;fs;
cupik Nfhu tof;fpy;> epWtdj;jpd; mLj;jLj;j nghWg;Gfis
kjpg;gpl KbAk;.
(f) jq;fs; cly;eyj;jpy; ghjpg;gpd;wp mtu;fshy; ifahs $ba
Ntiyfspy; <LgLgtu;fSf;F ,lk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjidf;Fg; gpujhd Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;why;>
me;j Ntl;ghsu; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gjtpiaj; jhq;Ftjw;F kUj;Jtuhfg;
nghUe;Jthuh vd;gijAk;> Ntiy nra;aj; Njitahd cly; kw;Wk;
cstpay; uPjpahd mOj;jq;fisAk;> ghjpg;igAk; jhq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;
jpwd;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Nrit kUj;Jt gzpahsu;fshy;
elj;jg;gLk; NghJ> Ntiy nra;Ak; epiyikfs; gw;wp kpff;
FiwthfNt mwpe;jpUe;j xU kUj;Jtuhy; nra;ag;gLk; NghJ>
mit tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F kpfTk; kjpg;Gkpf;fitahf khWfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ghJfhg;Gg; gzpapy;> xt;nthU ghJfhg;Gg; gpupTk;
,ize;Js;s kUj;Jtu;fshy; kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjid nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa gupNrhjid vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jPtpukhd mWit rpfpr;ir
epiyikfis cs;slf;fpa cly;ey gpur;ridfis fzpf;f KbAk;
kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy rpfpr;irapy; ,e;j epWtdj;jpw;F ngupa kUj;Jtr;
nryT mlq;Fk;. nghJthf> mtu;fs; njhw;W my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l
Neha;fs; my;yJ rpf;fyhd czu;r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;, kUj;Jt
gupNrhjidapy; Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fs; epuhfupf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. kUj;Jtg;
gupNrhjidfs; nghJthf elj;jg;gl;lhYk;> mit ngUk;ghYk;
rpf;fyhd Neha;fis fz;lwpa jtwptpl;ld. NkYk;> kUj;Jtg;
gupNrhjidj; Nju;T nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik> ek;gfj;jd;ik Mfpait
,uz;L fhuzq;fshy; Fiwe;jJ. mit:
1. tsu;e;J tUk; jhdpaq;fp %yk;> ngUk;ghyhd NtiyfSf;F
Fiwe;j cly; typik Njitg;gLk;.
2. xyp cly; epiy tpgj;Jf;fSf;F cj;juthjk; ,y;iy.
KbTtpy;> kUj;Jt gupNrhjidia ntspg;gLj;Jjy; my;yJ xU
Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fs; Njitg;gLk; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> typik kw;Wk; fbd
ciog;G epiyikfs; rfpg;Gj;jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. Kf;fpa
FiwghLfs; epuhfupg;Gf;fhd mbg;gilahf ,Uf;fyhk;. cly; jFjpf;fhd
mbg;gil Nehf;fk; Nju;en ; jLf;fg;gl;l Nju;Tf;Fupatupd; Ntiyfspy;
itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; cly;eyj;ij fhakpd;wp ifahsyhk;.
7. ,Wjpg; Ngl;b kw;Wk; J}z;ly;

,Wjpahf Nju;Tf;Fupatu; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpwF> epu;thfk; me;j
Ntiyia mtuplk; tpw;f Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. mtUila flikfs; vd;d

kw;Wk; mtUf;F vd;d Njit> me;j epWtdj;jpy; mtUila vjpu;fhy Nju;njLj;jy;
tha;g;Gfs; vd;d vd;Wk; mtu; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. rhjhuzkhf ,e;jj;

jfty;> ,Wjpj; Nju;T Neu;fhzypd; NghJ> Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gbj;jhd; Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fis Ntiyapy; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhs;fpwhufs;;. mtu; Kiwg;gb Nrit xg;ge;j epakdf; fbjj;ij Fwpg;Gfs;
ntspapLtjd; %yk; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. gzpepakd fbjj;jpy;
tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs; cs;sd, Ntiy tha;g;G> rk;gs
msT kw;Wk; gpw rYiffSk; cs;sd.
Ney;fhzy; fhz;gtu; epWtdk; kw;Wk; mjd; nfhs;iffs;>
tpz;zg;gjhuupd; flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis tptupf;fyhk;> NkYk;
vjpu;fhy Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fhf mtUf;F fpilf;Fk; tha;g;GfisAk;
$wyhk;. Ney;fhzy; fhz;gtu; cz;ikapy; Ntiyapd; mD$ykhd
mk;rq;fis cau;j;jpf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

Nju;tpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs; jFjptha;e;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; gzpahw;Wgtu;fs;
kw;Wk; KbTfis toq;Ftjw;fhf kf;fis epakpf;fgl Ntz;Lk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j Nehf;fk; rpy jilfs; fhuzkhf rpy Neuq;fspy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gLfpwJ. rupghu;f;Fk; jilfis czu;jy;> Neu;ik>
nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik> ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; mOj;jq;fs; Nju;tpd;
nray;jpwd; Mfpait MFk;. ,J gpd;tUkhW tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
1. czu;jy;: gpwu; Jy;ypakhf nrhy;tij ehk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s
,ayhik rupahd Ntl;ghsiu Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd kpf
mbg;gilahd jilahf ,Uf;fyhk;. Nju;T nra;tjw;F xU
jdpegNuh my;yJ xU FONth kw;Wk; kw;wtupd; jFjpj;
jpwd;fis xg;gpl;L> Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd rupahd egu;fis
Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; NfhUfpwJ. vdpDk;> ,J kpfTk;
Fwpg;gplj; jf;fJ. ekJ fUj;Jf;fs; ngupJk; jdpg;gLj;jg;gl;lit.
,UtUk; xNu khjpupahf ,Ug;gjhy; ntt;NtW kf;fs; ntt;NtW
fz;Nzhl;lq;fis nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. ,e;j tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l
GyDzu;T jpwd; epr;rakhf kf;fs; kw;Wk; mwpthu;e;j Nju;T
xU Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf xU njhFjp Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l GyDzu;T jpwd; vd;gJ epr;rakhf Gwepiy
Nehf;fj;Jf;F jilahf ,Uf;Fk; kw;Wk; mwpthu;e;j Kiwapy;
njupT nra;jy; kw;Wk; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;bjhf cs;sJ.
2. epahak;: Nju;tpy; epahakhdJ kjk;> tl;lhuk;> ,dk; my;yJ
ghypdk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ve;j xU jdpegUk; ghugl;rk;
fhl;lf;$lhJ. vdpDk; jw;NghJs;s Ntiy tpguk; kw;w jpi-
rapy; ,Uf;Fk;. Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapypUf;Fk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
gpw Fiwe;j msT rYifkpf;f Nju;TfshdJ eLj;ju kw;Wk;
KJepiy Nkyhz;ik epiyfspy; cs;s r%fj;ij Nju;T
nra;J> Ntiy tpsk;guq;fspy; cs;s taJ mbg;gilapy;
ntspg;gilahd ghugl;rq;fs; kw;Wk; Nju;T eilKiwapd;

Nju;njLj;jy; NghJ> midj;J Kaw;rpfSk; rkgq;fpdj;ij Fiwg;gJ kpfTk;
gaDs;sjhf ,y;iy.
3. nry;Ygb: nry;Ygb vd;gJ Ntiy nray;jpwidf; fzpf;f cjTk;
xU NrhjidahFk;. nry;Ygbahf;f Ntz;ba xU Nrhjid>
Fwpg;Gfs; mij rpwg;ghf nra;Ak; Copau;fisAk;> ,ayhjtu;fis
tpj;jpahrg;gLj;j KbAk;. vdpDk;> xU nry;Ygbahff;$ba
Nrhjid Kw;wpYk; ek;gfkhf ,y;iy kw;Wk; Ntiy ntw;wpia
Jy;ypakhf fzpf;f KbahJ. ,J Jy;ypakhd ntw;wpia
rhj;jpakhf;Fk; kw;Wk; ntw;wp rhj;jpaj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;.
4. ek;gfj;jd;ik: ,Nj Nghd;w R+o;epiyfs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g rPuhd
tpisTfis cz;lhf;Fk; xU ek;gfkhd topKiw MFk;.
xU nry;Ygbahff;$ba Nrhjid Nghy> ek;gfkhd Nrhjid
Ntiy nray;jpwidf; Jy;ypaj;Jld; fzpf;f jtwf;$Lk;.
5. mOj;jk;: ,J Nju;Tf;F kw;nwhU ngupa jilahf cs;sJ.
murpay;thjpfs;> mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpdu;> cwtpdu;fs;> ez;gu;fs;
kw;Wk; cw;whu; cwtpdu;fshy; Fwpg;gpl;l Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fis
Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. epu;ge;jq;fs; fhuz-
khf Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fs; rupahd Kiwapy;
,y;iy vd;gij tpl ngUk;ghYk; rupahdtu;fs; my;y vd;gJ
ntspg;gilahf cs;sJ.

1. gzpahsu; Nju;tpd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk; vd;d?
2. gad;ghL ntw;wplk; vd;why; vd;d?
3. jpwdha;T Nju;Tfs; vij mstpLfpwJ?
4. Neu;fhzy; vd;why; vd;d?
5. ,aw;gpay; njhlu;ghd gFg;gha;it elj;Jtjw;F Njitg;gLk;
%d;W Kiwfs; ahit?

1. gzpahsiuj; Nju;e;njLg;gjd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;> mjpf gl;r
nray;jpwDld; jq;fs; Ntiyfis nra;a kpfTk; tha;g;Gs;s
egu;fis Nju;e;njLj;J epWtdj;Jld; njhlu;e;J ,Ug;gjhFk;.
2.
gad;ghL ntw;wplk; kpfTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;
MFk;> mjpy; Nfs;tpfs; jug;gLj;jg;gl;L Kd;$l;bNa
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd..
3. jpwdha;T Nju;Tfs; jpwd; kw;Wk; jpwikfis mstpLfpwJ.
4.
Neu;fhzy; vd;gJ Neu;fhzy; fhz;gtUf;Fk; kw;Wk;
tpz;zg;gjhuUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilr;nrhy; MFk;.

5. ,ayhik Kiw> jukjpg;G Kiw kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l topKiw Nju;njLj;jy;
Mfpa %d;W Kiwfspy; ,aw;gpay; njhlu;ghd gFg;gha;it

elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
6.5 RUf;fk; Fwpg;Gfs;

••Nju;T vd;gJ> cs; my;yJ ntsp vd> Vuhskhd tpz;zg;gjhuu;
fsplkpUe;J Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd gzpahsu;fis
Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd mikg;gpd; jpl;lkpl;l Kaw;rpahFk;.
••gzpahsiuj; Nju;e;njLg;gjd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;> mjpf gl;r
nray;jpwDld; jq;fs; Ntiyfis nra;a kpfTk; tha;g;Gs;s
egu;fis Nju;e;njLj;J epWtdj;Jld; njhlu;e;J ,Ug;gjhFk;.
••Nahju; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘gzpaku;j;jy; nray;Kiw xd;W my;yJ
gy ‘nry;-,y;iy-nry;’ ghijahf cs;sJ. gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs;> Ntiyaspg;gtu; %yk; jpiuaplg;gLfpd;wdu;>
kw;Wk; FWfpa gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s tpz;zg;gjhuu;fSk; mLj;j
jil epiyf;F nry;fpd;wdu;> mNjNtisapy; jFjpaw;wtu;fSk;
ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wdu;.’
••gzpahsu;fis Nju;e;njLf;f gy;NtW Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> Nju;T Kiw midj;J mikg;GfSf;Fk;
nghJthdjy;y.
••ntw;W gad;ghL mu;j;jj;jpy; kpfTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;
cs;sJ mjpy; Nfs;tpfs; jug;gLj;jg;gl;L Kd;$l;bNa
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
••tpz;zg;gj;jpy; fhypahf cs;s tptuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
Neu;fhzYf;F Nju;T nra;ag;gl;ltu;fs;> me;j mikg;Gfspd;
Muk;g Neu;fhzYf;F miof;fg;gLthu;fs;.
••xU Nju;Tf;Fupatupd; jd;ik kw;Wk; jpwd;fis NkYk; kjpg;gpl>
Nju;T eilKiwfspy; rpy gupNrhjidfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
••xU Gjpa Ntiy my;yJ jpwikiaf; fw;f xU Nju;Tf;Fupatupd;
jpwik kw;Wk; jpwikia mstpl> jpwdwpjy; my;yJ rhj;jpakhd
jpwd; Nrhjidfs; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
••Mu;tj; Nju;T vd;gJ Ntl;ghsUf;F xU Mu;tj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s
Ntiyapd; tifia fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.
••MSikj;jpwd; vd;gJ MSikapdhyhd gz;Gfisf; mstpl
gad;gLfpwJ.
••kw;w gupNrhjidfs; midj;ijAk; rup nra;J Kbj;j gpd;du;>
Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fs; Neu;fhzYf;F miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. Neu;fhzy;
vd;gJ Neu;fhzy; fhz;gtUf;Fk; tpz;zg;gjhuUf;Fk; ,
ilapyhd
,ilr;nrhy; MFk;.
••tpz;zg;gjhuuhy; toq;fg;gl;l Fwpg;G rupghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Nju;Tf;Fupatupd; fle;j gjptpypUe;J ,J fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nju;njLj;jy; ,Wjpahf Nju;Tf;Fupatu; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;> epu;thfp
mtUf;F Ntiy toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mtUila flikfs; vd;d>
mtUf;F vd;d Njit> me;j epWtdj;jpy; mtUila vjpu;fhy
tha;g;Gfs; vd;d vd;W mtu; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ••g;sk; kw;Wk; ea;yUk; cw;W Nehf;Ffpd;w epiyapy;> xU
jpwikahd Ntiy nray;jpwDf;F Njitg;gLk; kpf ngupa

mstpyhd Fzq;fis nfhz;l jdpegu;fisf; Nju;e;njLf;Fk;
Nehf;Fld; jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfisf; nfhz;L rpwe;j Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;JtJ Nju;T epfo;Kiwapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
••Nahju; vl; my;. Nju;T nra;ag;gLk; Kiw fPo;f;fz;l VO epi-
yfis cs;slf;fpaJ vd gupe;Jiuf;fTk;: (i) tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd;
Kjw;fl;l gupNrhjid (ii) ntw;wpl tpz;zg;gq;fspd; kPs;ghu;it>
(iii) rupghu;g;G Fwpg;Gfs; (iv) ,aw;gpay; rhu;e;j gupNrhjid (v)
cstpay; gupNrhjid> (vi) Ntiytha;g;G Neu;fhzy; kw;Wk;
(vii) jpl;lk; kjpg;gPL Mfpait MFk;.
••gapw;rp Nrhjidfs; xU egupd; NghJkhd gapw;rpapd; %yk;;
cs;shu;e;j Mw;wiy gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s kjpg;gpLfpwJ.
••Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fhd gupNrhjidfis vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ
vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit MFk;. Nju;tpy; Nju;T nra;Ak; juk;
(tpku;rd fzpg;G) re;ij epytuj;Jld; khWgLk;.
••kdey jpwikfs;> ,ae;jpu kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila jpwd;fs;>
kNdhtpay; jpwd;fs;> fhl;rp jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; gpw Fwpg;gpl;l
tpUg;gq;fspd; xU tu;f;fk; cs;spl;l Ie;J gpupTfshfj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
••rhjid Nrhjidfs; Ntiy khjpupahdJ> (my;yJ nray;jpwd;)
gupNrhjidfs;> vOj;Jj; Nju;Tfs; kw;Wk; tha;nkhopj; Nju;Tfs;
cl;gl %d;W FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
••Neu;fhziy elj;JtJ nghJthf Ntl;ghsUld; RKfkhd
cwit Vw;gLj;Jtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L KOik ngWfpwJ>
mtuplkpUe;J KOikahd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd jfty;fis
ngWjy; kw;Wk; mij Kiwahfg; gjpT nra;jy; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

••jil: mJ kf;fis my;yJ tp\aq;fis my;yJ jfty;
njhlu;G my;yJ Kd;Ndw;wj;ij jLf;Fk; xU R+o;epiy my;yJ
jilfis Fwpf;fpwJ.
••kjpg;gPL: xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; xU Copaupd; Neu;fhzypy;
nghJthf ngwg;gLk; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL MFk;.
••ghFghL: ,J gy;NtW tifahd kf;fspd;> Fwpg;ghf ,dk;>
taJ> my;yJ clYwtpd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhfNth my;yJ
ePjpf;Fg; Gwk;ghd rpfpr;irNah Fwpg;gjhFk;.

6.7 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; Nju;njLj;jy;
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;;
1. Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l eilKiwfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;
vd;d? Fwpg;Gfs;
2. Ntiytha;g;Gfspd; tiffis gw;wp xU Fwpg;G vOJq;fs;.
3. Nju;T Nehf;fq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
4. Neu;fhzy; nray;Kiwia RUf;fkhf tptupf;fTk;.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. Nju;T nra;tjw;fhd topKiwfis tpupthf tpsf;Ff.

2. Nrhjidfs; cz;ikapy; elj;jg;gLk; Kd; Nrhjpf;fgl Ntz;Lk;.
tpku;rdf; fUj;J $Wf.
3. Ntiy Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Nrhjidfs; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gL
fpd;wd? tpthjpf;f.
4. Nju;tpd; NghJ vjpu;nfhs;Sk; jilfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
6.8 NkYk; gbf;f

nkf;uh `py;.
yz;ld;: kf;kpy;yd;.
rpfhNfh: ,u;tpd;.

J}z;ly;
myF 7 J}z;ly;
mikg;G
7.2 nghUs;> tiuaiw kw;Wk; J}z;ly; Njit
7.3 J}z;ly; Vw;gLk; NghJ vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpf;fy;fs;
7.4 J}z;ly; epfo;r;rpapd; jpl;l fhyk;
tpilfs;
7.6 RUf;fk;
7.9 NkYk; gbf;f
7.0 Kd;Diu
Ntiyf;F gzpahsiu mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ J}z;ly; vd;W
mwpag;gLfpwJ. epWtdj;jpd; eilKiwfs;> nfhs;iffs;
kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Gjpa Copau;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;
epfo;KiwahFk;. mbg;gilapy; ,J tuNtw;ff; $ba nray;Kiw
MFk;. ,e;j epWtdj;jpw;F gzpahsiu Ntiyapy; mku;j;Jjy;
my;yJ mwpKfk; nra;Ak; gzpia J}z;Ljy; Mfpait
gpd;gw;WfpwJ. me;j mikg;gpd; %yk; mtu; jLkhWtjw;Fg;
gjpyhf mtiu> epWtdk;> mjd; nfhs;if kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
mjd; epiyg;ghL Mfpatw;iw Kiwahf mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ
ey;yJ. Gjpjhf gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l gy gzpahsu;fs; fpuhkg;Gwr;
R+oypy; ,Ue;J te;J> xU njhopy; gpuptpy; gzp epakdq;fisg;
ngw;wpUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;w cz;ikia fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> ,e;j
khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; rpukj;jpid vspjhf;f xU KOikahd
J}z;ly; jpl;lk; Njitg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
,ij kpff; FiwthfNt ,e;jpahtpy; nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ
tUe;jj;jf;fjhFk;. ,e;jpaj; njhopy;Jiwfspy; kpd; J}z;ly;
,Ug;gij tpl> ve;j gzpahsu; nray;ghLk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjhf
,y;iy. xU Gjpa gzpahsu;> Nrhjid kw;Wk; gpio nray;Kiwfspd;
%yk; epWtdk; gw;wp mwpa vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. me;j gzpahsu;
jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;ff; $ba Mu;tj;Jld; ,Ug;gtu;fspd;
iffspy; tpOfpwhu;. ngUk;ghYk;> mj;jifa jiytu;fsplkpUe;J
epWtdf; nfhs;ifapd; jtwhd gjpg;ig gzpahsu; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhf
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tof;Ffspy;> Kjyhsp kl;LNk Fiw nrhy;y
Ntz;Lk;. mtu; Gjpa gzpahsupd; kdjpy; rupahd fUj;Jf;fis
itf;f Kjy; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jJ. Mdhy;> mNj Nghy; mtu;
jd;id gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,e;j myF> J}z;ly; gw;wpa
gy;NtW mk;rq;fis tpthjpf;fpwJ.

7.1 myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs; J}z;ly;
,e;j myF topahf nrd;w gpd;G> cq;fshy;:

••J}z;ly; vd;gjd; nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwia gw;wp tpthjpf;f
KbAk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••J}z;ly; vd;gjd; Njitia tpsf;f KbAk;.
••J}z;ly; Vw;gLk; NghJ vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gpur;ridfis kjpg;gpl
KbAk;.
••J}z;ly; epfo;r;rpapd; jpl;lkpliy gw;wp mwpa KbAk;.
7.2 nghUs;> tiuaiw kw;Wk; J}z;ly; Njit

R.P. gpypNkhupah fUj;Jg;gb> J}z;ly; my;yJ jpiraikT vd;gJ
‘xU Gjpa gzpahsu; khw;wg;gl;l Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; Gdu;tho;tspf;fg;gl;l
epWtdj;jpd; eilKiwfs;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ’. xU Kiwahd Nehf;Fepiy Gjpa Copaupd;
jfty; ,ilntspiaj; jLf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. xU egu; xU epWtdj;jpy;
te;J NrUk; NghJ> mtu; xU Gjpatuhf ,Ug;ghu; kw;Wk; mtu; gy
rpukq;fis mDgtpf;fyhk;. me;j Neuj;jpy;> mtUf;F gjw;wKk; kw;Wk;
kd mOj;jKk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;> mtuJ nray;jpwd; Fiwayhk;.
Nehf;Fepiy Njit
xU epWtdj;jpd; gzpahsu;fspd; ftiy> cz;ikfspd; mjpu;r;rp
kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fs; jq;Fkplj;jpw;F Vw;w tifapy; Nehf;Fepiy
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
••xU epWtdj;jpy; Gjpa gzpahsu;fs; kpFe;j gjw;wj;ij
mDgtpf;fpwhu;fs;. ,J xU ,aw;ifahd epfo;thFk;. ,ij
Nehf;Fepiyapd; %yk; nty;y KbAk;.
••xU gzpahsu; rpy mDkhdq;fisAk; vjpu;ghu;g;GfisAk;
nfhz;L> xU epWtdj;jpy; gzpGupthu;. ,e;j vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;
ajhu;j;jj;Jld; nghUe;jtpy;iy vd;why;> Gjpa gzpahsu; xU
epju;rdkhd mjpu;r;rpia mDgtpg;ghu;. jpwikahd Gj;jhf;fg;
gapw;rpfs;> Gjpa gzpahsupd; xU gFjpapy; ajhu;j;jkhd
vjpu;ghu;g;ig toq;Ftjd; %yk;> ,e;j epju;rdkhd mjpu;r;rpia
Fiwf;f cjTfpd;wd.
••gzpapy; cs;s gy;NtW mk;rq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L> Gjpjhf
mwpKfkhdtu;fs;; Gupe;Jzu;it tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk;
jw;NghJs;s gzpahsu;fisf; nfhz;L Gjpa Copaiu jf;f
itf;f rupahd gzpahsu; rhu;G cjTfpwJ.
J}z;ly; jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;: nfa;j; Nltp]; vd;w xU
gzpahsu; J}z;ly; jpl;lj;jpy; %lg;gl Ntz;ba gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfis
gl;baypl;Ls;shu;:

J}z;ly; ml;ltiz 7.1 xU J}z;ly; jpl;lj;jpd; jiyg;Gfs;
1. mikg;G uPjpahd rpf;fy;fs;

•• epWtdj;jpd; tuyhW.
•• Kf;fpa epu;thfpfspd; ngau;fSk; gl;lKk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
•• gzpahsu;fspd; jiyg;Gk; JiwAk;.
•• cly; trjpfspd; tbtikg;G.
•• gUtepiyf; fhyk;
•• toq;fg;gLk; jahupg;Gfs;/Nritfs;
•• cw;gj;jp epfo;Kiwfspd; fz;Nzhl;lk;
•• epWtdf; nfhs;iffSk; tpjpfSk;
•• xOf;fhw;W eilKiwfs;
•• gzpahsu;fspd; ifNaL
•• ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs;
2. gzpahsu; eyd;fs;
•• rk;gs msTfs;> rk;gs ehl;fs;
•• tpLKiwfs;> tpLKiw ehl;fs;
•• ,il epWj;jk;
•• gapw;rpapd; top
•• MNyhrid
•• fhg;GWjp> kUj;Jtk;> nghOJNghf;F> Xa;Tfhyg; gad;fs;
3. mwpKfq;fs;
•• Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fSf;F
•• rf gzpahsu;fSf;F
•• gapw;rpahsu;fSf;F
•• gzpahsu; MNyhrfuplk;
4. gzp flikfs;
•• gzp ,Ug;gplk;
•• gzp Ntiyfs;
•• gzpg; ghJfhg;G Njitfs;
•• Ntiyfs; gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lk;
•• Ntiy Nehf;fq;fs;
•• kw;w NtiyfSld; cwT
J}z;ly; jpl;lq;fspd; tiffs;

gy;NtW tifahd J}z;ly; jpl;lq;fis gw;wp tpthjpg;Nghk;.
(a) nghJj; J}z;ly; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;

Ntiytha;g;G toq;Fk; Kiw tpupTgLj;jg;gl;L> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lTld;
nfhs;Kjy; nray;ghl;by; ,Wjp fl;l KbT nra;ag;gLfpwJ. xU jdp
egu; mjd; gpwF Ntiy kw;Wk; mikg;G rhu;e;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,J> J}z;ly; my;yJ jpiraikT vdg;gLk; nray;Kiw %yk;
Kiwahf nra;ag;gLfpwJ. J}z;ly; vd;gJ xU tuNtw;fj;jf;f

nray;Kiw–Ntl;ghsiu tuNtw;fTk;> khw;wg;gl;l R+oypy; mtiu J}z;ly;
tPl;by; czur; nra;aTk;> epWtdj;jpd; eilKiwfs;> nfhs;iffs;

kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mtiu mwpKfg;gLj;jTk; ,e;j Nahrid
cs;sJ. xU J}z;ly; jpl;lj;jpd; mtrpak; xU egu; xU epWtdj;jpy;
,izAk; NghJ mtu; tpNehjkhf> $r;rk;> ghJfhg;gw;w my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs;
gjw;wkhf czuyhk;. ,j;jifa ftiyfis Fiwf;f J}z;ly;
toptFf;fpwJ.
(b) Fwpg;gpl;l Gj;jhf;fj; jpl;lk;

Fwpg;gpl;l jpiraikT> Nkw;ghu;itahsu; %yk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
J}z;ly; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;itapd; gFjpapy;
jpwd; Njitg;gLfpwJ. xU Gjpa gzpahsUf;F> epiy kw;Wk;
,Ug;gplj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l nray;ghl;L mwpT toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cldb Kjyhsp (Nkw;ghu;itahsu;) ,j;jifa J}z;ly; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpf;F nghWg;ghthu;. xt;nthU Gjpa CopaUk; njupe;Jnfhs;s
Ntz;bait
(i)
mtu;/mts; Ntiy nra;Ak; egu;fs;
(ii) mtupd; nghWg;ghd gzp
(iii) epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba KbT
(iv) jw;Nghija gzpapd; epiy
(v) mtuJ cwTfspd; mikg;G
(vi) mtu; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; gjpTfs;
(vii) njhopw;ghl;L nfhs;iffs;> eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs;
(viii) mtUf;F cjTk; Nrit FO
xU Fwpg;gpl;l J}z;lypd; Nehf;fj;jpy;> xU gzpahsu; jdJ
gzpr;R+oypy; jd;id mDrupj;J nry;y VJthf cs;sJ.
(c) njhlu; Cf;Ftpg;G jpl;lk;

gzpahsu; mtUila gzpapy; epahakhf ele;J nfhs;fpwhu; vd;gij
fz;Lgpbg;gNj njhlu; Cf;Ftpg;G jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,J
tof;fkhf> Nkw;ghu;itahsu; my;yJ gzpahsu; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j epGzu;
%yk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. topfhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; MNyhrid %yk;> GJKf
tPuu; mDgtpj;j rpukq;fis ePf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
tof;fkhf> re;jpg;G Neuj;jpy; ,Ue;J> Rkhu; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L
khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF> njhlu; J}z;ly; eilngWfpwJ.
7.3 J}z;ly; Vw;gLk; NghJ vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpf;fy;fs;

xt;nthU mikg;gpYk; Gjpa gzpahsu;fs;> gy Neuq;fspy; mtu;fspd;
Gjpa epWtdj;jpd; Ntiyg; gz;ghl;Lld; gupr;rhukhd xU Gj;jhf;fj;
jpl;lk; %yk; nry;fpwhu;fs;. xU gpuj;Naf kw;Wk; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
gzpahsu;fspd; tsu;rr; papy; Copau;fspd; J}z;ly; Kf;fpa mq;fkhf

J}z;ly; tpsq;FfpwJ. Gjpa Copau;fis r%fkakhf;fTk;> mtu;fsJ Kjyhspia
rpwe;j Kiwapy; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F Nehf;Fepiy cjTfpwJ.
JujpU\;ltrkhf> mjd; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; mjpf
ftdk; nrYj;jgltpy;iy. ,jd; tpisthf Vw;gLk; fhuzpfs; kpfTk;
Fwpg;Gfs; rpwpait> mit rup nra;ag;gl;Ltpl;lhy;> gzpahsu; kw;Wk; epWtdk;
,uz;bw;Fk; ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
J}z;ly; Vw;gLk; NghJ> vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rpy gpur;rpidfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
jpl;lkply; ,y;iy
ngUk;ghYk; epWtdq;fs;> Nehf;Fepiy jpl;lj;jpy; NghJkhd Neuk;
kw;Wk; gzj;ij KjyPL nra;tjpy;iy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F
mjd; jhf;fj;ij Nkw;ghu;itapLfpd;wd. xU J}z;ly; elj;Jtjw;F
Kd;> epiwa Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; Njitg;gLfpwJ. xU
kjpg;Gkpf;f jpl;lk; ed;F Muhag;gl;L> Rthu];akhd kw;Wk; ftdkhf
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L> KjyhspfSf;Fk; Copau;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
,yf;Ffis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Nkyhz;ik <LghL
tof;fkhf> jiyik epu;thf J}z;ly; jpl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J jd;id
xJf;fpf; nfhz;L> kdpj tsj; Jiwf;F Kw;wpYk; khwptpl;lJ.
ngUk;ghYk;> J}z;ly; gw;wpa jfty; gupkhw;wk; jhkjkhf
,Uf;fpwJ. Nkyhsu;fspd; Njhw;wk; xU Neu;kiwahd R+o;epiyia
Vw;gLj;Jk;. Gjpa gzpahsu;fSf;F epWtd ,yf;Ffis jpwk;gl
njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;fhd xU tha;g;ghf ,ij mtu;fs; fUj
Ntz;Lk;.
gadw;w ifNaLfs;
J}z;ly; Vw;gLk; NghJ> mjpf ftdj;ij nrYj;Jk; kw;nwhU
Kf;fpakhd tp\ak; ifNaLfs;. mtu;fs;> mjpf ftdk; ngwtpy;iy.
ifNaLfs; vd;gJ ehSf;fhd tpsf;ff;fhl;rpfspd; cs;slf;fk;
mlq;fpa gazj;jpl;lj;ijg; Nghd;wJ. ,tw;iw ve;j gzpahsUk;
gpd;dhspy;> Fwpg;ghf gad;gLj;jp nfhs;syhk;. NkYk;> midj;J
jfty;fisAk; epWtd ,izajsj;jpd; gjpNtl;by; itf;fyhk;.
njhlu; ,y;iy
epWtdq;fs;> J}z;liy ,Wjpahf elj;Jfpd;wdu;. ngUk;ghd;ikahd
epWtdq;fs; xU Nehf;Fepiy Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpd; gpd;njhlu;jy;
mku;Tfs; elj;jg;gltpy;iy. J}z;ly; vd;gjd; jhf;fj;ij
mstpLtNjhL> Gjpa gzpahsu;fs; epWtdf; nfhs;iffSld;
trjpahdjh ,y;iyah vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ fbdkhf cs;sJ.
gzpahsu;fs; gzpaplj;ij vt;thW czug; Nghfpwhu;fs; vd;gij
mwpAk; topfisAk; mt;tg;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

7.4 J}z;ly; epfo;r;rpapd; jpl;l fhyk; J}z;ly;
xU ed;F Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l J}z;ly; jpl;lk;> Gjpa gzpahsu;fis

Kjyhspaplk; mwpKfg;gLj;j kpfTk; gaDs;s topfspy; xd;whFk;.
me;j epWtdj;jpw;F te;J Ntiy nra;Ak; mtu;fspd; KbT Fwpj;J Fwpg;Gfs;
gzpahsu;fSf;F cj;juthjk; mspf;Fk; tha;g;ghf ,J nray;gLfpwJ.
Gjpa gzpahsu;fs; Gjpa Ntiyfspy; trjpahf ,Ug;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jTk;> mtu;fs; Nru;fpd;w epWtdj;jpd; ngUepWtd
fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; gzp newpKiwia Gupe;J nfhs;sTk; cjTfpwJ.
xU jplkhd mbj;jsj;Jld; $ba mwpit Kd; $l;bNa
gzpahsu;fSf;F toq;Ftjd; %yk;> mit gpwUf;F ,ilA+W
Vw;gLj;jhky;> tpiuthf jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G mjpfkhf
cs;sJ. ,J mtu;fspd; nghWg;Gfis Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
,jdhy;> Nkyhsupd; Neuj;ij kpr;rg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt> mikg;gpw;Fs;
xUq;fpizg;gl tpUk;Gk; Gjpa gzpahsu;fs;> epWtdj;jpw;Fs;shf
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Fwpg;gpl;l gzpfisg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;s>
mwpKfg; gapw;rp cWjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mwpKfg; gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;Sk; egu;> Gjpa gzpahsu;fis
epWtdj;jpy; ntw;wpfukhf xUq;fpizf;Fk; mikg;G gw;wp kpfTk;
mwpe;jtu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ J}z;ly; jpl;lkpLjypd;
Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. gapw;rpf;fhd nryit tpl> gapw;rp ,y;iy
vd;w nryT mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhf gy epWtdq;fs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sd.
vdNt> njhopypy; Gjpa gzpahsu;fis gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;W
Nju;T nra;tjpy; mjpf mghak; cs;sJ.
J}z;ly; jpl;lj;jpd; gbfs;: HR Jiw> ,e;j mwpKfg; gapw;rpia
Vw;ghL nra;Ak;NghJ gpd;tUk; gbfis Jtf;fyhk;:
1. Gjpjhf gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l epWtdj;ij tuNtw;g;gJ.
2. epWtdk; gw;wpa mwpit mspj;jy;: mJ vd;d> vd;d nra;fpwJ>
mJ vg;gb nray;gLfpwJ> mjd; jahupg;ghsu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;;
Ntiy epiyikfs; gw;wpa mwpT> kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; eyd;Gup
Nritfs; Nghd;wit.
3. Gjpa gzpaku;j;jy; epWtdj;jpd; ifNaLfis nfhLj;jy;.
4. Gjpjhf gzpaku;jj; g;gLk; ,lk;/Jiwia fhz;gpj;jy;. ,e;j gbapy;
Fwpg;gpl;l gzp ,lk; kw;Wk; flikfis cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. epWtdj;jpw;Fs; gy;NtW FOf;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fthjj;jpd;
msT gw;wpa tptuq;fis mspj;jy;. ,e;j gbapy;> Jiwapd;
mikg;G> cw;gj;jp nray;Kiwfs;> gy;NtW tif gzpahsu;fs;>
gzp tpjpfs;> ghJfhg;G Kd;ndr;rupf;iffs; kw;Wk; tpjpKi-
wfs; gw;wp Gjpa gzpahsUf;F xU RUf;fkhd Nahrid
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
6.
rk;gsk;> rYiffs;> tpLKiw ehl;fs;> tpLg;G Nghd;w
tptuq;fisf; nfhLj;jy;.

J}z;ly; 7.
Gjpa gzpahsupd; epiy gw;wpa rpwg;Gf; Fwpg;Gld;
epWtdk; nra;Ak; gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpg; gzpfs; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gld;gzpahsupd; njhopy;newp Fwpj;j tha;g;Gf;fis
tiuaWf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; xU ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l kw;Wk; ntw;wpfukhd gzpahsu; J}
z;ly; jpl;lk; mikg;gJ Gjpa gzpahsu;fis tuNtw;gjpy; Kjy;
gbahf cs;sJ kw;Wk; ePz;lfhyg; gFjpapy; jq;fs; <Lghl;il ngw;W
nfhs;s ,J cjTfpwJ. jahupg;G Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;WfpwJ vd;whYk;>
mwpKfg; gapw;rpapy; cs;s jfty;fs; njhlu;e;J Nkw;ghu;itaplg;gl;L
GJg;gpf;fg;gLk; vd;gij cWjp nra;tJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.
me;j tifapy; gapw;rpahdJ vg;NghJk; Gjpa gzpahsu;fSf;F
nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

1. J}z;ly; tiuaW.
2. Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;Fepiy jpl;lj;ij elj;Jgtu;fs; ahu;?
3. njhlu; J}z;ly; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
4. ifNaLfs; vd;why; vd;d?

1. J}z;ly; my;yJ jpiraikT vd;gJ ‘xU Gjpa gzpahsu; khw;wg;gl;l
Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; Gdu;tho;tspf;fg;gl;l epWtdj;jpd; eilKiwfs;>
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; xU
cj;jp MFk;’.
2. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rhu;G> cldb Kjyhsp (Nkw;ghu;itahsu;) %yk;
elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3. gpd;njhlu;jy; J}z;ly; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; Copau; gzpapy; epa-
hakhf cs;sjh vd;gij fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.
4.
ifNaLfs; vd;gJ xU ehSf;fhd tpsf;ff;fhl;rpfspd;
cs;slf;fj;ij cs;slf;fpa xU gazj;jpl;lk; Nghd;wJ.
7.6 RUf;fk;
••R.P. gpypNkhupah fUj;Jg;gb> J}z;ly; my;yJ jpiraikT
vd;gJ ‘xU Gjpa gzpahsu; khw;wg;gl;l Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy;
Gdu;tho;tspf;fg;gl;l epWtdj;jpd; eilKiwfs;> nfhs;iffs;
kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ’.
••xU epWtdj;jpy;> gzpahsu;fspd; ftiy> ep[q;fs;> mjpu;r;rpfs;
kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fis jq;Fkplj;jpw;F Vw;w tifapy; Nehf;Fepiy
Njitg;gLfpwJ.

••J}z;ly; vd;gJ xU tuNtw;fj;jf;f nray;Kiw – Ntl;ghsiu J}z;ly;
tuNtw;fTk;> khw;wg;gl;l R+oypy; mtiu tPl;by; czur;

nra;aTk;> epWtdj;jpd; eilKiwfs;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mtiu mwpKfg;gLj;jTk; ,e;j Nahrid
gad;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
••Fwpg;gpl;l jpiraikT> Nkw;ghu;itahsu; %yk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
••Fwpg;gpl;l J}z;ly; vd;gjd; Nehf;fk;> xU gzpahsu; jdJ
gzpr;R+oypy; jd;id mDrupj;J nry;y VJthf cs;sJ.
••Copau; gzpapy; epahakhf ele;J nfhs;fpwhu; vd;gij
fz;Lgpbg;gNj njhlu; Cf;Ftpg;G jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
••topfhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; MNyhrid %yk;> GJKf gzpahsu;fs;
mDgtpj;j rpukq;fis ePf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLfpd;wd.
••tof;fkhf> re;jpg;G Neuj;jpy; ,Ue;J> Rkhu; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L
khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF> njhlu; J}z;ly; eilngWfpwJ.
••xt;nthU mikg;gpYk; Gjpa Copau;fs; gy Neuq;fspy; jq;fs;
Gjpa epWtdj;jpd; Ntiyg; gz;ghl;Lld; gupr;rhukhd xU
Gj;jhf;fj; jpl;lk; %yk; nry;fpwhu;fs;.
••ngUk;ghYk; epWtdq;fs;> Nehf;Fepiy jpl;lj;jpy; NghJkhd
Neuk; kw;Wk; gzj;ij KjyPL nra;tjpy;iy kw;Wk; ePz;l
fhyj;jpy; mjd; jhf;fj;ij Nkw;ghu;itapLfpd;wd.
••xU J}z;ly; elj;Jtjw;F Kd;> epiwa Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;
jpl;lkply; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
••J}z;lypd; NghJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd
tp\ak; ifNaLfs; MFk;.
••ifNaLfs; vd;gJ xU ehSf;fhd tpsf;ff;fhl;rpfspd;
cs;slf;fk; mlq;fpa gazj;jpl;lj;ijg; Nghd;wjhFk;.
••mwpKfg; gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;Sk; egu;> Gjpa gzpahsu;fis
epWtdj;jpy; ntw;wpfukhf xUq;fpizf;Fk; mikg;G gw;wp kpfTk;
mwpe;jtu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ J}z;ly; jpl;lkpLjypd;
Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.

••J}z;ly;: xU Gjpa Ntiy my;yJ mikg;gpy;> Fwpg;ghf xU rpwg;G
epfo;r;rpapd; %yk;> ahNuh xUtu; Kiwahf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;
xU jUzk; ,JthFk;.
••mwpKfk;: ,J xU egUf;F rw;W njupAk;, Mdhy; ahUk;
neUq;fpa ez;gu; ,y;iy vd;gij Fwpf;fpwJ.
••nray;Kiwg;gLj;jy;: KbT my;yJ jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jhd; ,jd; eilKiwahFk;.

J}z;ly;
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. jpiraikT Vd; Njitg;gLfpwJ?
Fwpg;Gfs;
2. J}z;ly; jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk; ahJ?
3. xU nghJthd J}z;ly; jpl;lj;ij tpsf;Ff.
4. %j;j epu;thfk; J}z;ly; jpl;lq;fspy; <Lgl Ntz;Lkh?
5. J}z;ly; jpl;lk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. jpl;lkpLjypy; cs;s
gbfs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. myFfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lit jtpu> rpy Kd;ddp epWtdq;fspy;
J}z;Ljy; gapw;rpapid Kd;khjpup nra;f.
2. gy;NtW tifahd J}z;ly; jpl;lq;fis tpupthf Muha;f.
3. xU J}z;ly; fhyj;jpy; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gpur;ridfis kjpg;gplTk;>
FWfpa kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyj;jpy; mtw;wpd; jhf;fj;ij mstplTk;.
7.9 NkYk; gbf;f

nkf;uh `py;.
yz;ld;: kf;kpy;yd;.
rpfhNfh: ,u;tpd;.

myF 8 gapw;rp
gapw;rp
mikg;G
8.0 Kd;Diu Fwpg;Gfs;
tpilfs;
8.5 RUf;fk;
8.8 NkYk; gbf;f
8.0 Kd;Diu
,e;jg; myfpy; gzpahsu; gapw;rp gw;wp ePqf; s; njupe;J nfhs;tuP f
; s;. ve;j
xU epWtdKk; tsu;rr ; papd; %yk; jd;id epue;jug;gLj;j> mjd; kdpj ts
Mjhuq;fis tsu;jJ ; f; nfhs;tjw;fhd xU mbg;gil mtrpak; cs;sJ.
mwpit tsu;jJ ; f; nfhs;tJ Kjy; tprpak; Mdhy; mij gaDs;s
tifapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ kw;nwhU tprakhf cs;sJ.
,J jpwikfis tsu;jJ ; f; nfhz;L kw;Wk; mwpit GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s
mtrpakhf cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf> tpiuthf khwptUk; r%fj;jpy;> xU
epWtdj;jpw;F gzpahsu; gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsu;rr ; p kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
gapw;rp vd;gJ jpl;lkpl;l elj;ijapd; njhlu;r;rpia ngWtjw;fhd
KiwahFk;. jw;Nghija Ntiyapy; gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;j my;yJ xU jpl;lkplg;gl;l Ntiyf;fhf mtw;iw jahu;
nra;a mJ Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ. gpw ed;ikfspd; kj;jpapy;> gapw;rp
njhopyhsu;fis rpwe;j gzp rPuikg;gpw;F gapw;Wtpj;jy;> ciog;gpd;
tpiy kw;Wk; tpw;gid tpfpjj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ.

••gapw;rpapd; fUj;J kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupf;f ,aYk;.
••gapw;rp Njitfis tpsf;f KbAk;.
••gapw;rp Kiwfis Muha KbAk;.
••gy;NtW tifahd gapw;rpfis tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwd;> juk;> jpwik kw;Wk; mwpit Nkk;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW>

gapw;rp njhopy;Jiw cwTfspd; tsu;r;rpapy; ,J xU Kf;fpa fl;lkhf
cs;sJ.
gapw;rp mk;rq;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; kdpj ts tsu; r; rpapy; gad; gLj; j g; gl; l gy fUj; Jfis nkf; /
gu; Nyz; l ; tiuaWf; f pwJ. gapw; rpAk; fy; t pAk; neUf; f khf
,ize; j pUe; j hYk; > ,e; j f; fUj; Jfs; xd; W f; n fhd; W Kf; f pakhd
topfspy; NtWgl; L cs; sJ. ‘gapw; rp‘ vd; w nrhw; n whlu; Fwpg; g pl; l
Fwpf; Nfhs; f Sf; F Fwpg; gpl; l jpwd; f is mspg; gjhFk; > ‘fy; tp‘
vd; w nrhw; n whlu; xl; L nkhj; j jdpkdpj tsu; r; rpf; Fk; r%f kw; W k;
mwpthu; e ; j KiwapYk; > clystpYk; <Lgl; L s; sJ. mjd; g b> gapw; r p
vd; g J KO fy; t p eltbf; i ffspy; xU gFjp kl; L Nk. NkYk; >
gapw; r pia tpl tsu; r; rp kw; W k; tsu; r; rpapd; fUj; j hf; f q; f Sf; F
fy; t p kpfTk; xj; j pUf; f pwJ. tsu; r; rp vd; w nrhy; i y ,aw; i f
vd; W tiuaWf; f yhk; . fy; t p kw; W k; gapw; rp nray; K iwfspd;
%yk; gzpahsu; f spilNa Vw; gLk; khw; w j; j pd; jd; i kia ,J
Fwpf; fpwJ.
jPu;khdkhd gzpfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfspd; jd;ik

epWtd mikg;Gfspy; cs;s gzpfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfspd;
jd;ikfSld;> gapw;rp kw;Wk; fy;tpapd; xg;Gik msT khWfpwJ.
xUtu; epWtdj;jpy; Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;NghJ> gapw;rpapd; Njitg;ghL
FiwfpwJ> NkYk; fy;tpf;fhd Njit mjpfupf;fpwJ. ntspg;gilahf>
Nkyhz;ikapy; gzpahw;Wk; gzpahsu;fSf;F mjpf Ntiy my;yJ
tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd jpwik Njitg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gb> Copau;
gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik tsu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpahrk; cs;sJ. ,t;thW
gzpahsu; gapw;rp vd;gJ> epu;thfj; jpwd;rhuh gzpahsu;fs; Ntiy
jpwd;fis mspf;ff;$ba nray;Kiw gw;wpaJ.
jPu;khdkhd gzpfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfspd; jd;ik

epWtd mikg;Gfspy; cs;s gzpfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfspd;
xUtu; epWtdj;jpy; Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;NghJ> gapw;rpapd;
Njitg;ghL FiwfpwJ> NkYk; fy;tpf;fhd Njit mjpfupf;fpwJ.
ntspg;gilahf> Nkyhz;ikapy; gzpahw;Wk; gzpahsu;fSf;F
mjpf Ntiy my;yJ tu;j;jf njhlu;ghd jpwik Njitg;gLfpwJ.
mjd;gb> Copau; gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik tsu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpahrk;
cs;sJ. ,t;thW gzpahsu; gapw;rp vd;gJ> epu;thfj; jpwd;rhuh
gzpahsu;fs; Ntiy jpwd;fis mspf;ff;$ba nray;Kiw
gw;wpaJ. ,e;j tif gapw;rpahdJ> Kf;fpakhf gzp-mbg;gilapyhd
gzpia ikakhff; nfhz;lJ> kw;Wk; ,J tu;j;jf gs;spfspy;
ngwg;gl;l mbg;gil jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiyg; gapw;rp Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;JfpwJ.

Nkyhsu; nray;Kiw tsu;r;rp gapw;rp
kWGwk;> Nkyhsu; nray;Kiw tsu;r;rp> epu;thfj; Jiwg; gzpahsu;fs;

jw;Nghija Ntiyfspy; jpwd;fis kl;Lk; ,y;yhky;> Nkk;gl;l
,lu;ghLfisAk;> Nehf;fj;ijAk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w nray;Kiwfis
Fwpg;Gfs;
cs;slf;fpaJ. cau; nghWg;Gfs; rpf;fyhd fUj;jpay; rpe;jidfs;
kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs;> kw;Wk; KbntLj;jy; jpwd;fis jOTfpwJ.
,e;j tsu;r;rp> nray;Kiw mOj;jq;fs;> khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rp KiwfSld; njhlu;GilaJ. vdNt> Nkyhsu; nray;Kiw
tsu;r;rp> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fl;gl;l midj;J
eltbf;iffisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ> ,J jw;NghJs;s gzpia
,d;Dk; jpwk;gl epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf gq;Nfw;ghsupd; jpwd;fis
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nry;thf;if nrYj;JfpwJ
kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy cau; nghWg;GfSf;F mtuJ jpwid Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
FWfpa kw;Wk; gue;j Kd;Ndhf;F

,Ug;gpDk;> Nld; kw;Wk; ];Bgd;]; ‘tsu;r;rp’ vd;w nrhy;iy Nkyhz;ik
tPuu;fSf;F kl;Lk; tiuaWf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fs; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘gapw;rp
vd;gJ xU jdpg;gl;l Ntiy my;yJ epWtdf; gq;if Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
xU jdpegupd; jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; xU epWtdj;jpd; Kaw;rpfisf;
Fwpf;fpwJ> Mdhy; tsu;r;rp vd;gJ epWtdj;jpd; Kaw;rpfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ
(jdpg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs;) $Ljy; gzp flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf
jdJ epWtdj;jpy; Kd;Ndw xU jdp egupd; jpwd;fis mjpfupf;f
Ntz;Lk;.’ vdNt> gapw;rp vd;gJ Ntiy nra;tjw;F Njitahd
mwpitAk; jpwidAk; mspf;fpwJ. xU Gjpa cgfuzj;ij cw;gj;jp
nra;tJ vg;gb vd;gij Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ>
Fiwfis vg;gbf; ifahs;tJ> xU Miy Nkyhsupd; jpwikia
Nkk;gLj;JtJ> njhopw;rq;fj;Jld; xg;ge;jk; nra;tJ vg;gb vd;gij
cs;slf;fpaJ. mjd;gb> gapw;rpapd; mjpfg;gbahd jpwidg; nghWj;J
gapw;rp ngw;wtupd; elj;ijapy; ftdpf;fj;jf;f khw;wj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk;
tifapy; Ntiytha;g;G mbg;gilapy; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl KbAk;.
kWGwk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gJ ,d;Dk; Ntiy rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ
vd;whYk;> mJ kpfTk; gue;j mstpy; cs;sJ. cau; kl;l gjtpfSf;F
Nkyhsu;fis jahu;gLj;Jk; Nkyhz;ik Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fspy; ,J
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU Ntiy njhlu;ghd nghJ mwpitAk;>
khw;wj;Jf;fhd jftikj;jy; jpwidAk; Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt>
gapw;rp FWfpa Nehf;fpYk;> mjpf jpwd; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; mNj
Neuj;jpy; tsu;r;rp vd;gJ xU gue;j Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ. ‘fy;tp’
vd;w fUj;jhf;fk; xU nghJ ,ay;G gw;wpa mwpit ifafg;gLj;JtJ
gw;wpajhFk;.
jw;Nghija kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy Nehf;Fepiyfs;

/gpl;];n[uhy;l; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> gapw;rpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd;fisf; nfhz;l
gzpahsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ my;yJ mtw;wpd; jw;Nghija

gapw;rp nray;jpwd; FiwghLfis flf;f cjTfpwJ. kWGwk;> tsu;r;rp
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; epWtdj;jpw;F Njitahd jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp

Fwpg;Gfs; Nahlu; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘gapw;rp’ kw;Wk; ‘tsu;r;rp’ vd;w tpjpKiwfs;
xNu mu;j;jj;jpy; Njhd;wpdhYk;> ,e;jf; fUj;JfSf;fpilNa xU
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l tpj;jpahrk; cs;sJ. Kd;djhf> gapw;rp tFg;Gfs;
ngUk;ghYk; Fwpg;gpl;l jutupir kw;Wk; ,izj;njhFg;G Ntiyfspy;
Nkk;gl;l nray;jpwDf;fhd jahupg;ig typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
epWtdq;fspd; tsu;r;rpAld;> gy gpur;rpidfs; Nkw;ghu;it
kl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb> mtu;fs;
jdpj;Jtkhd gpur;rpidfis ifahs Nkw;ghu;it gapw;rpj;
jpl;lq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fspd; gapw;rpapd;NghJ>
mtu;fSila Kjyhspfis gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpak;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt> eLj;ju Nkyhsu;fSf;F rpwg;G
tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lg; gzpfs; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;ld. ,j;jpl;lq;fs; tsu;r;rp
gw;wpa fUj;JUtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Rl;bf; fhl;baJ. vdNt>
Nkyhz;ikg; gzpahsu;fspd; gyjug;gl;l rpf;fyhd> fbdkhd>
ntspg;gilahd nray;ghLfisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F xU Kiwaw;w
gjtp vd;w gapw;rp ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy;> fUj;J ‘gapw;rp’ rPu;Fiye;j
epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ.
,jdhy;> ‘gapw;rp’ vd;w fUj;J rPu;Fiye;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ.
Nkyhsu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> ‘eha;fSf;F gapw;rp’ vd;gJ> kf;fshy;
tsu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,d;W ‘gapw;rp’ vd;w nrhy;iy tpl ‘tsu;r;rp’> ‘fy;tp’
vd;w tpjpKiwfs; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J gapw;rp my;y>
MSikapd; KO tsu;r;rpAk; kdpj tsq;fis jq;fs; KO jpwidAk;
nray;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpwJ. mjd;gb> gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj;
jpl;lq;fs;> jpwd;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;> mbg;gil kdg;ghd;ikfis
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; xd;whf ,ize;J> njhlu;r;rpahd jdpg;gl;l
tsu;r;rpf;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wd. ,e;j jpl;lq;fs; Ntiy nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;jTk;> fopT kw;Wk; ruf;Ffs; Fiwj;jy;> gjtp cau;TfSf;F
jdpegu;fis jahu; nra;jy;> tUtha; Fiwj;jy;> jdpegu;fspd;
epWtd khw;wq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;> epWtd Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg;
Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;> el;GuPjpahd elj;ij Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F
cjTfpd;wd. ntspg;gilahf> tsu;r;rpapy; mbg;gil gpur;rid vd;gJ
epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;NfhSld; jdpegupd; rhjid> cs;Nehf;fk; kw;Wk;
Ra Mu;tj;ij xUq;fpizg;gjhFk;.
ehd;F epiyg;ghLfspd; tpj;jpahrk;

mNj Nghy;> Nfhk];-nkrpah vl; gapw;rp vd;gJ> cldb epWtd
Njitfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;j KidfpwJ> mNj Neuj;jpy; tsu;r;rp
ePz;l fhy Njitfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. tsu;r;rpapd;
Nehf;fk; epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;j Ntiy FOtpy; cs;sJ vd;whYk;>
gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fk; xU jdpg;gl;l gzpahsuplk; kl;LNk cs;sJ.

,t;tpU fUj;Jf;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;Ffis Nehf;fp khWgLfpd;wd. gapw;rp
gapw;rpahdJ jw;Nghija jpwd; Fiwghl;ilf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk;>

vjpu;fhy Ntiy Nfhupf;iffSf;F gzpahsu;fis jahu;gLj;JfpwJ.
gapw;rpahdJ jw;Nghija Ntiyapy; mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sJ>
Mdhy; tsu;r;rp vd;gJ jw;Nghija kw;Wk; tUq;fhy NtiyfSld; Fwpg;Gfs;
njhlu;GilaJ. ,jw;Nfw;g> gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fis tFj;J kjpg;gPL
nra;Ak; NghJ ,e;j NtWghLfis epidtpy; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
,jdhy;> ePz;l J}u gpur;rpidfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gapw;rp
jpl;lq;fis gad;gLj;JtJ gadw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mNjNghy;>
jw;Nghija Ntiy nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU tsu;r;rp
jpl;lj;jpd; gad;ghL gadw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
gapw;rp vd;gJ> rpf;fyhd kdg;ghd;ik> mwpT kw;Wk; Gupjy;
kw;Wk; epWtd nray;jpwj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; gzpahsu;fspd; elj;ijia
khw;Wtjw;fhd gapw;rp xU jpl;lj;ij toq;FfpwJ.
mjd; Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwfis tpl> KO epWtdj;jpw;fhd gapw;rpj;
NjitfisAk; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. NkYk; ,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; cau;kl;l Nkyhz;ikAk;
<LgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gapw;rpapd; cUg;gbahd KbTfis vLj;Jf;
nfhz;L> mjd; Fwpg;gpl;l Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J Kbe;jtiu jdJ
nrhe;jg; gapw;rpfis nra;a mDkjpg;gjd; %yk; gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd;
xU gapw;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtruj; Njit
cs;sJ. ,e;j mZFKiw> $l;L gzpahsu;fspd; Mu;tj;ijAk;>
<Lghl;ilAk; cWjp nra;tJld;> tup kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fSf;F ,ilNa
cs;s Kuz;ghLfis Fiwf;fpwJ.
gapw;rpj; Njitfs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs;

Njitfs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) jpwd; gFg;gha;T %yk; ,ilntsp kjpg;gPL

kjpg;igg; nghWj;jtiu> xU gzpahsupd; jw;Nghija nray;jpwDf;Fk;>
Copau;fspd; FOTf;Fk;> tpUk;gpa nray;jpwj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa
,ilntsp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xU gapw;rp Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
,ilntspapd; ,Ug;ig gpd;tUk; Ie;J gbfs; cs;slf;fpa ‘jpwd;fs;
gFg;gha;T’ mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;: (1) Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyapd;
Kf;fpa Njitfis gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; jPu;khdpj;jy;> (2)
Ntiy Njitfs; G+u;j;jp nra;a Njitahd gzpfis milahsk;
fhZjy;> (3) Ntiy nra;Ak; xt;nthU gzpiaAk; epiwNtw;w
Njitahd eilKiwfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;> (4) eilKiwfis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Njitahd mwpitAk; jpwikfisAk; gFg;gha;T
nra;jy;> (5) ,e;jg; gpur;rpidia G+u;j;jp nra;aj; Njitahd
ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpwidAk;> Ntiyapd; rpwg;G gpur;rpid
kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T Mfpatw;iw milahsk; fhZjy; Mfpait
MFk;.

gapw;rp (b) Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jLg;G gapw;rp
gapw;rpj; Njitfs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidapd; epiyg;ghl;bypUe;J
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,jpy; gapw;rp vd;gJ kpfTk; gaDs;s jPu;T
MFk;. ,jpy; gpur;rid cz;ikahf my;yJ rupahdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; ,Uf;fyhk;> Vnddpy; gapw;rp xU jLg;G
fUtpahf cs;sJ. ,J mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd tpgj;Jf;fspd;
vz;zpf;if> yl;rpak; ,y;yhjJ Nghd;w gy gpur;ridfis jPu;f;fyhk;>
Vnddpy; Copau;fs; kj;jpapy; Nkhrkhd xj;Jiog;igf; nfhLj;J>
Ntiyapd;ikahy; Vw;gLk; nghUs; ,og;G> eilKiwfspy; mbf;fb
Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;> nghWg;Gfs; gw;wpa Gupjy; ,y;yhik> rpwg;ghd
FOg;gzp ,y;yhik> mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; ,lkhw;wq;fs; my;yJ
mjpfg;gbahd tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Nfhupf;if Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mj;jifa Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridfs; epfo;tijj; jLg;gNj ,e;j R+o;epiy
gapw;rpfspd; Nehf;fkhFk;. Fwpg;gpl;lgb> Ntiy Njitg;ghLfspypUe;J
jw;NghJs;s gzpahsupd; jpwikfisf; nfhz;L> Fwpg;gpl;l gapw;rpj;
Njitfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl KbAk;.
(c) epWtd ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhd gapw;rp

ngu;dhu;bd; Rl;bf; fhl;baJ Nghy> epWtd ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F
mtu;fs; gapw;rp mspf;Fk; jpl;lq;fSf;F epjp Mjhuj;ij toq;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd; gad;ghl;il
epahag;gLj;Jtjw;F rhj;jpaKs;s rpwe;j juTfis Nrfupg;gjw;F
gFg;gha;T elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,JNghd;w kjpg;gPLfs; ,y;yhky; gapw;rp
epfo;r;rpfis nray;gLj;Jk; mikg;Gfs;> gLFopapy; js;s kw;Wk;
gzj;ij tPzhf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Muha;r;rp vd;gJ
gapw;rp vd;gijtpl Ntiy kWtbtikg;gpd; Njitia ntspg;gLj;j
cjTfpwJ. ,e;j tifahd typik gytPdk; kw;Wk; mr;RWj;jy;
gFg;gha;T Mfpatw;wpd; %Nyhgha jpl;lq;fspd; gpd;dzpapy; cs;sJ
vdpy;> Ma;thdJ elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ngu;dhu;bd; fUj;Jg;gb>
NjitfSf;fhd kjpg;gPl;il xU jpl;lkpl;l> Gwepiy epu;zakhf
fUjKbAk;> ,J %d;W Kjd;ik tifahd gFg;gha;Tfis
elj;JtjhFk;: epWtd gFg;gha;T gzp gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; egu;
gFg;gha;T Mfpait MFk;. NkYk; ,e;j tifahd gFg;gha;T
gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis epu;zapg;gjw;F cjtyhk;.
gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ed;ikfs;

gapw;rp vd;gJ xU njhlu; jpl;lkpl;l elj;ijapd; fw;wy; KiwahFk;.
mJ mwptpd; gad;ghlhfTk; cs;sJ. mtu;fspd; elj;ijia topelj;j>
tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it kf;fSf;F
mspf;fpwJ. jw;Nghija Ntiyapy; mtu;fspd; nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;jTk; my;yJ xU jpl;lkplg;gl;l Ntiyf;fhf mtw;iw
jahu;gLj;jTk; mJ Kaw;rpnra;fpwJ. ‘,e;j gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fk;>
gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fspd; elj;ijapy; khw;wj;ij miltNj md;wp>

mtu;fs; rpwg;ghf nray;gl VJthf ,Uf;Fk;.’ ,e;j Nehf;fj;ij gapw;rp
miltjw;F ve;jnthU gapw;rpj; jpl;lKk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd khw;wq;fis

nfhz;L tu Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;:
••mwpT: jdJ gzpapd; cz;ikfs;> nfhs;iffs;> eilKiwfs;
kw;Wk; tpjpfis mwpa gapw;rpahsUf;F cjTfpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
••jpwd;fs;: Ntiy nra;a Njitahd mtuJ njhopy;El;g kw;Wk;
ifKiw jpwd; gapw;rp mjpfupf;f cjTfpwJ.
••kdg;ghd;ik: mJ jdJ rf njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk;
Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fis Nehf;fp jdJ elj;ijia Vw;gLj;jp>
mtuplk; nghWg;Gzu;it cUthf;FfpwJ.
gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
(a) khwptUk; R+oypd; mOj;jq;fis vjpu;nfhs;s Nkyhz;ikf;F
cjTfpwJ.
(b) nghJthf cw;gj;jp msT kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpapd; juk; cau;tij
KbT nra;fpwJ.
(c) ,J gzpahsu;fSf;F gzp jpUg;jpiaAk;> mjpf kd cWjpi-
aAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
(d)
gapw;rp ngw;w njhopyhsu;fSf;F Fiwe;j Nkw;ghu;it
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
(e) gapw;rp ngw;w njhopyhsu;fs; epWtdk; Nghl;b mikg;GfsplkpUe;J
Nghl;bia vjpu;nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
(f) epWtdj;jpw;Fs; Copau;fs; tsu;r;rp> cau;T kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
rk;ghjpf;Fk; jpwid mjpfupf;f cjTfpwJ.
(g)
gzpahsu;fspd; kdg;ghq;ifg; gw;wpAk;> mtu;fs; me;j
epWtdj;jpy; rpwe;j xj;Jiog;ig mila cjTfpwJ.
(h) gapw;rp ngw;w Copau;fs; tPzbg;G kw;Wk; Nrjhuj;ij Fiwg;gjd;
tpisthd nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fspd; rpwe;j nghUsh-
jhu gad;ghl;ilAk; nra;fpd;wdu;.
(i)
gapw;rp njhopyhsu;fis rpwe;j gzp rPuikg;ig Nehf;fp
gapw;Wtpj;jy; kw;Wk; ciog;Gf; Fiwg;gpd; tpfpjk; kw;Wk;
tuhky; ,Uj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Fiwf;fpwJ.
gapw;rpapd; gad;fs;
(a) epWtdq;fSf;fhd rYiffs;:
Gjpa cw;gj;jp tupfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;> tbtikg;Gfspy;
khw;wq;fs;> Nghl;b gw;wpa Nfhupf;iffs; kw;Wk; mt;thW xU Fwpg;gpl;l
epWtdj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridfis re;jpg;gjd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F xU
gapw;rp jpl;lk; ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ. xU epWtdj;jpw;F gapw;rpapd;
Kf;fpa gad;fs;:

gapw;rp (i)
mjpf cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;: gzpahsu;fs; jw;Nghija gzp
epakdj;jpd; NghJ jq;fs; nray;jpwd; epiyia mjpfupf;f
gapw;rp mspf;f KbAk;. ,jdhy; mjpf nray;jpwd; kw;Wk;
cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; Nghd;w jpwikfis Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ. jq;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntiyfis rpwg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;tjd; kpf jpwikahd top-
Kiwfis ,d;Dk; KOikahf mwpe;jpUf;f Kbahj Gjpa
Copau;fspd; xU gFjpahf cs;sJ. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l jpwd;
nghJthf cw;gj;jpapd; msTk; juj;ijAk; mjpfupf;f cjTfpwJ.
(ii)
rpwe;j epWtd fhyepiy: xU Kbtw;w rq;fpypj; njhlu;
Neu;kiwahd vjpu;tpidfs; kw;Wk; ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l gapw;rpj;
jpl;lj;jpypUe;j KbTfshf cs;sd. NkYk;> mjpfupj;j kd
mOj;jk;> Fiwe;j Nkw;ghu;it mOj;jq;fs;> jahupg;G juk;>
mjpfupj;j epjp Cf;Ftpg;Gfs;> cs;ehl;L cj;jpNahf cau;T
kw;Wk; mjd; tpisthf rpwe;j mikg;G fhyepiyahdJ
cUthfpwJ.
(iii) Fiwe;j Nkw;ghu;it: gapw;rp Nkw;ghu;it Njitia ePf;Ftjpy;iy.
,J njhlu;r;rpahd Nkw;ghu;itapd; Njitia Fiwf;fpwJ.
(iv) kdpjrf;jp tof;nfhoptijj; jLf;fpwJ: gzpahsu;fspd;
Kaw;rp kw;Wk; gilg;ghw;wiy Cf;Ftpg;gjhy;> Copaupd;
kdg;ghd;ikahdJ kw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. xU Copau;
njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fSf;F jd;id khw;wpf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
(v)
rpf;fd eltbf;iffs;: gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;l gzpahsu;fs;
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fisg; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; nghUl;fs; tPzhjy;> ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk;
cgfuzq;fSf;F Nrjk; Vw;gLtJk; FiwfpwJ.
(vi) njhopy; tpgj;Jf;fis jLj;jy;: Kiwahd gapw;rpahdJ> njhopy;
tpgj;Jf;fis jLf;f cjtyhk;.
(vii) juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;: gapw;rp ngw;w Copau;fs; nray;ghl;L jtWfs;
Fiwthf ,Ug;gjd; %yk; epWtdj;jpd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd;
juj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;s tha;gG ; Fiwthf cs;sJ.
(viii) mjpf tpRthrk;: gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; nghJthd Nehf;fk;> epWtd
eltbf;iffSf;F MjuT ngwTk;> rpwe;j xj;Jiog;igAk;> mjpf
tpRthrj;ij ngWtjw;Fk; gzpahsu;fspd; mZFKiwfisf;
ntspg;gLj;jTk; cjTfpwJ. vdNt> ,J gapw;rp jpwikahd
kw;Wk; tpRthrkhd gzpahsu;fis fl;likg;gjw;F cjTfpwJ.
(ix) epWtdj;jpd; vjpu;fhy gzpahsu;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;Sjy;: Njitahd Neuj;jpy; mikg;G uPjpahd fhypg;
gzpaplq;fs; vOk;NghJ> xU epWtdk; NghJkhd gapw;rp jpl;lj;ij
njhlq;fp kw;Wk; guhkupf;fpwJ vd;why; cs; %yq;fspypUe;J
gzpaku;j;jg;gl KbAk;.
(x)
eilKiwfspd; jug;gLj;jy;: gapw;rp ngw;w Copau;fs;
mwpTg;G+u;tkhf gzpGupthu;fs;> NkYk; mtu;fspd; Njitfis

mwpe;J nfhs;thu;fs;> jq;fs; Ntiyfis Gupe;J nfhz;L gapw;rp
nra;thu;fs; ,jdhy; Fiwthd jtWfis nra;thu;fs;.
(b) Copau;fSf;fhd rYiffs;

Fwpg;Gfs;
(i) jdpg;gl;l tsu;r;rp: jdpg;gl;l mbg;gilapy; Copau;fs; gapw;rpapy;
,Ue;J jdpj;jdpahf Mjhak; ngWfpd;wdu;. ,it mjpfg;gbahd
tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> ngupastpyhd jpwd; kw;Wk; Nkk;gl;l jdpg;gl;l
tsu;r;rpiaAk; ngWfpd;wJ.
(ii) Gjpa jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;: gapw;rp gzpahsu;fspd;
nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jp> mtw;iw mjpf gaDs;sjhfTk;>
jpwDilajhf;FfpwJ. gapw;rpapd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gLk; jpwd;fs;
gzpahsUf;F kjpg;Gkpf;f jdpg;gl;l nrhj;jhf gad;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mJ gzpahsUf;F epue;jukhd jpwid nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(iii) mjpf tUtha; <l;Lk; jpwd;: jpwd;fis mspg;gjd; %yk;>
gzpahsu;fSf;F mjpf Cjpak; kw;Wk; gzg; gyd;fis toq;f
toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> xt;nthU gzpahsUk;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s gapw;rp cjTfpwJ.
(iv) khwptUk; njhopy;El;gj;ij rupnra;a cjTfpwJ: gioa
Copau;fSf;F GJikahd fUtpfs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fspd;
khwptUk; topKiwfs;> cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; gad;ghl;ilf;

fl;Lg;gLj;j gapw;rp Njitg;gLfpwJ.
(v) mjpfupj;j ghJfhg;G: Kiwahd gapw;rp njhopy;Jiw
tpgj;Jf;fis jLf;f cjTk;. gapw;rp ngw;w njhopyhsu;fs;
,ae;jpuq;fis ghJfhg;ghf ifahSfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; mtu;fs;
njhopy;Jiw tpgj;Jf;fspy; FiwthfNt ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
xU ghJfhg;ghd gzp R+oy; Copau;fspd; xU epiyahd
kdg;Nghf;Ff;F toptFf;fpwJ.
(vi) jd;dk;gpf;if: gapw;rp Copau;fspd; kdjpy; ek;gpf;if czu;it
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. me;j epWtdj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F ghJfhg;Gk;
fpilf;fpwJ.
gapw;rp KiwfSk; jpl;lq;fSk;

gapw;rp Kiwfspy; gy tiffs; cs;sd> mtw;wpy; rpy:
(a) J}z;ly; my;yJ Nehf;Fepiy gapw;rp: jdJ ek;gpf;ifia ngw;W>
jdf;F xU xj;Jiog;ig tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;Fld;> ,e;j
mikg;Gf;Fs; xU Gjpa Copaiu mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ Kiway;y.
Gjpa gzpahsiu jd; gzpapd; Gjpa r%f mikg;Gf;Fs; J}
z;Ltjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gapw;rpj; jpl;lkhf ,J cs;sJ Gjpa
Copau; jdJ gzp epytuj;ijAk;> mtuJ rf Copau;fisAk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. epWtdj;jpd; tpjpKiwfs;> gzp
epiyikfs;> rpwg;Gupikfs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J mtu;
NkYk; njuptpj;Js;shu;. ,e;j mwpKfg; gapw;rp Gjpa Copaupd;

gapw;rp gzp kw;Wk; Ntiy FOTf;F jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; mDrupj;jiy
kl;Lky;y> epWtdj;jpy; ey;y kd cWjpiaAk; Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
gpd;tUk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;F xU J}z;ly; jpl;l
Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
Fwpg;Gfs; (i) epWtdj;jpy; Gjpa Copaupd; ek;gpf;ifia tsu;f;f> mtu;
jpwikahduhf khwyhk;.
(ii) mtuJ gzp ,lk; njhlu;ghf Gjpa Copau; jtwhd gjpT-
fis mikf;fhky; ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;jy;.
(iii) xU nrhe;jk; kw;Wk; tpRthr czu;it Cf;Ftpf;Ftpj;jy;.
(iv) czTg;gFjp gw;wpa Gjpa gzpahsUf;F jftiy toq;f>
tpLtpjpfs; kw;Wk; gpw trjpfs; Nghd;wit ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
RUf;fkhf> jpl;lkpl;l J}z;ly; xU Gjpa Copaiu tuNtw;fpd;wJ>
xU ey;y Nghf;if cUthf;FfpwJ> mJ ciog;gpd; tUthia
Fiwf;fpwJ> Copau; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj czur; nra;fpwJ.
(b) Ntiy topKiw gapw;rp: Ntiy gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fk;> mtu;fs;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Ntiy gw;wp njhopyhsu;fspd; mwpit mjpfupg;gJ>
mjd;%yk; mtu;fspd; nray;jpwd;; Nkk;gl;Ls;sJ. Ntiy gapw;rp>
njhopyhsu;fs; ifahSk; ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs;
tpgj;Jf;fs; jtpu;j;J> fopTfis Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; gytw;iw
rupahd Kiwapy; fw;Wf;nfhs;s ,aYk;.
,e;j El;gj;jpd; fPo;> xU Copau; Gjpa Ntiyapy; mku;j;jg;gl;L
mJ vt;thW epfo;j;jg;glyhk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,J
Kjd;ikahf> xU epWtdj;jpy; jw;NghJs;s eilKiwfSf;F
,zf;fkhd jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; gof;f tof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mtuJ
cldbg; gpur;rpidfSf;F mtiu <u;f;fNtz;Lk;. gzpahsu;fs;
jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; $u;e;J ftdpg;gjd; %yKk;> ,ilapilNa
mij ifahSk; KiwapYk; Ntiyia fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
,J nray;Kiw %yk; fw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ> kw;Wk; mij
ghu;g;gjd; %yk; my;yJ nra;tjd; %yk; tpiuthf fw;W nfhs;s
fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk; NtiyfSf;F kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
cz;ikahd gapw;rp xU ehd;F gb nray;Kiw gpd;gw;WfpwJ:
(i) gapw;rpahsUf;fhd mwpTWj;jy; jahupj;jy;
(ii) mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gw;wp njspthd Kiwapy; rku;g;gpj;jy;
(iii) gapw;rpahsu;fSf;F cjtp nra;a me;j topKiwfis
Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Ntiy Kaw;rp
(iv) gapw;rpahsuhy; tof;fkhd gpd;njhlu;jy; %yk;> Nfs;tpfis
Cf;fg;gLj;JfpwJ kw;Wk; gapw;rp ngWgtiu Ntiyf;F
mDkjpf;fpwJ.
(c)
Cf;Ftpg;G gapw;rp: jw;NghJs;s gzpahsu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjd;
%yk;> mjpfgl;r mstpy; ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gtjw;fhd
nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. ,e;jf; nfhs;if njhopyhsu;fspd;

kd cWjpia mjpfupf;fpwJ. jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; Copau;fs; gapw;rp
epWtdj;jpy; cau;e;j gjtpfSf;F gjtp cau;T ngw;why;>

mtu;fs; Gjpa nghWg;Gfis Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf> gapw;rp
nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(d)
Gj;jhf;f gapw;rp: fhyg;Nghf;fpy;> Copau;fs; mtu;fSf;F fw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhLj;j rpy topKiwfis kwe;Jtplyhk; my;yJ njhopy;El;g
tsu;r;rpAk; Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l
cj;jpfs; fhuzkhf mit fhyhtjpahfptpl;ld. vdNt>
jw;NghJs;s gzpahsu;fSf;F Gj;jhf;fg; gapw;rpAk;> mtu;fspd;
mwpit Nkk;gLj;jTk; mtu;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;f Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
lhy; Nahlu; ‘kWgapw;rp’ (Gj;jhf;fg; gapw;rp)> Ml;fs; ,y;yhj epi-
yapy; ,Ue;J jtpu;g;gjw;fhd jpl;lq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,jdhy;> Gjpjhf;f gapw;rp mtrpakhfpwJ:
(i) gzpahsu;fs; mwpitAk; jpwikAlidAk; GJg;gpg;gjw;Fk;
mtu;fs; kwe;Jtpl;lij tpLtpg;gjw;Fk; gapw;rp
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
(ii) tpiuthd njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fs; kpfTk; jFjpngw;w fhyg;
Nghf;fpy; $l njhopyhsu;fshy; tof;nfhopf;fgltpy;iy.
(iii) gy Gjpa Ntiyfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L jw;NghJs;s
gzpahsu;fshy; epUgpf;fg;gLk; vd;gjhy; Gj;jhf;fg; gapw;rp
mtrpakhfpwJ.
(e)
njhopy; goFeu; gapw;rp: njhopy; goFeu; gapw;rp Kiw gy
njhopy;fspy; ,d;W gutyhf cs;sJ. njhopy;Jiwf;F
Njitahd gzpahsu;fis toq;FtJ ey;y Mjhukhf cs;sJ.
,e;j Kiwapd; fPo;> xU Ntiy my;yJ njhlu; njhlu;ghd
Ntiyfspy; mwpT kw;Wk; jpwik Mfpa ,uz;LNk <LgLfpd;wd.
njhopw;goFeu; gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspy;
tFg;giwf; Fwpg;Gld; njhopy; gapw;rp kw;Wk; mDgtj;ij
xd;wpizf;fpwJ. njhopw;Jiwfspy; gapw;Wtpg;G gapw;rpahdJ
tpUk;gj;jf;fJ> Gjpa gzpahsu;fspd; njhlu;r;rpahd Xl;lk;
vy;yh tl;lhu iftpidQu;fshfTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
(f) Ntiytha;g;G gapw;rp: gapw;rpapd; eilKiw mDgtj;jhy; Kd;
Nfhl;ghl;L mwpit Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;ba ,j;jifa
mwptpfSf;F ,ilepd;w gapw;rpahdJ tof;fkhf cs;sJ.
,k;Kiwapd; fPo; njhopy; epWtdq;fs; xU ngupa njhopy;
epWtdq;fNshL ,ize;J> mjd; khztu;fSf;F eilKiw
mwpit toq;Fk; tifapy; cs;sJ. gapw;rp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;F>
nghwpapay; epWtdq;fs; njhopy; epWtdj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd
kw;Wk; kUj;Jt khztu;fs; eilKiwf;fhf kUj;JtkidfSf;F
mDg;gg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
(g) Kd;Kiw gapw;rp: ,e;j Kiwapy;> cz;ikahd Ntiy
epiyikfs; xU tFg;giwapNyNa cUtfg; gl;Ls;sJ.

gapw;rp cz;ikahd Ntiyapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs;> Nfhg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fSk; gapw;rp jpl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Kd;Kiw gapw;rp> Nfhl;ghL gapw;rpf;Ald; njhlu;Gilajhf
,Uf;fyhk;. ,g;gapw;rp Copau;fSf;F nghJthf gapw;rp ngw;w
Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; miujpwd;kpf;f NtiyfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Kd;Kiw
gapw;rp ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:
••Nfhl;ghl;L fl;likg;ig ikakhff; nfhz;l tpupTiu Kiw
Ntiy nray;jpwd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;> kw;Wk;
••cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; fil jiuia xj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; xU
gzpkidapy; jj;Jthu;j;j mk;rq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;l
nra;Kiw gapw;rpfs; MFk;.
,e;j Kd;Kiw gapw;rp> cz;ikahd nray;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;F
Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;l rpy njhopy; El;g jpwd;fis ngw Ntz;ba
Copau;fSf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ.
gapw;rpaspf;Fk; Kiwikfs;
gapw;rp mZFKiw gapw;rp jpl;lq;fs; tbtikj;jy; NghJ
epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis kdjpy; itj;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
epWtd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpfs; gapw;rp Nehf;fq;fSf;F
mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wd. vdpDk;> gy mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ
%Nyhgha Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; mtu;fspd; gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapy; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. ,jd; tpisthf> gapw;rpj;
jpl;lq;fspy; xU epWtdj;jpd; KjyPLfs;> epWtdj;jpd; nray;jpwd;
kw;Wk; nray;jpwDf;F Neubahf gq;fspf;ftpy;iy. gapw;rp kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghLfspy; cs;s KjyPLfs; jdpegu; kw;Wk; epWtd nray;jpwdpy;
mjpfgl;r jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gij cWjp nra;a> xU mikg;G
mZFKiw gapw;rp gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gapw;rpapy; cs;s
mikg;Gfs; ehd;F epiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd glk; 8.1.
PHASE 4:
Evaluation
PHASE 3: · Reactions
Implementation · Learning
PHASE 2: · On-the-job · Behaviour
methods (transfer)
Design · Off-the-job · Results
· Instructional methods
objectives · Management
PHASE 1: · Trainee development
readiness
Need Assessment · Learning
· Organization principles
analysis
· Task analysis
· Person analysis
glk; 8.1 fzpdp khjpup gapw;rp

epiy 1: Njit kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jjy;: gapw;rp Njit vd;gJ gapw;rp
epWtdj;jhy; czug;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nkyhsu;fs;> Fwpg;ghf HR

Nkyhsu;fs;> Njitg;gLk; gapw;rpapd; tiffisj; njupe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mtw;wpw;Fj; Njitahdit> ahu; Njitg;gLfpwhu;fs;> kw;Wk;
Copau;fSf;F gapw;rpaspf;f ve;j topKiw gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gij Fwpg;Gfs;
fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. ,ij nra;tjw;F ehk; %d;W gbfis gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;:
1. mikg;G gFg;gha;T: ,J gapw;rp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vq;Nf itf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epu;zapf;Fk; Rw;Wr;R+oy;> cj;jpfs;> kw;Wk;
tsq;fis Ma;T nra;Ak; mikg;G MFk;.
2. gzp Ma;T: epWtd Ma;it nra;J Kbj;j gpd;> gzp
Ma;it nra;tJ mLj;j fl;lk; MFk;. gzpg; gFg;gha;T
vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyapy; nra;ag;gLk; nray;ghLfisf;
fz;lwpa Ntiy tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; gzp tptuf;Fwpg;G kw;Wk;
Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;igg; guprPyid nra;fpwJ. gzp gFg;gha;T
ngUk;ghYk; Ntiyg; gFg;gha;ittpl kpfTk; tptukhfpwJ>
Mdhy; xl;Lnkhj;j Nehf;fk; gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Jy;ypakhd
cs;slf;fj;ij epu;zapg;gNj MFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia nra;a
Njitahd mwpT jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fis (KSAfs;) mwpa
Ntz;Lk;. jFjpfhz; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; mwpT
gzpahsu;fspd; njhFg;G> Fwpg;ghf KbntLf;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk;
mwptpd; jPtpu NtiyfSf;F kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3. egupd; gFg;gha;T: gzpahsu;fspd; gapw;rpapidj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fk;>
Copau;fSf;F gapw;rp mspg;gjw;nfd ve;j Copau;fSk;
Njitapy;iy vd;gij epu;zapf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J gy topf-
spy; epWtdq;fSf;F cjTfpwJ (i) ,J> rpyUf;F Njitglhj
NghJ> midj;J Copau;fSk; gapw;rpf;fhf mDg;Gk; jtiw
jtpu;f;f cjTfpwJ. (ii) gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fs;> gapw;rpapy; EioAk;
NghJ vd;d nra;a KbAk; vd;gij Nkyhsu;fs; jPu;khdpf;fyhk;>
,jdhy; mtu;fs; FiwghLs;s gFjpfis typAWj;Jk;
jpl;lq;fis tbtikf;f KbAk;.
epiy 2: gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;ij tbtikj;jy;: fw;wy; jpwid mjpfupf;f
Njitahd fw;wy; R+oiy tbtikg;gJ ,uz;lhk; gbepiy MFk;.
gapw;rp tbtikg;G gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;:
1. mwpTrhu; Nehf;fq;fs;: ifafg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba jpwd;fs;
kw;Wk; mwpit> khw;w Ntz;ba kdg;ghq;ifAk; tptupf;fpd;wd.
topKiwfspd; Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wpa njspthd $w;W> topKiwfs;
kw;Wk; %yg;nghUl;fis Nju;T nra;tjw;fhd xyp mbg;gilia
mspf;Fk;> mwpTWj;jy; ntw;wpaspf;Fkh ,y;iyah vd;gij
kjpg;gpLk; topKiwfis Nju;T nra;Ak; mbj;jsj;ij toq;Fk;.
2. gapw;rpapd; jahu;epiy: ve;j xU gapw;rpiaAk; ntw;wpfukhf
elj;j gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fs; ,g;gapw;rpia ngw jahuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,ij miltjw;F> tUq;fhy gapw;rpAk; mtu;fSf;F

gapw;rp gpd;dzpapy; mwpitAk;> mtw;wpw;F vd;d toq;fg;gLk; vd;gij
Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F Njitahd jpwd; ,Ug;gijAk; jPu;khdpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
3. fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfs;: gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wp my;yJ Njhy;tp
Fwpg;Gfs; vd;gJ rpy fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfSld; mbf;fb njhlu;Gilajhf
,Ug;gjhy;> Nkyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fs;> ntt;NtW gapw;rp
Kiwfs; my;yJ El;gq;fs; ve;j msTf;F gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ
vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4. gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fspd; gz;Gfs;: ve;j xU gapw;rp Kaw;rpapd;
ntw;wpAk; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fspd; fw;gpf;Fk; jpwdpy; ngUk;gug;ig
rhu;e;jpUf;Fk;. xU ey;y gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; vd;gJ ,d;Dk; rw;W
mjpfkhd Kaw;rpia fhz;gpf;fpwhu; my;yJ mjpf topfhl;b
jahupg;ig ep&gpf;fpwhu;.
epiy 3: gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;: gy;NtW gapw;rp
KiwfSf;fpilapy; xd;iwj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ xU Kf;fpa guprPyidahf
cs;sJ. Nf v]; V -fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd
xd;W vJ vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
epiy 4: gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;ij kjpg;gL
P nra;jy;: gapw;rp mjd; nray;jpwid
jPuk; hdpf;f kjpg;gL
P nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. gapw;rpia kjpg;gL
P nra;tjw;fhd
ehd;F mbg;gil epge;jidfs; gpd;tUkhW: (i) vjpu;tpid (ii) fw;wy;
(iii) elj;ij kw;Wk; (iv) KbTfs;. ,e;j msTNfhy; gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd;
nkhj;jg; glj;ijAk; nfhLf;f KbAk; kw;Wk; Nkyhsu;fs; ntw;wpfukhf
gapw;rp jpl;lj;ij kjpg;gL P nra;a cjTfpwJ.
gapw;rpj; jpl;lk; vd;gJ tpiy cau;e;j> Neuj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
nray;Kiw MFk;. fPo;f;fz;l gapw;rp eilKiw mbg;gilapy; gzp
topKiw gapw;rp Kiwia Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffs;
nghJthf mtrpakhdit vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) gapw;rpj; Njitfis fz;lwpjy; my;yJ milahsq;fhZjy;:
Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhz;gjw;F cjTtjhf
czug;gLk; NghJjhd; xU gapw;rpj; jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gapw;rpj; Njitfs; fz;lwpjy; %d;W tifahd gFg;gha;Tfis
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;:
(i) epWtd uPjpahd gFg;gha;T: epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;Ffs;>
mjd; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; mit epWtd ,yf;FfSld;
njhlu;Gnfhs;Sk; tifapy; tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;
Mfpatw;iw jPu;khdpj;jy;.
(ii) nray;ghLfs; gFg;gha;T: Ntiy nra;Ak; gzpah-
siu nghUl;gLj;jhky; gzp my;yJ Ntiyapy; ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ.
(iii) kdpjg; gFg;gha;T: mwpTiuiaAk;> kdg;ghd;ikiaAk;
jpwikiaAk; kjpg;gha;T nra;jhy;> epWtd Nehf;fq;fs;
miltjw;F jpUg;jpfukhf gq;fspg;G nra;agl Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU gapw;rpahsupd; Fwpg;ghd gapw;rpj; NjitfisAk; gapw;rp
mwpe;jTld;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd jpl;lq;fis ,e;jj; NjitfSf;F

Vw;g Nkk;gLj;jyhk;. ,g;gapw;rpahdJ> gapw;rp ngWgtiu jdJ
jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;ig
toq;Fk; xU nghJthd tupiria gpd;gw;WfpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
(b) gapw;Wtpg;ghsiu jahu;gLj;Jjy;: gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; KO jpl;lj;jpYk;
Kf;fpa eguhf cs;shu;. mtu; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
Ntiy kw;Wk; mij vg;gb fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; mtu;
mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ntiyia ju;f;fuPjpahd gFjpf-
shfg; gpupj;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; xt;nthUtUk; gapw;rpapd;wp
KONeuj;ijAk; ,of;f Neuplyhk;. ,J xU ghlj; jpl;lkhf
khWfpwJ. xt;nthU gFjpapdUk; mwpTWj;jypd; Njitahd
cj;jpia kdjpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
Gs;sp rpwe;j tpsf;fg;glj;jpd; %yk; rpwg;ghf fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwjh>
,y;iyah vd;gjhFk;.
(c) gapw;rpahsiu jahu;gLj;Jjy;: ,e;j gbapy; mlq;fpait:
••fw;Wf;nfhs;gtUf;F vspjhf ,Ug;gJ
••Ntiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Njitahd nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; Ntiy Xl;lj;jpw;fhd mjd; cwit Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
••mtu; Vd; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwhu; vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ
••tl;b kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nfs;tpfis cUthf;Fjy;>
fw;gpg;gtu; jdJ Ntiyia my;yJ NtW Ntiyfs; gw;wp
Vw;fdNt mwpe;jpUg;gijf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ
••Ntiy KOtijAk; ‘Vd;’ vd;gij gw;wp tpsf;fp> mij VNjh
xU Ntiyapy; Ntiy nra;jJ vd;W njhopyhsp Kd;Ng
mwpe;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;.
••fw;Wf;nfhs;gtu; Kbe;jtiu mtuJ ,ay;ghd epiyf;F
neUf;fkhf itg;gJ
••cgfuzq;fs;> %yg;nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk;
Mfpatw;iw njupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;
(d) nray;ghLfis toq;Fjy;: ,J xU gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy;
kpf Kf;fpakhd eltbf;ifahFk;. gapw;rpahsu; Gjpa mwpT
kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis KOtJk; nghUj;Jtjw;fhf> njspthf>
nrhy;y> tpsf;f kw;Wk; Nfs;tp Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. nray;ghl;il
toq;Ftjpy; tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;Kiw tpsf;fk; Nghd;w
gy topfs; cs;sd. xU gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; ngUk;ghYk;
tpsf;fk; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. $Ljyhf> glq;fs;>
tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw gapw;rp cjtpfs;
%yk; gy;NtW fUj;Jfis tpsf;fpf; $wyhk;. Ntiy vd;gJ
mbg;gilapy; ngsjPf ,ay;ghFk; NghJ nray;tpsf;fk; xU
rpwe;j jpl;lkhfpwJ. gpd;tUk; gbepiyfisf; nfhz;L gapw;rpj;
jpl;lk; gpd;gw;wg;glyhk;:

gapw;rp (i) Ntiyapd; Nghf;if tpsf;Fjy;
(ii) nray;Kiw gb> gbg;gbahf Ntiyia nra;jy;
(iii) mtu; nra;Ak; xt;nthU mbiaAk; tpsf;Fjy;
Fwpg;Gfs; (iv) gapw;rpahsu; KO Ntiyia tpsf;Fjy;
mwpTWj;jy;fs; KOikahfTk;> nghWikahfTk; njspthff;
nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;; Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfspy; xU Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> xU Neuj;jpy; xU fUj;J tpsf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gapw;rp ngWgtiu> mtu; cz;ikapNyNa mwpe;jpUf;fpwhu; kw;Wk;
Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; nghUl;L Nfs;tpfs;
Nfl;f Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(e) gapw;rpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwDf;fhf Kaw;rpj;jy;: ,jd;
fPo;> gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fs;> xt;nthU mbapYk;> nkJthf> gy
Kiw> Ntiy %yk; nry;YkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
jtWfs; jpUj;jg;gLfpd;wd> Njitahdhy; Kjy; Kiwahf
gapw;rpahsUf;F rpy rpf;fyhd gbfs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. gpwF
gapw;rpahsu; Ntiy nra;Ak;gb Nfl;fg;gLfpwhu;> gbg;gbahf
jpwik kw;Wk; Ntfj;ij cau;j;Jfpwhu;. me;j Ntiyia rupahd
Kiwapy; nra;a KbAk; vd;gij gapw;rpahsu; ep&gpj;jhy;> mJ
mtu; kPJ jhd; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. gapw;rpahsu;fSf;F kPz;Lk;
xU gapw;rp %yk; mjpf jpwd; fpilf;fpwJ.
(f) gpd;njhlu;jy;: ngUk;ghyhd gapw;rp eilKiwfspy; ,Wjp
gb gpd;njhlu;jy; MFk.; gapw;rp Kaw;rpfspd; tpisgaidg;
gupNrhjpf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; ,e;j eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
gapw;rpapd; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; gapw;rp Kiwapd; nkhj;j kjpg;gl
P i
; l
gw;wp gpd;njhlu;jy; Kiw gw;wp fUj;J njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fw;Wf;nfhs;gtu; fw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;why; Mrpupau; fw;Wf;
nfhLf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ epidT kjpg;Gilajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
gzp kw;Wk; Ntiy gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd; xg;gPL

gapw;rp gzpapd; rpwg;Gfs;
(a) gapw;rpahsUf;F> cz;ikahd cgfuzj;jpd; kPJ gzp R+oypy;
fw;f mDkjpf;fpwJ.
(b)
gapw;rpf;fhf $Ljy; Ml;fs; my;yJ trjpfs; Njitg;glhJ
vd;gjhy; ,J xg;gPl;lstpy; kypthd kw;Wk; Fiwthd Neuj;ij
cl;nfhs;fpwJ.
(c) gapw;rpahsu;fSf;F cz;ikahd cw;gj;jp epiyikfs; gw;wpa
czu;T Vw;gLfpwJ> mJ gapw;rpapd; nray;jpwid mjpfupf;fpwJ.
Ntiy gapw;rp gw;wpa mwpFwpfs;

(a) Ntiy gapw;rpapd; Nghjid ngUk;ghYk; kpfTk; xOq;fw;wjhf
cs;sJ.

(b) gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; filf;F my;yJ mYtyfj;jpy; gapw;rp
ftdj;ij jpir jpUg;gyhk;.

(c) Fiwe;j cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; cs;sJ.
gapw;rp KiwfSk; mtw;wpd; nghUj;jq;fSk; Fwpg;Gfs;

xU gapw;rp my;yJ tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpahdJ> gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
topKiwfis Nju;e;njLg;gijg; nghWj;Nj mikfpwJ. ve;j KiwAk;
rpwe;j Kiwahf ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf gy;NtW Kiwfs; cs;sJ. ml;ltiz 8.1
gapw;rpapd; Kiwfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nghUe;jf;$ba jd;ikiaf;
,J fhl;LfpwJ.
gapw;rp Kiwia Nju;e;njLj;jy;

nghUj;jkhd topKiwia Nju;e;njLg;gJ gpd;tUk; fhuzpfisr;
rhu;e;Js;sJ:
(a) rpf;fy; gFjpapd; jd;ik: xU gapw;rp Kiwia Nju;e;njLg;gJ
gzpia my;yJ kf;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu; ClhLk; tpjj;ijg;
nghWj;jjhFk;> mjhtJ gpur;rid xU nray;ghl;L gpur;ridahf
,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ mJ xU kdpj cwtpd; gpur;ridahf
,Uf;ff;$Lk;.
(b) epWtdj;jpd; gbepiyf;Nfw;g gapw;rpahsu;fspd; epiy: xU
gapw;rp Kiwia Nju;T nra;tJ gq;Nfw;ghsu;fspd; epiyiag;
nghWj;jJ.
(c) gapw;rpapd; eyd;fisf; Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; gapw;rp fhyj;jpy;
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd Kiwfspd; jpwd;: xU gapw;rpahsu;
gq;Nfw;ghsu;fSf;F gapw;rp nghUl;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd
khw;W topKiwfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; ,J
Mu;tj;ij J}z;LfpwJ kw;Wk; nra;jpia jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
jpwidf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(d) jpwikahd gapw;rpahsu;fs;: gapw;rpahsupd; jpwikia NghyNt
xU gapw;rp Kiw rpwg;ghf cs;sJ. mtu; KO gapw;rp jpl;lj;jpYk;
kpf Kf;fpakhd eguhf cs;shu;. vdNt xU gapw;rp jpl;lj;jpy;
<LgLtjw;F Kd;G ey;y gapw;rpahsiuf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.
(e) Njitg;gLk; epjp: ve;jnthU gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; epjp
fpilg;gJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. xU gapw;rp jpl;lj;ij jpwk;gl
nra;a NghJkhd epjpAjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(f) Njitg;gLk; Neuk;: gapw;rpia mtrukhf nra;a KbahJ.
gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;ij ntw;wpfukhf nra;a Neuk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

gapw;rp ml;ltiz 8.1 gapw;rpapd; topKiwfs;
gapw;rp El;gk; nghUj;jk;

tpupTiu ngupa FOf;fSf;F. jpiraikT my;yJ nghUs;
Gupe;Jnfhs;s vspjhf cs;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
tof;F Ma;T rpW FOf;fSf;fhf gq;Nfw;ghsu;fshy; midj;J
fye;JiuahlYk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
FO KbntLf;Fk; jpwd;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F ,J
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
$il El;gk; rpW FOf;fSf;fhf gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; KbntLf;Fk;
jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
khehLfs; kw;Wk; mwpit tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis
fUj;juq;Ffs; Cf;Ftpj;jy;> kdg;Nghf;Ffis khw;WtJ kw;Wk;
jpwd;fis tsu;g;gjw;fhf cjTfpwJ.
jpl;lkplg;gl;l ngupa my;yJ rpwpa FOf;fSf;F nryT Fiwthf
mwpTiu kw;Wk; ,Uf;Fk;. kf;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j trjpf;fhf gbf;f
fzpdp cjtp fw;wy; mDkjpf;fpwJ.
cUtfg;gLj;Jjy; FO jpl;lq;fSf;F. KbntLf;Fk; jpwd;fis tsu;g;gjw;F
kw;Wk; tpisahl;L gy fhuzpfs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Ma;tf gapw;rp fpl;lj;jl;l FOf;fSf;fhf> xU epWtdj;jpd;
kdg;ghd;ikia khw;wp epWtd rpf;fy;fis jPu;f;Fk;
jpwid mjpfupf;fpwJ.
T- FO czu;jpwd; njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; Gupe;Jzu;T kw;Wk; rpwe;j
gapw;rp fUj;Jf;fis tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

1. gapw;rp Vd; Kf;fpak;?
2. J}z;Ljy; my;yJ Nehf;Fepiy gapw;rp vd;why; vd;d?

gapw;rp fw;wy; kw;Wk; R+o;epiy> gapw;Wtpg;ghsuhy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fw;wy; gapw;rp Kiwfspy; gy trjpfs; cs;sd. gy;NtW tifahd
gapw;rpfSk; cs;sd. gpd;tUk; gpupT gpugykhd gapw;rp tiffis
milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
J}z;Ljy; gapw;rp
epWtdj;jpw;Fs; xU gzpahsiu cUthf;f epWtdq;fs; elj;Jk; gapw;rp
J}z;Ljy; gapw;rp vdg;gLk;. ,e;j mikg;gpd; nray;ghLfs;> Ntiytha;gG
;
tpjpKiwfs;> kw;Wk; mtuJ Gjpa flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; Fwpj;J
Gjpa gzpahsu;fs; jfty; njuptpf;ff;$ba xU epfo;KiwahFk;.
njhFg;gha;T KbT nra;Ak;NghJ> gzpahsu;fSld; Ntiy nra;Ak;
njhopyhspfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glyhk;> mtu; gad;gLj;Jk; njhopw;rhiy

my;yJ cgfuzj;ij mtu; gad;gLj;Jthu; vd;W vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. gapw;rp
Nkyhz;ik> epWtdf; mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; njhiyNehf;Fj;

jpl;lk;> Fwpf;Nfhs; kjpg;gL
P fspd; %yk; Gjpa gzpahsu;fis Nju;njLg;gNj
mwpKfg; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,J J}z;ly; epfo;Kiwapd; NghJ jhd;> Gjpa Copau; Fwpg;Gfs;
jdJ epWtdj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdf; fyhrhuj;ij Muk;gpj;J
tpLfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd J}z;ly; gapw;rpfs;> epWtdj;jpd; gpujpepjp
gapw;rpahsu;fspd; Kftupia nfhz;l xU tifahd jfty;njhlu;G
MFk;. mwpKfg; gapw;rp ngw;wjpypUe;J rpwpjsTk; mjd; gq;Nfw;G
,y;iy. Copau;fspd; jpwd; Nkk;gl> tpupthd epWtd tsu;r;rp
Mfpatw;wpw;F Cf;fg; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. J}z;Ljy; gapw;rp
jpl;lq;fs; Gjpa gzpahsu;fSf;F kl;Lk; my;y. Gjpa gjtpfs;
nghWg;Gfspd; Nfhupf;iffSf;F mbg;gilahf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
epWtdq;fspy; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf ,it elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
epWtdj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa gzpahsu;fspd; EioT trjpfis vspjhf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL jq;fsJ Gjpa Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;
Mfpatw;wpw;Fs; jsu;jj ; g;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w jj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ. ,e;j Fwpf;Nfhs;> Gjpa Copau;fSf;F epWtd tshfj;jpy;
Fiwg;gij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ. Gjpa gzpahsu;fspd; Eioit
vspjhf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gjhy; epWtdq;fs; Cf;Ftpg;G gapw;rpia
xOq;fikg;gjpy; fzprkhd rpe;jid kw;Wk; tsj;ij nrytpLfpd;wd.
gapw;rp jq;fs; nray;ghLfis Gupe;J nfhs;s epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW
Jiwfis ghu;ff ; Ntz;Lk;. gapw;rp epWtdk; epWtdj;jpd; nray;ghl;L
mk;rj;jpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. RUf;fkhf> J}z;Ljy; gapw;rp
vd;gJ Gjpa fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; mikg;gpw;Fs; Gjpa Copau;fSf;fhd
xU jpl;lkplg;gl;l jpl;lkply; MFk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l jpwikfisf; nfhz;l gapw;rp

xt;nthU gzpAk;> mjd; nray;jpwd; kpf;f rhjidf;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l
xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpwid NfhUfpwJ. midj;J mikg;GfSk; rpy tifahd
jpwd; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpfis elj;jp> mtw;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;l gzpfisr;
nra;Ak; jpwd; nfhz;lit. jpwd; gapw;rp vd;gJ Neubahf njhopy;El;g
my;yJ eilKiw epGzj;Jtj;ij ifafg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghdJ.
jpwd; gapw;rp vd;gJ kpfTk; FWfpa kw;Wk; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Fwpf;Nfhisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J epWtd ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F
cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;s njhopyhsu;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.
kdpj cwTfs; gapw;rp

kdpj cwTfs; gapw;rp vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l elj;ij rhu;e;j Nehf;fq;fis
nfhz;l gapw;rpiag; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;Wld;
njhlu;Gilait:
••epu;tfpj;jy; ghzpapd; mk;rq;fs;
••mjd; ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; elj;ij gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T

gapw;rp ••elj;ijia khw;Wjy; my;yJ tbtikj;jy;
••jdpg;gl;l elj;ijfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
rpf;fiyj; jPu;f;Fk; gapw;rp

Fwpg;Gfs;
rpf;fy; jPu;f;Fk; gapw;rp xU njhlu;r;rpahd nray;Kiw my;yJ Kiwik
Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij toq;FfpwJ. rpf;fy; jPu;f;Fk; gapw;rpapd;
Nehf;fk;> rpf;fy; jPu;j;jy; gw;wpa gy;NtW khjpupfis gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs;
Gupe;Jnfhs;s cjTtjhf cs;sJ> NkYk; gpur;ridfis
Muha;tjw;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;El;gq;fis fz;lwpe;jNjhL>
Ntiyapd; kPjhd gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F gy;NtW fUtpfis
gad;gLj;jTk; cjTfpwJ.
Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it gapw;rp

Nkyhz;ikg; gzpfs;> Nkyhz;ik njhopy;El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;
mwpT Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; xd;wpizf;fpwJ. Nkyhz;ik gzp vd;gJ
xU rpwg;G epGzuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sgl;lJ vd;why;> gapw;rpahdJ
nray;ghLfs; Muha;r;rp> epjp> cw;gj;jp Nkyhz;ik Nghd;w ghlq;fspy;
ftdk; nrYj;Jk;. ,J xU nghJthd Nkyhz;ikg; gzp vd;why;>
gapw;rp Nkyhz;ik Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
KO gapw;rpiaAk; ftdpj;J Nkyhsu; my;yJ Nkw;ghu;itahsuhf
jpwk;gl nray;gl KbAk; vd;gjhy; Nkyhsiu njspthfTk;>
njhopy;El;guPjpahfTk; xypf;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
gapYeu; gapw;rp
,e;jpahtpy;> 1961 ,y; gapYeu; rl;lk;> gapYeu; gapw;rpf;F mbj;jsk;
mspf;fpwJ. njhopy; goFeu; gapw;rp vd;gjd; Nehf;fk;> jpwdw;w
jdpegu;fSf;Fk; rpy mbg;gilj; jpwd;fis mspg;gNj MFk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
gb> njhopy; goFeu;fSf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhopw; gpupTfspy; njhopw;
gapw;rp epWtdq;fs;> njhopw;gpupTfspy; gapw;rpaspf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
tFg;giw
,J kpfTk; ghuk;gupa tif gapw;rp kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; KiwahFk;>
gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; Nghy; nray;gLk; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwf;F xU Nju;T
nra;ag;gl;l jiyg;gpy; gapw;rpahsu; tpupTiufis> fw;gpf;Fk;
Kiwia NtWgLj;j KbAk;. tFg;giw gapw;rpahdJ> newpKiwrhuh
fl;lisapypUe;J khWglyhk;. gapw;Wtpg;ghsuhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l
gq;fspg;igg; nghWj;J fw;Fk; fw;gpg;ghsupd; gq;F khWgLk;.
ntspg;Gwq;fs;
,j;jifa gapw;rp MAjg; gilfshy;> Fwpg;ghf jiyikg; gapw;rp
kw;Wk; FO fl;blk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fhyjhkjkhf> $l;L epWtdj;jpd; FO fl;blk; kw;Wk; gpw gapw;rpfs;

ntspg;Gw gapw;rp ml;ltizfs; gad;gLj;j njhlq;fpAs;sd. ntspg;Gw gapw;rp
gapw;rpapd; mD$ykhdJ> jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ

kw;Wk; fw;wYf;fhd jilfs; fl;likf;fg;gl;l R+oypy; ePf;fg;gLk;.
Mdhy;> rpy gapw;rpahsu;fs; tFg;giwg; gapw;rpapd; xOq;FKiwf;
fz;bg;G ,y;yhj ntspg;Gw gapw;rpia fz;Lnfhs;tjpy;iy. Fwpg;Gfs;
fzpdp cjtpAld; fw;wy;

,e;j tif gapw;rpahdJ mbg;gilapy; xU gbKiw fw;wy; KiwahFk;>
,jpy; gbg;gtu; gbg;gbahf Kd;NdWfpwhu;. mjhtJ> mLj;j epiyf;F
nry;tjw;F Kd;> fw;Wf;nfhs;gtu; xU gb Nju;r;rpngWtij cWjp
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gapw;rpahdJ kpd;dZ Kiwapy; toq;fg;gLk;.
fzpdp njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rpahy; fzpdp cjtpAld; fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; kf;fspilNa gpugykile;J tUfpwJ.
kpd; fw;wy;
fzpdp njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpAk;> ,izaj;jpd; gutYk;> kpd; fw;wiy
ngUfpa Kiwapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gapw;rp kw;Wk; fw;wy; Kiwahf
khwptpl;lJ.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l gj;jpfs;> ve;jnthU tu;f;fkakhf;fy; msitAk;
gpd;gw;whky;> gapw;rpf;fhd rpy nghJthd tiffis gl;baypLfpd;wd.
rpy gapw;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; ty;Yeu;fs; gapw;rp Kiwfspd;
mbg;gilapYk; kw;Wk; rpyu; gapw;rpahsu; kw;Wk; fw;wdu; ghj;jpuj;jpd;
mbg;gilapYk; gapw;rp tiffis tifg;gLj;jpdu;. gapw;rpahsupd;
trjpf;fhf kw;Wk; Gupjy; gb tifg;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;fpwJ.

3. rpf;fiy jPu;f;Fk; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
4.; gapYdu; rl;lk; 1961, vd;why; vd;d?

gapw;rp Kf;fpak; Vnddpy;> khwptUk; Rw;Wr;R+oypd; mOj;jj;ij
vjpu;nfhs;s> Nkyhz;ikia mJ jahu; nra;fpwJ.
J}z;Ljy; my;yJ Nehf;Fepiy gapw;rp vd;gJ xU Gjpa
Copaiu epWtdj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU topKiwahFk;>
,J mtuJ ek;gpf;ifiag; ngwTk;> mtUf;F xj;Jiog;G czu;T
tsuTk; cjTk;.
rpf;fy; jPuf
; F
; k; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fk; gq;Nfw;ghsu;fspd; rpf;fy; jPuf
; F
; k;
gy;NtW khjpupfs;> rpf;fy;fis gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l
El;gq;fis fz;Lgpbg;gJ kw;Wk; Ntiy rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfis
jPug
; g
; jw;F gytpjkhd fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;JtNj MFk;.

gapw;rp gapYdu; rl;lk; 1961-,d; gb> Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;fspy; cs;s
njhopy; epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; njhopyhsu; njhFg;Gf;F Vw;g njhopw;
goFeu;fSf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhopw;gpuptpy; gapw;rp mspf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
8.5 RUf;fk;
••gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwd;> juk;> jpwik kw;Wk; mwpit
Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; %yk; gapw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
••kdpj ts tsu;r;rpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gy fUj;Jfis
nkf;f/gu;Nyz;l; tiuaWf;fpwhu;.
••Nkk;ghL vd;w nrhy;iy> fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp nray;Kiw %yk;
egu;fs; kj;jpapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtJ vd tiuaWf;fyhk;.
••epWtd mikg;Gfspy; cs;s gzpfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfspd;
••ntspg;gilahf> epu;tfpf;fg;glhj gzpahsu;fSf;F Nkyjpf
fUj;jpay; jpwd; kw;Wk; kdpj cwTfspd; Ez;zwpTfisf;
NfhUtjw;F epu;thf mjpfhupfis tpl mjpf Ntiy my;yJ
tu;j;jf njhlu;ghd jpwd; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
••gpl;];n[uhy;l; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> gapw;rpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd;fisf;
nfhz;l gzpahsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ my;yJ mtw;wpd;
jw;Nghija nray;jpwd; FiwghLfisj; jLf;f cjTfpwJ.
••kw;nwhU Gwk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Njitg;gLk;
jpwd;fis Copau;fSf;F toq;FfpwJ.
••Nahlu; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘gapw;rp’ kw;Wk; ‘Nkk;ghL’ vd;w tpjpKiwfs;
xNu mu;j;jj;jpy; Njhd;wpdhYk;> ,e;jf; fUj;JfSf;fpilNa xU
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l tpj;jpahrk; cs;sJ.
••gapw;rpj; Njitfs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidapd; epiyg;ghl;bypUe;J
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,jpy; gapw;rp kpfTk; gaDs;s jPu;thf
cs;sJ.
••gapw;rp vd;gJ jpl;lkplg;gl;l elj;ijfspd; tupirKiwia
fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU nray;KiwahFk;. ,J mwptpd;
gad;ghL MFk;.
••gapw;rp mspj;jy; gzpahsu;fs; jq;fsJ jw;Nghija gzp
epiyia mjpfupf;f cjTfpwJ.
••gapw;rp> Nkw;ghu;it Njitia ePf;Ftjpy;iy ,J njhlu;r;rpahd
Nkw;ghu;itapd; Njitia Fiwf;fpwJ.
••gzpahsu;fspd; Kidg;igAk;> gilg;ghw;wiyAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
gapw;rpahy; kdpj Neak; kw;Wk; gapw;rp jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

••gapw;rp mspg;gjd; %yk;> gzpahsu;fSf;F mjpf Cjpak; kw;Wk; gapw;rp
gpw gzg; gyd;fis toq;f toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

••gioa Copau;fSf;F GJikahd fUtpfs; kw;Wk;
cgfuzq;fspd; khwptUk; topKiwfs;> cj;jpfs; kw;Wk;
gad;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;j GJg;gpj;jy; gapw;rp Njitg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
••Ntiy gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fk;> mtu;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Ntiy
Fwpj;J njhopyhsu;fspd; mwpit mjpfupg;gJ MFk;> ,jdhy;
mtu;fspd; jpwikAk;> nray;jpwDk; Nkk;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
••,d;W gy njhopy;fspy;> njhopw; goFeu; gapw;rpj; jpl;lk; gutyhf
eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
••njhopw;goFeu; gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspy;
tFg;giwf; Fwpg;Gld; njhopy; gapw;rp kw;Wk; mDgtj;ij
xd;wpizf;fpwJ.
••njhopw;Jiwfspy; gapw;Wtpg;G gapw;rpahdJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ>
NkYk;> Gjpa gzpahsu;fs; midj;J tifahd iftpidQu;fshf
khWthu;fs; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
••gapw;rpapd; eilKiw mDgtj;jhy; Kd; Nfhl;ghl;L mwpit
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;ba ,j;jifa mwptpfSf;F
,ilepd;w gapw;rpahdJ tof;fkhf cs;sJ.
••ve;j xU gapw;rp my;yJ tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpahdJ>
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w topKiwfis Nju;e;njLg;gijg; nghWj;Nj
mikfpwJ.
••Gjpa Copau;fis mikg;Gf;Fs; Eioa trjp nra;J nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;> mtu;fSila Gjpa Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis
mtu;fs; vspjhf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
mwpKfg; gapw;rp cs;sJ.
••rpf;fy; jPu;f;Fk; gapw;rp xU njhlu;r;rpahd nray;Kiw my;yJ
mikg;G Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mbj;jsj;ij toq;FfpwJ.
••,e;jpahtpy;> 1961 Mk; Mz;bd; gapw;rp rl;lk;> njhopy; goFeu;
gapw;rpf;fhd mbj;jsj;ij toq;FfpwJ.
••njhopy; goFeu; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fk;> jpwdw;w jdpegu;fSf;F
rpy mbg;gilj; jpwd;fis mspg;gNj MFk;.

••gapw;rp: ,J> xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiy my;yJ nray;ghl;Lf;fhd
cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fis fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
nray;Kiw MFk;.
••tsu;r;rp: ,J ahNuh xUtu; nra;Ak; nray; Fwpf;fpwJ
my;yJ VNjh xd;W tsu;e;J> khw;wkilfpwJ> NkYk; ,J
Nkk;gl;ljhfpwJ.

gapw;rp ••Copau; Njf;fk;: ,J jdJ Copau;fis jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; xU epWtdj;jpd; jpwikia Fwpf;fpwJ.

Fwpg;Gfs;
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpf;F ,ilNaahd NtWghl;il tptupf;f.
2. gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gad;fis tpthjpf;f.
3. gapw;rp Vd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf cs;sJ?.
4. Ntiy mwpTiu gapw;rp vd;why; vd;d?
5. jiythapy; gapw;rpapd; %yk; cq;fSf;F vd;d GupfpwJ?
6. J}z;Ljy; gapw;rp vd;why; vd;d?
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. gapw;rpapd; fUj;ij tpupthf tpsf;Ff. mjd; jd;ikfs;>
Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Njitia tpthjp.
2. ,e;j gpuptpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l %d;W gapw;rp Kiwfisg; gw;wp
tpupthf tptup.
3. gapw;rpf;fhd Kiwfspd; epiy vd;d? tpupthf tpthjp.
4. gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;ij epWTtjw;F Kd; vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;
vd;d?
5. gpugykhd gy;NtW tifahd gapw;rpfis tptupf;f.
8.8 NkYk; gbf;f

nkf;uh `py;.

gPau;Lnty;> ,ad; kw;Wk; nyd; N`hy;ld;. 1995. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik. gapw;rp
yz;ld;: kf;kpy;yd;.
rpfhNfh: ,u;tpd;.
Fwpg;Gfs;

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
gFjp – III
Copau;fspd; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; rYiffs;
Fwpg;Gfs; myF 9 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL

mikg;G
9.0 Kd;Diu
9.2 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL: nray;Kiw kw;Wk; El;gq;fs;
9.2.4 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Kiwfs; my;yJ El;gq;fs;
tpilfs;
9.4 RUf;fk;
9.7 NkYk; gbf;f
9.0 Kd;Diu
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL ey;y kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikf;F Kf;fpakhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,J rhjhuzkhdJ> Copau;fSf;F me;j kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd
jfty;njhlu;G juepiyfs; njhlu;ghf vt;tsT gzpahsu;fs; jq;fs;
Ntiyfisr; nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijAk;> kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; kjpg;gPl;ilg;
gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; kjpg;gPL nra;tJ MFk;. nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Nehf;fj;ijAk;> mjpy; <Lgl;Ls;s eilKiwiaAk;
,e;j myF tpsf;FfpwJ. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd gy;NtW
El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw vg;gb kjpg;gPL nra;tJ vd;gij NkYk;
mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s ,J cjTk;.

••nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd fUj;ij tpsf;f KbAk;
••nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Nehf;fj;ij tptupf;f KbAk;
••nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd nray;Kiw kw;Wk; Kiwfis
kjpg;gpl KbAk;
••nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;by; cs;s Kf;fpa gpur;ridfis Muha
KbAk;

9.2 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL: nray;Kiw kw;Wk; El;gq;fs; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
ntd;nly; gpnuQ;R fUj;Jg;gb> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ ‘Kiwahd>

ve;j mstpw;F Copau;fs;> epWtg;gl;l juq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;>
me;j kjpg;gPl;bd; jfty; njhlu;G Copau;fSf;F vt;thW Ntiy Fwpg;Gfs;
nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpa Kiwahd kjpg;gPL’ MFk;.
/gpspNgh fUj;Jg;gb> ‘nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ Kiwahd>
fhytiuaiw kw;Wk; mtuJ jw;Nghija Ntiy njhlu;ghd
tptfhuq;fspy; xU Copau;fs; rpwe;j xU ghugl;rkw;w kjpg;gPL kw;Wk;
rpwe;j Ntiyf;fhd mtuJ jpwidg; nghWj;jjhFk;.’
Nly; Nahlu; fUj;Jg;gb> ‘nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;by;> xU Ntiy
mikg;gpy; cs;s FO cWg;gpdu;fspd; MSikfs; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l egu;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; midj;J
Kiwahd eilKiwfSk; mlq;Fk;. gzpahsu;fs; kPJ rupahd kw;Wk;
Gwepiy KbTfis vLg;gjw;F mtrpakhd jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F
,J xU njhlu;r;rpahd nray;KiwahFk;’.
C.D. gp\u;> L.F. \;Nfhfd;/ngy;l; kw;Wk; J.B. \h fUj;Jg;gb>
‘nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy fl;lj;jpy; xU
Copaupd; gq;fspg;gig kjpg;gplg;gLk; epfo;KiwahFk;’.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l tiuaiwfspypUe;J> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gL P vd;gJ
gzpaplj;jpy; gzpahsu;fspd; elj;ij kjpg;gL
P nra;tjw;fhd KiwahFk;>
nghJthf Ntiy nray;jpwd; mstPL kw;Wk; juepiy mk;rq;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ vd $wyhk;. ,J gzpahsupd; Ntiy njhlu;ghd elj;ij
kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd; jpwid kjpg;gpLk; jpl;lkpl;l kw;Wk; Gwepiy
topahFk;. ,J xU nray;ghL> mtu; Ntiyia vg;gb nra;fpwhu; kw;Wk; xU
Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij tbtikg;gjpy; xU Copaiu vg;gbj; jPuk; hdpg;gJ
kw;Wk; njhlu;GgLj;Jtij cs;slf;fpaJ. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gLP jdpg;gl;l
Nkk;ghl;il typAWj;JfpwJ. ,J midj;J epiyfspYk; cs;s
midj;J kdpj tsq;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjd; %yk; midj;J
tifahd mikg;gpYk; gad;gLfpwJ.njhopy;El;g> njhopy;Kiw kw;Wk;
epu;thf gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid ,J kjpg;gpLfpwJ.
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Nehf;fq;fs;

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gl P L
; f;fhd jpl;lq;fs;> epWtdk; kw;Wk; jdp egu;
NjitfisAk; G+u;jj ; p nra;Ak; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,J ey;y kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikf;F Kf;fpakhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gL P nra;tjw;F my;yJ mtw;iw
tsu;jJ ; f; nfhs;tjw;F nray;jpwd; kjpg;gl P i
; l Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
kjpg;gl
P L; Nehf;fk; xU tuyhw;W gupkhzj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhf nray;jpwd; Njitg;gLk; juq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy;>
gzpahsu;fSf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; vt;thW nray;gl;lJ vd;gij
kPzL; k; ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;j Nkk;ghl;L Nehf;fk; gzpahl;fspd;
gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsu;rr ; pj; Njitfis milahsk; fhz;gjpy; cs;sJ.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL gzpahl;fspd; kjpg;gPL gy gaDs;s Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
cjTfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
(i) gpd;D}l;lk;
Fwpg;Gfs; ,J gzpahsUf;F xU gpd;D}l;lkhf nray;gLfpwJ. mJ mtuJ
jw;Nghija nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;j kw;Wk; ‘epWtd gbKiw’ tiu
nry;y vd;d nra;a KbAk; vd;W nrhy;fpwJ. ,jd; %yk; ,e;j
kjpg;gPL Ra-Nkk;ghl;Lf;F toptif nra;fpwJ. NkYk;> jdJ Kf;fpa
nray;jpwd; gFjpfis gzpahsuplk; njupar; nra;fpwJ.
(ii) ,og;gPl;Lj; jPu;khdq;fs;

,J ntFkjpfs; toq;Fk; Kiwf;F cs;sPLfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
,og;gPl;il mZFtjhdJ> gjpT%g;G vd;gijtpl jFjpf;F
cau;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(iii) juTj;jsk;
,J gzpaku;j;jy;> Cjpak;> gjtp cau;T>gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; gytw;iwg;
gw;wpa njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l KbTfSf;F nry;yj;jf;f juTj;jsj;ij
toq;FfpwJ. kjpg;gPL jdJ Kf;fpa nray;jpwd; gFjpfisAk;
gzpahsUf;F mwpar; nra;fpwJ. gzpahsu;fspd; epue;ju nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPL gjpTfs; khw;wpaikf;ff;$ba Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l
mwpitg; nghWj;J jpl;lkply; Nkyhz;ik nra;a cjTfpwJ.
(iv) jdpg;gl;l Nkk;ghL

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL ey;y kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd gzpahsu; nray;jpwd;
fhuzq;fis ntspg;gLj;j cjTk;.jdpg;gl;l Copau;fSld;
fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk;>xU tup Nkyhsu; mtu;fs; Vd; mt;thW
nra;fpd;wdu; vd fz;lwpayhk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;j vd;d eltbf;iffs; Ntz;LkhdhYk; vLf;f KbAk;.
(v) gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;

xU gzpahsupd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fisf; fz;lwptjd; %yk;>
mtuJ nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F nghUj;jkhd gapw;rp kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd xU topfhl;bahf ,J
nray;gLfpwJ. ,J gzpahsu;fSf;F mtu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wp
njupag;gLj;jTk;> rk;gs cau;T kw;Wk;/my;yJ gjtp cau;Tf;fhd
jFjp ngw mtu;fs; vj;jifa jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; $wyhk;.
(vi) gjtp cau;T KbTfs;

Ntiy khw;wk; my;yJ gjtp cau;Tf;fhd gaDs;s mbg;gilapy;
,J nray;gl KbAk;. xU NtWgl;l my;yJ cau;e;j Ntiyapy;

njhopyhsp ,d;Dk; mjpfkhf gq;fspf;f KbAkh vd;gij epWTtjd; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
%yk;> mJ nghUj;jkhd gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;F

cjTfpwJ. nghUj;jkhd Ntiy mk;rq;fs; rupahf mstplg;gl;lhy;>
,J Cf;fkspf;fhjtu;fspd; Vkhw;wj;ij Fiwg;gjpy; cjTfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
(vii) Nkw;ghu;itia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
xU tof;fkhd kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; ,Ug;ghdJ Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs;
jq;fsJ fPo;epiyapdiu ,d;Dk; mjpfkhff; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s
Kidfpd;wdu;> Vnddpy; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy;
jutupirg; gbtq;fis G+u;j;jp nra;thu;fs; vd;W mtu;fSf;Fj; njupAk;>
mtw;wpd; kjpg;gPLfis epahag;gLj;Jtjw;F miog;G tpLf;fg;gLk;.
,J Nkw;ghu;itia Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gLP gzpahsu;fspd; xg;gl P L
; kjpg;ig ngw;wpUf;f
cjTfpwJ. kjpg;gl P L
; gzpahsu; nray;jpwd;> ,og;gL P > Ntiy tha;gG ;
kw;Wk; gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
M.W.-Fk;kpq;]pd; nrhw;fspy;> ‘nray;jpwd; kjpg;gl P b
; d; xl;Lnkhj;j
Nehf;fk;> rhj;jpakhd rpwe;j Kaw;rpfis jpul;Lk; Kaw;rpapdhy;
epWtdj;jpd; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;JtJ jhd;. mjpy; Ntiy nra;Ak;
jdpeguplkpUe;J Cjpa tpku;rdq;fs;> Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; jdpegu;fspd; gapw;rp>
Ntiy Row;rp jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; cjtp gjtp cau;Tfs; cl;gl ehd;F
Nehf;fq;fis ,j;jifa kjpg;gl ; ha;Tfspd; %yk; rhjpf;f KbAk;.’
P l
Fiwfis ifahSjy; kw;Wk; gjpNtl;il itj;jpUg;gJ Nghd;wtw;wpy;
jfty;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,J Nkw;ghu;itapd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk;>
gzpahsu;-Kjyhspapd; cwitAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ.
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd gad;fs;

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ epWtdj;jpy; jfty; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L
mikg;Gfspd; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;ilg;
gad;gLj;jp:
(i)
Cjpa cau;T> gjtp cau;T> Fiwfs;> khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
epWj;jy;fs; Nghd;w gzpahsu;fspd; KbTfSf;F kjpg;Gkpf;f
jfty;fis mspj;jy;.,e;j jfty;> nghUj;jkhd gzpahsu;
nfhs;iffSf;F mbg;gilahf cs;sJ.
(ii)
nray;jpwd; FiwghLfis rupnra;jy; kw;Wk; Njitg;gl;lhy;
Ntiy Gjpa juepiyfis mikf;f> fPo;epiyapdupd; rhjid
kw;Wk; elj;ijapd; epiy gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis toq;fTk;.
cau; gjtpfSf;F tUif juf;$ba mjpf jpwd; nfhz;l
jdpegu;fisAk; milahsk; fhl;LfpwJ.
(iii)
vg;gb mtu; nra;fpwhu; vd;gij xU fPo;g;gzpahsu; $wTk;>
mwpT> elj;ij kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;fpy; mtrpakhd khw;wq;fis
gupe;Jiuf;fTk;. vdNt ,J fPo;g;gzpahsu; MNyhrid nra;a
cjTk; jftiy toq;FfpwJ. ,J gzpahsu;fspd; gzpahsu;fspd;
Nkk;ghl;il J}z;Ltjw;Fk; topfhl;lTk; cjTfpwJ.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL (iv)
gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsu;rr ; pj; Njitfs; MuhaTk;. nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gl
P b
; dhy;> mtu;fspd; gytPdq;fis ePfF
; tJ vg;gb vd;W
,d;Dk; gapw;rp Njitg;gLfpw egu;fis fhl;LfpwJ vd;gjhy;
,e;j Njitfs; kjpg;gplg;gl KbAk;. xU Copaupd; gytPdj;ij
Fwpg;Gfs; fz;lwptjd; %yk;> jdJ jw;Nghija gzpapy; jdJ nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nghUj;jkhd gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj;
jpl;lj;ij tFj;jspf;Fk; topfhl;bahf mJ nray;gLfpwJ.
(v)
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ gzpahsu;fspd; Nju;T kw;Wk;
tifg;ghl;Lf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fspd; nray;jpwid
kjpg;gpLtjd; thapyhf nray;gLfpwJ. vdNt> ,e;j epWtdj;jpd;
Ml;Nru;g;G> Nju;T> gzpaku;j;jy; kw;Wk; Nehf;Fepiy mikg;Gfspd;
nray;jpwid jPu;g;gspf;f cjTfpwJ.
(vi) kdpj ts jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; njhopy; jpl;lkplYf;F ,J toptif
nra;fpwJ. gzpahsupd; epue;ju nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL gjpNtLfs;
Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; jdpg;gl;l mwpitg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; kdpj
ts jpl;lkply; nra;a Nkyhz;ik nra;a cjTfpd;wd.
(vii)
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL xU Neu;kiwahd Ntiy R+oiy
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ> ,J cw;gj;jpj; jpwid Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
Gwepiy nray;jpwd; eltbf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; rhjidfs;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L ntFkjpahf toq;fg;gLk; NghJ> gzpr;R+oypy;
Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL> Cf;f
Cjpak;> kpifCjpak; Nghd;w gFj;jwpTg; G+u;tkhd mbj;jsj;ij
toq;Ffpd;wd.gzpahsu;fspd; xg;Gik gq;fspg;gpd; kjpg;gPLfs;>
ntFkjpfs; kw;Wk; rpwg;Gupikfis epu;zapg;gjw;F cjTfpd;wd.
(viii) xU tof;fkhd kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; ,Ug;ghdJ Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs;
kw;Wk; epu;thfpfs; jq;fs; fPo;epiy mjpfhupfis ,d;Dk;
ftdpf;fpwhu;fs;> Vnddpy; mtu;fs; jutupir gbtq;fis G+u;j;jp
nra;a fhy mtfhrj;ij vjpu;ghu;f;fpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
kjpg;gPLfis epahag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf miof;fg;gLthu;fs; vd;W
mtu;fs; mwpthu;fs;.,e;j mwpT Nkk;gl;l Nkw;ghu;itapd; %yk;
Vw;gLfpwJ.
(ix)
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL gjpTfs; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghF-
ghL Fw;wr;rhl;LfspypUe;J Nkyhz;ikia ghJfhf;fpwJ.
Copau;fspilNa ek;gpf;ifia tsu;f;f cjTtjhy; gzpahsu;
Fiwfis Fiwf;fyhk;.

epWtdq;fs; %d;W Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fis
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd:
(i) epu;thf rk;ge;jkhd: rk;gs cau;T> gjtp cau;T> Fiwfs;
kw;Wk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd KbTfs; Nghd;w gy Kjyhspfspd;
KbTfis vLg;gjw;F xU gFj;jwpit toq;Ftjd; %yk; ,J
nghJthf xU epu;thff; Kiwahf nray;gLfpwJ.

(ii) gzpahsu; Nkk;ghL: ,J xU gzpahsupd; nray;jpwd; Fwpj;j nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
gpd;D}l;lj;ij toq;FfpwJ. jdpegu;fspd; Fwpg;gpl;l gapw;rpapd;

Njitfis milahsk; fhz cjTtjw;fhf> gzpahsu;
Nkk;ghl;L Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf kjpg;gPL juT gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
(iii) jpl;l kjpg;gPL: jpl;l kjpg;gPL gy gad;ghLfSf;fhd nray;jpwd; Fwpg;Gfs;
kjpg;gPl;L juit Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrkpj;jy; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
jFjp tha;e;j gzpahsu;fis toq;Ftjpy; Ml;Nru;g;G> Nju;T
kw;Wk; gzpaku;j;jy; vg;gb ,Ue;jJ vd;gij gjpNtLfs; fhl;l
KbAk;.
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPLfs; gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;lit vd nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
(a) jpUg;jpfukhd nray;jpwid cUthf;f kw;Wk; guhkupf;f;
(b) xU jdpegu; Nkk;ghl;L Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;a;
(c) rpwe;j nray;ghl;L my;yJ tzpf Njitfis nfhz;L tUtjw;F;
(d) nray;jpwd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhd kw;Wk; rkkhd ,og;gPL
toq;f toptif nra;jy; ;
(e)
Nkyjpfhupfs; jq;fs; Jizg; gzpahsiu gw;wp Kiwahd
Gupjy; ngw cjTtJ;
(f)
Nkk;ghl;Lf;F tha;g;Gs;s gzpahsu;fis milahsk; fz;L
kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lf;F gaDs;s jfty;fis mspj;jy;
(g) Nju;T Nrhjidfs;> Neu;fhzy; El;gq;fs; gupNrhjpj;jy; kw;Wk;
rupghu;f;f vspjhf;f> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL mzpfSld; jq;fs;
kjpg;ngz;fis xg;gpLtjd; %yk; gad;gLfpwJ.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Njit> epu;thfk; gaDs;s KbTfis
vLf;f cjTfpwJ. xU kjpg;gPl;bd; Njitiag; nghWj;jtiu:
(i) gzpahsu;fspd; jw;Nghija Ntiyapy; jpUg;jpfukhd epiyia
cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy;.
(ii) Cjpak;> gbfs;> Cf;fj; njhiffs; kw;Wk; rYiffis epu;zak;
nra;jy;.
(iii) gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gL
P nra;jy;.
(iv) kdpj tsj;jpd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fis kjpg;gL
P nra;jy; (HR).
(v)
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL mtUf;F gpd;D}l;lk; mspj;jjd; %yk;
gzpahsu;fs; Kd;Ndw cjTfpwJ.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL jpl;lkplg;gl;L> njhlu;r;rpahd eltbf;iffshy;
Nkk;ghL nra;ag;gl;L nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j eltbf;iffs;
gpd;tUkhW cs;sd.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL (i) Ntiy gFg;gha;T> Ntiy tptuk; kw;Wk; Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;G
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ xU nray;KiwahFk;> ,J gy;NtW kdpj
tsq;fspd; nray;ghLfis jdpikg;gLj;Jtjpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhJ.,J
Ntiy gFg;gha;T> Ntiy tptuk; kw;Wk; Ntiy tptuf;Fwpg;Gld;
Fwpg;Gfs;
njhlq;FfpwJ. ,it jukhd nray;jpwid cUthf;f cjTfpd;wd.
(ii) nray;jpwdpd; juj;ij epWTjy;

kjpg;gPl;L mikg;Gfs; nray;jpwd; juepiyfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd>
mit nray;jpwd; mstplg;gLk; mstpw;F vjpuhf tiuaiwfis
toq;FfpwJ. nray;jpwDf;F epu;zapf;fg;gLk; juepiyfs; njspthf
tiuaWf;fg;gl;L tpsf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ij xt;nthU
gzpahsUk; milaf; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gaDilajhf
,Uf;f> juepiyfs; xt;nthU Ntiyapd; tpUk;gpa Kbitg; gw;wp
njhlu;GgLj;jNtz;Lk;. nray;jpwd; juepiyfs;> kjpg;gPl;lhsu; kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPL Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; njspthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nray;jpwd;
juepiyfs; my;yJ ,yf;Ffs;> Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fspd; cjtpAld;>
rk;ge;jg;gl;l fhuzpfs; midj;Jk; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij
cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ntspaPL mstplg;gLk; NghJ> gzpahsu;
nray;jpwDf;F gq;fspf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;Ffs; fPNo vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.mit Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
kw;Wk; nryT fhuzq;fSf;Fs; mstplf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(iii) gzpahsu;fSf;F nray;jpwd; juepiyfis njupag;gLj;jy;

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L jug;gpdu;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ;kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; kjpg;gPl;lhsu; kw;Wk; mjd;
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ. NkNy cs;s ,uz;lhtJ
gbg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nray;jpwd; juepiyfs;> mtw;Wf;F vd;d
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwpe;jpl gzpahsu;fSf;F (kjpg;gPl;lhsu;
kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL Mfpa ,uz;Lk;) njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fog;gNkh>
jtwhd GupjNyh ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; gpd;D}l;lq;fSk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;D}l;lq;fs; %yk; me;j jfty;fs; gzpahsu;fis
nrd;wile;jJ vd;W NkyhsUf;F njupAk;. Njitnad;why;>
gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; kjpg;ghsu;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; gpd;D}l;lq;fspd;
tpsf;fj;jpy; juepiyfs; jpUj;jp my;yJ khw;wpaikf;fg;glyhk;.
bnrd;Nrh kw;Wk; uhgpd;]; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> ‘kpf mjpfkhd Ntiyfs;
njsptw;w nray;jpwd; juepiyfis nfhz;Ls;sd kw;Wk; ,e;j
juq;fs; jdpikg;gl;lKiwapy; mikf;fg;gLk;NghJ kw;Wk; me;j
Copaiuj; jPz;lhj epiyapy; rpf;fyhfpwJ.’
(iv) cz;ikahd nray;jpwid mstpLjy;

nray;jpwd; juepiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpwF>
mLj;j fl;lk; cz;ikahd nray;jpwid mstpLtNj MFk;. ,jpy;
rupahd mstPl;L El;gj;ij Nju;e;njLg;gJ> nray;jpwid ghjpf;Fk;

cs; kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw fhuzpfis milahsk; fhZjy; kw;Wk; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
milag;gLk; KbTfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy; Mfpait

Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,J Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fsplkpUe;J jdpg;gl;l
ftdpg;G> vOj;J kw;Wk; tha;%y mwpf;iffs; %yk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
ntt;NtW gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwd; mij xg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; Fwpg;Gfs;
mstpl Ntz;Lk;. nray;jpwd; eltbf;iffs;> gaDs;sjhf
,Uf;Fk;> gad;gLj;j vspjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>nray;jpwid
epu;zapf;Fk; Kf;fpa elj;ij gw;wp mwpf;ifaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nray;jpwd; eltbf;iffs; Gwepiy my;yJ mfepiyahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
(a) Gwepiy nray;jpwd; eltbf;iffs;: Gwepiy nray;jpwd;
eltbf;iffs;> kw;witfshy; rupghu;f;fg;glf;$ba Ntiy
nray;jpwdpd; mwpFwpfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd> mit tof;fkhf
mstPLfshf cs;sd.
••cw;gj;jpapd; juk;
••Njitg;gLk; gapw;rpapd; msT
••Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;
••tpyfpapUj;jy;
••Nritapd; ePsk;
(b) mfepiy nray;jpwd; eltbf;iffs;: mfepiy nray;jpwd;
eltbf;iffs; kjpg;gL
P fspd; jdpg;gl;l juepiyfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lit kw;Wk; kw;witfshy; rupghu;ff ; g;gltpy;iy.mbg;gil
mfepiyapy; gpd;tUtd mlq;Fk;:
••Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fspd; kjpg;gPLfs;
••xl;Lnkhj;j ,yf;Ffs; gw;wp njupjy;
••Rw;Wr;R+oypd; r%f-fyhr;rhu kjpg;GfSf;F gq;fspg;G
Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffis kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; NghJ me;j Fwpf;Nfhs;
Fwpf;fg;glyhk; kw;Wk; njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd ,q;Nf
Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpf;fyhd> njsptw;w epiyapy; cs;s kj;jpaju
epiy kw;Wk; cau; kl;l epiyg;ghLfSld; ,J ,y;iy.
(v)
juepiyfSld; cz;ikahd nray;jpwid xg;gpLjy; kw;Wk;
gzpahsu;fSld; kjpg;gPl;ilg; gw;wp fye;JiuahLjy;.
cz;ikahd nray;jpwd; vd;gJ epu;zapf;fg;gl;l nray;jpwd;
juq;fSld; xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. cz;ikahd nray;jpwd; vjpu;ghu;j;jijtpl
rpwg;ghf ,Uf;fyhk;> rpy Neuq;fspy; mJ jlk; Mfyhk;. cz;ikahd
nray;jpwd; vjpu;ghu;j;jijtpl rpwg;ghf ,Uf;fyhk; kw;Wk; rpy
Neuq;fspy; mJ ,t;thW ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. FiwghLfs; mikg;G
juepiyfspy; VNjDk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa tpthjq;fs;
xU Copau; jdJ gytPdq;fisAk;> typikfis mwpe;J nfhs;s
cjTk;.me;j Copau; jdJ nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ce;Jjyhf
,Uf;fpwhu; vd;W Kd;dhs; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL kw;nwhU egupd; gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; jpwd; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL vspjhd gzp
my;y. ,J kjpg;gPl;bd; Ra kjpg;ig ghjpf;Fk; vd;gjhy;> jPtpu czu;Tf;
Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kjpg;gPl;L msTNfhiy mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l kjpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;bdhy; Nfs;tpf;Fupajhf ,Uf;fyhk; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; kjpg;gpLtJ vjpu;kiwahf khWk; NghJ kfpo;r;rpaw;wJ.
(vi) VNjDk; ,Ug;gpd; jpUj;j nraiyj; njhlq;Fjy;

nray;Kiwapd; filrp fl;lk; Copaupd; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F
mtrpakhd jpUj;j eltbf;ifia Muk;gpg;gNj MFk;. jpUj;j
eltbf;if ,uz;L tifg;gLk;:
(a) gzpahsu; jdJ nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;j Njitahd Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd vr;rupf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,J NghJkhdjhf
my;yJ rupahf ,y;iy.
(b)
gzpahsu;fSldhd gu];gu tpthjk; %yk;> nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd eltbf;iffs; fz;lwpag;gl;L
Jtf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fiwe;j nray;jpwDf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
fz;lwpag;gl;L Jtf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fiwe;j nray;jpwDf;fhd
fhuzq;fis Muha Ntz;Lk;. gzpahsu; ey;y nray;ghl;Lf;fhd
jd;dk;gpf;ifAld;> Cf;fKk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;.gapw;rp>
gapw;rpaspg;G> MNyhridfs; kw;Wk; gy Mfpait nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;j cjTk; jpUj;j eltbf;iffSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; MFk;.
ey;y kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; Njitfs;

xU KOikahd kjpg;gPl;L mikg;G gpd;tUtdtw;iw gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;:
(i) ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nry;Ygbahf;fk;

,e;j mikg;G nry;Ygbahf;fk; kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;bd; nry;Ygbahf;fk; vd;gJ> mit
gzpahsu;fspd; cs;shu;e;j jFjpia cz;ikapNyNa FiwAk;nghOJ
Vw;gLk; xU msT MFk;. kjpg;gPLfspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik> jukjpg;Gfs;>
ntt;NtW kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; %ykhfNth my;yJ ntt;NtW Neuq;fspy;
xU kjpg;gPl;lhsu; %ykhfNth nra;ag;gLk; khwhj;jd;ik MFk;.
nry;Ygb kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ik ,uz;LNk Gwepiy juTj;jsj;jpy;
cs;s tpisthFk;.kjpg;gPl;L Kiw epiyahd> ek;gfkhd kw;Wk;
rupahd jfty; kw;Wk; juit toq;f Ntz;Lk;> mJ mikg;ig
ghJfhf;f gad;gLj;jyhk; — rl;l rthy;fspy;$l.
(ii) gzp njhlu;Gilik

kjpg;gPl;lhu;fs; gzpahsu;fspd; Ntiy njhlu;ghd elj;ij kw;Wk;
nray;jpwd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. gzpahsupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
fPo; elj;ijapd; ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> ftdpf;fg;gLk;
elj;ij gw;wp kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; ed;F mwpe;jtu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk;> Ntiy nray;jpwd; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis ngwTk;> kjpg;gha;T

nra;aTk; xU rupghu;g;Gg; gl;baiy jahupg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
jukjpg;Gfs; kjpg;gPl;lhsu; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; cs;s myFfspd;

cz;ikahd nray;jpwDld; gpize;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs;
%yk; cUthf;fg;gLk; jfty;fs; epWtdj;jpd; Njitfs;> nray;jpwd;
Njitfs; kw;Wk; elj;ij tpjpKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw Vw;wthW Fwpg;Gfs;
mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;bw;F gy msTNfhy;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; xU tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw vd;gij tpl mt;tg;NghJ
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(iii) jug;gLj;jy;
ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nray;jpwd; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; mbg;gilfis
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;L gbtq;fs;> nray;Kiwfs;> El;gq;fs;
kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfs;> jukjpg;gplq;fs;> kjpg;gPl;byhd KbTfs; Mfpait
FOtpdupd; midj;J Copau;fSf;Fk; ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;Jtjhy;
juepiyg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J rPuhd jd;ik kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis
xg;gpLtjw;F cjTk;. kjpg;gPl;Lf; njhopy;El;gq;fs;> mit vij msf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mstpl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j
vspjhfTk; rpf;fdkhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(iv) eilKiw nghWg;G

njhopy; El;gq;fs;> njhlu;e;J nray;gLj;j> rpf;fdg;gLj;Jtjw;F
rhj;jpakhd tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mij epu;tfpf;Fk; midj;J
tup kf;fspd; MjuitAk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. tup kf;fs; kpfTk;
Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahfTk;> kpfTk; yl;rpakhfTk;> kpfTk; ek;gj;jfhjtuhfTk;>
my;yJtup nrYj;Jgtu;fs; fhytiuaiwapd; kPJ Nfhupf;iffis
Gupe;J nfhs;shj je;jh NfhGuk; Copau;fs; epGzu;fs; MNyhrfu;fshf
,Ug;gjhf fUjpdhy;> mtu;fs; mij kWf;fpwhu;fs;.
(v) kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fSf;F gapw;rp

kjpg;gPL nra;gtu; my;yJ kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; ve;j ghugl;rkpd;wp
gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjd; %yk; NghJkhd gapw;rp
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;lsu;fs; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lf;
Fwpj;j gapw;rpAk; mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. kjpg;gPLfis Mtzg;gLj;Jjy;>
kjpg;gpLjiy kjpg;gPL nra;jy;> kjpg;gPL gpiofs; kw;Wk; gytw;iw
toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fs; mwpitAk; jpwikiaAk; toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.kjpg;gPl;L gpiofs; mwpe;jpUg;gJ> kjpg;gPl;bd; nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPLfis NkYk; Gwepiyahf ghu;f;f
kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fSf;F Njitahd ek;gpf;ifia ,J nrYj;jyhk;.
(vi) jpwe;j jfty; njhlu;G

,e;j mikg;G jpwe;j epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.,J gzpahsu;fSf;F
mtu;fspd; nray;jpwd; Fwpj;J gpd;D}l;lk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ kl;Lky;y> mJ mtu;fis ,yf;F epu;zag; gzpapy;

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL <LglTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,J nray;jpwid rpwg;ghf jpl;lkpl cjTfpwJ.
gzpahsu;fs; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; eilKiwapy; cs;s kjpg;gPl;L
Kiwia epu;tfpg;gjpy; Kidg;Gld; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkyjpfhup>
gapw;rpahsu; kw;Wk; MNyhrfuhd; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;ig Mw;w
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;bd; xl;Lnkhj;j Nehf;fk;> jPu;g;ngOijf; fhl;bYk;
tsu;r;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;.
(vii) gzpahsu;fspd; KbTfSf;F mZfy;

kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd KbT vjpu;kiwahf ,Ue;jhy;> gzpahsUf;F
vjpuhf ele;jhy;> cldbahf mtUf;Fj; njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
mjdhy; mtu; jdJ nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;> my;yJ mtu;
jpUg;jpailahj gl;rj;jpy; jFe;j mjpfhuj;Jf;F Kd; Nky;KiwaPL
nra;ayhk;. ,JNghd;w Vw;ghLfis nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;>
epu;thfk; Copau;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia ngw KbAk;.
(viii) njspthd Nehf;fq;fs;

,e;j kjpg;gPl;L Kiw Gwepiy rhu;e;jJ. cau; NtiyfSf;F my;yJ
Cjpaj;jpy; tUlhe;jpu Cjpa cau;T my;yJ gjtp cau;T my;yJ
gapw;rpf;fhd Njitg;ghLfis mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ Nghd;w tpUk;gpa
Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; rupahd Neuj;jpy;>
jpwe;j epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j kjpg;gPl;L Kiw epahakhdjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt mJ jdpg;gl;l CopaUf;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;Fk;
gadspf;Fk;. ,e;j mikg;G> kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; gpw Jiz
mikg;GfSld; NghJkhd kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ,izf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
(ix) jfty; kjpg;gPL Neu;fhzy;

kjpg;gPl;bw;F gpwF> CopaUld; xU Neu;fhzy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. gzpahsu;fs; gzpahw;Wk; f\;lq;fis mwpaTk;>
mtu;fspd; gapw;rp Njitfis milahsk; fhzTk; fUj;Jf;fis
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;lhsu; Neu;fhzypy; xU rpf;fy; jPu;f;Fk;
mZFKiwia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;j
MNyhrid toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
(x) fhytupir tpku;rdk;

mikg;G jdJ ,yf;Ffis G+u;j;jp nra;tij cWjp nra;a mt;tg;NghJ
kjpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; epWtg;gl;l Gwepiy juq;fis tpl
mfepiy msTNfhy;fs; NkYk; rpwg;ghf khwyhk; vd;w mghak;
kl;Lk; ,y;iy. tpjpfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfspd; xU fLikapy; ,e;j
mikg;G fLikahf khwf;$Lk; vd;gjw;F ,d;Dk; Mgj;J cs;sJ.

(xi) gopthq;Fk; jd;ik ,y;iy nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fk; my;yJ me;j tp\aj;jpw;fhd

mikg;gpd; nray;jpwd;> mikg;G uPjpahd nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;JtJ
kw;Wk; epWtd Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;WtJ kw;Wk; cgj;jputk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nra;a Ntz;lhk; vd;W mikg;Gfspd; jiyikapy; cs;s epu;thfpfs;
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mikg;gpd; Copau;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsu;fspd; capu;ehb kdpj tsk; MFk;.
9.2.4 nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd topKiwfs; my;yJ El;gq;fs;

gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjd; %yk; gy;NtW nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; my;yJ El;gq;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j Kiwfs;
epu;thfj;jpd; nray;jpwDf;fhd juq;fis vt;thW epWtyhk; kw;Wk;
nray;jpwid mstpLtjw;Fk; kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fkhd top Kiwfis
cUthf;f KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;F Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ.
Copau;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd Kl;lhs;jdkhd Mjhu
Kiw ,y;iy. xt;nthU KiwapYk; rpy ed;ikfs; ,Ue;jhYk;> rpy
FiwghLfSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Kiwfs; gutyhf ghuk;gupaKk;
etPd KiwfshfTk; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ghuk;gupa Kiwfs;
,e;j Kiwfs; mwpT> jpwd;> jPu;g;G> Kd;Kaw;rp> kdg;ghd;ik> tpRthrk;
kw;Wk; jiyik Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;l
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd gioa topKiwfshFk;. gpd;tUgit
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd ghuk;gupa Kiwfs; MFk;.
(i) fl;likg;G ,y;yhj kjpg;gPl;L Kiw

,e;j Kiwapd; fPo; kjpg;gPl;lhsuhf cs;s gzpahsiug; gw;wpa mtuJ
mgpkhd kjpg;gPLfis xU fl;likg;gw;w Kiwapy; tptupf;fTk;. ,J
xU vspa Kiw nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL. kjpg;gPl;lhsu; mtuJ fUj;Jfis
Fwpg;ghf Fzq;fs;> jpwd;fs;> mZFKiw> kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw gl;baypl Ntz;Lk;. ,J KiwahdJ
kpfTk; mfepiy jd;ikiaNa cUthf;FfpwJ.
(ii) Neuhd jutupir Kiw

,e;j El;gj;jpy;> kjpg;gPl;lhsu; xU Ntiyia mNj Ntiy nra;Ak;
midj;J Copau;fsplKk; xg;gPl;L mzpfis epakpg;ghu;. gzpahsu;fs;
xl;Lnkhj;j nray;jpwd; mbg;gilapy; kpf twpatu;fsplk; ,Ue;J
tpyfp ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ,e;j KiwahdJ kpfTk; Ml;Fiwg;G kw;Wk;
xU gzpahsupd; cz;ikahd kjpg;ig kjpg;gpLtjpy; Neu;ikaw;wjy;y.
(iii) ,ize;j xg;gPl;L Kiw

jutupir kjpg;gPL Kiwapd; fPo; jutupir kpfTk; ek;gfkhdJ
kw;Wk; vspjhfpwJ. ,e;j KiwahdJ vspa jutupir Kiwia

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpahFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; xU FOtpd;
gzpahsu;fs; xU Neuj;jpy; xd;NwhL xd;W xg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. A> B>
C> D kw;Wk; E Mfpa Ie;J gzpahsu;fisf; nfhz;l FO xd;W
,Ue;jhy; A ,d; nray;jpwd; xg;ghdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; nray;jpwd;
Fwpg;Gfs; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd KbT vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. mNj Nghy;> A ,d;
nray;jpwd; C> D> kw;Wk; E cld; xg;gplg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; xg;gPl;lstpy;
rpwe;j nray;jpwd; njhlu;ghd KbTfs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. xl;Lnkhj;j
nray;jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; xg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gpd;tUk;
R+j;jpuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba xg;gPL vz;zpf;if
gw;wp KbT nra;ayhk;:
N ( N 1)
N
,q;F N vd;gJ xg;gplg;gl Ntz;ba egu;fspd; vz;zpf;if.
,ul;il xg;gPL Kiw kpfTk; ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhFk;>
Mdhy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd Copau;fs; kjpg;gplg;gLk; NghJ
topKiw nghUj;jkhf ,y;iy.
(iv) kdpjd;-f;F-kdpjd; xg;gPL nra;Ak; Kiw

kdpjd;-f;F-kdpjd; xg;gPL Kiw> xU gzpahsupd; nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fsplkpUe;J mtu;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;tjd;
%yk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fspd; FO gzpahsu;
nray;jpwDf;F kjpg;gPL nra;tjpy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ. FOtpy; cs;s
xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk;> rupahd kjpg;gPLfisAk;> Fiwe;j> eLj;ju>
cau;epiy kw;Wk; cau;e;j gzpahsu;fis Copau;fSf;F toq;Ffpwhu;.
,e;j kjpg;gPLfs; gpd;du; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gzpahsUf;fhd kjpg;gPl;L
eilKiwia jPu;khdpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Kiwapd;
Kf;fpa gyd;> kjpg;gPLfs; Copau;fspd; cz;ikahd nray;jpwid
mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j El;gj;jpd; FiwghL
vd;dntd;why;> xt;nthU kjpg;gPl;lhsupd; kjpg;gPLk; epiyahdjhf
,Uf;f KbahJ. Vnddpy; xt;nthU kjpg;gPl;lhsUk; jdJ nrhe;j
mstplf;$ba msTNfhy;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; Copaupd;
nray;jpwid rupahf kjpg;gPL nra;tJ fbdk;.
(v) juk; gpupj;jy; Kiw

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;bd; ,e;j El;gj;jpd; fPo; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy
tiffs; Kd;$l;bNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit ftdj;Jld;
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
tiffspy; gpd;tUtd mlq;Fk;.
juk; ‘A’ Kjd;ikahd
juk; ‘B’ kpf ed;W
juk; ‘C’ eLj;jukhd
juk; ‘D’ Nkhrkhd Kjypad

,e;j juq;fs; mwpT> jPu;g;G> gFg;gha;T jpwd;> jiyikj;Jt nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
Fzq;fs;> Ra ntspg;ghL Nghd;w rpy Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l mk;rq;fis

mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit. gzpahsu;fspd; cz;ikahd nray;jpwd;
Nkw;fz;l juj;Jld; xg;gplg;gl;L> gzpahsu;fs; jq;fs; nray;jpwDf;fhf
NgRtjw;F juk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
(vi) tiugl kjpg;gPl;L msTNfhy;

xUNtis> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;bd; kpfTk; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Kiw tiugl kjpg;gPl;L msTNfhy; MFk;. Ntiy njhlu;ghd
Fzhjpraq;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiy mwpT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
Copau;fis kjpg;gpLgtu; kjpg;gplNtz;Lk;. kjpg;gPL mr;rplg;gl;l
gbtq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j gz;Gf;$Wfs; xU njhlu;r;rpahd
mstpy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,J jug;gLj;jg;gl;l> msT
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;ilf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j kjpg;ngz;fs; xt;nthU
Copaupd; kjpg;ig Fwpf;Fk; tifapy; ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(vii) fl;lha Nju;T Kiw

,e;j Kiw mnkupf;f uhZt tPuu;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjd; %yk;
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd;NghJ cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; mjpf
nray;jpwd;> kpjkhd my;yJ Fiwthd nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLfpd;wdu;
kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J jg;gpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. fl;lha Nju;T Kiwapd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;>
midj;J Copau;fSf;Fk; njhlu;r;rpahf cau; my;yJ Fiwe;j
kjpg;gPLfshfj; juNtz;ba xU kjpg;gPl;lhsu; Nghf;if rupnra;tJ
MFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; gy ,iz nrhw;nwhlu;fs; gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ.
,tw;wpy; ,uz;L> Neu;kiw kw;Wk; ,uz;L vjpu;kiwahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopyhspapd; ehd;F nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; vJ kpfr;rpwe;j
tpsf;fj;ij mspf;fpwJ vd;gij kjpg;gPl;lhsu; Fwpg;gpLtu;. cz;ikapy;>
mwpf;ifahdJ> kpfr; rpwe;j gzpahsUf;F ve;j mwpf;ifia
toq;FtJ vd;gij vspjpy; jPu;g;gspf;ff; $ba tifapy; cs;sJ.
kjpg;gPl;lhsu; xt;nthU FO mwpf;iffspypUe;Jk; (nghJthf ,uz;L)
Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy; cs;shu;. mwpf;iffs; gpd;tUkhW
,Uf;fyhk;:
(a) rpwe;j gzp mikg;ghsu;
(b) nkJthf goFgtu; %yk; nghWik fhz;gpj;jy;
(c) Neu;ikaw;w my;yJ tpRthrkw;w
(d) ftdkhf kw;Wk; tof;fkhd
(e) Ntiyia jtpu;f;fTk;
(f) fbd ciog;G
(g) rf gzpahsu;fSld; $l;LwT
(h) gzpapy; Mu;tk; vLg;gjpy;iy

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL Nkw;fz;l $w;Wfspy;> rhjfkhd mwpf;iffs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd>
kw;Wk; rhjfkw;w mwpf;iffs; G+[;[pak; vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j
Kiwapd; fPo; kjpg;gPlhsu; vd;w mfepiy rpwpjhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; (viii) rupghu;g;Gg; gl;bay;

xU rupghu;g;Gg; gl;bay; mjd; vspa tbtj;jpy;> gzpahsiug; gw;wpAk;
mtuJ elj;ij gw;wpAk; xU Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; my;yJ tpsf;fkhd
mwpf;iffis Fwpf;fpwJ. xU Copaupd; elj;ij xt;nthU $w;wpw;Fk;
Neu;kiwahf my;yJ vjpu;kiwahf cs;sjh vd;gijf; Fwpf;f
kjpg;gPl;lhsiu Nrhjpf;fpwJ. xU Copaupd; nray;ghL Neu; Nrhjidapd;
vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. rupghu;g;Gg; gl;baypy;
cs;s rpy khjpupf; Nfs;tpfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
••gzpahsu; Ntiyapy; xOq;fhf ,Uf;fpwhuh? Mk;/,y;iy
••gzpahsu; jd; fPo;g;gzpahsu;fshy; kjpf;fg;gLgtu;
my;yth?Mk; /,y;iy
••gzpahsu; vg;NghJk; jdJ rf gzpahsUf;F cjt
tpUk;Gthuh?Mk; /,y;iy
••gzpahsu; nray;Fwpg;Gfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpwhuh? Mk; /,y;iy
••gzpahsu; rhjdj;ij xOq;fpy; itj;jpUf;fpwhuh?Mk; /,y;iy
,e;j Kiwf;F vjpu;g;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) xU ey;y rupghu;g;G gl;baiy cUthf;FtJ kpfTk; fbdk;.
(b) xt;nthU gzpf;fhd jdpj;jdp rupghu;gG ; g; gl;bay; Njit Vnddpy;
xU rupghu;gG
; g; gl;baypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mwpf;iffs; xU tifia
kjpg;gpLtjw;F kw;nwhU rupghu;gG ; g; gl;baypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(ix) vilapl;l rupghu;g;Gg; gl;bay;

rupghu;g;Gg; gl;bay; gzpahsu;fspd; gzp rhu;e;j elj;ij njhlu;ghd
kjpg;gPl;lhsu; mwpf;iffis toq;FfpwJ. xt;nthU mwpf;iff;Fk; rk
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> vilr; rupghu;g;Gg; gl;baypd;
fPo;> epWtdj;jpd; nray;jpwj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nghUs;fs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf> vilf;fy; rupghu;g;Gg; gl;baypy;> vilfs;
ntt;NtW $w;Wfspy; mtw;wpd; njhlu;ghd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpf;f
xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(x) ,ytr fl;Liu Kiw

,k;Kiwapy; ve;j msT mZFKiwAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.
,J Copau;fspd; ntspg;gilahd kjpg;gPlhf cs;sJ. kjpg;gPl;lhsu;
Copaupd; nray;jpwidg; gw;wp mtu; vd;d epidf;fpwhu; vd;gij jdJ
nrhe;j thu;j;ijfspy; tptupf;fpwhu;. gzpahsu; gw;wpa fl;Liuia
jahupf;Fk; NghJ kjpg;gPl;lhsu; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfis fUJfpwhu;:
(a) gzpahsu;fspd; Ntiy mwpTk;> Mw;wYk;.

(b)
epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
Kjypatw;wpy; gzpahsu;fis gzpaku;j;Jjy;.

(c) rf Copau;fs; kw;Wk; NkyjpfhupfSldhd cwTfs;
(d)
Copaupd; nghJthd jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jpwd;.
(e) nghJthf Copaupd; kdg;ghd;ikAk; fz;Nzhl;lq;fSk;.
tpsf;fk; Kbe;jtiu cz;ik kw;Wk; cWjpahdJ vd
vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpwJ. kjpg;gl
P l
; hsu; mtuJ jPug
; G
; fspy; xt;nthUtupd;
cjhuzq;fisAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy;> xU fl;Liuapy; gzpahsiug;
gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngw KbAk;.
(xi) neUf;fbahd rk;gtq;fs; Kiw

,e;j Kiwapd; fPo>; Ntiyapd; nray;jpwdpd;NghJ epfOk; rpy epfo;Tfspd;
mbg;gilapy; njhopyhspapd; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ (mjhtJ>
Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L kjpg;gL P nra;ag;gLfpwJ).
,e;j neUf;fbahd rk;gtq;fs; my;yJ epfo;Tfs;> gzpapy; ,Uf;Fk;
gzpahsu;fspd; Nkhrkhd my;yJ elj;ij gw;wpa Fwpg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
kjpg;gl
P l
; hsu; xt;nthU CopauplKk; gjpNtLfisg; guhkupj;J tUfpwhu;.
mjd; %yk; mtu; mt;tg;NghJ njhopyhsu;fspd; elj;ij njhlu;ghd
neUf;fbahd rk;gtq;fis gjpT nra;fpwhu;. jukjpg;gl P L
; fhyj;jpd;
Kbtpy;> ,e;j gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fs; njhopyhsu;fspd;
nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLjypd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tpku;rd
epfo;T Kiw vd;gJ elj;ij/nray;jpwd; gw;wpa cz;ikahd
gjpTfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L jukjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ vd njsptw;w
gjpTfs; kw;Wk; nghJthd fUj;Jf;fis jtpu;ff ; cjTfpwJ. cz;ik
epfo;Tfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; gpd;D}l;lq;fs; Nkk;ghLfis mDkjpf;FkhW
CopaUld; tpthjpf;fyhk;. kjpg;glP l
; hsu; jdJ gjptpd; mbg;gilapy;
jdJ kjpg;gL P fis KOikahfg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
(xii) fs kPsha;T Kiw

,e;j Kiwapy;> kdpj ts ty;Yeu; xUtu;> jq;fs; Jizg; gzpahsiu
kjpg;gpLtjw;F xU epGzupd; Neu;Kf Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Mthu;.
Neu;fhziy fhz;gtu; Nfl;fNtz;ba Nfs;tpfis Kd;djhfNt
jahu; nra;fpwhu;. ,e;jf; Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpyspg;gjd; %yk;> jdJ
fPo;g;gzpahsu;> mtu;fspd; gzp Kd;Ndw;wk;> mtuJ gyk; kw;Wk;
gytPdq;fs;> gjtp cau;T tha;g;G Nghd;w nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J
xU Nkw;ghu;itahsu; jdJ fUj;Jfis toq;Ffpwhu;. kjpg;gPl;lhsu;
gjpy;fs; gw;wpa tpupthd Fwpg;Gfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. mjd;
gpwF rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nkw;ghu;itahsuhy; xg;Gjy; ngwg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;Gjy; mspj;Js;shu;. gpd;du; mit
Copaupd; gzpahsu; Nritapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
xU epGzu; kjpg;gl
P L
; nray;Kiwia ifahs;tjhy;>
Nkw;ghu;itahsUld; fye;jhNyhrpj;j gpd;du;> kjpg;gL
P fs; kpfTk;

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;ej
; it. vdpDk;> kdpj ts ty;Ydu;fspd; gad;ghL
,e;j mZFKiwia gy epWtdq;fSf;F nryT nra;J> eilKiwf;F
rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; (xiii) ufrpa mwpf;if

cldb Nkw;ghu;itahsupd; xU ,ufrpakhd mwpf;if> ,d;dKk;
fPo;g;gzpahsu; gjtp cau;T my;yJ ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F xU Kf;fpa
fhuzpahf cs;sJ. ngUk;ghyhd muR mikg;Gfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
ghuk;gupa tbtpyhd kjpg;gPlhf ,J cs;sJ. ,J nghJthf xt;nthU
Mz;bd; ,WjpapYk; Copaupd; cldb Nkyjpfhupapd; %yk; mwpf;if
jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mwpf;if mbkl;l kf;fspd; typikfis>
gytPdq;fis ntspr;rk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,k;Kiwapy; cs;s
jPikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) ,jpy; gy mfg; gjpTfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;sJ Vnddpy; kjpg;gPl;lhdJ
juit tpl gjpTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(ii) gzpahsUf;F ghuhl;lg; gLk; gpd;D}l;lk; vJTk; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
vdNt mjd; ek;gfj;jd;ik kpfTk; FiwT.
(iii) ,e;j Kiw Copaupd; tsu;r;rpia tpl kjpg;gpLtjd; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ. ntspg;gilahd Copau; jdJ gytPdq;fisAk;>
mtu;fis kPl;gjw;fhd tha;g;GfisAk; mwpthu;.
rkPg Mz;Lfspy;> ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fq;fspd;
mOj;jk; fhuzkhf> xU vjpu;kiw ,ufrpa mwpf;ifapd; tptuq;fs;
kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
(xiv) fl;lha tpepNahf Kiw

kjpg;gPl;bd; jtWfspy; xd;W> kjpg;gpof;F; xU jukjpg;gPl;L msTNfhypd;
xU cau;e;j Gs;spia Rw;wp Vuhskhd Copau;fis njhFf;Fk;.
jukjpg;G msTNfhypd; midj;J Gs;spfSf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjq;fis
tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhf ,e;j gpur;rpidia flf;f Ntz;ba fl;lha tpepNahf
Kiw Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. fl;lha Nju;T Kiwapd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;
midj;J Copau;fSf;Fk; njhlu;r;rpahf cau; my;yJ Fiwe;j
kjpg;gPLfshfj; juNtz;ba xU kjpg;gPl;lhsu; Nghf;if rupnra;tJ
MFk;. gzpahsupd; nray;jpwd; kl;lk; xU rhjhuz Gs;sptptu
tpepNahfj;jpy; cs;sJ vd;w mDkhdj;jpd; fPo; fl;lha tpepNahf
Kiw ,aq;FfpwJ. nghJthf> gzpahsu; nray;jpwd; msTfs; xU
kzp tbt tisTf;F ,irthf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
fl;lha tpepNahf Kiwapd; ngUk; gytPdq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) Copau; nray;jpwd; epiyfs; vg;nghOJk; rhjhuz tpepNahfj;jpw;F
nghUe;Jtjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
(b)
cWg;gpdu;fs; mjpf jpwd; cilatu;fshf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
Fwpg;ghf tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk; KiwahdJ kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; kw;Wk;
tpfpjq;fSf;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.

(c) fl;lha Nju;T Kiw gapw;rp Copau;fSf;F gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;fhJ nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
Vnddpy; kjpg;gPl;lhsu; njhopyhsiu vg;gb kjpg;gpLfpwhu; vd;W

njupahJ.
II. etPd Kiwfs; Fwpg;Gfs;

etPd Kiwfs; ghuk;gupa Kiwfisg; gw;wpa Kd;Ndw;wkhFk;. etPd
Kiwfs; vd;gJ gioa Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J FiwghLfis ePf;Fk;
Kaw;rpahFk;. ,it fPNo tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
(i) elj;ij uPjpahf njhFf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;L msTfs; (BARS)

xU Ntiyapd; nray;jpwd; kpFe;j gFjpfis milahsk; fhZk;
tifapy; ,J tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Kiwapd; fPo; elj;ij
uPjpahf njhFf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPLfs; mstPLfs;> KbTfis ngWtjw;fhd
nray;jpwd; kpf;f nray;jpwd; tha;e;j nray;ghLfis mq;fPfupf;Fk;
tifapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Ntiy nra;Ak;NghJ Copaupd;
elj;ijia mDrupj;Jr; nry;y kjpg;gPL Njitg;gLfpwJ. gpd;du; mtu;
,e;j elj;ij Nehf;fha;Tfis elj;ij uPjpahf njhFj;J jutupirg;
gbfSld; xg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;j Kiw kpfTk; nry;Ygbahff;$ba
kw;Wk; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;bYk; gpiofis Fiwj;jjhy;
ek;gfkhd tpisTfis nfhLf;Fk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J
mstplKbahj elj;ijia milahsk; fhz;fpwJ. vdNt ,J NkYk;
mwptpay;G+u;tkhf cs;sJ.
gpd;tUk; BARS Kiwapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
(a) kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;ba gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwd; gFjpfs;>
msTNfhy;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; egu;fshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L
tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(b) nray;jpwd; Fwpg;gpl;l msTfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
cz;ikahd Ntiy elj;ij tpsf;fq;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(c)
Ma;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba nray;jpwd; nfhz;l midj;J
mk;rq;fSk;> cw;WNehf;fp nry;Yk; elj;ijia mbg;gilahf
nfhz;lit> NkYk; ,e;j gzpf;F> BARS jdpg;gadhf;fg;gLtjhy;>
mit kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
(d) ,e;j msTNfhy;fs; Kd;Ndw;wg; gzpapy; jPtpukhf gq;F ngWk;
NghJ> mit ,Wjpg; nghUSf;F kpfTk; mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
xU epWtdj;jpd; gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk;
nghUl;L> BARS mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. jukjpg;G gpiofis flf;f
BARS cjTfpd;wd.
(ii) KbT rhu;e;j kjpg;gPL my;yJ MBO El;gk;

KbT rhu;e;j kjpg;gPLfs; nghJthf Nkyjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; Jizg;
gzpahsu;fs; ,ize;J epWtg;gl;l cWjpahd nray;jpwd; ,yf;Ffis
mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL MBO f;fhd Kjd;ikahd cj;Ntfj;ij gPl;lu; l;uf;fu; (1954)
kw;Wk; lf;s]; nkf;upnfu; (1960) MfpNahuhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. l;uf;fu;
Kjd; Kjyhf 1954 y; MBO ,d; Nkyhz;ikg; gapw;rp epWtdj;jpy;
tptupj;jhu;. epWtdj;jpy; cau; gjtpfspy; ,Ug;gtu;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis
Fwpg;Gfs; Mjupf;Fk; njspthd Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l Nkyhsu;fspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij l;uf;fu; Rl;bf; fhl;bdhu;. NkyjpfhupfSld;
xg;ge;jk; mile;j gpwF> Copau;fspd; nray;jpwd; ,yf;Ffis
Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> nray;jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhd rpf;fy;fs;
rpwpjhf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;W nkf;upnfu; thjpLfpwhu;. rhuhk;rj;jpy;
MBO jdJ gzpahsUld; xg;ge;jj;jpy; xU gzpahsupd; njspthf
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,yf;Ffis cs;slf;fpaJ. [hu;[; XbNahdp>
thyz;ild;> `k;gy;> kw;Wk; gyuhy; nfhz;L te;j Rj;jpfupg;G
epiyaq;fs; ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;il nrwpT+l;LtJld; mij xU kjpg;gPl;L
El;gkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;s nra;fpd;wd.
MBO nray;Kiw gpd;tUk; ehd;F gbepiyfis nfhz;Ls;sJ:
(a)
xt;nthU gzpahsUk; milaNtz;ba Nkyjpfhupfspd;
Nehf;fq;fis epiyehl;LtJ Kjy; gb. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fs;
epWtdj;jpy; cs;s xt;nthU Copaupd; nray;jpwid
kjpg;gpLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
(b)
gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL nray;jpwid
kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd juj;ij epu;zapj;jy; ,uz;lhtJ gb MFk;.
gzpahsu;fs; Ntiy nra;tjhy;> mtu;fspd; nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gplg;gl Ntz;ba juepiyfs; ed;F njupAk;.
(c) epWtdk; mikj;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld;> milag;gl;l Nehf;fq;fis
xg;gpLtJ %d;whtJ gbepiy MFk;. kjpg;gPl;lhsu; re;jpf;fhj
Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fis tptupf;fpwJ. ,e;j eltbf;if
epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;ba Njitia
jPu;khdpf;f cjTfpwJ.
(d)
epiwNtw;wg;glhj Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F Gjpa Af;jpfis
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,Wjp eltbf;if MFk;. ,e;j
gbapy;> ,yf;Ffis mikg;gjpy; Nkyjpfhupfs; kw;Wk;
Jizg;gzpahsu;fs; jPtpukhf gq;Nfw;gij cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
,e;j nray;Kiw Nkyhz;ikahd kw;Wk; fPo;epiy kl;lj;jpy;
kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. MBO MdJ rl;lrig tupj;
njhopyhsu;fSf;F Fiwe;jgl;r nefpo;Tj;jd;ik kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
nray;jpwd; juepiyfs; Vw;fdNt tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(iii) kjpg;gPl;L ika Kiw

1930 Mk; Mz;by; N[u;kd; ,uhZtj;jpy; ,e;j kjpg;gPL Kjd;Kjyhf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ,e;j mikg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpf
epWtdq;fs; Jtq;fpd. ,JNt nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;bd; xU El;gkhFk;.
cz;ikapy;> ,J xU Kiw> gy jdpegu;fspd; kjpg;gPL gy;NtW
El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW ty;Ydu;fshy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

,e;j mZFKiwapy;> gy;NtW JiwfspypUe;J tUk; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
jdpegu;fs;> ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W ehl;fs; nrytopf;f> xU jdpegiu

my;yJ FO epakpg;gpy; <LgLtJ> mtu;fs; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; NghJ
mtu;fs; ifahSk; jpwd; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; midj;J
gq;Nfw;ghsu;fspd; nray;jpwidf; fz;fhzpj;J tupirg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
ep&gpf;fg;gl;l jpwDld; mDgtkpf;f Nkyhsu;fs; kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fshf
gzpahw;Wfpwhu;fs;. ,e;j FO> gq;Ffs;> tzpf tpisahl;Lfs; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpfs; Nghd;w njhopy; El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;>
jdpj;jdpahf kw;Wk; $l;lhf midj;J gzpahsu;fisAk; kjpg;gPL
nra;fpd;wd. gjtp cau;Tf;fhd gzpahsu;fspd; jpwidj; jPu;khdpf;f
nghJthf kjpg;gPLfs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
,e;j Kiwapd; FiwghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) tpiythrp: epWtdq;fs;> kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;ba Copau;fspd;
gaz nryT kw;Wk; jq;Fkpl nryit nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>
xU epWtdj;jpd; gzpAk;> mtu;fs; Ntiyapy; ,Ue;J tpyfp
,Uf;Fk; fhyj;jpw;F mtjpg;gLfpwhu;fs;. NkYk;> epWtdq;fs;
kjpg;gPl;L ikaq;fis epWTtjpy; mjpf nryT nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(b) Copau;fspd; fUj;J: kj;jpa gzpahsu;fs;> jq;fsJ gzpj;jpwid
tpl rKjha jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd; MSik Nghd;w
mfepiy $Wfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
(c) xU gzpahsiu jug;gLj;jy;: xU CopaUf;fhd vjpu;kiw mwpf;if
xU Copaiu ghjpf;fyhk;. ,J Cf;Ftpf;fg;glhj xU Copaupd;
elj;ij kw;Wk; Ntiyapy; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
(d)
MNuhf;fpakw;w Nghl;bia Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ: ,J kjpg;gplg;gLk;
Copau;fs; kj;jpapy; tYthd kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpakw;w Nghl;bia
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
(e)
kj;jpa murpd; KbTfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy;:
,k;Kiw FWfpa fhy mbg;gilapy; Copau;fspd; jPu;g;ig
mbg;gilahf nfhz;l kj;jpa murpd; Kbitg; gw;wp mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpwJ.
(iv) kdpj ts fzf;fpay; Kiw

kdpj tsq;fs; ve;j xU epWtdj;jpd; kjpg;Gkpf;f nrhj;jhFk;.
,e;j nrhj;ij gzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gplyhk;. jpwikahd>
ed;F gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;l gzpahsu;fs; xU epWtdj;ij tpl;L
ntspNaWk;NghJ> kdpj nrhj;Jk; Fiwe;J> vjpu;khwhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
kdpj ts fzf;fpay;> epWtdj;jpw;F kdpj tsj;jpd; nryitAk;>
gq;fspg;igAk; tpsf;FfpwJ. gzpahsupd; nrytpy; kdpj Mw;wy;>
jpl;lkply;> Ml;Nru;g;G> njupT> J}z;ly;> Ntiy tha;g;G> gapw;rp>
mgptpUj;jp> rk;gsk; kw;Wk; rYiffs; Nghd;w nryTfs; mlq;Fk;.
Copau; gq;fspg;G vd;gJ gzpahsu; Nritapd; gz kjpg;ghFk;> ,J
kdpj tsj;jpdhy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; ciog;gpd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; my;yJ

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL kjpg;gpdhy; mstplg;glyhk;. nrytpdj;jpw;Fk;> gq;fspg;Gf;Fk; cs;s
tpj;jpahrk; gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid gpujpgypf;Fk;.
kdpj ts fzf;fpay; topKiw ,d;Dk; khWepiy epiyapNyNa
cs;sJ. Copau; mspj;j gq;fspg;ig ntspaPl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
Fwpg;Gfs; mstpl KbAk;.
xU gzpahsUf;F Vw;gLk; nryT> ,ij tpl mjpfkhf nra;ag;gLk;
gq;fspg;ig tpl mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy;> Fiwe;j nray;jpwDf;fhd
fhuzq;fis fz;lwptjpy; xU FwpaPlhFk;. gq;fspg;ghdJ ,jw;F
mjpfkhd nrytpw;F my;yJ mjw;F rkkhf ,Ue;jhy;> vjpu;fhy
Fwpg;Gf;F kWMa;T Njit.
kdpj ts fzf;fpay; Kiwfspd; fPo; cs;s gy;NtW El;gq;fs;:
••jFjp Ma;T rhu;e;j kjpg;gPLfs;
••Kiwaw;w xU kPsha;T fye;Jiuahly;
••MNyhrid $l;lk;
••Ntiy gw;wpa ftdpg;G
••jpwik-my;yJ Ntiy njhlu;ghd gupNrhjidfs;
••,uz;lhk; kjpg;gPL (jw;fhypf gzpapl khw;wk; my;yJ ,lkhw;wk;)
••jdpegUld; njhlu;G itj;jpUf;Fk; kw;wtu;fspd; fUj;ij Ma;T
nra;jy;
••tiutpay; (ifnaOj;J gFg;gha;T)
,e;j EZf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gilait.
xU Nkyhsu;> ,it midj;ijAk; gw;wpa vOj;Jg; G+u;tkhd gjpit
tUq;fhy Fwpg;Gf;fhf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(v) cstpay; uPjpahd kjpg;gPLfs;

gzpahsupd; Mw;wiy kjpg;gpLtjw;F cstpay; uPjpahd kjpg;gPL
elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ngupa epWtdq;fs; KO Neu cstpayhsiu>
Copau;fspd; vjpu;fhy nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjw;F Nru;g;git.
cstpay; uPjpahd kjpg;gPLfspd; Mo;e;j Neu;fhzy;> nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPL cstpay; gupNrhjid> kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fSld;
fye;Jiuahly; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. Copau;fspd; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis
kjpg;gpLtjw;fhf cstpay; uPjpahd kjpg;gPL elj;jg;gLfpwJ:
••mwpTrhu; jpwikfs;
••czu;r;rp epiyj;jd;ik
••epahag;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T jpwd;
••fyfyg;G
••tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; jPu;g;G jpwd;fs;
••Cf;f%l;Lk; gjpy;fs;
••vjpu;fhyj;ij Kd;dwptpg;gjw;fhd jpwd;

xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiy njhlq;Ftjw;F Copau;fspd; nray;jpwid nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
kjpg;gpLtjw;F my;yJ cyfstpy; midj;J gzpahsu;fspd; vjpu;fhy

Mw;wiy kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk; cstpay; kjpg;gPL nra;ayhk;. gzpahsu;
Ntiy tha;g;G> tho;f;ifj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; gapw;rp
gw;wp KbntLg;gjw;F cstpay; kjpg;gPL KbTfs; gaDs;sjhf Fwpg;Gfs;
cs;sd.
(vi) ju kjpg;gPL 360

Copau;fs; jq;fs; KjyhspfsplkpUe;Jk;> rf Copau;fsplkpUe;Jk;>
thbf;ifahsu;fsplkpUe;Jk;> mtu;fsJ nrhe;j
Jiztu;fsplkpUe;Jk; jq;fs; nray;jpwidg; ngWk; kjpg;gPl;il
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhd xU topKiwahFk;. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL ,e;j
tbtk; Nkyhsu;fSf;F kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;> Vnddpy;
,J nghJthf ghuk;gupa kjpg;gPl;ilf; fhl;bYk; nray;jpwd; rhu;e;j
fUj;Jf;fis gue;j mstpy; toq;FfpwJ. ,e;j Kiw jdpegu;fs;
jq;fs; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ>
vdNt mtu;fs; jq;fs; jdpg;gl;l jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.
,J Copau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F ,ilNa
njhlu;ig mjpfupf;fpwJ> thbf;ifahsu;fs; mtw;iwg; gw;wp vd;d
epidf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij mtu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. vdNt>
Copau;fspd; jdpg;gl;l jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjpf
thbf;ifahsu; jpUg;jp msit miltjw;Fk; ,J xU jpwikahd
KiwahFk;.
,e;j Kiwapd; FiwghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) FO cWg;gpdu; gzpahsUld; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; gpur;ridfis
Vw;gLj;jyhk;> ,jdhy; mtu; Neu;ikahd KbT vLf;fKbahky;
Nghfyhk;.
(b)
nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtJ> Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; jahupj;jy;
kw;Wk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jftiy gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; FOitj;
Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; mjpf Neuk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
kjpg;gPl;il gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;L mikg;G nray;jpwd; kjpg;ig mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ> kjpg;gPl;lhsupd; jutupir kjpg;gPL my;yJ kjpg;gPLfspd;
mbg;gilapy; nra;ag;gLk;. midj;J epWtdq;fSk; rk;gs mjpfupg;G>
gapw;rp Njitfis epu;zapj;jy;> gzpahsu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy; my;yJ
vjpu;fhy gzpahsu;fspd; KbTfSf;F mbg;gilia cUthf;Fjy;
Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;il gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd rpwe;j mZFKiw> kjpg;gPl;lhsu;
jdpg;gl;l rhu;G kw;Wk; ghugl;rq;fisg; ngwhky; ,Ug;gJ. ,J
xU kjpg;gPl;lhsu; Nehf;fj;jpd; NghJ> mJ epWtd ,yf;Ffis
rhjfkhf jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; kjpg;gPl;lhsupd; rhj;jpakhd nraypog;G
elj;ijia Fiwf;fpwJ. vy;yh kjpg;gPLfisAk; jPu;khdpj;jy; kw;Wk;

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL jPu;g;Gfis mspj;jy; Mfpait> vg;NghJk; epahakhf ,Uf;fhJ>
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F gy;NtW cj;jpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
gaDs;s xU kjpg;gPl;L mikg;G gpd;tUk; mj;jpahtrpa gz;Gfis
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;:
Fwpg;Gfs;
(i) ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nry;Ygb
kjpg;gPl;L mikg;G rl;lg;G+u;t rthy;fspy; $l epWtdj;ij ghJfhf;fg;
gad;gLk; epiyahd ek;gfkhd kw;Wk; nry;YgbahFk; jfty; kw;Wk;
juit toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> xU gpioNaw;gLk; kjpg;gPl;L
Kiw fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. kjpg;gPLfspy; cs;s Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
nray;jpwd; Kiwapd; gaid ngUk;ghYk; jtwhd kjpg;gPLfshy;
tpistpf;fg;gLfpd;wd> mit epahakw;wit. ,uz;L kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs;
rkkhd jFjp cilatu;fshfTk; mNj kjpg;gPL El;gq;fs; cjtpAld;
xU Copaiu kjpg;gPL nra;a jFjpAilatu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jhy;>
mtw;wpd; kjpg;gPLfSf;F xUtUf;nfhUtu; cld;gl Ntz;Lk;.gpwF
,e;j El;gk;> gd;kjpg;gPl;lhsu; ek;gfj;jd;ik cs;s epiyikfis
jpUg;jpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
(ii) ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if

ntspg;gilahf tptfhuq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;> Copau;fspd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd MNyhridfis toq;fTk;> mikg;Gk;>
Copau;fSk; ed;ik mila Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd ek;gfj;jd;ik
kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifapd; tspkz;lyj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;.
(iii) cldb cau; kjpg;gPl;lhsu;

tpfpjq;fspd; cldb cau; kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fisj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;>
Mdhy; gzpahsu; jpizf;fsk; me;j mikg;ig fz;fhzpf;Fk;
nghWg;ig Vw;f KbAk;. Nkyjpfhup xU Copaupd; gyk; kw;Wk;
gytPdq;fis Muha;e;J> gytPdq;fis rupnra;tjw;F mtUf;F
mwpTiu toq;f Ntz;Lk;. (iv) tpiuthd kw;Wk; nghUspay;
kjpg;gPL nray;jpl;lk; Fiwthd Neuj;ijAk; Efu;Nthu;
KiwiaAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPL tbtq;fs;> eilKiwfs;>
El;gq;fs;> kjpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; gytw;iw epu;tfpj;jy;> juepiyahf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. xU kjpg;gPl;L jpl;lk; mjpfgl;r Mjhaj;ij nfhz;L tu
Ntz;Lk;.
(v) jpwe;j jfty; njhlu;G

kjpg;gPLfspd; KbTfs;> Fwpg;ghf vjpu;kiwahdit> Copau;fSf;F
cldbahfj; njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,jdhy; mtu;fs; nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;ayhk;. xU ey;y kjpg;gPl;L Kiw njhlu;r;rpahd
mbg;gilapy; Njitahd fUj;Jf;fis toq;FfpwJ.,e;j kjpg;gPl;L
Neu;fhzy;fs; ,U jug;gpdUk; ,ilntspfisg; gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhf jq;fis jahu;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

(vi) gpe;ija kjpg;gPl;L Neu;fhzy; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
gzpahsu;fSf;F fUj;J njuptpf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; mikg;G Copau;fs;

Ntiy nra;Ak; rpf;fy;fis Gupe;Jnfhs;tjd; %yk; xU gapw;rpf;F
kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. jq;fs; kjpg;gPl;bd; KbTfis
Fwpg;Gfs;
kjpg;gha;T nra;a Copau;fis mDkjpg;gJ> ve;jtpjkhd gpiofs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk; vd;gijj; njuptpf;fpwJ. mtu;fs; kjpg;gPl;Lld;
Kuz;gl;lhy;> mit Kiwahd Nrdy;fs; %ykhf $l vjpu;f;fyhk;.
(vii) Ntiy njhlu;G

Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd MNyhridfs; gzpapd; Gwepiy cz;ikfis Nehf;fp
,af;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Jizg; gzpahsu;fSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J
vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd jpl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jdpeguhf
,Uf;Fk; xUtiu xUNghJk; Fiw $wf; $lhJ.
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd rpf;fy;fs;

nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd ve;jnthU KiwfSk; Kw;wpYk;
jtwhdit my;yJ ek;gfj;jd;ikaw;wit. xt;nthd;Wk; mjd; gyk;
kw;Wk; gytPdq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. xU Kw;wpYk; gpio nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPL kl;LNk xU rpwe;j khjpupahf ,Ug;gij mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;>
Gwepiy kjpg;gPl;il fzprkhf Fiwf;ff;$ba gy fhuzpfis
jdpikg;gLj;jyhk;. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;by; cs;s Kf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;:
(i) kjpg;gPl;L rhu;G

ngUk;ghyhd kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; jPu;g;Gfis cs;slf;fpaJ. nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPl;L nray;Kiw kw;Wk; cj;jpfs; mtuJ nrhe;j jdpg;gl;l
rhu;Gfs;> ghugl;rq;fs; kw;Wk; Fiwepiwfs; nfhz;l kjpg;gPl;lhsiu
rhu;e;jpUf;fpwJ. vy;yh kjpg;gPl;lu;fSk; jq;fs; fPo;g;gzpahsu;fis
XusT kjpg;gpLthu;fs; vd;W fUjpf; nfhs;tJ vspJ. kjpg;gPl;lhsu;
my;yJ kjpg;gPl;lhsupd; rhu;Gfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
(a)
fUiz kw;Wk; fLikahd gpio: kpfTk; fbdkhd
kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fis mstpl mjpf mstpyhd tpfpjq;fis
toq;Ftjd; %yk; fUiz gpiofs; Vw;gLfpd;wd> mNj
Neuj;jpy; fLikahd gpio msitf; Fiwf;fpd;wd. xt;nthU
kjpg;gPl;lhsUf;Fk; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; ve;j xU juepiyapYk;
nray;gLk; jd; nrhe;j kjpg;G mikg;G ,Ug;gjhy; ,J
epiyahf nray;gLfpwJ. rhjhuz my;yJ cz;ikahd

nray;jpwd; xU jdpg;gl;l ntspg;gLj;JjYld; njhlu;GilaJ>
rpy kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; cau; kw;Wk; kw;wtu;fis Fiwthff;
Fwpf;fpwhu;fs;. Kd;dhs; Neu;kiw jd;ik gpio kw;Wk; gpe;ija
vjpu;kiw gpio (fLikahd gpio) vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; jq;fs; kjpg;gPl;by; rhjfkhd nkd;ikahdtu;fs;
vdpy;> xU egupd; nray;jpwd; mjpfkhfptpLk;.,NjNghy;>
xU vjpu;kiw fLikahd gpioia nray;jpwd; Fiwj;J

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL kjpg;gpLfpwJ> jdpegUf;F Fiwthd kjpg;gPL nfhLf;fpwJ. xNu
egu; xU epWtdj;jpy; midj;J egu;fisAk; kjpg;gPL nra;jhy;>
ve;j gpur;ridAk; ,Uf;fhJ. xU gpio fhuzp ,Ug;gpDk;> mJ
vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ntt;NtW tifahd
Fwpg;Gfs; jtWfs; nra;Ak; ntt;NtW tifahd gpiofs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
,e;j f\;lk; vOfpwJ.
(b) xsptl;l gpio: ‘xsptl;l tpisT’ vd;gJ xU gz;G kPjhd
kjpg;gPl;il kw;wtu;fs; kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; kjpg;gPlhf
mDkjpf;Fk; Nghf;F MFk;. ngu;dhu;l;bd; kw;Wk; gPl;bapd;
fUj;Jg;gb> `hNyh tpisT vd;gJ ‘Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzpfspy;
mjpf my;yJ Fiwthd kjpg;gPl;bd; Njhw;wj;jhy; midj;J
fhuzpfspYk;
mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth
kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd Nghf;F’ MFk;. gz;Gfis mwptJ> jtwhd
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l vjpu;tpidfis <LgLj;Jk;
NghJ ,J vOfpwJ. xsptl;l tpisTfis Fiwg;gjw;fhd xU
top> midj;Jg; gzpahsu;fsplKk; kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F Kd;>
xNu gz;Gld; kjpg;gPL nra;tjhFk;.
(c)
ika Nghf;F gpio: ika Nghf;Fg; gpio vd;gJ> jPu;g;G
msTNfhypd;gb mjPj msTNfhy;fis gad;gLj;jhky; ,Uf;Fk;
Nghf;fpidf; Fwpf;fpwJ;ngUk;ghyhd tpfpjq;fs; kj;jpapy;
njhFf;fg;gLs;sd. ngu;dhu;bd; kw;Wk; gPl;b fUj;Jg;gb> ‘jPtpu
jutupirfis (,U jpirapy;) tPo;j;Jtjw;F ,ilNaahd
NtWghL tPo;r;rpapypUe;J tuk;ig tiuaWf;f ,ayhJ’ .ikag;
Nghf;Fg; gpiof;F ,lKs;s kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs;> midj;J
Copau;fSk; ruhrupiatpl njhlu;e;J kjpg;gpLgtu;fs; Mtu;.
mtu;fs; gzpf;F ghJfhg;ghd nfhs;ifia filg;gpbg;ghu;fs;>
Vnddpy; epu;thfj;jpw;fhd tpilapWg;G my;yJ Ntiyiag;
gw;wpa mwptpd; FiwghL> mtu; jdJ gzpapy; Fiwe;jJ
Mu;tk; fhl;batu;. ,e;j tifahd kjpg;gPL> Fwpg;ghf rk;gs
cau;TfSf;F jfty; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ> rpf;fy;fis
cUthf;Fk;.
(d) jdpg;gl;l ghugl;rk;: kjpg;gPl;lhsu; jdpg;gl;l ghugl;r nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPl;bd; Gwepiy jpwid ghjpf;fyhk;. kjpg;gPl;lhsu; xU gzpah-
siu tpUk;ghtpl;lhy;> mtu; mtiu Nkhrkhf kjpg;gpLfpwhu;.
(e)
kjpg;gPl;bd; tpisT: xU Nkhrkhd kjpg;gPL Copaupd;
vjpu;fhyj;ij Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; fhag;gLj;jf;$Lk; vd;W
kjpg;gpilahsu; mwpe;jpUe;jhy; (Fwpg;ghf gjtp cau;T my;yJ
rk;gs cau;Tf;fhd tha;g;Gfis) kjpg;gpLgtu; ajhu;j;jkhd
kjpg;gPl;il mspf;f jaq;fyhk;.
(f) kWguprPyid tpisT: kjpg;gPl;bd; NghJ gzpahsu;fspd; rkPgj;jpa
eltbf;iffisg; nghJthf epidtpy; itf;fpd;wd. rkPgj;jpy;
xU rhjfkhd eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> gzpahsUf;F
mjpf kjpg;gPL toq;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F khwhf> rkPgj;jpy; rhjfkw;w

eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; mtUf;F xU Nkhrkhd kjpg;gPL nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
toq;fg;gLk;.
(ii) tha;g;Gf; FiwghL

ntspaPl;bd; msT gzpahsu;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs;
fhuzpfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; NghJ ,J tpisfpwJ. rpy gzpahsu;fSf;F
rpwe;j gzp epiyikfs;> MjuT Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs;> mDgtk; tha;e;j
rf Copau;fs; kw;Wk; gyu; xNu khjpupahd gzpfisr; nra;tij tpl
mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
(iii) FO xUq;fpizg;G
cau; kd jsu;r;rp nfhz;l xj;jpirT FOf;fs; Fiwe;j kd
cWjpAld; Fiwthd xUq;fpize;j FOf;fis tpl mjpf cw;gj;jp
nra;a KbAk;.
(iv) fzpf;fg;gl;l rhu;ig mwpjy;

kjpg;gPl;lhsu; kPJ xU Copaupd; nray;ghL gw;wpa mwpT mtuJ
kjpg;gPLfspd; kPJ jhf;fj;ij nrYj;j KbAk;. Nju;Tg; gl;baypy;
Kjyplk; ngw;Ws;s xU Copau;> mtu; Copau;fspilNa rpwe;jtu;
vd;w vz;zj;ij tpl;Ltplyhk;> vdNt mtuJ nray;jpwd; kpjkhf
,Uf;Fk;NghJ kjpg;gPl;lhsu; mtiu ‘Cf;fkspj;J’ kjpg;gpLfpwhu;.
(v) xw;Wik gpio

kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; kw;wtu;fis kjpg;gpLk; mNj Neuj;jpy; kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs;
jq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;fpwhu;fs;> mtu;fs; xU xw;Wik gpio
nra;fpwhu;fs;.jq;fisNa kjpg;gpl;l kjpg;gPLfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L> kw;wtu;fs; kPJ me;j fUj;Jf;fis mtu;fs; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itf;fpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf> Mf;fpukpg;ghsuhf jd;id czUk;
kjpg;gPl;lhsu; kw;wtu;fis kjpg;gPL nra;ayhk;.
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfs;

(i) kjpg;gPl;L Kiwiaj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;
jw;NghJ fpilf;Fk; mstpyhd kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; %yk;> xU epWtdk;
mjd; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd rpwe;j mZFKiwiaj;
Nju;e;njLf;Fk; fbdkhd gzpia vjpu;nfhs;fpwJ.gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba
kjpg;gPl;L Kiwia Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Kd;> ,uz;L gFjpfis rpwg;G
ftdj;Jld; Muha Ntz;Lk;:
(a)
xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjpg;gPl;Lf; jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F
cjtyhk; my;yJ jLf;ff;$ba gy;NtW fhuzpfs; kw;Wk;
(b)
kjpg;gPl;L Kiwia gad;gLj;Jk; rpwg;G NtiyfSf;fhd
kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; jFjp.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL (ii) gy kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs;
kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; ‘vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ> Jy;ypakhd
jfty; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;G mjpfupf;fpwJ’. xU egUf;F gj;J
Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> xd;gJ mtiu rpwe;jtu;fshfTk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
xU FiwghLilatuhfTk; kjpg;gPL nra;jhy;> xU Nkhrkhd kjpg;gPl;bd;
kjpg;ig js;Sgb nra;a KbAk;. vdNt> gy kjpg;gPl;Lg; gyidg;
ngWtjw;fhf epWtdj;jpw;Fs;shf Copau;fis efu;j;jpdhy;> ehk;
NkYk; nry;YgbahFk; kw;Wk; ek;gfkhd kjpg;gPl;bid miltjw;fhd
epfo;jfT mjpfupf;fpwJ.
(iii) gapw;rp kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs;

ey;y kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fis ePq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;f Kbahtpl;lhy;> ey;y
kjpg;gPl;lhsiu cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fspd; gapw;rpahdJ
,d;Dk; Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fis cUthf;Ftjhf rhd;Wfis
fhl;Lfpd;wd.Nkyhsu;fis ftdpf;fyhk; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;
gapw;rpfs; cs;s gl;liwfspy; xsptl;l kw;Wk; fUiz mbg;gilapy;
Nghd;w nghJthd gpiofs; rpwpjhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd my;yJ
ePf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(iv) njhlUk; gpd;D}l;lq;fs;

Copau;fs; vg;gb nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;W njupe;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gthu;fs;.
ve;jnthU ntFkjp my;yJ jz;lid tpisTfSf;F Kd;
nray;jpwidg; gw;wp NgRtjw;F mbf;fb tha;g;Gfis toq;Ftjd;
%yk; gzpahsUf;F jpdrup mbg;gilapy; gzpGupAk; ,UtuJ
vjpu;ghu;g;GfisAk; Vkhw;wq;fisAk; Nkyhsu;fs; gfpu;e;jhy;> tUlhe;jpu
Kiwahd kWMa;T Neuj;jpy; Mr;rupaq;fs; VJkpy;iy.
(vi) rf kjpg;gPL
rf kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpa ed;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) xt;nthU njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; ,d;Dk; $Ljyhd Mf;fG+u;tkhd
Ez;zwpTfis toq;Ftjw;fhd xU Nghf;F cs;sJ> vdNt
xU myF vd> xt;nthd;Wk; Nkk;gLk; kw;Wk;
(b) rf gzpahsu;fSf;fhd gupe;Jiufs; Ntiy elj;ij rk;ge;jkhf
kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk;> rf kjpg;gPLfs;
rupahf nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf> me;j mikg;gpd;
R+oy; murpay; kw;Wk; gjtp cau;Tf;fhd Nghl;b Mfpait
Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(vii) gpe;ija kjpg;gPl;L Neu;fhzy;fs;

mtu;fs; vg;gb njhlu;G nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij Copau;fSf;F
njupag;gLj;jNtz;baJ mtrpak;. ,e;j Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;a
Nkyhsu;fs;> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;bd; KbTfis tpthjpg;gjw;F jq;fs;

Jizg; gzpahsu;fSld; re;jpg;ig jpl;lkpLtjw;fhf Neuk; vLj;Jf; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Copau;fs; mtu;fs; vg;gb gzp nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij

mwpa Ntz;Lk;> rpwe;j rhjidfis mq;fPfupj;J> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
,lk; vq;F cs;sJ vd;gJ gw;wp mwptpf;fg;gLk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
(viii) Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fSf;F ntFkjpfs;
kjpg;gpLgtu;fs;> jq;fs; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; njhopy; eyd;fspy;>
Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPl;Lf;fis elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kjpg;gpLk;
Nkyhsu;fs; czu Ntz;Lk;. jpwikahd kjpg;gPLfis nra;tjw;F
mtu;fs; jFjpaw;wtu;fs; vdpy;> Kjypy; nray;Kiwiaj; jtpu;g;gjw;F
Kaw;rp nra;tjd; %yk; vspjpy; toptFf;Fk;. mtu;fs; js;sg;gl;lhy;>
kjpg;gPl;Lf;fis epiwT nra;thu;fs;> Mdhy; ,it Neu;kiw kw;Wk;
Fiwe;j NtWghl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;glyhk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;.
Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; ntFkjp mspg;gJ
,e;j Xl;lj;ij mfw;Wk;.
KbTf;F nfhz;L tu nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPLfs; xt;nthU
epWtdj;jpd; xU xUq;fpize;j gFjpahFk; vd;W ehk; $wyhk;.
Kiwahd tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLjy;> nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPL xU epWtdkhdJ mjd; cw;gj;jp ,yf;Ffis mila
cjTtjd; %yk; mjd; ,yf;Ffis mila cjTfpwJ.

1. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPLfspy; midtUf;Fk; njhlu;G cs;sjh?
2. Gwepiy nray;jpwd; eltbf;iffs; vd;why; vd;d?
3. fl;likf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;L Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
4. kjpg;gPl;L ika Kiw vg;NghJ Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?

1.
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L
fl;rpfisahtJ cs;slf;fpaJ; kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; kjpg;gPl;lhsu;
kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;lhsuhf ahUila nray;jpwd; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
2.
Fwpf;Nfhs; nray;jpwd; eltbf;iffs; kw;w nray;fshy;
rupghu;f;fg;glyhk; kw;Wk; tof;fkhf mstPL nra;af;$ba Ntiy
nray;jpwd; gw;wpa mwpFwpfs; MFk;.
3. fl;likf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; fPo;> kjpg;gPl;Lf; fl;lg;glhj
Kiwapy; gzpahsu; gw;wpa mtuJ gjpTfis kjpg;gPL nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
4. kjpg;gPL ika Kiw> 1930-y; n[u;kd; uhZtj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyhf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
9.4 RUf;fk;
••ntz;ly; gpuQ;R $w;Wg;gb> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gL
P vd;gJ> ‘ve;j
mstpw;F Copau;fs;> epWtg;gl;l juq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;> me;j
Fwpg;Gfs; kjpg;gl
P b
; d; jfty; njhlu;G Copau;fSf;F vt;thW Ntiy
nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpa Kiwahd Kiwahd kjpg;gLP MFk;.’
••Ntiy rk;ge;jg;gl;l elj;ij kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd; jpwid
kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd xU Kiwahd kw;Wk; Gwepiy top.
••jdpg;gl;l Copau;fSld; fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk;> xU tup epu;thfp
mtu;fs; nra;tJ Vd; vd;W fz;lwpa KbAk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;j vd;d eltbf;iffs; vLf;f KbAk;.
••nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL epWtdj;jpy; jfty; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L
mikg;Gfspd; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.
••njhlu; eltbf;iffs; %yk; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL jpl;lkplg;gl;L>
cUthf;fg;gl;L nray;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
••,J Ntiy gFg;gha;T> Ntiy tptuk; kw;Wk; Ntiy
tptuf;Fwpg;Gld; njhlq;FfpwJ.
••kjpg;gPl;L Kiwikfs; nray;jpwd; mstplg;gLk; mstpw;F
vjpuhf tiuaiwfis toq;Ftjw;fhd nray;jpwd; juepiyfs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
••nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L fl;rpfshFk;; kjpg;gpid
kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; kjpg;gPl;lhsu; kw;Wk; mjd; kjpg;gPl;il kjpg;gpLk;
kjpg;gPl;lhsu;.
••gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjd; %yk; gy;NtW
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; my;yJ El;gq;fs; cs;sd.
••,e;j Kiwfs; epu;thfk; nray;jpwDf;fhd juq;fis vt;thW
epWtyhk; kw;Wk; nray;jpwid mstpLtjw;F kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL
nra;tjw;fhd topfis cUthf;f KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;F
Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ.
••jutupir kjpg;gPL Kiwapd; fPo; jutupir mjpf kpfTk;
ek;gfkhdJ kw;Wk; vspjhdJ. ,k;Kiw vspa jutupir
Kiwia Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpahFk;.
••xU rupghu;g;Gg; gl;bay; mjd; vspa tbtj;jpy;> gzpahsiug;
gw;wpAk; mtuJ elj;ij gw;wpAk; xU Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; my;yJ
tpsf;fkhd mwpf;iffis Fwpf;fpwJ.
••xU epWtdj;jpd; gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk;
nghUl;L> elj;ij uPjpahf njhFf;fg;gl;lkjpg;gPL msTfs
(BARS;) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
••KbT rhu;e;j kjpg;gPl;bd; mbg;gilapy;> nghJthf Nkyjpfhupfs;
kw;Wk; Jizg;gzpahsu;fs; ,ize;J Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jplkhd
nray;jpwd; ,yf;Ffis mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit.

••kdpj ts fzf;fpay;> epWtdj;jpw;F kdpj tsj;jpd; nry- nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
itAk;> gq;fspg;igAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

••gzpahsupd; nrytpy; kdpj Mw;wy;> jpl;lkply;> Ml;Nru;g;G>
njupT> J}z;ly;> Ntiy tha;g;G> gapw;rp> mgptpUj;jp> rk;gsk;
kw;Wk; rYiffs; Nghd;w nryTfs; mlq;Fk;. Fwpg;Gfs;

••kjpg;gPL: ,J VNjDk; juk;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; my;yJ kjpg;G my;yJ
,e;j jftiy cs;slf;fpa xU mwpf;ifia epahag;gLj;Jk;
nray;.
••gjtp cau;T: ,J epWtdj;jpy; xU Copau; epiyg;ghL
Kd;Ndw;wkhFk;.
••,og;gPL: ,J tzpfj;jpw;fhf mtu;fs; nra;Ak; gzpf;fhf xU
gzpahsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; nkhj;j gzKk; my;yhj gzkspf;Fk;
njhifAk; MFk;. ,J xU gzpahsupd; tof;fkhd rk;gs
Cjpaj;ijtpl mjpfkhFk;.
••epu;thfp: xU epWtdj;jpd; my;yJ tzpf epu;thf kw;Wk;
epu;thfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghdJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
2. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd gad;fs; ahit?
3. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd %d;W Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
4. rpWFwpg;G tiuf:
(a) ,ize;j xg;gPl;L Kiw
(b) juk; gpupj;jy; Kiw
(c) fl;lha topKiw
(d) gpw;Nghf;Fj;jdkhf njhFf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gl
P L
; msTfs; (BARS)
(e) cstpay; kjpg;gPLfs;
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd nray;Kiwapy; cs;s gbfs;
ahit? tpthjpf;f.
2. xU ey;y kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; mbg;gilf;$Wfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. ghuk;gupa topKiwfSf;Fk;> etPd nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fk;
,ilNa xg;gPl;L Ma;T tiuf.
4. gpe;ija kjpg;gPl;L gFg;gha;T gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpf;fTk;.

nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL 5.
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfis
kjpg;gpLf.
9.7 NkYk; gbf;f

Fwpg;Gfs;
ntq;fluhkd;> C.S. kw;Wk; B.K. ];uPt];jth. 1991. gzpahsu;
Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; kdpj tsk;. lhlh kf;uht; `py;.
Nahlu;> lhNy kw;Wk; gTy; D ];lhz;Nlhù;. 1990. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik
kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw njhlu;Gfs;. ];nlu;ypq; ntspaPLfs;.
nty;> ,ad; Ngu;L kw;Wk; nyd; N`hy;ld;. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik -
rkfhy Kd;Ndhf;F. Nkf;kpy;yd;.

myF 10 $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
mikg;G
10.2 $yp kw;Wk; Cjpa epu;thfk;
10.2.1 $yp kw;Wk; Cjpa epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
10.2.2 $yp Nfhl;ghLfs;
10.2.3 $yp epu;zak; Kiw
tpilfs;;
10.4 RUf;fk;
10.7 NkYk; gbf;f
10.0 Kd;Diu
,e;j myfpy;> $yp; kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;zaj;ijg; gw;wp ePq;fs;
mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;fs;. rupahd rk;gs kjpg;gPL xU xyp Cjpa fl;likg;ig
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mbj;jskhFk;. Ntiy kjpg;gPL NtnwhUtUf;F
xU Ntiyapd; kjpg;ig epu;zapf;Fk; tifapy; Ntiyfs; xU
Kiwahd kw;Wk; Kiwahd xg;gPL vd;whYk;> mJ ju;f;fuPjpahdJk;>
Xustpw;F> xUtUf;nfhUtu; njhlu;Gila Ntiytha;g;Gfspd; xU
Gwepiy KiwahFk;.
$yp; kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; rkkhd $yp;
kw;Wk; rk;gs mikg;ig epWTtJk; guhkupg;gJk; MFk;. mjd; ,uz;lhk;
epiy Nehf;fk; xU epahakhd njhopyhsu; nrytpd fl;likg;ig
epWTjy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy; MFk;> mjhtJ> Kuz;ghlhd gzpahsu;fs;
eyd;fspd; cfe;j rkepiy> Copau;fs; kw;Wk; Kjyhspfspd; jpUg;jp
mjpfg;gLj;jg;gl;L Nkhjy;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. $yp kw;Wk;
rk;gsk; epu;thfk; Njitfs;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; ntFkjpfisg;
gw;wpa epjp mk;rq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ.

,e;j myif gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;:
••$yp;; kw;Wk; Cjpa epu;thfk; Mfpatw;wpd; ,ay;G kw;Wk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;
••$ypfspd; Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;f KbAk;
••rk;gs epu;za Kiwfis tptupf;f KbAk;

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
10.2 $yp kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfk;:
$yp> rk;gs epu;thfj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••Ntiy kjpg;gPL
Fwpg;Gfs; ••$yp kw;Wk; rk;gsq;fs;> gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;
••njhlu;Gila epWtd rpf;fy;fs; gw;wpa gFg;gha;T
••Cjpa fl;likg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy;
••$ypia epu;tfpg;gjw;fhd tpjpfis epWTjy;
••$yp nrYj;Jjy;
••Cf;fj; njhif
••,yhg gfpu;T
••$ypapd; khw;wq;fs; - rupnra;jy;
••$Ljy; gzk;
••,og;gPL kw;Wk; gpw njhlu;Gila nghUl;fspd; fl;Lg;ghL
10.2.1 $yp kw;Wk; Cjpa epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

$yp kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; rkkhd $yp kw;Wk;
rk;gs mikg;ig epWTtJk; guhkupg;gJk; MFk;. mjd; ,uz;lhk; epiy
Nehf;fk;> xU rkj;Jtkhd ciog;gpd; nryT fl;likg;ig epWTtJk;
guhkupg;gJk; MFk;. mjhtJ, Kuz;gl;l gzpahsu;fspd; eyd;fis
rupahd Kiwapy; rkd;gLj;JtJ> gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiyaspg;Nghupd;
jpUg;jpia mjpfupf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wd. $yp kw;Wk;
rk;gs epu;thfk; Njitfs;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; ntFkjpfisg; gw;wpa
epjp mk;rq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ.
$yp kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd:
1. gzpahsu;fSf;fhf
••gzpahsu;fspd; Ntiy NjitfSf;F Vw;g toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
••(Cjpa tpfpjq;fs; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;l NghJ Vw;gLk;) MjuT
vd;gJ ngUksT Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••gzptupirfs; kw;Wk; gjtp cau;T njhlu;ghd thpirfs; ,it
nghUe;Jk; ,lq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
••xU $yp jpl;lj;ij tpsf;fp> cz;ikfis mbg;gilahf
itj;J> Copau;fspd; kd cWjpAk; Cf;fKk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
2. Nkyhsu;fSf;fhf
••mtu;fs; Kiwahf jpl;lkpl;L jq;fs; ciog;Gr; nryTfis
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.

••xU njhopw;rq;fj;Jld; ifahs;tjpy;> mtu;fs; Cjpaj; $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilia tpsf;f KbAk;> Vnddpy; mJ Ntiy

kw;Wk; Cjpa cz;ikfis Kiwahf gFg;gha;T nra;tjd;
mbg;gilapy; cs;sJ.
••$yp kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfk; $yp Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; kPJ cuha;T Fwpg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; FiwghLfspd; tha;g;Gfis Fiwf;fpwJ.
••xU gzpahsupd; kdTWjp kw;Wk; cs;Nehf;fj;ij ,J
Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ> Vnddpy; NghJkhd kw;Wk; epahakhd
epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; $yp mtuJ Njitfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
••midj;J NtiyfSf;Fk; NghJkhd gzk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk;
jFjpAs;s gzpahsu;fis ,J ftu;e;jpOf;fpwJ.
$ypia cWjpg;gLj;jYf;fhd nray;Kiw

$yp epu;za eilKiwfspy; cs;s gbfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••Ntiy gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
••$yp fzf;nfLg;Gfs;
••$yp fl;likg;ig cUthf;Ffpd;w njhlu;Gila epWtd
gpur;rpidfis gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
••Cjpa epu;thfj;jpd; tpjpfis tbtikj;jy;
••Copau;fSf;F ,ij tpsf;Fjy;
••xt;nthU Ntiyf;Fk; juk; kw;Wk; tpiy epu;zak; nra;tJ
kw;Wk; cj;juthjkhd Cjpaj;ij nrYj;Jjy;
glk; 10.1 Cjpa tpfpjq;fs; epu;zapg;gjpy; cs;s gbfis
tpsf;FfpwJ.
glk; 10.1 Cjpa tpfpjq;fs; epu;zapg;gjpy; cs;s gbfs;.


$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; $yp kw;Wk; rk;gs fl;likg;G kw;Wk; epu;thfj;ij ghjpf;Fk;
fhuzpfs;
gy;NtW mikg;Gfspd; Cjpa nfhs;iffs; XusT NtWgLfpd;wd.
Njitahd vz;zpf;ifAk;> ciog;Gk; Njitg;gLk; Fiwe;jgl;r
Fwpg;Gfs;
Cjpaj;ij <l;lj; Njitg;gLk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,e;j myFfs; njhopyhsu;
rl;lj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpa tpfpjq;fis kl;LNk
nrYj;Jfpd;wd kw;Wk; ,Wjpepiy ciog;ig Nru;g;gJk; MFk;. gpw
jPtpukhf> rpy myFfs; njhopyhsu; re;ijapy; nry;Yk; tpfpjj;ij
tpl mjpfkhFk;.
Ntiytha;g;G cs;slf;fq;fspy; NtWghLfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Cjpaq;fspy; epahakhd NtWghLfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
xU Ntiy kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ xU
Cjpaf; nfhs;if MFk;. jtpu> Ntiy tptuq;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiy
kjpg;gPL toq;fpa mbg;gil fhuzpfs;> $yp kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfk;
Mfpatw;wpw;F tof;fkhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lit gpd;tUkhW:
••epWtdj;jpy; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd jpwd;
••ciog;gpd; mspg;G kw;Wk; Njit
••jw;Nghija re;ij tpfpjk;
••tho;f;if nryT
••tho;f;if $yp
••cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;
••njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; Nguk; NgRk; rf;jp
••Ntiyf;F Njitahditfs;
••Nkyhz;ikahd mZFKiw
••cstpay; kw;Wk; r%ftpay; fhuzpfs;
$yp kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; Mfpatw;iw epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhd nghJthd
topfhl;Ljy;fs; cs;sd:
••Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd Cjpaj;jpy; cs;s NtWghLfs;> jpwik>
Kaw;rp> Ntiy my;yJ Ntiy epiyikfs;> kw;Wk; kd
kw;Wk; cly; Njitfs; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s NtWghLfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xU jpl;ltl;lkhd jpl;lk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
••Cjpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gsq;fspd; nghJthd epiy njhopyhsu;
re;ijapy; epyTk; R+oypy; epahakhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhopyhsu; re;ijapd; msTNfhy; kpfTk; nghJthf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
••,e;jj; jpl;ljpy; Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; Copau;fis ftdkhf
NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Ntiy xU Fwpg;gpl;l Cjpa

tpfpjj;ij nfhz;Lte;jhy;> me;j tpfpjj;jpy; mij epug;g xU $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
egu; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. tpjptpyf;Ffs; rpyNeuq;fspy; kpf mjpf

mstpyhd Ntiy tha;g;Gfspy; jdJ jpwik kw;Wk; gq;fspg;igg;
nghWj;J> ngupa my;yJ rpwpa tha;g;ig toq;fyhk;.
••rk Ntiyf;F rkkhd Cjpak;> mjhtJ> ,uz;L Ntiyfs; Fwpg;Gfs;
rkkhd rpf;fiyf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy;> Cjpak; vJthf
,Ue;jhYk;> ahu; mtw;iw nra;J Kbf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijf;
fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
••gq;fspg;Gfspy; jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfs; jpwd; kw;Wk;
mq;fPfhuj;jpw;fhf xU epahakhd eilKiw gpd;gw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. rpy myFfSf;F> ,J tpfpj tuk;Gfspd; tbtj;ij
vLf;fyhk;; kw;wjpy;> ,J Cjpa Cf;f jpl;lkhf ,Uf;fyhk;;
,d;Dk; gpw gFjpfspy;> mJ neUf;fkhf xUq;fpize;j Ntiy
Kd;Ndw;w tupirfs; tbtpy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
••Cjpag; Gfhu;fisf; Nfl;L> rupnra;tjw;F xU njspthd
eilKiw ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ ,Ue;jhy; tof;fkhd Fiw
jPu;f;Fk; eilKiwAld; ,J xUq;fpizf;fg;glyhk;.
••gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fj;jpdu;> xUtu; ,Ue;jhy;> Cjpa
tpfpjq;fis epWTtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; topKiwfs; Fwpj;J
njupag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU CopaUf;Fk; mtutu; epiy>
$yp kw;Wk; rk;gsf; fl;likg;G Fwpj;J njupag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
rk;gs tptfhuq;fspy; ,ufrpaj;ij mu;g;gzpg;G kw;Wk; epahakw;w
Cjpaj; jpl;lj;ij %bkiwf;f gad;gLj;jg;glf;$lhJ.
••njhopyhsp kw;Wk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdUf;F epahakhd
tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j Cjpak; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l
epiyikfSf;F vjpuhf mtu;fis ghJfhf;f cj;juthjkhd
Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpaj;ij ngwNtz;Lk;.
••njhopyhsp kw;Wk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdUf;F epahakhd
tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j Cjpak; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l
epiyikfSf;F vjpuhf mtu;fis ghJfhf;f cj;juthjkhd
Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpaj;ij ngwNtz;Lk;. $yp kw;Wk; rk;gsf;
fl;likg;G nefpo;thf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> vdNt khwptUk;
epiyikfis vspjhf vjpu;nfhs;s KbAk;.
••gzpahsu;fspd; epYitj; njhiffs; kw;Wk; rupahd gzk;
nrYj;Jjy; cWjp nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••$ypia jpUj;jpaikg;gjw;fhf> xU Cjpaf; FO jdpg;gl;l
jPu;g;Gf;F vg;NghJk; Kd;Dupik mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••$yp kw;Wk; rk;gsf; nfhLg;gdTfs;> gyjug;gl;l kdpjj;
NjitfisAk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. gzk; vd;gJ kl;LNk
KOikahd Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;F Cf;fkspf;Fk; tbtk;> ,J

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; gutyhf rhj;jpakhd tuk;Gfis KiwapLk;…gzkjpg;gPL
ngUk;ghYk; gpw Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; Cf;fj;njhifahf
nray;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 10.2.2 $yp Nfhl;ghLfs;:

ntt;NtW njhopy;fspy; gy;NtW tifahd $yp Kiwfs; cs;sd.
fl;lz tpfpjj;jpy; cs;s gzk; cl;gl> KbTfshy; Neuk; my;yJ
gzk; nrYj;Jtjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
Cjpaq;fs; jdpg;gl;l Nguk;> $l;L Nguk; my;yJ nghJ my;yJ
khepy fl;Lg;ghLfspd; tpisthf Kf;fpakhf rup nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
$yp vd;gJ gy Nfhl;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;L epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
Nfhl;ghLfspd; Kf;fpa $Wfs; gpd;tUkhW njhFf;fg;glyhk;:
1. Jizf;FO Nfhl;ghL
‘$ypapd; ,Uk;G tpjp’ vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,f;Nfhl;ghL Nltpl; upfhu;Nlh
(1772–1823) My; ce;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfhl;ghL (1817) ‘njhopyhsu;fs;
xU njhif mjpfupg;Ngh my;yJ FiwNth ,y;yhky; ,dj;ijg;
ngUf;fTk;> mtw;iw epue;jug;gLj;jTk; cjTk;’ vd;W $WfpwJ.
njhopyhsu;fs; tho;Tr; rk;gsj;ijtpl mjpfkhf Cjpak; ngw;why;>
mtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk; vd;Wk;> ,J $yp tpfpjj;ij
tPo;j;Jk; vd;Wk; ,f;Nfhl;ghL ,Ue;jJ. $ypfs; gpiog;G kl;lj;jpw;F
fPNo tpOe;jhy; njhopyhsu;fspd; vz;zpf;if FiwAk;. 167 grp>
Cl;lr;rj;Jf; FiwT> Neha;> [yNjh\k; Kjypad gyu; jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;; mg;gb epfo;e;jNghJ Cjpa tpfpjq;fs;
NkNy caug;gLfpuJ.
2. Cjpa epjpf; Nfhl;ghL

,e;j Nfhl;ghL Mlk; ];kpj; My; (1723-1790) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
mtuJ mbg;gil Cfk; vd;dntd;why;> Cjpaq;fs; gzk; Nrkpg;gpd;
tpisthf gzf;fhu egu;fshy; cgup gzj;ij nrYj;Jtjw;F Kd;Ng
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l epjpr; nry;tj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j epjpiag;
gad;gLj;jp Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsu;fis Ntiyf;F mku;j;jyhk;.
epjp ngupajhf ,Ue;jhy;> rk;gsk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;; mJ rpwpajhf
,Ue;jhy;> $ypapd; msT Fiwf;fg;gLk;. ciog;Gf;fhd NjitAk;>
mtu;fSf;F Cjpak; toq;ff; $ba $ypAk;> me;j epjpapd; msitf;
nfhz;Nl jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. $ypapd; cgup kjpg;G Nfhl;ghL

,e;jf; Nfhl;ghL mjd; tsu;r;rpia fhu;y; khu;f;]; (1849–1883)
tiu nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> ciog;G tzpfj;jpd;
xU jpl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ ‘gpiog;G tpiyf;Nf’ gzk; nfhLj;J
thq;ff; $Lk;. ve;j xU jahupg;gpd; tpiyAk; mij cw;gj;jp nra;aj;
Njitahd ciog;G Neuj;jhy; epu;zapf;fg; gl;lJ. Ntiyapy;

nrytplg;gl;l Neuj;jpw;F njhopyhspaplk; gzk; rk;ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy> $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
Mdhy; kpff; Fiwthd cgup, kw;w nrytpdq;fisf; nfhLg;gjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
4. kPjKs;s cupik Nfhl;ghL Fwpg;Gfs;

gpuhd;rp]; V thf;fu; 1984 ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itf;fpdhu;. mtu;
fUj;Jg;gb> epyk;> ciog;G> %yjdk; kw;Wk; njhopy; KidNthu; Mfpa
ehd;F fhuzpfs; cw;gj;jp/tpahghu eltbf;iff; fhuzq;fshFk;.
cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; midj;jpw;Fk; gzk; nrYj;jpa gpwF> cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLk; kjpg;gpd; msitf; $ypahdJ Fwpf;fpwJ. NtW
thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> ciog;G vd;gJ vr;rj; Jwg;G MFk;.
5. vspa cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; Nfhl;ghL

,e;j Nfhl;ghL gpypg;]; n`d;wp tpf;];Bl; (,q;fpyhe;J) kw;Wk;
[hd; Ngl;]; fpshu;f; (mnkupf;fh) MfpNahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> $yp vd;gJ filrp my;yJ ,Wjpepiy
njhopyhspahy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kjpg;igg; gw;wpa xU
njhopy; KidNthupd; kjpg;gPl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> Cjpak;> ciog;Gf;fhd Njit>
kw;Wk; toq;fy; Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;J cs;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf>
njhopyhsu;fs; mit nghUshjhu uPjpahf kjpg;Gf;FupaitNa vd
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; tpisT> Kjyhsp my;yhj njhopyhsu;fSf;F
rk;gsk; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy vd;gjhy;> yhgj;jpy;
mjpf gq;if Kjyhspaplk; cs;sJ. xt;nthU $Ljy; njhopyhspAk;
$ypapy; nryit tpl nkhj;j kjpg;gpw;F mjpfkhf gq;fspf;Fk; tiu>
Ntiyaspg;gtu; njhlu;e;J gzpaku;j;Jtjw;F Kjyhspaplk; gzk;
nrYj;Jfpwhu;; ,J nghUshjhu epiyapy; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> njhopy;
Gupgtu; cau;e;j njhopy;El;gj;ij ehl Neuplyhk;.
6. $ypapd; Nguk; NgRk; Nfhl;ghL

[hd; Nltpl;rd; ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jhu;. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;
fPo;> Cjpaq;fs; vd;gJ njhopyhsu;fs; my;yJ njhopw;rq;fq;fs;
kw;Wk; Ntiyaspg;Nghupd; xg;Gikapy; Nguk; NgRk; rf;jpahy;
epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU njhopw;rq;fk; <LgLk; NghJ> mbg;gil
Cjpaq;fs;> mjd; eyd;fs;> Ntiy NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l
NtWghLfSk; mikg;G kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; xg;Gik gyj;jhy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. elj;ij Nfhl;ghLfs;
gy elj;ij tpQ;Qhdpfs; – Fwpg;ghf cstpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; r%f
mwptpayhsu;fs; – khu;\; kw;Wk; irkd;> uhgu;l; Jgpd;> vypal; [hf;];
Nghd;w Muha;r;rp Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; nray;jpl;l jpl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis my;yJ Cjpaq;fis toq;fpAs;sdu;. RUf;fkhf>

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; Cjpa epiyia Copau; Vw;gJ: ,e;j tif rpe;jid xU gzpahsiu xU
epWtdj;jpy; njhlu;e;J jq;f itf;Fk; fhuzpfis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. epWtdj;jpd; msT kw;Wk; Neu;ikia> njhopw;rq;fj;jpd;
mjpfhuk;> Copau; mtUf;F mspj;j gq;fspg;Gf;F Vw;g Cjpak; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; Mjhaq;fs;> midj;Jk; mtuJ jhf;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;sd.
cs;ehl;L Cjpa mikg;G: r%f newpfs;> kuGfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;
kw;Wk; cstpay; kPjhd mOj;jq;fs;> r%f epiyik Fwpj;j rpy
NtiyfSf;fhf ,izf;fg;gl;l Neu;ik> cau;ej ; kl;lj;jpy; Cjpaq;fspy;
cs;s epiyj;jd;ikia guhkupf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak;> mjpfgl;r kw;Wk;
Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpa tpfpj tpj;jpahrq;fs;> kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L ,ilntsp
kw;Wk; rpwg;G ciog;Gf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs; Mfpait midj;Jk; xU
epWtdj;jpd; cs;ehl;L Cjpa mikg;GKiwia ghjpf;Fk;.
$yp rk;gsk; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;Nghu;

kdpju;fspd; kpf mbg;gilj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; topKiwahf
gzk; mbf;fb Njitg;gLfpwJ. gzk;> cil> jq;Fkplk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>
fhg;gPL> Xa;T+jpaj; jpl;lq;fs;> fy;tp kw;Wk; gpw cly; guhkupg;G kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;G fhuzpfs; Mfpait gztpay; tUkhdk kw;Wk; Cjpaq;fs;
thq;Fk; jpwd; %yk; fpilf;fpd;wd. nray;jpwd; mbg;gilapy; jFjp
mjpfupf;Fk;> Cf;f Cjpak; kw;Wk; rhjidf;fhd gpw mq;fPfhuk;
Mfpait cz;ikahd Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lit. ,Ug;gpDk;>
mbg;gil Cjpak;> tho;f;if mjpfupf;Fk; nrytpdk;> kw;Wk; gpw
Cjpa cau;Tfs; xU jdpegu; cw;gj;jpj;jpwDld; njhlu;GilaJ
nghJthf ,it guhkupg;G gpuptpy; tpof;$Lk;.
,og;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk;
cau; epu;thfj;jpw;fhf> xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopw;Jiwapy; xU epWtdj;jpd;
msT> rk;gs cau;T kw;Wk; KbntLf;Fk; nray;Kiw nray;ghl;bd;
gq;fspg;G Mfpatw;why;> rk;gsk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ngupa epWtdk;>
epu;thfpfSf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; ,og;gl P L
; j; njhif mjpfkhFk;. murhq;f
xOq;FKiw (tq;fpfs;> MAs; fhg;gL P > tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J> ,uapy;Ntf;fs;>
nghJg; gad;ghLfs;) Mfpatw;why; mjpf mstpy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;
njhopy;fs; jq;fs; tpahghuj;ij (jdpahu; epWtdq;fis) Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
,d;Dk; Rje;jpukhf ,Ug;gijtpl xg;gl P l
; stpy; Fiwthf cs;sd.
Neub Cjpaq;fs;> Cf;f Cjpak;> gq;F nfhs;Kjy; jpl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; ,yhg gfpu;T Mfpait ngupa epu;thfpfis <Lfl;l
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy;> Neuhf rk;gsk; kpfTk; nghJthd
Kiwapy; cs;sJ. jdp kdpjDf;Fk;> KjyhspfSf;Fk; ,ilNa
gu];gu xg;ge;jk; %yk; rk;gsk; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpw;gid ghjpg;G>
cw;gj;jpr; nryT> nryTfs;> nryT Fiwg;G kw;Wk; yhgq;fs;
Mfpait fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
,yhgq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l rjtPjj;jpy; epu;thfpfSf;F Cf;f
njhifahf cjTfpd;wd. mbg;gil rk;gsj;jpy; ,Ue;J ruhrupahf

30 rjtPjj;jpy; ,Ue;J 50 rjtPjk; tiu Cf;f njhif ngwyhk;. $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
gpd;tUk; epge;jidfs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j Cf;fj;njhif kpfTk;

jpwk;gl ,aq;Fk;:
••gzk; nrYj;jpa njhifia jdpg;gl;l nray;jpwd; mstpw;F
neUf;fkhf njhlu;GgLj;JfpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
••tup nrYj;jpa gpd; nrYj;jg;gl;l njhif mbg;gil rk;gs
kl;lj;jpw;F Nky; njspthf ftdpf;fj;jf;f xU mjpfupg;igf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
••gzk; nrYj;jpa njhif epWtdj;jpd; nray;jpwd; msTf;F
kpfTk; neUf;fkhf cs;sJ.
••nrYj;jg;gl;l njhifia> mbg;gil rk;gsj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gLk;
tUtha; rkkhd kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw juepiyfSld; xg;gplj;jf;f
tifapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
••xU egupd; nray;jpwd; xU cz;ikahd kw;Wk; njhlu;e;J
Fiwe;J mDgtpf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; gzk; nrYj;Jk; msT
fLikahf Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;s njhif vspjpy; Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba epjp
xJf;fPLk; Kiwia mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ> Cf;fj;njhif
kw;Wk; nray;jpwDf;F ,ilapyhd cwtpy; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;
KOikahd jfty;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk;> mtu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gy;NtW nrytpdq;fSf;fhf
epu;thfpfSf;F ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLfpwJ> mtw;wpd; rk;gsj;jpy; ngUk;
gFjpia tuptpjpg;G vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. mj;jifa nfhLg;gdTfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
••kUj;Jt ftdpg;G
••rl;lk;> tup kw;Wk; epjpg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; JizGupa tof;fwpQu;
kw;Wk; fzf;fhsu;fs;
••thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F nghOJNghf;Fk; kw;Wk; czT
cz;gjw;fhd trjpfs;
••epWtdj;jpd; nghOJNghf;F gFjp (ePr;ry; Fsk; kw;Wk;
clw;gapw;rp)
••tzpf nrytpdq;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpg; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fspd;
gapw;rp> Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp cjtpj;njhif> kw;Wk; tpah-
ghu gj;jpupif kw;Wk; Gj;jfq;fSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfs;
••,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;l> tpLjp> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; Copau;fs;
Cjpa Cf;fj; njhiffs;

Cjpa Cf;Ftpg;Gfs; vd;gJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; epjp Cf;Ftpg;G
vd;w tifapy;> ,uz;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ntt;NtW E}
yhrpupau;fs; khWgl;l tifapy; ,jid tiuaWj;Js;sdu;. ,e;j
,yf;fzq;fs; rpytw;iw ,q;Nf fhz;Nghk;.

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; ‘,e;j xU nrhw;nwhlu;> fhytiuaiw my;yJ jPtpuj;jpy;>
Vw;fdNt njhlq;fg;gl;l rpy eltbf;iffis mjpfupf;fNth my;yJ
guhkupg;gNjh> Gwepiyepiyapy; cs;s Nehf;fq;fis Fwpf;Fk;
nrhy;yhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.’ `k;nky; kw;Wk; epf;fu; kfdpd; $w;Wg;gb:
Fwpg;Gfs; ‘xU Ntiyf;F tof;fkhd Cjpaj;Jld; $Ljy; Cjpak; toq;Fk;
midj;Jj; jpl;lq;fisAk; ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.’ vd;W GNshud;];
$Wfpwhh;: ‘,J jpwikapy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;lJ vd ngUfpa tpUg;gj;ij
Fwpf;fpwJ.’
‘Cf;fj;njhif cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy> Mdhy; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
Nehf;fp Njrpa Ntfj;ij mjpfupf;f kl;LNk Nehf;fkhf cs;sJ.’
];fhl; thu;j;ijfspy;> ‘,J Kiwahd kw;Wk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l
jpl;lkhFk; xU jdpegupd; tUkhdk;> xU rpwpa FO> xU njhopw;rhiy
njhopyhsu; my;yJ xU epWtdj;jpd; midj;J Copau;fSk; XusT
my;yJ Kw;wpYk; cw;gj;jp nray;jpwd; msNthL njhlu;Gilait
MFk;’.
njhopw;fl;rpapd; Njrpa Mizaj;jpd;gb> ‘Cjpa Cf;fj;
njhiffs; $Ljy; epjp cs;Nehf;fk; nfhz;lit. mit> jw;Nghija
my;yJ ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l KbTfspy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd fhy
kjpg;gplg;gl;l Cjpaj;jpw;F Nky; kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fSf;F
kdpj Kaw;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.’
‘xU rk;gs Cf;fj; jpl;lk; mbg;gilapy; xU epu;thfk; rhjfkhd
xU njhopyhsp cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;Fk;. mNj Neuj;jpy;> njhopyhsu;fs;
%yk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwdpy; Mjhaq;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk; Kiw>
mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jp tpfpjq;fspd; mjpfupj;j tpfpjj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F
epjpaspf;Fk; tifapy; gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sjy; MFk;.’ rd; $w;Wg;gb>
‘,e;j tiuaiwahdJ> $Ljy; gzj;jpd; tha;g;gpid njhopyhsu;fs;
ciof;Fk; Neuj;jpd; ngUk;gFjpf;F fbdkhfTk; jpwikAlDk;
ciof;f Cf;Ftpg;ghu;fs;> ,J xU gbg;gbahd tPj tpisit
Vw;gLj;Jk;.’
xU egUf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhif> mtuJ ntspaPl;Lld;
,izf;fg; gl;l gzk; nrYj;Jk; vd;w Kiwapy; Cjpa Cf;fj;
njhifia ehk; tiuaiw nra;ayhk;. ,j;jifa gzk; nrYj;Jjy;
KbTfspd; %yk; nrYj;jg;glyhk;. Cf;fj;njhif vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;
gbg;gbahf xU gutyhd njhifiag; ngw;W> nghUshjhu
Mjhaq;fs; jtpu> kdpj ,dq;fis rpwe;j kw;Wk; mjpf nray;jpwd;
Nehf;fp Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; rhj;jpakhd midj;J fhuzpfisAk;
cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ.
Cjpa Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs;

$yp Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fs; gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fis xd;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;litfis epiwNtw;WtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;:
••ciog;G> nghUl;fs; my;yJ ,uz;bd; myFr; nryTfisf;
Fiwj;jy; %yk; xU epWtdj;jpd; ,yhgj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.

••cw;gj;jpj; jpwid tpupthf;Ftjw;F $Ljy; %yjd KjyPl;ilj; $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
jtpu;j;jy; my;yJ Fiwj;jy;.

••cw;gj;jpj; jpwid nghUl;gLj;jhky; mjpf Cjpa tpfpj
fl;likg;gpy; epWtdj;ij ,Of;fhky; njhopyhspapd;
tUkhdj;ij mjpfupj;jy;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••kdpjts Nkk;ghL> rpwe;j cw;gj;jp jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nray;jpwd;
fl;Lg;ghL> kw;Wk; kpfTk; gaDs;s gzpahsu; nfhs;if
Mfpatw;iwg; ngWtjw;F xU gaDs;s fUtpahf Cjpa
Cf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
Cjpa Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fspd; rpwg;Gfs;

,j;jifa jpl;lq;fs; Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fSf;F
ed;ik gaf;Fk; tifapy; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ey;y nray;jpwDf;fhd
gz ntFkjpfs; toq;fg;gl;lhy;> njhopyhsu;fs; rpwg;ghf Ntiy
nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; mjpf cw;gj;jpia miltjw;fhd
xU ey;y njhopy;El;gkhf ,it Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
KjyhspfSf;F jPtpukhd Nkw;ghu;itapd; Njit FiwfpwJ> ,jd;
tpisthf Nkw;ghu;itapd; nrytpdj;jpy; Fiwg;G cs;sJ.
••tbtikf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; Kiwahf tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; NghJ>
cw;gj;jp nryit Fiwj;J kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fSf;F mjpf
tUkhdk; nfhz;L tu KbAk;.
••gzpaplq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,oe;j Neuj;ijAk; gpw
fopTfisAk; mfw;Wtjw;fhf njhopyhsu;fSf;F Neubahd
Cf;Ftpg;Gld; gzk; nrYj;Jk; xU gzp Ma;T MFk;.
••njhopw;Jiw kw;Wk; myF ntspaPl;bd; nkhj;j nryTfs;
Kd;$l;bNa kpfTk; Jy;ypakhf kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
••ntspaPl;bid xU epahakhd msT tiu itj;jpUf;f Fiwe;j
Neub Nkw;ghu;it Njitg;gLfpwJ.
••Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd; Kuz;ghlhd eyd;fis
xUq;fpizf;fpd;wd.
••mjpfupj;j nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; gzpfs; Mfpad Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L>
njhlu;e;J ePbf;Fk;.
Cjpa Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fspd; FiwghLfs;
••fLikahd Nrhjid kw;Wk; gupNrhjpg;G Kiw ,Ue;jhy; juk;

Nkhrkile;J tpLfpwJ.
••Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; Kiwfs; Kd;nkhopag;gLk; NghJ>
KbTfs; %yk; gzk; nrYj;Jjy; vjpu;g;G my;yJ tiuaiw
Vw;glyhk;. ,jdhy;> gzpahdJ kWMa;T nra;J> tUkhdj;ij
Fiwj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;w mr;rk; epyTfpwJ.

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; ••,jd; tpisthf> njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fs; cau;e;j tUthia tpjp-
Kiwfshf fUJfpd;wdu;> vdNt fzprkhd msT Fiwe;jgl;r
Cjpaj;jpw;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpd;wd.
••vOj;ju; Ntiyapd; njhifAk; nryTk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••ghJfhg;G tpjpKiwfs; %yk; tpgj;Jfspd; Ntfk; mjpfupf;Fk;
mghak; cs;sJ.
••rpy njhopyhsu;fs; kpFe;j Ntiyiar; nra;fpwhu;fs;> ,jdhy;
mtu;fspd; cly;epiy ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••rpyu; kw;wtu;fis tpl mjpfkhf rk;ghjpf;f KbAk; vd;gjhy;
njhopyhsu; FOtpy; nkJthd njhopyhsu;fs; mjpUg;jp
mile;Js;sjhy;> nghwhikfs; njhopyhsu; kj;jpapy; voyhk;.
••gFjpasT my;yJ Cf;f Cjpa tpfpjq;fis Jy;ypakhf
mikf;f fbdkhf cs;sJ. mtu;fs; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;>
njhopyhsu;fs; kpfTk; fbdkhf ciof;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;
mjpfkhdhy;> tpfpjq;fs; khw;wj;ijj; jtpu;f;Fk; Kaw;rpfis
mtu;fs; Fiwf;fyhk;.
xU ntw;wpfukhd Cjpa Cf;f jpl;lk; gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fis nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;:
••xU Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpwd; vd;gJ njhopw;rq;fj;Jld; njhopyhsu;
Nkyhz;ik ek;gpf;if cwTfisAk;> jfty; njhlu;G kw;Wk;
Nkw;ghu;itapd; juj;ijAk; njhopy;Jiwapy; cs;s kuGfis
cs;slf;fpa nkhj;j epiyikiar; rhu;e;Js;sJ vd;gij
epu;thfk; mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp\aq;fis KOikahf Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F
eltbf;if vLf;Fk; tiu epu;thfk; Cf;f Kiwikia
mwpKfg;gLj;jf;$lhJ. njhopw;rq;fj;Jld; Copau;fisAk;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfisAk; fye;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd eilKiwfis
,J nfhz;Ls;sJ.
••epu;thfk; epahakw;wJ vd tpsf;fg;glf;$ba eltbf;ifia
jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Fiwfis ifahs rupahd ,ae;jpuk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Kiwik kw;Wk; tpfpjq;fs; mt;tg;NghJ khw;w
Ntz;ba mtrpak; fhuzkhf> xj;j eltbf;iffis epu;thfk;
jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
••,e;j ntspaPL> Njitahd cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;l
rk;gsj;jpw;F Nky; caUk;NghJ> cw;gj;jp tpfpjj;Jf;F Vw;g
epu;thfk; nrYj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
••epu;thfk;> jq;fs; gpur;rpidfis ifahs ,aYk; tifapy;>
midj;J tifapYk; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
••kpfTk; jsu;thd my;yJ ,Wf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk; tPjq;fis jtpu;fF
; k;
tifapy; juj;ij mikg;gjpy; ngupa ftdk; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

10.2.3 Cjpa epu;zaj;jpd; Kiwfs; $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
Cjpa Cf;f jpl;lq;fs; gpd;tUkhW tpthjpf;fg;glyhk;:

••ePy gl;il njhopyhsu;fSf;fhd jpl;lk;
••nts;is gl;il njhopyhsu;fSf;fhd jpl;lk; Fwpg;Gfs;
••epu;thf mjpfhupfspd; jpl;lq;fs;
xt;nthU Copau;fSf;Fk; xt;nthU jdpj;jdp Njitfs;
cs;sd. xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l jpl;lq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ
ed;ikahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
1. ePy gl;il njhopyhsu;fs; Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fs;: jdpegu;fSf;fhf:

FWfpa fhy jpl;lq;fs;
,e;j mikg;Gfs; gutyhf %d;W gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;:
(a) $Ljy; ntspaPl;bd; mbg;gilapy; mikg;Gfspd; $Ljy; Cf;fj;
njhif tPjk;
(b)
mikg;Gfspd; $Ljy; Cf;fj; njhif vd;gJ cw;gj;jpapd;
mjpfupg;ig tpl Fiwe;j tpfpjj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
(c)
Kiwikfs; cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;gpd; tPjj;ij tpl kpf mjpf
Cf;fj; njhif tPjj;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
ePz;lfhy jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Cjpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gsq;fs;

,J %d;W tiffshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ:
1. epiyahd ntspaPL
2. cw;gj;jpahsu; %yk; Nru;f;fg;gl;l kjpg;G
3. mjpfupj;j cw;gj;jp %yk; ngwg;gl;l tpw;gidapd; kjpg;gpy;
Cf;f njhifia fzf;fpl KbAk;.
rpy Kf;fpakhd Cjpa Cf;f jpl;lq;fs;

jiyik Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) `hy;nra; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;
(ii) `hy;nra; nta;u; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;
(iii) Nuhtd; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;
(iv) 100 rjtPj fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;
(v) ngba]; Gs;sp jpl;lk;
(vi) nla;yupd; khWgl;l gFjp tPj jpl;lk;
(vii) nkupf; gFjp tPj jpl;lk;
(viii) ehl; kw;Wk; Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk;
(ix) vku;rd; jpwd; jpl;lk;

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; (x) $l;L-gq;fhz;ik mikg;G
(xi) fhg;gPL mikg;G
(xii) ,yhg gfpu;T jpl;lq;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; tof;fkhf FOtpd; Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
];Nfd;yhd; jpl;lk;
(i) `hy;nra; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;
Jy;ypakhd nray;jpwd; juepiyfs; epWtg;glhjpUe;j NghJ
rhjhuzkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Cf;fj; jpl;lk; ,JthFk;.
Nrkpf;fg;gl;l Neuk;
R+j;jpuk;: Cf;f Cjpak; = ½ ,d; × jpdf;$yp
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Neuk;
ed;ikfs;
,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••,J njhopyhsu;fSf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neu Cjpaj;ij cj;juthjk;
nra;fpwJ> mNj Neuj;jpy; jpwikahd njhopyhsu;fSf;F $Ljy;
rk;gsj;ijAk; toq;FfpwJ.
••fhg;gPl;L rjtPj mikg;gpd; fhuzkhf njhopyhsu;fSf;fhd
nryT FiwfpwJ gFjpasT Cjpa tpfpjk; mjpfupf;fg;gLtjhy;
cw;gj;jp gbg;gbahf FiwfpwJ.
••,e;j jpl;lk; tbtikg;gpYk; vspikahfTk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
••$yp cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s epiyapy;> juepiyia
mila Kbahtpl;lhy; mj;jifa njhopyhsu;fSf;F ve;j tpj
neQ;nrupr;rYk; Vw;gLj;jhJ.
jPikfs;:
jpl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••,J Gjpa juepiyfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf nray;jpwidg;
nghWj;jJ.
••njhopyhsu;fs; xU fhg;gl
P i
; l ifg;gw;Wtjw;Fk;> gpw Ntiyfs; kPJ
Cjpa cj;juthjj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Xa;ntLf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.
••epu;thfj;jpd; ghu;itapy;> nfhs;if vd;gJ xU ,Og;G> ,e;jj;
jpl;lj;jpy;> juepiy mile;jgpd; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp
nra;a Ntz;Lkh ,y;iyah vd;gij KbT nra;a njhopyhsp
jdpNa tplg;gl;Ls;shu;;.
(ii) `hy;nra; nta;u; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;

`hy;nra; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lj;ij NghyNt ,e;j jpl;lKk; cs;sJ>
Nrkpj;jpUf;Fk; 50 rjtpfpjk; njhopyhspf;F fhg;gPL mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

R+j;jpuk;: Cf;f Cjpak; = ½ × Nrkpf;fg;gl;l Neuk; × kzpNeu tpfpjk; $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
(iii) Nuhtd; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;

Nuhtd; jpl;lj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l Neuk; mDkjpf;fg;gLk; Neuj;jpd; xU
rjtPjkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ> Cjpa tpfpjk; kzpNeu rjtPjj;jpy; Fwpg;Gfs;
mjpfupf;fg;gLfpwJ> ,jdhy; gzpahsupd; nkhj;j tUtha; kzpNeu
Cjpaq;fshy; mjpfupf;fg;gLk; vz;zpf;if MFk;.
R+j;jpuk;: Nrkpf;fg;gl;l Neuk; × vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Cf;f Cjpak; =; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Neuk; Neuk; × kzpNeutpfpjk;
(iv) 100 rjtPj fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;

xU Fwpg;gpl;l kzpNeu tpfpjk; xt;nthU Ntiy Neuj;jpw;Fk;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jj; jpl;lk; Neuhd gFjp tpfpjj; jpl;lj;Jld;
xNu khjpupahf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; mjpf cj;juthjkhd kzpNeu
tpfpjk; kw;Wk; gzp Neuj;ij gFjpasT tpiyf;F gjpyhf NtW
tpjjpy; gad;gLj;jyhk;. njhopyhspapd; fhyj;jpy; KO kjpg;gpw;fhd
gzk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(v) ngba]; Gs;sp jpl;lk;

nray;jpwd; juepu;zaq;fs; epWtg;gLk;NghJ ,e;jj; jpl;lk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mJ 100 rjtPjk; jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil myfpy;
NtWgLfpwJ> Neuk; B vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU NtiyAk;
B (ngba];; gpwF) vd;w Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ> mjhtJ
xU Ntiy gy epkplq;fspy; Kbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
(vi) nla;yupd; khWgl;l gFjp tPj jpl;lk;

,e;j Kiw ,uz;L nghUs;fSld; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ:Kjyhtjhf>
KOj; jpwid tsu;j;J njhopyhsu;fSf;F NghJkhd Cf;fj;ij
toq;Ftjw;F ;,uz;lhtjhf> Cjpa ntl;Lf;fhd gaj;ij mfw;Wtjw;F.
juepiy milgtu;fSf;F xU tPjk; cz;L; mtu;fSf;F Cf;f
Cjpak; fpilf;f toptif nra;a mjpf fl;lzk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(vii) nkupf; gFjp tPj jpl;lk;

,e;jj; jpl;lk; njhopyhspf;F Fiwe;j msT tpfpjk; kw;Wk; cau;e;j
tpfpjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; nla;yu; jpl;lj;jpypUe;J
,e;j jpl;lk; NtWgl;lJ> mjw;F gjpyhf %d;W jug;gl;l gFjp
tpfpjq;fis toq;FfpwJ.(i) epiyahd ntspaPl;bd; 83 rjtpfpj gFjp
tpfpjk; + 10 rjtpfpj Cf;f Cjpak; vd kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. (ii) 83
rjtpfpj kw;Wk; 100 rjtpfpj epiyahd cw;gj;jp ntspaPL - xNu
tpfpjk; + 20 rjtpfpj Neu tpfpjk;; kw;Wk; (iii) 100 rjtpfpjj;jpw;F
Nky; epiyahd ntspaPL - mNj msT tpfpjk; Mdhy; Cf;f Cjpak;
fpilahJ.

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; (ix) vku;rd; jpwd; jpl;lk;
,e;j mikg;gpd; fPo; epiyahd gzpf;F xU epiyahd Neuk;
mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. jpdf;$yp cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. juj;ij
miltjpy; jpBnud Cjpa cau;T ,y;iy. jpwikapd; mbg;gilapy;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Cjpak; gbg;gbahf cau;fpwJ. nray;jpwd; vd;gJ epu;zapf;fg;gl;l
epiyahd Neuk; kw;Wk; njhopyhsp vLf;Fk; Neuk; ,tw;wpd; ,ilapyhd
tpfpjj;jhy; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. 8 kzp Neuk; vd;gJ xU gzpapd;
epiyahd Neuk; kw;Wk; xU njhopyhsp 16 kzp Neuj;jpy; mij nra;jhy;
mtuJ jpwik 50 rjtPjkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 8 kzp Neuj;jpy; njhopyhsp
xUtu; 100 rjtpfpj jpwid nfhz;Ls;shu;. xU njhopyhsUf;F Cf;f
Cjpak; vJTk; toq;fg;glhJ> mtu; 662/3 rjtpfpj jpwid milfpwhu;
vd;why;> mtu; ngausTf;F Cf;f Cjpak;ngWfpwhu;. ,e;j Cf;f
Cjpak; 100 rjtpfpj nray;jpwid mile;J tUk; tiu mjpfupj;J
tUfpwJ. Cf;f Cjpak; vd;gJ cj;juthj Cjpaj;jpy; 20 rjtPjk;
MFk;. 120 rjtpfpj nray;jpwd; nfhz;l njhopyhsp 40 rjtpfpjk;
Cf;f Cjpak; ngWfpwhu;> mjpfgl;rkhf 140 rjtpfpjk; Cf;f Cjpak;
60 ehs; rk;gskhf cs;sJ.
(x) $l;L-gq;fhz;ik mikg;G

%yjdj;jpw;Fk; ciog;gpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd cuha;Tfis mfw;Wtjw;F
,e;j mikg;G Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. ,e;j Kiwikapd; fPo;> xU njhopyhsp
epWtdj;jpd; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; gq;fspg;G kl;Lk; ,y;yhky;> mjd;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; gq;FngWtNjhL> nghWg;igAk; gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpwhu;.
gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F ,J $l;L fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
gy;NtW msTfSk; cs;sd. Mdhy; KOikahd $l;L-gq;fhz;ik
Kiwapy;> gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; cs;sd:
••ciog;gpd; jw;Nghija epiyahd Cjpaj;ij nrYj;Jjy;.
••%yjdj;jpd; kPjhd xU epiyahd tl;b nrYj;Jjy;.
••%yjdj;jpw;Fk; ciog;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa xU $l;L tpfpjj;jpy;
cgup ,yhgj;jpd; gpupT.
••%yjd gq;fpd; xJf;fPl;bd; %yk; ciog;gpd; xU gFjpia
nrYj;Jjy;.
••njhopy; gpujpepjpfshy; tpahghuj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; gfpu;T.
,e;j mikg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; eyd;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ
kw;Wk; guhkupf;fpwJ. njhopw;rhiyapd; epu;thfj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F Fuy;
nfhLg;gjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; me;j];ijAk; cau;j;JfpwJ. mtu;fs;
tpahghuj;jpy; gq;Fjhuu;fshfptpl;ljhy;> Kaw;rp nra;a kpfTk;
,yhgfukhd epWtdkhFk;.
(xi) fhg;gPL mikg;G

,e;j epiy fPNo cs;s ntspaPLf;F Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpaj;jpw;F
toq;Fk; mikg;GfshFk;.

(xii) ,yhg gfpu;T jpl;lq;fs; $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
,yhg gfpu;T vd;gJ njhopy;Jiw [dehafj;jpw;F xU gbf;fl;L

vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. Nguhrpupau; rP[u; $w;W: ,yhg gfpu;T vd;gJ>
Copau;fSf;F gq;ifg; ngWtjd; %yk;> ,yhgq;fs; Kd;$l;bNa
Fwpg;Gfs;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,yhg gfpu;T mk;rq;fs;

,yhg gfpu;T jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:
••xg;ge;jk; jd;dhu;t kw;Wk; Kjyhspfs;> Copau;fSf;F
,ilNaahd $l;L MNyhrid mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
••gzk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l R+o;epiyapy; Copau;fSf;F nrYj;j
Ntz;ba rhjhuz Cjpak; kw;Wk; gzj;jpd; vjpu;fhy tuTfs;>
nuhf;fkhfTk;> gzkhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
••Copau;fSf;F Fiwe;jgl;r jFjpf;fhd fhy mtfhrk; Ntz;Lk;>
my;yJ epu;thfj;jpd; %yk; epu;zapf;fg;glf;$ba NtW rpy
epge;jidfis G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
••,yhg gfpu;T xg;ge;jk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> mJ
gzpahsu;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpakhf tpopg;Gzu;T nra;tjw;F
Kjyhspapd; gFjp ,y;iy.
••gq;Nfw;ghsu;fspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl Ntz;ba njhif> rpy
R+j;jpuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J midj;J
R+o;epiyfspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl Ntz;ba njhif xU epWtdk; <l;Lk;
,yhgj;ijg; nghWj;jJ.
••Copau;fs; kj;jpapy; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; yhgj;jpd; tpfpjhr;rhuk;
Kd;$l;bNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. $yp kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; vd;d?
2. xyp Cjpa nfhs;if vd;d?
3. tho;thjhuf; Nfhl;ghL Nghw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf
4. Cjpa epjpf; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpatu; ahu;?

1. Cjpak; kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhdJ
rkkhd Cjpak; kw;Wk; rk;gs mikg;ig epWTtJk; guhkupg;gJk;
MFk;.

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; 2. Ntiytha;g;G cs;slf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Cjpaj;jpy; epa-
hakhd NtWghLfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ xU Cjpaf; nfhs;if MFk;.
3. capu; jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL (1817)> njhopyhsu;fs; rk;gs cau;T
Fwpg;Gfs; my;yJ Fiwg;G ,y;yhky; ,dk; kw;Wk; capu;tho;tjw;F
jq;fshy; Kbe;j Cjpaj;jpw;F gzk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdu; vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ.
4. ,e;j Nfhl;ghL Mlk; ];kpj; (1723–1790) vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
10.4 RUf;fk;
••$yp kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; vd;gJ
rkkhd Cjpak; kw;Wk; rk;gs mikg;ig guhkupj;jyhFk;.
••mjd; ,uz;lhk; epiy Nehf;fk; vd;gJ epahakhd njhopyhsu;fspd;
nrytpd fl;likg;ig epWTjy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy; MFk;>
mjhtJ> Copau;fs; kw;Wk; Kjyhspfspd; jpUg;jpia mjpfupj;J>
Nkhjy;fs; Fiwf;fg;gLtjhy;> Kuz;ghlhd gzpahsu;fspd;
eyd;fspy; cfe;j rkepiy epyTfpwJ.
••Ntiytha;g;G cs;slf;fq;fspy; NtWghLfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Cjpaq;fspy; epahakhd NtWghLfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
Ntiy kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ xU Cjpaf;
nfhs;if MFk;.
••nghJthf> $l;Lg; Nguk; my;yJ nghJ mur xOq;FKiw
Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf Cjpaq;fs; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••Cjpaj;jpd; ,Uk;G tpjp vd mwpag;gLk; Nfhl;ghL Nltpl;
upf;fhNuh (1772–1823) vd;gtuhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
••,e;j Nfhl;ghL (1817) njhopyhsu;fSf;F Cjpak; toq;Ftjw;Fk;
Cjpaj;ij cau;j;Jtjw;Fk; ,y;yhky; mtu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp
mtu;fSf;F toq;Ftjhff; $WfpwJ.
••njhopyhsu;fs; Cjpaj;ijtpl mjpfkhf Cjpak; ngw;wpUe;jhy;>
mtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk;> NkYk; mtu;fs;
Cf;fkspg;gjhy; Cjpa tpfpjj;ij Fiwg;ghu;fs; vd;w fUj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
••Cjpa epjp Nfhl;ghL Mlk; ];kpj; (1723-1790)vd;gtuhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
••mtuJ mbg;gil mDkhdNk> Nrkpg;gpd; tpisthf
nry;te;ju;fSf;F cgupahf Kd;epu;zapf;fg;gl;l epjpapy; ,Ue;J
Cjpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gjhFk;.
••cau; epu;thfj;jpw;fhf> xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopw;Jiwapy;
epWtdj;jpd; msT> rk;gs cau;T kw;Wk; KbntLf;Fk;
nray;Kiwapd; nray;ghl;bd; gq;fspg;G Mfpatw;why; rk;gsk;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

••rk;gsk; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; Kjyhsp ,ilNa xg;ge;jj;ij $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak;
jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
••Cjpa Cf;fj;njhif: ,J Gw epiyikapy; cs;s Nehf;fq;fis
Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhfpwJ. nray;ghL> fhyk; my;yJ jPtpuj;jpy;
Vw;nfdNt njhlq;fg;gl;l rpy nray;ghLfisg; ngUf;FtJ Fwpg;Gfs;
my;yJ guhkupg;gjhFk;.
••xU egUf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhif mtuJ ntspaPl;Lld;
,izf;fg;gl;l gzk; vd;w Kiwapy; Cjpa Cf;fj; njhifahf
tiuaiw nra;ayhk;. mj;jifa nfhLg;gdit KbTfspdhy;
nfhLg;gdT vdTk; $wyhk;.
••Cjpa Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fs; KjyhspfSf;Fk; njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk;
ed;ik gaf;fpd;wd.
••nray;jpwDf;fhd gz ntFkjpfs; toq;fg;gl;lhy;>
njhopyhsu;fs; rpwg;ghf Ntiy nra;th; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
mjpf cw;gj;jpia miltjw;fhd njhopy;El;gkhf ,it Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
••Nuhtd; jpl;lj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l Neuk; mDkjpj;j Neuk; kw;Wk;
kzpNeu rk;gs tpfpjk; mjpfupf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; njhopyhspapd;
nkhj;j rk;gsk;> nkhj;j kzp Neuk; mjpfupj;j kzpNeu $ypahy;
ngUf;Fk; vz;zpf;if MFk;.

••Cjpaq;fs;: Ntiy my;yJ Nritf;fhf ngwg;gLk; epiyahd
tof;fkhd fl;lzj;ij ,J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ> nghJthf jpdrup
my;yJ thuhe;jpu mbg;gilapy; gzk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
••mstPL: ,J xU Nfs;tp my;yJ njhliu (gyu;) Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;f> ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; vd;d nra;fpwhu;fs;
my;yJ vijg;gw;wp rpe;jpf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijg; gw;wpa jfty;fis
Nrfupf;fpwhu;fs;.
••xd;wpak;: nghJ eyd; my;yJ Nehf;fj;NjhL kf;fshy;
mikf;fg;gl;l rq;fk;;.

FWfpa gjpy; Nfs;tpfs;
1. Cjpak; kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; Nehf;fk;
Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
2. Cjpa epu;za topKiwia tpsf;fTk;.
3. Cjpa kw;Wk; Cjpa mikg;G gw;wpa epu;thfj;jpy; fhuzpfs; ahit?
4. Cjpak; kw;Wk; rk;gsj;ij rupnra;Ak; nghJthd topfhl;L
newpKiwfs; vd;d?

$yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; 5. `hy;nra; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; ed;ikfs;
kw;Wk; FiwghLfis gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
6. ,yhg gfpu;Tfspd; mk;rq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
Fwpg;Gfs; neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. Cjpaq;fspd; gy;NtW Nfhl;ghLfspy; Kf;fpa $Wfspd; t pupthd
tpsf;fk; nfhLj;J. xt;nthU Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; tpupthf tpsf;Ff.
2. ,og;gPl;L jpl;lk; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
3. Cjpa Cf;fj;njhif vd;why; vd;d? mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>
ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfis tpsf;fkhf tptupf;f.
4. gy;NtW tifahd Cf;f jpl;lq;fis tptupf;f.
10.7 NkYk; gbf;f


myF 11 Cf;fj;njhiffs;
Cf;fj;njhiffs;
mikg;G
11.2 Cf;fj;njhif Nfhl;ghLfs;
tpilfs;
11.4 RUf;fk;
11.7 NkYk; gbf;f
11.0 Kd;Diu
epWtdq;fSf;fhf jdp egu;fs; toq;Fk; Nritfs; rkkhdjhf
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,og;gPl;Lj;njhiffs; nghJthf Cjpak;>
ntFkjp> kw;Wk; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sg;gLk; ,yhgq;fs; kw;Wk; nuhf;fg; gzk;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ. ey;y ,og;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; Copau;fsplk; xU
ed;kjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. Copau;fs; jq;fs; Ntiyfspy; kfpo;r;rpahf
,Ue;jhy;> Nkyhz;ikapd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDk; mjpfupf;Fk;. vdpDk;>
gz kw;Wk; gz trjpaw;w ,og;gPL Mfpa ,uz;LNk ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J
xU epWtdj;jpd; %yk; <u;f;fg;gl;l xU jdpegu; mq;F njhlu;e;J ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mbg;gilahd nfhs;ifahf typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
gy;NtW Cf;f Cjpaj; jpl;lq;fisj; njhopy;Jiwapdu;
fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdu;> ,jd; %yk; njhopyhspapd; tUtha; NeubahfNth
my;yJ mtuJ FOtpdhNyh nra;ag;gLk; rpy mstPLfis Neubahf
njhlu;GgLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j myfpy; ePq;fs; Cf;fj;njhifiag; gw;wp
tpupthf gbg;gPu;fs;.

,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;;
••Cf;fj;njhiffs; nfhs;ifia gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••jpwd;tha;e;j Cf;fj;njhif Kiwia Muha KbAk;.
••Cf;fj;njhifj; jpl;lq;fspd; tiffis tpsf;f KbAk;.
11.2 Cf;fj;njhif Nfhl;ghLfs;

Cjpaq;fs;> njhopy; toq;Fduhy; xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; Ntiy nra;Ak;
copau;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l NritfSf;fhd nghUshjhu ,og;gPl;L

Cf;fj;njhiffs; mu;j;jkhFk;. Cjpaq;fs; rl;lk; 1936> gpupT 2(vi) ve;j CjpaKk;
Cjpak; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ntFkjp> $yp %yk; mspf;fg;gl;lhYk;> mJ
Cjpak; vd tiuaWf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; Cjpak; toq;Fk; Kiwfs;;

ciog;Gf;F toq;fg;gLk; Nritj; njhif Cjpak; my;yJ jpdf;$yp
vd nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. jpUg;jpfukhd kw;Wk; epahakhd njhifia
toq;Ftjd; %yk;> ngUk;ghyhd njhopyhsu;fspd; gpur;rpidfs;
mfw;wg;glyhk;. njhopyhsu;fis <L nra;tjw;fhd mbg;gil
Kiwfs;:
(a) Neu $yp
(b) msT $yp
(a) Neu $yp

,J nrytplg;gLk; fhyj;jpd; msit mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. $yp
vd;gJ fhyj;jpd; myF> v.fh.> xU khjj;jpw;F xU ehisf;F> ,d;dgpw
Cjpak; vd;gJ Copaupd; nray;jpwid rhu;e;jJ my;y.
Neu $ypapd; rpwg;Gfs;
••tUkhdj;ij fzf;fpLtJ kpfTk; vspikahdJ vd;gjhy; ,J
gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
••,J cj;juthjkhd ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tUkhdj;ij toq;FfpwJ>
,jd; %yk; tUkhd xOq;fw;w jd;ik Fwpj;j gak;
jtpu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
••,J Cjpa nray;ghl;Lf;F cjTfpwJ.
Neu $yp Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;
••tUkhdj;jpy; ghJfhg;G czu;T ,Ug;gjhy;> njhopyhspf;F mtu;
ngw Ntz;ba njhif rupahf njupAk;.
••rpwe;j njhopyhsu; Nkyhz;ikf;fhd cfe;j R+oy; epyTtjhy;
njhopyhsu; jfuhWfs; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••njhopyhsp juj;jpy; mjpf ftdKk; ftdpg;Gk; nrYj;Jtu;>
vdNt> Ntiyj;jpwd; cWjp nra;ag;gLk;.
Neu $yp Kiwapd; FiwghLfs;
••gzpahsu;fSf;F rpwe;j Kaw;rpfis toq;Ftjw;F Neu $yp
Kiw ve;j Cf;fj; njhifAk; mspf;ftpy;iy. Kaw;rpfs;
kw;Wk; ntFkjpfSf;F Neu;kiwahd njhlu;G ,y;iy.
••rpwe;j nray;jpwd; ve;j Cf;fKk; ,y;iy. nkupl; js;Sgb
nra;ag;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; xNu Cjpaj;ij ngWk; jpwikapd;ik xU
gpuPkpak; MFk;. ,J Cjpak; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd xU ek;gj;jFe;j>
mwpthu;e;j kw;Wk; jd;dpr;irahd mbg;gilahFk;.

••Mu;tkhf nray;gLfpw njhopyhsu;fSf;F jq;fsJ jpwikfSf;F Cf;fj;njhiffs;
gz ntFkjp vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

••,jw;F jPtpukhd kw;Wk; fLikahd Nkw;ghu;it Njitg;gLfpwJ.
(b) msT $yp Fwpg;Gfs;

,J epfo;j;jg;gl;l Ntiy my;yJ cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ. gzpahsupd; tUthahdJ mtuJ ntspaPl;bw;F my;yJ
nray;jpwDf;F Neu;tpfpjj;jpypUf;Fk;. msT $yp Kiwapd; mk;rq;fs;:
••Kaw;rp kw;Wk; ntFkjp Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd Neub
,izg;ig toq;f KbAk;. vdNt> ,J mjpf cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
cWjp nra;tjw;fhd rpwe;j topahf mikfpwJ.
••$ypf;fhd tpiy epu;zak; vspjhdJ.
msT $yp Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;
••Kaw;rp kw;Wk; ntFkjp ,ilNa cs;s Neub njhlu;G.
••,ij Gupe;Jf;nfhs;tJ vspikahdjhfTk; rhjhuzkhdjhTk;
,Uf;fpwJ.
••njhopyhspfs; mjpf jpwdpy; Mu;tk; nfhz;ltuhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
••nryT fzf;fpLjy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Mfpait
vspjhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
msT $yp Kiwapd; FiwghLfs;
••Ntiy Rik mjpfkhfpwJ. ,jdhy; mjpfg;gbahd Nrhu;T
Vw;gLtjhy; Mgj;Jf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
••Ntiyapd; juk; kw;Wk; juj;ij guhkupf;f mjpfkhd Nkw;ghu;it
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
••jukhd Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy;> mJ xU gadw;w Kiwahf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Cf;f Cjpa jpl;lq;fs;

juk; kw;Wk; msT ,uz;ilAk; guhkupf;ff;$ba Cjpa Kiw Cf;f
Cjpa jpl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; ,J ,ay;ghfNt
nfhLf;fg;gLk; Cjpaq;fspd; mbg;gil KiwahFk;. mjhtJ> ,J
Neu kw;Wk; msT $ypfs; Mfpatw;wpd; xU epahakhd $l;L MFk;.
Cf;f Cjpa jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> Neu kw;Wk; msT $yp Kiwfs;
,uz;bYk; Nru;e;J ciof;Fk; NghJ cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfupf;f
nra;fpwJ.
xyp Cjpa Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil Njitfs;:
••nra;j Ntiyapd; msit mstPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
••jukhd cw;gj;jpf;F> mjd; mbg;gilapy;> Cf;fj;njhif toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.

Cf;fj;njhiffs; ••cupa Cf;fj; njhifia mikj;jy;.
Cf;fj;njhifj; jpl;lq;fspd; tiffs;: Cf;f Cjpak; toq;Fk;
rpy Kf;fpa jpl;lq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) `hy;nr jpl;lk;: njhopyhsu;fs; kj;jpapy; nray;jpwid
Fwpg;Gfs;
mjpfg;gLj;JtJk;> fhy mstpw;F Vw;g Cjpaq;fSf;F
cj;juthjk; nra;aTk; v/g;. V. `hy;nrahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
xU jpl;lk; `hy;nr jpl;lk; MFk;. Neuj;jpw;Fk; ,af;fk;
gbg;gpw;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Ntiyf;F Njitahd epiyahd
Neuk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. epiyahd Neuk; kw;Wk; Cf;f
njhifia ngUk; Neuj;ij tpl Fiwthd Neuj;jpy; Ntiy
nra;Ak; njhopyhsu;fSf;F xU kpif Cjpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy;> tof;fkhd Neuj;ij tpl mjpf Neuk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
njhopyhsp jz;bf;fg;gLtjpy;iy NkYk; mtu;fSf;F Neu $yp
Kiwapd; gb Cjpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xU
njhopyhspapd; nkhj;j tUtha; cz;ikahd fhyj;jpw;fhd
Cjpak; kw;Wk; kpif Cjpaj;ij nfhz;lJ> ,J Ke;ija
mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd epiyahd Neuj;jpd; NghJ
Nrkpf;fg;gl;l 33 rjtPj gz kjpg;gpw;F rkkhf cs;sJ> NkYk;
50 rjtPjj;jpy; juepiyfs; tpQ;Qhd uPjpapy; mikf;fg;gLk;NghJ
Neuk; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(b) Nuhtd; jpl;lk;: Cjpaq;fSf;F fhy mbg;gilapy;> cj;juthjk;
mspf;fg;gLtjhy; nkJthf gzpGupAk; gzpahsu;fSf;F ve;j
ghjpg;Gk; ,y;iy. xU epiyahd Neuk; Kd; epu;zapj;J,
Nrkpj;j Neuj;jpw;F Vw;g kpif Cjpak; toq;fg;gLk;. `hy;nr
jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; Nuhtd; jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; kpif Cjpak;
fzf;fplg;gLtJ njhlu;ghd xNu xU NtWghL kl;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kpif Cjpak; epiyahd Neuj;jpy;
Nrkpf;fg;gLk; me;j tpfpjj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. ,J
gpd;tUkhW ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk;:
vLf;Fk; Neuk; × kzpNeu tpfpjk;

kpif Cjpak; = Nrkpf;fg;gl;l Neuk; ×
epiyahd Neuk;
,t;thW 16 kzpNeuj;jpy; 20 kzpNeu Ntiy nra;jhy;> kzpNeu

tpfpjk; 80 igrhthf ,Ue;jhy;> njhopyhspapd; nkhj;j tUkhdk;
,Uf;Fk;:
[16 × .80] + [4 × (16 ÷ 20) × .80]
= 12.80 + 2.56 = `15.36
(c) nla;yupd; khWgl;l msT $yp jpl;lk;: ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;
Cjpaq;fs; ve;j cj;juthjKk; ,y;iy. ntspaPl;bd; juk;
xU kzp Neuj;jpw;Fk; my;yJ xU ehisf;F xU Kiw
Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ> ,jpy; ,uz;L msT $yp tpfpjq;fs; ,Uf;fpwJ.
,e;jj; juj;jpd; kPJ mij ngWgtu;fs;> mjpf tpfpjj;ijAk;>

epiyahd cw;gj;jpia tpl Fiwe;j tpfpjj;jpy; nrYj;jpAk; Cf;fj;njhiffs;
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> juepiyahdJ ehnshd;Wf;F 40

myFfshf epu;zapf;fg;gl;L> xU myFf;F 30 igrhTk; 25
igrhTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. xU njhopyhsp 40 myFfis cw;gj;jp
nra;jhy; 30 igrh tPjk; mjhtJ ‘12’ vd;w tPjj;jpy; Cjpak; Fwpg;Gfs;
ngw Ntz;Lk;. mtu; 39 myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;jhy;> xU
myFf;F 25 igrh tPjk; toq;fg;gLk;. vdNt mtuJ Cjpak;
& 9.75. MFk;.
(d) vku;rdpd; nray;jpwd; mikg;G: ,e;j Kiwapy;> njhopyhsp
jdJ Ntiyia Kbf;f Ntz;ba xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F
mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. Njitahd Neuj;jpw;Fs; mtu; Ntiy
Kbj;Jtpl;lhy;> mtUf;F kpif Cjpak; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. mtu;
Njitahd Neuj;ij KOikahf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> mtu;
Fiwe;j kpif Cjpak; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j Kiwapy;> jpdrup
Cjpaj;jpw;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(e) fd;l; mikg;G: ,e;j mikg;G vku;rd; nray;jpwd; mikg;ig
xj;jpUf;fpwJ. nray;jpwd; Njitg;gLk; juj;ij mile;jhy;
kl;LNk njhopyhsp kpif Cjpaj;ij ngWthu;. mtuJ
nray;jpwd; 100% f;Fk; Fiwthf cs;s xU njhopyhspf;F
kpif Cjpak; nfhLf;fg;glkhl;lhJ. NkYk;> jdJ ftdpg;gpd;fPo;
cs;s njhopyhsp> Njitahd jpwd;ghl;Lj; juj;ijj; jf;f
itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> Nkw;ghu;itahsUf;F kpif Cjpak;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
(f) gPbf;]; Kid fhg;gPL jpl;lk;: ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; jiyaha
GJik vd;dntd;why;> Nrkpf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpd; kjpg;G
njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk;> 3/4 njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk;> 1/4 Kjy;
xU egu; tiuapYk; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
Nkw;ghu;itahsUf;F mtuJ KO xj;Jiog;G nfhLf;ftpy;iy
vd;why; xU njhopyhsp ey;y gyid fhl;l KbahJ vd;w
mbg;gilapy; ,J nra;ag;gLfpwJ. vdNt> ,e;j Nkw;ghu;itahsu;
Cf;fj;njhif ngWtjw;fhz cupikia ngWfpwhu;.
jdp egu; kw;Wk; FOf;fSf;fhd khWghl;il <Lnra;jy;

Cjpaj;ij <Lnra;a ,Wjp epiyapy; %yk; ‘gzk; nrYj;jg;gl;lhy;’
Cf;fj;njhif <Lnra;jy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.> njhopyhsu;fspd;
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; mjpfupg;gjw;F Kf;fpakhf xU epu;thfk; rhjfkhf
,Uf;Fk;. NkYk;> njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fs; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupg;gjd;
%yk;> mtu;fSf;F mjpf Cjpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J cw;gj;jpj;
jpwidg; ngWtjw;fhd xU topKiwahFk;. xU Copaupd;
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; njhlu;ghd Cjpaq;fs; KbTfs; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk;
Neubahf nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. Cf;f Cjpa Kiwapy; gy NtWghLfs;
,Uf;fpwJ. vspa Kiwapy; xU gzpahsUf;F ,e;j njhif
nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;fspd; msTfs; Cf;f

Cf;fj;njhiffs; Cjpa Kiwapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; ntspaPl;Lf;F cjpaq;fis toq;FfpwJ.
,jd; %yk; Fiwe;j nrytpy; mjpf cw;gj;jp jpwd; J}z;lg;gLfpwJ.
Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fs; ,ilNa cs;s ,ilntspiaf;
Fiwg;gjw;Fk; ,yf;Ffspd; nghJthd jd;ikapy; mtu;fis
Fwpg;Gfs; neUf;fkhf ,izg;gjw;Fk; Cf;f Kiw cjTfpwJ. ,ijNa gy E}
yhrpupau;fs; Cjpa Cf;fj;njhif vd tiuaWj;Js;shu;fs;.
`nky; kw;Wk; epf;fy;rd; MfpNahupd; thu;j;ijfspy;> Cjpa
Cf;Ftpg;Gfs; xU Ntiyf;F tof;fkhd Cjpaj;Jld; $Ljyhf
toq;fg;gLk; midj;J jpl;lq;fisAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
];fhl;-,d; fUj;J gb> Cjpa Cf;fj;njhif vd;gJ xU
Kiwahd kw;Wk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l Ntiyj;jpl;lkhFk;> ,jd; fPo;
xU jdpegupd; tUkhdk;> xU rpwpa FO> xU Miy gzpahsupd;
tUkhdk; xU epWtdj;jpd; midj;J Copau;fSf;Fk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;
nray;jpwd; ntspaPl;Lld; KOikahf njhlu;Gf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
Cjpa Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fspd; gue;j gpupTfs;

ld; kw;Wk; Nur;ry; MfpNahuhy; %d;W gue;j tif Cf;fj;njhifj;
jpl;lq;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit:
1. vspa Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk;: midj;J Cjpa Cf;Ftpg;GfspYk;
kpf vspikahdit Neuhd msT tpfpj mikg;G vd;W $wyhk;.
msT-Ntiy Kiw vd;gJ Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fspy; kpf
goikahd> vspikahd Kiwapy; xd;whfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
fzf;fPl;bd; mbg;gilapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l msTf-
spd; vz;zpf;ifahy; ngUf;fg;gLk; xt;nthU tpfpjKk;
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> msT-tPjk; vd;gJ
ntspaPl;bd; xt;nthU myfpw;Fk; 2 &gha; vdpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l
Neuj;jpy; 10 myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xU njhopyhsp> 8
kzp Neuk; MFk; NghJ & 20 mtUf;F toq;fg;gLk;. kw;nwhU
njhopyhsp (mjhtJ, 8 kzp Neuk;) nfhLf;fg;gl;l Neuj;jpy; 12
myFfshf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; NghJ mtUf;F 24 &gha;
fpilf;Fk;.
cw;gj;jp nray;Kiw juepiyahf;fg;gl;L> kPz;Lk; Ntiy
nra;tjd; %yk; mjpf msT cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLkhdhy;
,e;j Kiw nrYj;Jk; Kiwf;F Vw;wJ. njhopyhsu;fs; mjpf
rk;gsj;ij rk;ghjpf;f tpiuthf Ntiy nra;tjd; %yk;
mtu;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;fspd; juk; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. gfpu;T Cf;f Cjpa jpl;lk;: ,e;j tiffspy; Cf;fj;njhif
jpl;lq;fs; Vuhskhf cs;sd. ,e;j jpl;lq;fs; nla;yupd;
khWgl;l msT tpiy Cf;fj; jpl;lj;jpd; khw;wq;fs; MFk;.
,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> ju epu;za msT mij miltjw;F Nky;
cs;s njhopyhsu;fspd; mjpf tpfpjj;ijAk;> mjd; ntspaPby;
nrYj;jf; $ba tpiy Fiwe;j tpfpjj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. nla;yu;
jj;Jtk; vd;ntd;why; xU cau;e;j msT cw;gj;jpia miltNj

MFk;. vdNt> juj;Jf;F fPNo xU NtWgl;l msT Fiwe;j Cf;fj;njhiffs;
tpjj;jpYk;> ntspaPl;bw;F Nky; cs;s juk; mjpf tpjj;jpYk;

,Uf;fpwJ.
3. FO Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk;: gy njhopyhsu;fs; $l;lhf xNu
eltbf;ifia nra;a Ntz;ba R+o;epiyfspy; jdpg;gl;l Cf;fj; Fwpg;Gfs;
jpl;lk; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fhJ. mj;jifa re;ju;gg ; q;fspy;>
FO Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. me;j FOtpd;
midj;J cWg;gpdu;fSk; ntspaPli
; l mila kw;Wk;
guhkupf;f gq;if KjyPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. FO Cf;fj;njhifj;
jpl;lq;fspd; ed;ikfis mtu;fs; mjpfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs; FO
czu;T njhopyhsu;fs; kj;jpapy; gu];gu xj;Jiog;G czu;it
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. FOtpd; Cf;fj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo>; FOtpd; xt;nthU
cWg;gpdUk; FOtpypUe;J ntspNaWk; NghJ Nrhjidf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ cw;gj;jp msit mstpLtjd; %yk;
FOthf epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. FOtpd; nkhj;j tUtha;fSk;
gpd;du; jPuk
; hdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ> NkYk; midj;J cWg;gpdu;fSk;
rkkhd jpwd; cilatu;fshf ,Ue;jhy;> ,e;j tUtha; tof;fkhd
Kiwapy; rkkhfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;. %d;W gue;j gpupTfspy; Cf;fj;
jpl;lq;fs; cs;sJ mit (i) vspa Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk;. (ii)
gfpu;T Cf;f Cjpaj; jpl;lk;. (iii) FO Cf;fj; jpl;lk;.

xU Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk; %d;W mbg;gil mDkhdq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. mit
••gzk; xU typikahd ce;Jrf;jpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if.
••Kaw;rpAf;Fk; ntFkj;jpw;Fk; Neubj; njhlu;G cz;L.
••njhopyhspf;F cldbahf mtuJ Kaw;rpf;F ntFkjp
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
gz Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fs; Copau;fSf;F Cf;fkspf;Fk;
vd;whYk;> rpy Njitg;gLgitfs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;glhjtiu ,e;jj;
jpl;lq;fs; gydspf;fhJ. gzpahsu;fs; jq;fis ftu;e;jpOf;Fk;
tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;> gz Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fs; G+u;j;jp
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidfSld; $ba xU gl;baiy
,e;j epiyapy; gy mjpfhupfs; MNyhridahf $wpAs;shu;fs;. me;j
Nfhupf;iffs; gpd;tUkhW toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
••Nkyhz;ikapd;> Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Copau;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsu;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s cwTfs; re;Njfj;jpw;fplkpd;wp
R%fkhfTk; Rje;jpukhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> ,j;jpl;lk;
tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; epWTjypd;NghJ njhopyhsu; rq;fj;ij epu;thfk;
cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
••Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lkhdJ jq;fs; nray;jpwDf;fhz Neub
tpfpjj;jpy; gzpahsu;fSf;F kpif Cjpaj;ij mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Cf;fj;njhiffs; ju epu;za mikg;gpw;F Njitahd fUtpfs;> cgfuzq;fs;>
gapw;rp Nghd;wit toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; Ntiy nra;Ak;
NghJ gzpahsUf;F NghJkhd fl;Lg;ghL tpjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••,e;j jpl;lj;ij gzpahsu;fs; vspjhf Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;>
Fwpg;Gfs; ,jd; %yk; gy;NtW epiyfspy; mtu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l nryT
kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Mjhaq;fis mtu;fNs fzf;fpl KbAk;.
rpf;fyhd jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; R+j;jpuq;fs; njhopyhspapd; kdjpy;
re;Njfk; kw;Wk; mtek;gpf;if tpijfis tpijf;fpd;wJ.
••ntFkjpia epahag;gLj;Jfpw nray;jpwDf;F gpwF ntFkjpfis
tpiuthf nray;gLj;j ,e;jj; jpl;lk; toptif nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,d;W nrytplg;gl;l $Ljy; Kaw;rpf;F gzpahsu;fSf;F mLj;j
khjk; ntFkjp mspf;fg;glf;$lhJ.
••,e;j jpl;lk; epWtdj;jpd; epjp kw;Wk; tuTnryTj; jpl;l
jpwdpw;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;>
,e;j jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;Jtjw;F nryT mjpfkhf ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ. ,e;j nryTfs; (Cf;fj;njhiffs;) gyd;fis
nfhLf;Fkh vd;gij Kd;$l;bNa mwpa Ntz;Lk;.
••xU Kiw epWtg;gl;l gpd; epiyahd Ntiyf;F khw;wj;jpw;fhd
vjpuhf cj;juthjk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iw gzp ju
epu;za gzpahsu;fSf;F xg;ge;jkhf mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
tpjpia epu;thfk; fz;bg;ghfg; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;. ,e;jj; jpl;lk;
nray;ghl;Lf;F te;jTld;> Cf;fj;jpd; msit ve;j tpjj;jpYk;
gad;gl;lJ.
••jpl;lj;ij epahakhd juj;jpy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ>
kpfTk; fbdkhdjhfTk; vspikahdjhfTk; ,Uf;f $lhJ. ju
epu;za mikg;G kpfTk; fbdkhf ,Ue;jhy;> mJ gzpahsu;fis
Mu;tkw;wtuhf khw;wptpLk;. ju epu;za mikg;G kpf vspjhf
,Ue;jhy; gzpahsu;fs; ve;j Nghl;b R+oiyAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
khl;lhu;fs;. vdNt epahakhd> juepiy vd;gJ Cf;fj;njhifj;
jpl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
••,e;j ntFkjp gzpahsu;fSf;F kjpg;Gkpf;fjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLk; Cf;fj; njhif gzpahsu;fspd;
jw;NghJs;s tUkhdj;Jld; njhlu;GilajhFk;.
••Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fs;> $l;LwT my;yhj tifapy; ,Ug;gij
tpl> gzpahsu; xUtUf;nfhUtu; MjuT ,Ug;gij Cf;Ftpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
••,e;j jpl;lk; Copau;fspd; kjpg;Gf;F ve;j ,ilTiuAk;
tpistpf;ff; $lhJ. vdNt> Cf;fj; njhif %yk; tUkhdj;jpd;
mjpfgl;r cr;rtuk;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••jdpegupd; my;yJ FOtpd; gq;fspg;GfSk; Kaw;rpfSk; njsp-
thf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;l nray;jpwDf;fhf ntFkjpfis

toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; milahsk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Cf;fj;njhiffs;
Ntz;Lk;.
••cj;juthjkhf mbg;gil tpfpjk; ve;j jpl;lj;jpYk; Nru;f;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; cw;gj;jpia nghUl;gLj;jhky; Fiwe;j
gl;r Cjpak; ngWthu;fs; vd cj;juthjk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;Gfs;
Copau;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. ,J gzpahsu;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;G
mk;rj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ.
cgupr; rYiffs;
Cjpa ed;ikfs; xU epWtdk; jdJ Neub Cjpaj;Jld; $Ljyhf
mjd; Copau;fSf;F toq;Fk; $Ljy; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs;
MFk;. vdNt> tpspk;G epiyapy; xU epWtdk; jdJ nray;jpwd;
mbg;gilapy; mjd; Copau;fSf;F toq;Fk; $Ljy; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk;
Nritfs; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. nrhw;fs;> ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs;
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fshy; xj;jpUf;fpd;wJ> Mdhy; mit
NtWgl;lit vd;W rpyu; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. mtw;wpd; gb> rpy ed;ikfs;
gz kjpg;Gld; njhlu;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. me;j epiyapy; cs;s
nghUl;fSf;F Cf;fj; njhiffs; kl;LNk nghUe;JfpwJ. Mdhy;
ve;j Neub gz kjpg;Gld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl Kbahj nghUs;fSf;F
Nritfs; nghUe;JfpwJ.
,d;W> ngUk;ghYk; xt;nthU epWtdKk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l
rk;gsj;Jld; $ba Copau;fSk; $Ljy; ed;ikfis toq;FfpwJ.
,e;j $Ljy; rYiffs; kw;Wk; NritfSld; gzpahsu;fs;
<u;f;fg;gl;L Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. gzpahsu;fisf; ftUk;
tifapy; gy ed;ikfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kjyhtjhf> tpspk;G
ed;ikfs; gytw;wpw;F tup tpjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjhy;> mit
tupf;F cl;gl;l tUkhdj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gltpy;iy. ,jd; %yk;
Vw;gLk; Mjhaq;fspd; kw;nwhU mk;rk; vd;dntd;why; Fiwe;j
nrytpy; MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; fhg;gPL Nghd;w rYiffisg; ngw;W
gzpahsu;fs; gadilayhk;. $Ljy; gad;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk;>
Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; Copau;fis ,e;j epWtdq;fs; jf;fitj;J
,Uf;fpwJ. tpLKiw kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpa ,ilntspfNshL Xa;T ngw;w
gzpahsu;fis <u;g;gNjhL> Gjpa gzpahsu;fis ngwTk; KbfpwJ.
NkYk; mtu;fs; mjpf cw;rhfj;Jld; epWtdj;jpd; flikfis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F cjTthu;fs;. vdNt> ehk; ,tw;iw cj;jputhj
eyd;fSf;fhd cjtp vd;W nrhy;y KbAk;:
••Nrhu;it Fiwg;gJ
••njhopyhsu; mikjpapd;ikia vjpu;g;gJ
••Copau;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis epiwT nra;tJ
••Ml;Nru;g;G Cf;Ftpj;jy;
••tUtha; $batiu Fiwj;jy;
••kpif Neuj;Jf;fhd nryTfis Fiwj;jy;

Cf;fj;njhiffs; cgupr; rYiffs; gw;wpa nfhs;iffs;
xU epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba cj;jputhj
eyd;fspy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba rpy fhuzpfs; cs;sd. mit:
Fwpg;Gfs; ••xU epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ed;ikfs;
kw;Wk; Nritfs; rpwe;j ghJfhg;ig toq;FtNjhL mtu;fspd;
ey;tho;it Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jq;fs; Copau;fSf;F Cf;fj;njhif toq;Ftij epWtdq;fs;
mtu;fSf;F rpy njhz;Lfisr; nra;tij Nghy; czu $lhJ.
••gzpahsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; rYiffs;> gzpahsu;fspd; md;whl
tho;fi
; f Njitia G+u;jj
; p nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhd nryTfs; nray; tpisit
Vw;gLj;j Kbahjjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
•• cgupr; rYiffs; Kiwahd jpll
; kplYld; fz;fhzpff
; g;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••cgupr; rYiffs;; epu;zapf;fg;gLk; NghJ> njhopw;rq;f gpujpepjpfshy;
njuptpf;fg;gl;l gzpahsu;fspd; Njitfs; guprPypf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••xU epWtdj;jpd; gzpahsu;fs; ed;F jfty; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;>
vdNt> mjd; gaid ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
ml;ltiz 11.1 epjp ed;ikfs; gw;wpa rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;;
ed;ikfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;;
rl;lG+u;tkhf KJikailj;jtu;fs;> capu; gpioj;jtu;fs;
Njitg;gLk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuf; fhg;gPL njhopyhsu;fs; el;l<L
fl;lzq;fs; Ntiyapd;ik ,og;gPL
rhu;G kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk;
ed;ikfs; FO MAs; fhg;gPL
FO Rfhjhu fhg;gPL
Kd;$l;br; nrYj;jpa rl;l jpl;lq;fs;
kUj;Jt tpLg;G
gy; kUj;Jt ed;ikfs;
kfg;NgW tpLg;G
fhyj;jpw;fhd gzk; gUt tpLKiw, thf;fspf;Fk; Cjpak;
Ntiy nra;atpy;iy tpLKiwfs;
kw;w ed;ikfs; gaz nryT
epWtdj;jpd; fhu; kw;Wk; khdpaq;fs;
Foe;ij guhkupg;G trjpfs;
gzpahsu; czT nfhLg;gdTfs;
efUk; nryT
cj;jputhj eyd;fspd; tiffs;

,e;j fUj;jpy; ehq;fs; tpthjpj;jgb> ,uz;L tiffspy; eyd;fisg;
ngwyhk;. ed;ikfis gz kjpg;G mbg;gilapy; mstpl KbAk;
kw;Wk; kw;w tif ed;ikfis gz kjpg;G mbg;gilapy; mstpl
KbahJ. kUj;Jtf; fhg;gPL kw;Wk; tpLKiw Cjpak; Nghd;w Cjpa

ed;ikfs; gzk; kjpg;Gld; njhlu;Gilajhf ,Uf;fyhk;> mit gz Cf;fj;njhiffs;
ed;ikfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd (ml;ltiz 11.1 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;)>

mNjNghy epWtdk; nra;jpj;jhs; kw;Wk; epWtd Nrit Nghd;w
ve;jnthU gz kjpg;igAk; ,izf;f KbahJ. mit> ml;ltiz
11.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
ml;ltiz 11.2 epjp my;yhj ed;ikfs; gw;wpa vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
ed;ikfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
tpUe;J ,ytr kjpa czT
fhgp ,ilNtis
Rw;Wyh
gpwe;j ehs; tpUe;J
FLk;gj;jpw;fhd ,uT czT
mw;g Mguzq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; fbfhuq;fs;
Nkir Jizf; fUtpfs;
gzg;igfs;
b-rl;ilfs;
ehl;Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkpLgtu;
Kf;fpa cj;jputhj eyd;fs;

Ke;ija gpuptpy;> xU epWtdj;jhy; mjd; Copau;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
gy;NtW cj;jputhj eyd;fis Fwpj;J ehk; mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
me;j ed;ikfis jtpu gzpahsu;fSf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd rpy
ed;ikfis cs;sd. ,it:
••Neu Copau;fSf;fhd Cjpak; nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy
••fhg;gPL ed;ikfs;
••,og;gPl;L gad;fs;
••Xa;T+jpa jpl;lq;fs;
Neu Copau;fSf;F Cjpak; nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy: ,e;j
Copau;fspd; eyd; epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fSf;F xU Kf;fpa ed;ik
mspf;fpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; xt;nthU epWtdKk; gzpahsu;fSf;F
ed;ik gaf;Fk; Neuj;ij nfhLf;ftpy;iy. Neu Copau;fSf;F Cjpak;
nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy Neuk; fl;lzk; ,uz;L tifahf ,Uf;fpwJ>
mit ,ytr Ntiy fhyj;ij gjpT nra;gtUf;F nrYj;jg;gLk;
fl;lzk;. ,ytr Ntiy Neuj;jpw;fhd fl;lzk;. ,tw;wpy; kjpa czT
fhyq;fs;> fhgp ,ilNtis> Xa;T fhyq;fs;> fpilf;Fk; Neuq;fs;
kw;Wk; gzp Xa;T Neuj;jpy; tpLg;Gfs;> Neha;tha;g;gl;l Neuj;jpy;
tpLg;G nghJ tpLKiw kw;Wk; rhjhuz tpLg;Gfs; mlq;Fk;.
fhg;gPl;L gad;fs;: xU epWtdj;jpd; gzpahsu;fSf;F fhg;gPl;Lg; gad;fs;
xU Kf;fpakhd gadspf;Fk; tifapy; cs;sJ. ,g;Nghnjy;yhk;>
xt;nthU epWtdk; mjd; Copau;fSf;Fk;> fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;iffs;
tpiyfspy; nfhs;Kjy; nra;Ak; trjpia toq;FfpwJ> ,e;j fhg;GWjp
Copau;fSf;F jq;fisf; fhg;gPlhf thq;Ftjw;F nrytopf;Fk;
nryitf; fhl;bYk; kpff; FiwthFk;.

Cf;fj;njhiffs; ,og;gPL ed;ikfs;: Copau;fSf;F my;yJ mtu;fsJ FLk;g
cWg;gpdu;fSf;F rpy ,ayhik my;yJ fhaq;fSf;F epWtdq;fs;
mjd; Copau;fSf;F ,og;gPL ed;ikfis toq;FfpwJ. epWtdk; kw;w
Copau;fSf;F Nkhrkhd my;yJ fhakile;j Copau;fSf;F epjp
Fwpg;Gfs; mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,og;gPl;L eyd;fs; midj;JNk njhopyhsu;fspd;
,og;gPl;Lr; rl;lk; %yk; xj;jpitf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Xa;T+jpa jpl;lq;fs;: epWtdq;fs; mjd; Copau;fs; Xa;T ngw;w gpd;du;
mtu;fSf;F Jiz tUtha; my;yJ Xa;T+jpaj;ijAk; toq;Ffpd;wd.
,e;j Xa;T+jpaj; jpl;lq;fs; epWtdkhfNth gzpahsuhfNth Cjpak;
ngWk; epWtdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. NkYk;> Xa;T+jpaq;fSld;> gzpahsu;fs;>
mjpfkhd msTf;F Nky; gydilAk; tifapy; epWtdq;fSk; kpif
Cjpaj;ij toq;FfpwJ.
cj;jputhj eyd;fspd; fz;fhzpg;G: xU epWtdj;jpd; cj;jputhj
eyd;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJ epWtdk; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;
jpUg;jp Kiwapd; rupahd nray;ghl;bw;F NghJkhd epiyapy;
,y;iy. epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fshy; Kiwahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L>
KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjp nra;tjhf > cj;jputhj
eyd;fs; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cj;jputhj eyd;fspy;
fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba topKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••ed;ik Nehf;fq;fis mikj;jy;
••Rw;Wr;R+oy; fhuzpfis kjpg;gPL nra;jy;
••Nghl;bj;jd;ikia epu;zapj;jy;
••ed;ik gaf;Fk; jfty;
••ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
glk; 11.1 cj;jputhj eyd;fs; fz;fhzpg;gjpy; njhlu;ghd
gy;NtW gbfspd; tupiria fhl;LfpwJ.
Setting up
benefit objectives
E
N Assessing environ-
V mental factors
I
R
O Determining
N Competitiveness
M
E
N Conveying benefit
T information
Controlling
benefits costs
and evaluation
glk; 11.1 gy;NtW tifahd cj;jputhj eyd;fspd; eltbf;iffis

fz;fhzpj;jy;.

ed;ik Nehf;fq;fis mikj;jy;: cj;jputhj eyd;fis rupahd Cf;fj;njhiffs;
Kiwapy; nray;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjp nra;tjw;fhf> xU epWtdk;

rpy ed;ik Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. fPNo cs;s
cj;jputhj eyd;fis nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba
Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW: Fwpg;Gfs;
••ntspg;Gw Nghl;bj;jd;ikia Cf;Ftpj;jy;
••nryT nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;:
••xt;nthU Copaupd; NjitfisAk; tpUg;gq;fisAk; G+u;j;jp
nra;jy;
••rl;luPjpahd epu;ge;jj;ij gpd;gw;Wjy;
Rw;Wr;R+oy; fhuzpfis kjpg;gPL nra;jy;: cj;jputhj eyd;fis
fz;fhzpf;Fk; NghJ> xU epWtdk; Copau;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk;
cj;jputhj eyd;fis ghjpf;fyhk; gy;NtW cs; kw;Wk; Gw
Rw;Wr;R+oy; fhuzpfisf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. ntspehl;L fhuzpfs;
murhq;f nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfs;> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;
cs;sf fhuzpfs; nghUshjhu epiyikfs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
fhuzpfs; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. xU epWtdk; ed;F epWtg;gl;bUe;jhy;>
tsu;e;JtUk; epWtdj;ij tplTk; mjd; Copau;fSf;F rpwe;j Cjpa
ed;ikfis toq;f KbAk;.
Nghl;bj;jd;ikia epu;zapj;jy;: cj;jputhj eyd;fis fz;fhzpf;Fk;
NghJ> xU epWtdk; mjd; Nghl;bahsu;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; cj;jputhj
eyd;fis jq;fs; gzpahsu;fSf;F kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. eyd;fs;
toq;Ftjw;fhd Nghl;bahsupd; %Nyhghaq;fis fz;fhzpf;f>
epWtdk; jdJ Nghl;bahsuhy; toq;fg;gLk; gy;NtW ed;ikfs; gw;wpa
jfty;fisg; ngw epWtdk; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ed;ik gaf;Fk; jfty;: xU epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fs; ntt;NtW
tifahd nra;jp Clfq;fs; %yk; rpWGj;jfq;fs;> tof;fkhd
gzpahsu; $l;lq;fs;> gpuRuq;fs; kw;Wk; fhl;rp tpsf;fq;fs; Nghd;w
gy;NtW tifahd gad; jUk; jpl;lq;fisg; gw;wp jfty; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Copau;fSf;F ed;ik jUk; jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd
kpfr; rpwe;j top> xt;nthU khjKk; Cf;fkspf;Fk; epWtdq;fspd;
Copau;fshy; ngwg;gl;l ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; Nritfisf; fhl;LfpwJ.
ed;ik kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lr; nryit fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;: ,e;j
cgupr; rYiffis gw;wp epu;zapf;Fk; xU Kf;fpakhd topKiw>
gz trjpapy;yhj cgupr; rYiffs; gzpahsu;fSf;F ve;j msTf;F
cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij cWjp nra;Ak;. gz tuk;gpy;yhj
ed;ikfisg; gw;wpa rupahd fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw gpd;tUk;
Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;:
••Copau;fspd; tUtha; mjpfupf;fpwjh?
••epWtdk; toq;Fk; rYiffshy;> Copau;fis ftu Kbe;jjh?
••Copau;fspd; ek;gpf;if cau;e;Js;sjh?
••epWtdj;jpd; njhopy;Jiw njhlu;Gfs; Nkk;gl;ljh?

Cf;fj;njhiffs; Nkw;$wpa Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fs; HR NkyhsUf;F cgup
rYiffspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjw;F cjTfpd;wd.
khwf;$ba ,og;gPL gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL

Fwpg;Gfs; khwf;$ba ,og;gPL vd;gJ> mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; mbg;gilapy;
njhopyhsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fspidf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. ,e;j jpl;lq;fs; njhopyhsu;fspd; cau;e;j nray;jpwid
<Lnra;a Cf;fj;njhiffs; my;yJ gy;NtW tpfpjq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,j;jpl;lq;fs; cyfk; KOtJk; gpugykhf ,Ug;gjhy;>
cw;gj;jpj; jpwid cau;j;Jtjw;F gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
gy;NtW Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fs; mLj;j gpuptpy; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fs; gy cs;sd kw;Wk; mit khWgl;lit. ,it 2
jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; gutyhf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd:
••jdpegu; Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk;
••FO Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk;
glk; 11.2 jdpegu; khdpaj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; FO Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fs;
jdpegu; Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk;: jdpg;gl;l Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lk;

Neuk; rhu;e;jjhf my;yJ cw;gj;jp rhu;e;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ILO ehd;F
tiffspy; fl;lzk; nrYj;Jk; jpl;lq;fis tifg;gLj;jpAs;sJ:
(a) n
jhopyhsu;fspd; tUtha; cw;gj;jpapd; mNj tpfpjj;jpy;
khWgLk; jpl;lq;fs;
,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa jd;ik vd;dntd;why;> njhopyhsu;fs;
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ Vw;gLk; Mjhaq;fs; my;yJ ,og;Gfs;
vJthapDk; mJ mtu;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.

Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ> kzpNeu> jpdrup my;yJ khjhe;jpu Cf;fj;njhiffs;
mbg;gilapy; njhopyhsUf;F Cjpak; toq;fg;gLk; NghJ> mtuJ

cw;gj;jp khw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; midj;J Mjhaq;fs; my;yJ
,og;Gfs; Kjyhspf;F cupajhFk;.
,e;j tifahd jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpahdJ> juk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs;
ntspaPLfspd; Jy;ypakhd mstPl;ilg; nghWj;jJ.
,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,uz;L Kiwfs; cs;sd:
(i)
Neuhd rpW gzp Kiw: ,J kpf vspa> kpfTk; goikahd
kw;Wk; nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwahFk;. ,e;j Kiwapd;
fPo; cw;gj;jp tPjk; xU myFf;F epu;zak; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
xU njhopyhspapd; nkhj;j tUkhdKk; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpiaAk;
xU myfpd; tpfpjj;jhy; (myFfspd; mbg;gilapy;
mstplg;gLfpwJ) ngUf;Ftjd; %yk; te;Js;sJ. vdNt
njhopyhsp Cjpak; ngWtJ Neubahf mtuJ nray;jpwidg;
nghWj;jJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Copaupd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jp 100
myFfshf ,Ue;jhy;> xU myFf;F 10 igrh tPjk; vd;why;
mtuJ Cjpak; 100 × 0.10 = `10. MFk;. vdpDk;> ,e;j
Kiwapd; fPo;> xU njhopyhsp Njitahd cw;gj;jpia cw;gj;jp
nra;aj; jtwpdhy;> $yp ,y;yhky; nry;y Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,e;j
tiuaiwfisAk; flf;f> ,e;j KiwahdJ xU tifapy;
khw;wpaikf;fg;gLfpwJ> mjhtJ> njhopyhsu; fhy tpfpj
cj;juthjk; MFk;. ruhrup epge;jidfspd; gb fhy msT
rpW tpfpjj;jpd; fPo; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F
mg;ghw;gl;l fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLk; Fiwthd tUtha;f;F vjpuhf
njhopyhsiu ghJfhf;f tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(ii)
epiyahd kzpNeu Kiw: ,e;j Kiw 100 rjtpfpj
Mjhaq;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sjy; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j Kiwapd; fPo;> xU gzpapd; ,og;gPl;Lf;fhf epiyahd
Neuk; epu;zapf;fg;gl;L> xU kzpNeuj;jpw;fhd tpfpjk; gpd;du;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Ntiy Kbf;f my;yJ epu;za Neuj;jpw;F
Kd;G gzpia Kbg;gjw;fhf njhopyhspf;F epiyahd fhy
tpfpjj;jpy; Cjpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ve;j xU njhopyhspf;Fk;
$yp cj;juthjk; ,y;iy> xU njhopyhspf;F mtu; ju epu;za
Neuj;ij tpl mjpfkhd Neuk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk;> tof;fkhd
fhy mbg;gilapy; fzf;fplg;gLk; mNj Cjpak; toq;fg;gLk;.
fhy Cjpak; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> fhy tpfpjj;jhy;
ngUf;ff;fpilf;Fk; fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mtUf;F Cjpak;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpd;tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ,e;j Kiwia tpsf;FfpwJ:
epiyahd Neuk; = 10 kzp Neuk;
xU kzp Neuj;jpw;F = `1
epiy (1) vLf;fg;gl;l Neuk; = 8 kzp Neuk;

Cf;fj;njhiffs; tUtha; = 10 × 1 = `10
epiy (2) vLf;fg;gl;lJ = 12 kzp Neuk;
(a) Neu $yp cj;juthjk; ,y;iy vd;why;> tUtha; = 10 × 1 =
`10
Fwpg;Gfs;
(b) Neu $yp cj;juthjk; ,Ue;jhy;> tUtha; = 12 × 1 = `12
(b)
njhopyhsu;fspd; tUtha; cw;gj;jpapd; Fiwthf tpfpjj;jpy;
khWgLk; jpl;lq;fs;
,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> ehd;F njhlu;Gila Mdhy; ntt;NtW jpl;lq;fs;
,e;j Kiwfspd; fPo; tUfpd;wd.
••`hy;nr jpl;lk;
••Nuhtd; jpl;lk;
••ghu;j; jpl;lk;
••gPlhf;]; jpl;lk;
,e;j midj;J jpl;lq;fspd; nghJthd mk;rk; vd;dntdpy;>
Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; Cf;fj;njhif toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,it
Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; njhopyhspfspd; Mjhak; gfpu;T jpl;lq;fs; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd> mit Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Neuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk;
Mjhak; gfpu;TfshFk;. njhopyhsp Nrkpj;j Neuj;jpy; ghjp (my;yJ
NtW ve;jg; gpuptpw;Fk;) toq;fg;gLk;> kw;Wk; Kjyhspaplk; rkepiy
msT fpilf;Fk;.
juepiyfis epu;zapf;fNth my;yJ njhopy;Jiwapd;
cw;gj;jpia Jy;ypakhf mstplNth Kbahky; NghFk; epiyfspy;
,e;j jpl;lq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j jpl;lq;fs;
rpytw;wpd; fPo; cw;gj;jp ,lu;ghLfspd; fPo; rpW Cjpa KiwAld;
xg;gpLk;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l msT ntsptUtjw;F njhopyhsp mjpf
mstpy; Cjpak; ngw KbAk;.
`hy;nr jpl;lk;: ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> xU Ntiyia Kbf;f>
epiyahd Neuk; epu;zapf;fg;gl;L> xU kzp Neuj;jpw;F xU Kiw
tPjk; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhopyhsu; mtu; ju epu;za Neuk;
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;lij vLf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; fhy msT Cjpak;
toq;fg;gLk;. MapDk;> epiyahd Neuj;ij tpl Fiwthf Neuk;
kw;Wk; ntFkjp Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Neuk;
Fwpg;gpl;l rjtPjj;jpy; fzf;fplg;gLk;. ,jd; rjtPjk; 30 Kjy; 70
rjtPjk; tiu NtWglyhk;. tof;fkhd gq;F 50 rjtPjk;> kPjKs;sit
Kjyhspaplk; nry;fpd;wd.
gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fs; jpl;lj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ:
epiy (1) vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Neuk; = 10 kzp Neuk;

tUtha; = 10 × 1= `10 Cf;fj;njhiffs;

tUtha; = 12 × 1 = `12
epiy (3) vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Neuk; = 8 kzp Neuk; Fwpg;Gfs;
tUtha;fs;:
Neu $yp = 8 × 1 = `8
ntFkjp = 1/2 × 2 × 1 = `1
`9
Nuhtd; jpl;lk;: ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; epiyahd Neuk; kw;Wk;
xU kzp Neuj;jpw;fhd fl;lzk; epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
Ntiyia Kbf;f vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Neuk;> tof;fkhd Neuj;ij
tpl my;yJ mjw;F mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy;> xU kzp Neuj;jpw;fhd
tpfpjj;jpy; CopaUf;F $yp toq;fg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
Neuk; tof;fkhd Neuj;ij tpl Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;> CopaUf;F fhy
Cjpaj;Jld; $Ljyhf kpifA+jpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. kpifA+jpak;
vd;gJ njhopyhsu;fspd; Neu tpfpjj;jpd; tpOf;fhl;il vLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;j rjtPjk; epiyahd Neujj;jpypUe;J Nrkpj;j fhyj;jpd;
tpfpjhr;rhuj;jpw;F rkk;.
tUtha; = 10 × 1 = `10
tUtha; = 12 × 1 = `12
tUtha; = 8 × 1 = `8
ntFkjp = 2/10 × 8 = `1.6
`9.60
ghu;j; jpl;lk;: ghu;j; jpl;lk; (khwp gfpu;T jpl;lk;): `hy;nr kw;Wk;
Nuhtd; Nghyd;wp> ,J fhy tpfpjKk; cj;juthjk; jutpy;iy.
Cjpaj;ij ngUk; njhopyhsu;fs;> Ntiy Neuj;ij Kbf;f vLf;fg;gl;l
kzpNeuq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;J> jahupg;Gfspd; tu;f;f %yk;
vLj;J> njhopyhsu;fspd; kzpNeu tpfpjj;jpy; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

Cf;fj;njhiffs; tUtha; = 12 × 10 = 10.95 × 1 = `10.95
tUtha; = 10 × 10 = 10 × 1= `10
Fwpg;Gfs; epiy (3) vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Neuk; = 8 kzp Neuk;
tUtha;fs; = 8 × 10 = `8.94 × 1 = `8.94
gPlhf;]; jpl;lk;: ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> Ntiyf;fhd epiyahd
Neuk; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. mDkjpf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpd; xt;nthU
epkplKk; xU Gs;sp my;yJ B vdg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thwhf xU kzp
Neuj;jpy; 60 Bs cs;sd. xt;nthU Ntiyf;Fk; epiyahd vz;zpf;if
nfhz;l Bs cs;sd. njhopyhsu; jdJ kzpNeu tpfpjk; Cjpaj;ij
jtpu kpifA+jpak; ngWfpwhu;> mry; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> xU kzp Neuj;jpw;F
60-f;Fk; mjpfgl;rkhf Nru;j;j Gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if 75 rjtpfpj;jpw;F
rkkhf cs;sJ, njhopyhsu;fspd; kzpNeu tpfpjj;jpy; Mwpy; xU
gq;F mjpfupj;Js;sJ. mtu; ju epu;za Neuj;ij vl;ltpy;iy vd;why;
njhopyhspf;F fhy mtfhrk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fs; nglhf;]; jpl;lj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ:
1 kzp Neuj;jpw;F = `1
epiy (1) cz;ikahd Neuk; = 12 kzp Neuk;
tUtha; = 12 × 1 = `12
epiy (2) cz;ikahd Neuk; = 8 kzp Neuk;
tUtha;: Neu $yp = 8 × 1 = `8
kpifA+jpak;:
epiyahd Bs = 10 × 60 = 600
cz;ikahd Bs = 8 × 60 = 480
Nrkpf;fg;gl;l Bs = 120
kpifA+jpak;: = 75/100 × (120 × 1)/60 = 1.50
nkhj;j tUtha;: 8 + 1.50 = `9.50
(c) n
jhopyhsu;fspd; tUtha;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; mjpfkhd tpfpjj;jpy;
khWk; jpl;lq;fs;
,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,uz;L Kiwfs; cs;sd:
(a) cau; gFjp tpfpj Kiw
(b) cau; epiyahd kzpNeu Kiw
cau;e;j gFjp tpfpj Kiwapd; fPo;> njhopyhspapd; Cjpak;>
Neuhd gFjp Kiwapy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; xt;nthU cw;gj;jp myFf;Fk;>
juj;Jf;F Nky; cs;s tUthapd; cau;T mjpfkhFk;. cjhuzkhf> xU
rjtpfpj tUthapy; rjtPj mjpfupg;ig> juepiyapy; cs;s cw;gj;jp

mjpfupg;Gld; xg;gpLk; NghJk;> tUtha; rjtPj mjpfupg;G Neuhf gFjp Cf;fj;njhiffs;
tpfpj Kiwapd; fPo; xg;gpLk;NghJk; tUtha; 4/3 Kiw mjpfupf;fyhk;.

juepiyia mile;j gpd; mjpf tpfpjq;fis tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;. mNj
Nghy;> ju;f;f Kiwia gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; cau; ju kzpNeu
Kiwia Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;j ,uz;L Kiwfspd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; vd;dntdpy;> xU myFf;F
Neubahd njhopyhsu; nrytPdkhdJ> juepiy jahupg;GfSf;F NkYs;s
cw;gj;jp mstpid mjpfupf;fpwJ> NkYk; Nky;kl;l nrytpdq;fspy;
tUthia gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpwJ. njhopyhsu;fspd; gq;F> ntt;NtW
cw;gj;jp epiyfspy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tUthapy; Vw;wj;jpd; msitg;
nghWj;jJ.
(d)
njhopyhsu;fspd; tUtha;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; ntt;NtW tpfpjj;jpy;
khWk; jpl;lq;fs;
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gy Kiwfs; mlq;Fk;:
nla;yupd; khWgl;l gFjp tpfpj Kiw: ,e;j Kiwapd; fPo;>
juepu;zaj;jpw;F fPNo cs;s cw;gj;jpf;F Fiwe;j msT gFjp tPjk;
cs;sJ. NkYk;> juj;Jf;F Nky; cs;s cw;gj;jpf;F mjpf gFjp
tpfpjKk;> $Ljyhf 50 rjtpfpj Neu tpfpjj;jpy; epiyahd cw;gj;jp
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l kpifA+jpaj;ij mila KbAk;.
epiyahd cw;gj;jp = 100 myFfs;
myF tpfpjk; = 10 igrh
tifaPl;il gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ:
120% gFjp tpfpjk; my;yJ mjw;F Nky; cs;s epiyahd tpfpjk;
Fiwe;j epiyahd tpfpjj;jpy; 80% gFjp tpfpjk;
epiy (1) cw;gj;jp = 120 myFfs;
tUtha; = 120 × 120/100 × 0.10 = 14.40
tUtha; = 90 × 80/100 × 0.10 = 7.20
nkupf; tifaPl;L gFjp tpfpj mikg;G: ,e;j KiwahdJ
nla;yupd; Kiwia khw;wpaikg;gjhFk;> ,J ,uz;L tpfpjq;fSf;F
gjpyhf %d;W tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. Gjpa kw;Wk; ruhrup
njhopyhsu;fs; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf xU ngupa Kiw ,uz;L gpupTfshf
gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. Neuhd gFjp tPjk; vd;gJ epiyahd cw;gj;jpapd; 83
rjtPjk; MFk;. ,jpy;> Neu tpfpjj;jpy; 10 rjtpfpj kpifA+jpaKk;>
epiyahd cw;gj;jpia miltjpy; $Ljyhf 10 rjtpfpj kpifA+jpaKk;
toq;fg;gLk;. cau; gFjp tpfpjk; mjpf epiyahd cw;gj;jpf;F
nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Cf;fj;njhiffs; epiyahd cw;gj;jp = 100 myFfs;
gFjp tpfpjk; = 10 igrh
Fwpg;Gfs; nray;jpwd; = 80/100 × 100 = 80%
tUtha;fs;:
nray;jpwd; 83 rjtpfpjj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;> mbg;gilj;
gFjp tpfpjk; kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;:
= 80 × 0.10 = & 8
nray;jpwd; = 90/100 × 100 = 90%
tUtha;fs;: nray;jpwd; 83% f;Fk; mjpfkhf Mdhy; 100%>
110%f;Fk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;> mbg;gilg; gFjp tpfpjk; nghUe;Jk;:
90 × 110/100 × 0.10 = `9.90
nray;jpwd; = 110/100 × 100 = 110%
tUtha;fs;: nray;jpwd; 100% f;Fk; mjpfkhf Mdhy; 120%f;Fk;
Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;> mbg;gilg; gFjp tpfpjk; kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;:
110 × 120/100 × 0.10 = `13.20
fhd;l; gzp Kiw: ,e;j Kiwapd; fPo;> njhopyhsUf;F
cj;juthjkhf> juj;jpw;F fPo; cs;s cw;gj;jpf;fhd fhy msT
Cf;fj; njhif toq;fg;gLfpwJ. epiyahd cw;gj;jpia mile;jTld;
njhopyhsu;fSf;F fhy Cjpaj;jpy; 20 rjtPj kpifA+jpak;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. juj;jpw;F Nky; cs;s cw;gj;jpf;F> mjpf gFjp
tPjk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
kzpNeuj;jpw;fhd tpfpjk; = 0.50
cau; gFjp tpfpjk; = & 0.10
epiyahd cw;gj;jp = 80 myFfs;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Neuk; = 8 kzp Neuk;
cw;gj;jp juj;ij tpl Fiwthf cs;sjhy;> njhopyhsu;fSf;F
fhy Cjpak; kl;LNk toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
tUtha;fs; = 8 × 0.50 = `4
cw;gj;jp juj;Jf;F rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ njhopyhsu;fSf;F
fhy CjpaKk; kw;Wk; fhy Cjpaj;jpy; 20% kpifA+jpaKk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

Neu $yp = 8 × 0.50 = `4 Cf;fj;njhiffs;
kpifA+jpak; = 20/100 × 4 = `0.80

nkhj;j tUtha;fs; = `4.80
epiy (3) cw;gj;jp = 110 myFfs; Fwpg;Gfs;
cw;gj;jp juj;ijtpl mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> njhopyhsu;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLk; cau; gFjp tPjk; = 110 × 0.10 = `11
vku;rdpd; jpl;lk;: ,e;j Kiwapd; fPo;> xt;nthU Ntiyf;Fk;
epiyahd Neuk; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; xt;nthU njhopyhsupd;
nray;jpwDk; juepiy cw;gj;jpia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L gpupg;gjd; %yk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 67 rjtpfpj nray;jpwDf;fhd njhopyhsu;fSf;F
fhy msT Cjpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ mjd;gpd;du; 100 rjtpfpj
nray;jpwdpy; mtUf;F 29 rjtPjk; kpifA+jpakhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
xt;nthU $Ljy; 1 rjtPj nray;jpwDf;Fk; $Ljy; 1 rjtPj
kpifA+jpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
epiyahd cw;gj;jp 8 kzp Neuj;jpy; = 100 myFfs;
kzpNeuj;jpw;fhd tpfpjk; = `1
epiy (1) cw;gj;jp 10 kzp Neuj;jpy; = 70 myFfs;
tUtha;fs;: nray;jpwd; = 50%
nray;jpwd; 67% f;Fk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;> njhopyhsu;fspd;
Neu fhy Cjpaj;jpw;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;.
10 × 1 = `10
nray;jpwd; 67% f;Fk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;> njhopyhsu;fspd;
Neu fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;.
njhopyhsu;fspd; fhy mstpw;F> 20 rjtpfpj Cjpak;
kpifA+jpakhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Neu $yp = 10 × 1 = `10
kpifA+jpak; = 20/100 × 10 = `2 `12
100 rjtPj nray;jpwdpy; 20 rjtPjk; vd;w tPjj;jpy;> 1 rjtPjk;
nray;jpwdpy; xt;nthU 1 rjtPj cau;Tf;fhd mjpfupg;G njhopyhsu;fspd;
Neu mstpy; 50 rjtPj Cjpak; kpifA+jpakhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Neu $yp = 10 × 1 = `10
kpifA+jpak; = 50/100 × 10 = `2
`15

Cf;fj;njhiffs; tpiuTgLj;jg;gl;l fhg;gPL Kiw: ,e;j Kiwapd; fPo;> cw;gj;jp msT
mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ> njhopyhsu;fspd; tUtha; msTk; cau;fpwJ.
,e;j Kiwapd; %yk; njhopyhsu;fs; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;tjd;
%yk; mjpfkhf Cjpak; ngw KbAk;. ,e;j Kiw Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;>
Fwpg;Gfs; nray;gLj;jTk; fbdkhFk;.
FO Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fs;: ngUk;ghyhd njhopy;
epWtdq;fspy; FO Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fs; nghJthdit.
Kd;du; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU jdpegu; jpl;lKk; xU
FOtpdUf;F nghUe;Jk;> mtw;wpy; kpfTk; nghJthdit gFjp tpfpj
KiwahFk;.
njhlu; Cf; f j; n jhif jpl; l q; f is nghWj; J> nkhj; j k;
cs; s FOtpdupd; tUtha; f s; epu; z apf; f g; gLfpd; w d> gpd; d u;
Cjpak; xU rpy rkkhd mbg; gilapy; FO cWg; gpdu; f spilNa
gpupf; fg; g LfpwJ:
••FO cWg;gpdu;fs; rkkhd jpwd;fSld; ,Ue;jhy;> me;j Cjpak;
mtu;fspilNa rkkhf Kiwapy; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••,e;jf; FOtpy; rkkw;w jpwd;fs; cs;s cWg;gpdu;fs;
mlq;fpapUe;jhy;> ,e;j Cjpak; cWg;gpdu;fspilNa jdpg;gl;l
Neu tpfpjq;fspy; my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjq;fspy; gpupf;fg;gLk;.
FO Cf;fj;njhifj; jpl;lq;fspd; ed;ikfspy; rpy:
••njhopyhsu;fs; kj;jpapy; ey;y xj;Jiog;G.
••Fiwe;j Nkw;ghu;it
••tpyfpapUf;Fk; epiyia Fiwj;jy;
••vOj;Jrhh; Copau; Fiwj;jy;
••FWfpa fhy gapw;rp Neuk;
FO Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fspd; jPikfspy; rpy:
••FOtpy; cs;s kw;w njhopyhspfspd; nray;jpwd; fhuzkhf
jpwikahd njhopyhsp xUtu; jz;bf;fg;gl Neuplyhk;.
••Cf;fj;njhif jdJ Nehf;fj;ijg; gupkhWk; mstpw;F tYthf
,Uf;fhJ.
••FO cWg;gpdu;fspilNa Nghl;b vd;gJ FOg;gzp kw;Wk;
xj;Jiog;gpd; Nehf;fj;ij Njhy;tpailar;nra;Ak;.

1. $yp tiuaWf;f.
2. fhy Cjpa Kiwikapd; xU Fiwg;ghl;il $Wf.
3. Cf;fj;njhif ,og;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
4. cgupr; rYiffs; vd;why; vd;d?

11.3 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; Cf;fj;njhiffs;
1. Cjpak; toq;fy; rl;lk; 1936> gpupT 2 (vi) vd;gJ $ypia
tiuaWf;fpwJ. ‘ve;j xU jPu;T kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp kpifA+jpak; Fwpg;Gfs;
toq;fg;gl;lhy; mJ $ypahFk;.’
2. Copau;fspd; rpwe;j Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;s fhy Cjpa
mikg;G ,e;j Cf;fj;njhifia toq;FfpwJ. Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk;
ntFkjpf;F ve;jnthU Neub Neu;kiwahd njhlu;G ,y;iy.
3. Cf;fj;njhif ,og;gPL> ‘KbT %yk; gzk; nrYj;Jjy;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLtJ> cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; mjpfupg;Gf;F nghUshjhu
Mjhaq;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk; xU KiwahFk;.
4. xU epWtdk; jkJ Neub Cjpaj;Jld; Nru;jJ
; > mjd; Copau;fSf;F
toq;Fk; $Ljy; rYiffs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; MFk;.
11.4 RUf;fk;
••Cjpak; vd;gJ kpfTk; tpupthd mu;j;jj;jpy;> Kjyhspfshy;
njhopyhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l NritfSf;fhf rpy xg;ge;jj;jpd;
fPo; toq;fg;gLk; nghUshjhu ,og;gPl;il Fwpf;fpwJ.
••ciog;Gf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif $yp my;yJ
Cjpak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
••Neu $yp: ,J nrytpLk; fhyj;jpd; msit mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.
$yp vd;gJ fhyj;jpd; myF mbg;gilapy; mstplg;gLfpwJ.
v.fh. xU khjj;jpw;F> xU ehisf;F kw;Wk; gpw.
••Copau;fs; rpwe;j Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;s fhy Cjpa
mikg;G ,e;j Cf;fj;njhifia toq;FfpwJ. Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk;
ntFkjpfSf;F Neub Neu;kiwahd njhlu;G ,y;iy.
••gFjp $yp Kiw: ,J Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msit
my;yJ cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
••njhopyhsu;fspd; Cjpak; mtuJ cw;gj;jp my;yJ nray;jpwDf;F
Neu;tpfpjj;jpypUf;Fk;.
••juk; kw;Wk; msT ,uz;ilAk; guhkupf;Fk; Cjpa nfhLg;gdit
toq;Fk; Kiw Cf;f Cjpa jpl;lk; vdg;gLk;. ,J ,aw;ifahfNt
Cjpaf; nfhLg;gdtpd; mbg;gil Kiwikfs;> mjhtJ Neuk;
kw;Wk; gFjp Cjpaq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;l xU EZf;fkhd
,izg;ghFk;.
••Cjpa nfhLg;gdtpd; Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fspd; fPo;>
njhopyhsu;fs; jkJ cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;F J}
z;lg;gLk; tifapy;> ,uz;L fhy Cjpa kw;Wk; gFjp Cjpa
KiwfSk; xd;whf ,ize;jpUf;Fk;.

Cf;fj;njhiffs; ••`hy;Nr jpl;lk;: ,J njhopyhsu;fs; kj;jpapy; jpwid Cf;Ftpf;f
kw;Wk; fhy mbg;gilapy; mtu;fSf;F Cjpa cj;juthjk;
toq;f F. A. `hy;Nr %yk; Njhd;wpa jpl;lk; MFk;.
••Nuhtd; jpl;lk;: fhy mbg;gilapy; Cjpak; cj;juthjk;
Fwpg;Gfs; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; nkJthf gzpGupAk; njhopyhsu;fs;
ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
••`nky; kw;Wk; epf;fy;rd; MfpNahupd; thu;j;ijfspy;> Cjpa
Cf;Ftpg;Gfs; ‘xU Ntiyf;F tof;fkhd Cjpaj;Jld; $Ljy;
Cjpak; toq;Fk; midj;J jpl;lq;fisAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.’
••midj;J Cjpa Cf;fj; njhiffspYk; kpf vspikahdJ
Neuhd gFjp tpfpj mikg;G vd;W $wyhk;.
••cgupr; rYif vd;gJ xU epWtdk; jkJ Neub Cjpaj;Jld;
Nru;j;J> mjd; Copau;fSf;F toq;Fk; $Ljy; rYiffs; kw;Wk;
Nritfs; MFk;.
••njhopyhsu;fis ftUk; tifapy; cgupr; rYifapy; gy
ed;ikfs; cs;sd. Kjyhtjhf> ngUk;ghyhd cgupr; rYiffs;
tuptpjpg;Gf;Fl;l rYiffs; my;y> mit tuptpjpg;Gf;F cl;gl;l
tUkhdj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gltpy;iy.
••xU epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fSf;F fhg;gPl;Lg; gad;fs; xU
Kf;fpakhd gadspf;Fk; tifapy; cs;sJ. khWgLk; ,og;gPL
vd;gJ njhopyhsu;fSila cw;gj;jpj; jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy;
toq;fg;gLk; Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fspidf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

••Cf;fj;njhif: ,J mjpf cw;gj;jp my;yJ KjyPl;ilj; J}
z;Lk; fl;lzNkh my;yJ rYifNah MFk;.
••fhg;gPL: Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,og;G> Nrjk;> cly;eyf; FiwT my;yJ
,wg;Gf;fhd ,og;gPL cj;juthjk; mspj;jy; Nghd;w Fwpg;gpl;l
fhg;gPl;il nrYj;Jtjw;fhf ,ij xU epWtdk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
••Xa;T+jpak;: kpfTk; tajhdtu;fs; my;yJ cly;epiy
rupapy;yhky; ,Ug;gtu;fs;> ,dpAk; Ntiy nra;a Kbahj
xUtUf;F muR my;yJ jdpahu; epWtdk; njhlu;e;J gzk;
nrYj;Jjy;> mtUf;F Cjpakhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. njhopyhsu;fis <Lnra;Ak; mbg;gil topKiwfis $Wf.
2. Cf;fj;njhif Cjpa jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
3. xU Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F Njitahditfs; vit?
4. cgupr; rYiffis vt;thW fz;fhzpf;f KbAk;?

neL tpil tpdhf;fs; Cf;fj;njhiffs;
1. Nld; kw;Wk; Nur;ryhy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fspd;

gue;j tiffis tpsf;Ff.
2. cgupr; rYiffspd; nfhs;iffis Ma;T nra;f. Fwpg;Gfs;
3. cgupr; rYiffspy; cs;s ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; gad;fis tpthjpf;fTk;.
4.
Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fspd; tiffis tpupthf kjpg;gPL
nra;aTk;.
11.7 NkYk; gbf;f


gzpahsu; cwTfs;
gFjp – IV
tsu;r;rp & Nkk;ghL
Fwpg;Gfs; myF 12 gzpahsu; cwTfs;:

mikg;G
12.0 Kd;Diu
12.2 gzpahsu; cwTfspd; Nfhl;ghL
12.3.1 xOf;fj;jpd; jd;ikfSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;
tpilfs;
12.7 RUf;fk;
12.10 NkYk; gbf;f
12.0 Kd;Diu
njhopy; cwTfs; vd;gJ Ntiy cwit gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; xU
xUq;fpize;j nray; MFk;. ,J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej ; jhf cs;sJ.
,e;j mZFKiw rpy Neuq;fspy; kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapy; $Ljy;
tpupthf;fk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. epr;rakhf> xU rpy vOj;jhsu;fs;> kdpj
ts Nkyhz;ikapy; Copau;fs; cwTfSld; gpd;dpg; gpize;jjhf
cs;sdu;. kw;w Mrpupau;fs;> gzpahsu; cwTfis njhopw;rq;f my;yhj
gzpahsUf;F kl;LNk fhz KbfpwJ. kWgf;fj;jpy;> njhopyhsu; njhlu;G
vd;gJ> FOthf cs;s Copau;fis ifahSk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j myfhdJ> gzpahsu; cwTfspd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis
tpupthf Ma;T nra;fpwJ.

,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;,
••Copau; cwTfspd; fUj;JUit tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••xOf;fk; kw;Wk; Fiwfs; vt;thW epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij
tpsf;f KbAk;.
••Copau; MNyhrid gw;wpa fUj;jha;it tpsf;f KbAk;.

12.2 gzpahsu; cwTfspd; Nfhl;ghL gzpahsu; cwTfs;
njhopy; cwTfs;> njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpw;Fk; mtu;fsJ

epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig ifahs cjTfpwJ. ‘njhopy;Jiw
cwTfs;’ vd;w Nfhl;ghL kpfTk; tpupthf cs;sJ. ,J etPd njhopy;Jiw Fwpg;Gfs;
rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s midj;J cwTfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,J
gzpahsu; Ntiyaspg;gtu; gupkhw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; cwTfspy; murpd; gq;F
Mfpait MFk;. njhopw;Jiw cwTfspd; fUj;ij tpsf;Fk; tifapy;
Mu; V ny];lu; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpl;lhu;:
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;> Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s xOf;fkhdJ
njhopy; [dehafj;jpw;F ,ilNa cs;s Kuz;ghl;L Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk;>
nghUshjhu ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jPu;Tfis> jPu;g;gJ kw;Wk;
xj;Jiog;G nra;a Kaw;rpg;gJ ,jpy; mlq;FfpwJ.
vd;irf;NshgPbah gpupl;lhdpf;fh mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb> njhopy;
cwTfs; Fwpj;j fUj;Jupik> Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fs;
mtu;fspd; epWtdq;fSld; murpd; cwTfis Fwpf;Fk; tifapy;
tpupTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhopy;Jiw cwTfis ifahSk; NghJ ru;tNjr njhopyhsu;
mikg;G (ILO)> muR kw;Wk; Kjyhspfs;> njhopyhsu; mikg;G my;yJ
njhopy; mikg;Gf;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s cwit ifahSk; vd;W
$WfpwJ.
njhopy;Jiw cwTfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp (Kjy;) Njrpa
njhopyhsu; Mizak; (1969) gpd;tUkhW tptupj;Js;sJ:
xU ehL nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j jpl;lkpLk; NghJ>
njhopy;Jiw Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ jtpu;f;f KbahjJ. nghUshjhu
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; njhopy; ey;ypzf;fk; vd;gJ njhopy;Jiw ,zf;fj;Jld;
gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sJ. njhopy; ,zf;fk; KjyhspfSf;Fk;
Copau;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa mjpf xj;Jiog;Gf;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpwJ. ,J
mjpf cw;gj;jpj; jpwid ngWfpd;wJ. mjd; %yk; ehl;bd; midj;J
tsq;fSf;Fk; gq;fspf;fpwJ. njhopy;Jiw jPq;fpid nghWj;Js;s
MNuhf;fpakhd njhopy;Jiw cwTfs;> Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; Copau;fs;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l xU nray;Kiwahf fUjg;gl KbahJ. ,J rKjhak;
KOtijANk Kf;fpakhfg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
njhopy; cwTfspy; cs;s vy;iy> fhykhdJ ,lj;jpw;F ,lk;
khWgLfpwJ. njhopy;Jiw cwTfspd; Nehf;fk; gw;wp Nguhrpupau;
upr;ru;l;rd; $Wifapy;> njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fs; Ntiyapy; vg;gb Nru;e;J
nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijAk;> Cjpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gzp epiyikfs;
cl;gl gy;NtW eyd;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf mtu;fSila cwTfs;
vt;thW xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; vd;ndd;d mikg;Gf;fs;
mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ.

xOf;fk; vd;gJ mbg;gil tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis
fz;bg;ghff; filg;gpbf;Fk; mikg;G cWg;gpdu;fspdhy; Kiwahd

gzpahsu; cwTfs; tzpfj;ij topelj;jy; vd;gjhFk;. ,J Copaupd; nray;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;Jk; xU nray;Kiw %yk; (Fiwe;jgl;rk; Kjypy;) nra;a
Ntz;Lk;> ,jdhy; mtu; my;yJ mtshy; jpwk;gl nray;gl KbfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 12.3.1 xOf;fj;jpd; jd;ikfSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

xOf;fj;jpd; ,U mk;rq;fs; cs;sd. mit:
(a) Neu;kiw mk;rq;fs;
(b) vjpu;kiw mk;rq;fs;
(a) Neu;kiw mk;rq;fs;: Copau;fs; jz;lidapd; gakpd;wp tpjpfSf;F
,zq;fp ele;J> ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F xj;Jiof;Fk; cs;shu;e;j
tpUg;gj;jpdhy; my;y. ,e;j mikg;ghdJ fhyepiy ,uz;L top
jfty; njhlu;G njspthd ,yf;Ffspd; jpwikahd jiyik kw;Wk;
NghJkhd ,og;gPL Copau;fs; ghuk;gupa topapy; xOf;fkhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tifahd mZFKiw Neu;kiw mZFKiw my;yJ
Mf;fG+u;tkhd fl;Lg;ghL my;yJ Ra xOf;fk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
];gpuPfy; fUj;jpd;gb xOf;fj;jpd;gb> xU gzpahsUf;F mjpf Rje;jpuk;
fpilg;gij rhjfkhd Kiwapy; xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ> mtu; jdJ
nrhe;jk; vd;W milahsg;gLj;Jk; FO Nehf;fj;ijAk; miltjw;F
Kaw;rpf;ifapy; mjpf msT Ra ntspg;ghLfis tpUk;Gfpwhu;.
(b) vjpu;kiw mk;rq;fs;: gzpahsu;fs; rpy Neuq;fspy; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;
xOf;fj;ij Mjupf;fhjjhy;> NkYk; mtu;fs; tpjpfs; xOq;FKiw
kw;Wk; elj;ij Njitg;gLk; tpjpKiwfis Mjupg;gjpy;iy.
vdNt>xOf;fhw;W epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l tpjpfs; xOq;FKiwfSf;F
cl;gl;L> Mizfs; kw;Wk; gpw jz;lidfspd; %yk; tpjpfis
epu;zapj;jJ kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfspd;gb gzpahsu;fSf;F fl;Lg;ghLfs;
tpjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xOf;fj;ijg; gw;wpa ,e;j mZFKiw vjpu;kiw
mZFKiw my;yJ rupahd mZFKiw my;yJ jz;lid
mZFKiw vdg;gLfpwJ. vjpu;kiw my;yJ jz;lid xOf;fk;
vd;gJ> mepahaq;fs; kPJ mguhjk; tpjpg;gjw;F epu;thfk; mOj;jk;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xU kdpjd;
xOf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk; xt;nthU KiwAk; ,e;j mOj;jk; mjpfupj;j
NghJ> mJ Kw;Nghf;fhdJ my;yJ jpUj;j xOf;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
jz;lid gw;wpa gak; Copaiu kPz;Lk; mNj epiyapy; itf;fpwJ.
];gPfy; ,d; $w;wpd;gb> xU Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;F mtrpakhdjhff;
fUjg;gLk; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfisf; ftdpf;Fk; xU jdpegu;
my;yJ FOitj; J}z;LfpwJ.
vjpu;kiw xOf;fk;> Ml;fs; gak; my;yJ kWgpwtp kw;Wk;
Neu;j;jpahd khWjy; my;yJ ,lkhw;wk; Fwpj;j tpjpKiwfs;
kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis filgpbf;f epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;W
$Wfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> mtu;fs; mr;rj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Ntiy
nra;tjhy;> gzpahsu;fsplkpUe;J Fiwe;jgl;r Ntiyapd; juj;ij
kl;LNk ngWtjw;F Kbfpd;wJ. ,jw;F khwhf> mjpfhuk; jd;dpr;irahf
elj;jg;gl;lhy; my;yJ elj;ij tpjpfs; epahakw;w Kiwapy; ,Ue;jhy;

my;yJ tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfSf;F gpd;gw;Wjy; Fwpj;j gzpahsu; cwTfs;
czu;T ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhy;> mJ xOq;fpd;ikAk;> ePbj;jpUe;jhy; mJ

mikg;GuPjpahd MNuhf;fpaj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ. xOf;fk; gw;wpa ve;j xU
jpl;lKk;> Ra xOf;fj;ij Jiz nra;J tYtilar; nra;Ak; NghJ
jhd; gaDs;sjhfTk;> ntw;wpfukhdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
,t;tpU mZFKiwfSf;fpilNa cs;s NtWghLfis tp v];
gp uht; gpd;tUkhW njhFj;jspf;fpwhu;:
ml;ltiz 12.1 Neu;kiw kw;Wk; vjpu;kiw xOf;fj;jpw;F ,ilNa cs;s
NtWghLfs;
Gs;sp vjpu;kiw xOf;fk; Neu;kiw xOf;fk;
fUj;J jz;lidfs; kPjhd xU epWtdj;jpy; ,zf;fkhd
gaj;jpd; fhuzkhf> R+oiy cUthf;Ftjd; %yk;>
epWtg;gl;l tpjpKiwfisAk; gzpahsu;fs;> epWtg;gl;l
xOq;FKiwfisAk; tpjpfSf;F jq;fSf;fhd
gpd;gw;Wjy;. tpUg;gj;Jld; ,izj;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
Kuz;ghL epWtd ,yf;Ffis Copau;fs; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; epWtd
jq;fs; nrhe;j ,yf;Ffshf ,yf;FfSf;F ,ilNa ve;j
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy. Kuz;ghLfSk; ,y;iy.
Mjhuk;: tpv];gp> uht;. 2000. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik — ciuAk; tof;FfSk;.
GJjpy;yp: vf;n]y; Gj;jfq;fs;> gp. 433
xOf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
xOf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fshtd:
(a)
epWtdj;jpd; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis
gzpahsu;fsplkpUe;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj; jahuhf ,Uj;jy;.
(b) njhopyhsu;fspilNa xj;Jiog;G czu;it tsu;j;jy;.
(c) kdpj MSik kw;Wk; kdpj cwTfSf;F kjpg;gspf;Fk; R+oiy
cUthf;fTk;> epWtdj;jpy; ey;y njhopy; cwTfis ghJfhf;f
nra;jy;.
(d) Copau;fspd; Ntiy jpwd; kw;Wk; kd cWjpia mjpfupg;gjd;
%yk; mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; mjpfupj;J cw;gj;jpr; nryT
FiwfpwJ.
(e)
kdpj khz;Gf;F kjpg;gspf;Fk; tifapy; rfpg;Gj;jd;ikia
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.
(f) jpir kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis rupahd topfspy; ngWjy;.

xU epWtdj;jpy; xOf;fkpd;ikf;fhd nghJthd fhuzq;fis
gpd;tUkhW $wyhk;:

gzpahsu; cwTfs; ••jpwikahd jiyik ,y;yhjJ: gaDs;s jiyikj;Jtk;
vd;gJ> tpUk;gpa Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F> gzpahsu;fspd;
(Jizg;gzpahsu;fs;) KO xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;W xOf;fj;ijf;
fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf ,e;jpahtpy; njhopy;Jiwfspy;
Fwpg;Gfs; xOf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jhj epu;thfk; my;yJ njhopw;rq;fq;fshy;
jpwikahd jiyikia toq;f KbahJ.
••Fiwthd Nkw;ghu;itaply;: gzpahsupd; cldb Nkyjpfhu
Nkw;ghu;itahsu;> jtwhd Nkw;ghu;itapd; fhuzkhf gy
xOf;fhw;W gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;ghu;itahsupd;
kdg;ghd;ikAk; elj;ijAk; gy gpur;ridfis cUthf;fyhk;.
xOf;fj;ijg; guhkupg;gJ vd;gJ mbg;gilahf Nkw;ghu;it
nghWg;Gf;fs;> fl;Lg;ghLld; rupahd tif Nkw;ghu;itahsupd;
nraypspUe;J xOq;fhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
••gy;NtW xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs;: rk;ge;jg;gl;l midtUf;Fk;
rkkhd ePjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s xOq;fikg;gpy; epi-
yahd xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ntt;NtW
Neuq;fshf ,Ue;jhYk;> midtUf;Fk; xNu khjpupahd xOq;F
eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; ,y;iynadpy;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
njhopy;Jiwapy; tsu;e;J tUk; xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffspy;
mjpfupg;igj; juf;$Lk;. mjhtJ> Nkyhz;ikapd; fle;j
fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa jPa nray;ghL Rje;jpukhd> ghugl;rkhd
rYifahfNth my;yJ tpUg;gkhfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••gFj;jy; kw;Wk; tpjpf;nfhs;if: epWtdj;jpy; cs;s gy
Nkyhsu;fs;> jq;fs; ek;gpf;iff;Fupa cjtpahsu;fs; %yk;
kw;w Copau;fis gw;wpa ufrpaj; jftiyg; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
Copau;fis csT ghu;g;gJ vd;gJ xU jPa R+o;epiyAk;>
me;j mikg;gpy; tpUk;gj;jfhj jd;ikahfTk; cs;sJ. vjpup
rf;jpfis tYtpof;fr; nra;tJ Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf cs;sJ>
Mdhy; nrhe;j Copau;fis gpupg;gJ njhopYf;F vjpuhf
ngUk; ghtkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij n`d;wp /ghNahy; rupah-
fNt Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;. gzpahsu;fis gpupf;Fk; msTf;F
Nkyhz;ikf;fhd ve;j njhifAk; mtrpakpy;iy> Mdhy; xU
FOthf Copau;fis xd;wpizg;gNj xyp Nkyhz;ikapd;
rthyhd gzpahFk;.
••ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l elj;ij newpfs; ,y;yhik: midj;J
gzpahsu;fspd; topfhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; jftYf;fhf NghJkhd
tpjp xOq;Ffs; my;yJ tof;fkhd eilKiwfis gl;baypl;L
xt;nthU epWtdj;jpYk; xOq;FKiw tpjpKiwfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;w FwpaPLfs;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpduhy;
mjd; cz;ikahd czu;Tld; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W>
njspthd kw;Wk; vspa nkhopapy;> njhlu;Gila midtUf;Fk;
xU njspthd kw;Wk; vspa Kiwapy; njupag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
rpwg;ghf mika> Nkyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Jizg;gzpahsu;fspd;
$l;L MNyhridf;F> tpjpKiwia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;

ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xOf;fnewp ,y;yhj epiyapy;> gzpahsu; cwTfs;
xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffis cUthf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G

kw;Wk; epiyfspypUe;J xOq;F eltbf;iffs; ntsptUfpd;wd.
••Copau; FiwfSf;F jPu;T fhZjy;: gzpahsupd; Fiwfs; kw;Wk;
mtw;wpd; jPu;Tfis myl;rpag;gLj;jNth my;yJ Gwf;fzpf;fNth Fwpg;Gfs;
KbahJ. Fiwfs; cupa Neuj;jpy; Nkyhsu;fshy; Kiwahf
tprhupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ jPu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fiwfisj;
jtpu;j;jy; ngUk;ghYk; nray;jpwd; Fiwjy;> Fiwe;j kd
xOf;fk;> gzpahsu;fspilNa xOf;ff; FiwT Mfpatw;iw
jUk;. NtiyepWj;jq;fshy; gy Neuq;fspy;> gzpahsu;fspd;
Fiwfs; Kw;wpYk; myl;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
••jdpg;gl;l gpur;rpidfspy; Nghjpa ftdk; nrYj;jhik:
kf;fSila nray;fs; my;yJ vjpu;tpidfs; mtu;fSila
mZFKiwfspd; Neub tpisT MFk;. kdg;ghq;fhdJ
kdpj ,dj;ijAk; mtw;wpd; nray;ghLfisAk; jhf;ff;
$baJ. xOf;fk; vd;gJ ,e;j kdg;ghq;fpdhy; tpisfpwJ>
,jd; %yk; Vw;gLk; kdg;ghq;Ffs; gzpahsu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l
gpur;ridfshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jdpg;gl;l gpur;rpidfs;
kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l rpf;fy;fs; Mfpatw;iw gw;wp gzpahsu;fSld;
MNyhrid nra;J xOf;fj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; mtrpak-
hFk;. jdpg;gl;l gpur;ridfspy; Nghjpa ftdk; nrYj;jhik>
,jdhy; xOf;fkpd;ikahdJ Vw;gLfpwJ.
••typik kw;Wk; mjpf mOj;jq;fs;: rpy Neuq;fspy; Nkyhsu;
my;yJ Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rpy egiug; gw;wp jtwhd czu;Tfis
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. ,jdhy; xOf;ff; fl;Lg;ghlhdJ Vw;gLfpwJ.
mJ kl;Lky;yhky; Copau; cwTfspy;> Nkw;ghu;itahsu; jdJ
fz;bg;ghd fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;> mtu;fs; vw;gLj;jf;$ba epi-
yapy; ,Ug;gjhf czUk; tifapy;> gzpahsu;fspd; Ntiy
kPJ mjPj mOj;jj;ij itf;fpwhu;. ,jdhy; xOf;ff;NfL Vw;gl
$Lk;.
••gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; gzpaku;j;jy; kPjhd jtwhd KbT:
gzpahsu; gjtp cau;T> gzpaku;j;jy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfspy;
jtwhd jPu;g;G vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpy; xOf;fkpd;ikapd;
tsu;r;rpf;F gq;fspf;fpwJ. ,e;j tof;Ffspd; jPu;g;G kpf ftd-
khf ftdpf;fg;gl;L> gutyhfr; Muhag;gl;L> Copau;fshy;
tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jtwhd egu;fsplkpUe;J xOf;fj;ij
vjpu;ghu;g;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy. rpy rkaq;fspy;> Copau;fis
Vkhw;wf;$ba tifapy; Ntiy nra;a tpUk;gj; jFjpAilNahu;>
gpwF xOf;ff; NfhshW gpur;ridia Vw;gLj;jptpLfpd;wdu;.

xOq;F eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

gzpahsu; cwTfs; (a) Muk;g tprhuiz: Kjy; gbahdJ jtwhd elj;ij njhlu;ghf
Kjy; Nehf;fq;fspy; VNjDk; tof;F cs;sjh vd;gij
fz;lwpAk; nghUl;L Kjw;fl;l tprhuizia elj;j Ntz;Lk;.
jtwhd elj;ij njhlu;ghd Kjy; Nehf;fj;jpy; tof;F ,Ue;jhy;
Fwpg;Gfs; kl;LNk> epu;thfk; NkYk; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy;
tof;if iftpl Ntz;Lk;.
(b) Fw;wg;gj;jpupf;if ntspaPL: jtwhd elj;ij njhlu;ghd xU
Kjy; Nehf;F tof;F ,Ue;jhy;> epu;thfk; njhopyhsUf;F
Fw;wg;gj;jpupf;if toq;f eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUk;
topfhl;ly;fis kpd;D}y;fs; cUthf;Ftjpy; gpd;gw;wyhk;:
••xt;nthU kpd;D}l;lKk; kpfj; njspthfTk; Jy;ypakhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••xt;nthU Fw;wr
; hl;bw;Fk; xU jdpg;gl;l fl;lzk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••fl;lzq;fs; Vw;fdNt jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; ve;j xU epfo;TlDk;
njhlu;Gilait my;y.
••Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l jz;lid jtpu;ff
; g;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(c) ,ilePf;fk; epYitapYs;s tprhuiz (Njitg;gl;lhy;):
jtwhd elj;ijapd; jd;ik Kw;wpYk; jtwhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ
eilKiwapy; xOf;fk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gpd; eyd; vd;w epiyapy;
,Ue;jhYk;> epu;thfk; xU njhopyhsiu Fw;w gj;jpupifia
gpwg;gpf;Fk; Kd;ghfNt epWj;jptplyhk;. gzpahsu; ,ilePf;fk;
nra;ag;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;> mtu; gpd;tUk; tPjj;jpy; nghWg;Gfisr;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ:
••,ilePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l Kjy; 90 ehl;fspy; mtUila
Cjpaj;ij ju Ntz;Lk;.
••vQ;rpAs;s ,ilePf;f fhyj;ij Kd;dpl;L mtuJ Cjpaj;jpy;
%d;W ehd;F jpUk;g ju Ntz;Lk;.
(d) tprhuiz mwptpg;G: Fw;wg; gjptpw;F gjpy; fpilj;jJk;> gpd;tUk;
,uz;L R+o;epiyfspy; voyhk;:
(i) njhopyhsp Fw;wr;rhl;il xg;Gf; nfhs;syhk;. mt;thwhd
epiyapy;> Nkyjpf tprhuizapd;wp Kjyhspaplk; jz;lid
toq;fyhk;.
(ii) njhopyhsp Fw;wr;rhl;il kWf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; Kjyhspaplk;
tprhuiz elj;j Ntz;Lk;.:
(e)
tprhuiz elj;Jjy;: tprhuiz mjpfhup xU ePjpgjpahf-
pwhu;> vdNt mtu; mjpy; jpwk;gl nray;gl ghugl;rkw;w>
jFjpAilatu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. epu;thf
rhl;rpahsu;fis Muha;tjw;fhd tpjpia nra;ag;gl;l CopaUf;F
epahakhd tha;g;G toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(f) tprhuiz mjpfhupapd; %yk; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis gjpT nra;jy;:
tprhuiz eltbf;iffs; Kbtpy;> ,e;j Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs;

nry;YgbahFkh my;yJ mtuJ fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fhd fhuzq;fis gzpahsu; cwTfs;
xl;b cs;sjh vd;gij tprhuiz mjpfhup jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(g) jz;lid toq;fy;: Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l CopaUf;F toq;fg;gl;l
jz;lidia tpiutpy; mtUf;F njupag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. me;jf;
fbjkhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;: Fwpg;Gfs;
••(i) Fw;wg; gj;jpupf;if (ii) tprhuiz (iii) tprhuizapd;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
••KbT
••jz;lid gyd; jUk; Njjpia Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;
Kjyhsp kw;Wk; Copaupd; fLikahd rl;lk;> gzpahsiu
gzpaku;j;Jjy; kw;Wk; Copau;fisj; jfu;g;gjw;fhf xU jilaw;w
cupikia toq;fpaJ. Kjyhspahy; Ntiy nra;fpwhu; vd;w Kiw
rhu;e;j rl;lk; Kw;wpYk; xg;ge;j mbg;gilapyhdJ. xg;ge;j tpjpiaj;
jtpu> njhopy; Jiwapy; ehSf;F ehs; ,aq;Fk; epu;thfk; jtW
nra;Ak; njhopyhsu;fSf;F vjpuhf xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if vLg;gJ
mtrpak; vd;gJ ntspg;gilahdJ MFk;. xOf;fj;ijg; NgZjy;>
Ntiyaspg;gtu; MfpNahUld; Xa;T vLg;gJ Nghd;w Muk;g KbTfs;
MFk;. cz;ikahf vLf;fg;gl;l ,e;j KbTfs; njhopy;Jiwapd;
xl;Lnkhj;jj; Njitfs; gw;wpa fUJNfhSld; njhlu;Gilait.
Mdhy; njhopyhsu; FO kw;Wk; juF mwpf;iffs;> njhopyhsu;fs;
jq;fs; njhopw;rq;f eltbf;iffSf;F> Fwpg;ghf kw;w njhopyhsu;fis
NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lglj; J}z;Ltjw;F my;yJ NtiyepWj;jj;jpy;
<Lglj; J}z;btpl;ljw;fhf> jq;fs; njhopyhsu;fSila Ntiy
epWj;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;j mwpf;iffis KOikahf nfhz;Ls;sd.
cWjpahd NtiyepWj;jk; nra;Ak; Copau;fs; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy;
<Lgl;Ls;sdu;. NkYk;> epWtdj;jpd; epiyapaw; fl;lisfs; my;yJ
,aw;if ePjp tpjpfspd; Vw;ghLfSld; ,zq;fhky;> epu;thfj;jhy;
Ntiyahl;fis gjtpePf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; vd;gJ
Njitahditay;y. R+o;epiyfspd; fPo;> epu;thfj;ijj; jhf;Fk;
kw;Wk; gopthq;Fk; eltbf;iff;F vjpuhf Ntiyahl;fis ghJfhf;f
Ntz;ba Njit ntspg;gilahfpwJ. NkYk; njhopy;uPjpahf Kd;Ndwpa
ehLfspy;> jiyik tfpg;gtu; kw;Wk; Copau; MfpNahUf;F jilaw;w
njhopyhsu;fSf;F ve;j ghJfhg;Gk; fpilahJ vd;gJ mwpe;j
cz;ikahf cs;sJ.
kWGwk;> ehSf;F ehs; Nkyhz;ik epu;thfj;jpy;> jtW nra;Ak;
njhopyhsu;fSf;F vjpuhd KbTfis vLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. NkYk;>
xU Copaupd; kPJ xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jifa
jtwhd elj;ijahdJ mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Nrjj;ij
cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ kw;Wk; ftdKs;s kw;w Copau;fSf;F
jPtpukhd jdpg;gl;l Nrjj;ijAk; mq;F mtu;fSila jtwhd Ntiy
my;yJ J}z;Ljypd; nray;fspdhy; mtu;fs; kPJ mf;fiwAs;s
njhopyhsu;fs;> Kd;Nfhgkhd eltbf;iffspy; gq;F nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;w epiyapy; cs;sdu;. R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g> njhopyhsiu gjtp ePf;fk;

gzpahsu; cwTfs; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w epu;thfj;jpd; cj;juT jtwhd Kiwapy; my;yJ
jPa vz;zj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk; njhopyhsp CopaUf;F vjpuhf xOf;f
eltbf;if vLg;gijj; jtpu;j;J gzpahsu; cwTfspd; kPJ xOq;F
eltbf;if vLg;gij jLf;f KbahJ. mt;thW nra;tJ xOf;fnewpia
Fwpg;Gfs; Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL> ehSf;F ehs; xOf;fnewpapy; mf;fiw nrYj;JtJ
vd;gJ Kbahj fhupakhFk;.
,e;jr; R+o;epiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;a ePjpkd;wq;fs;> jdJ
Ntiyahl;fis gzpePf;fk; nra;a epu;thfj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij
xOq;FgLj;j gy;NtW tpjpKiwfis tFj;Js;sd. mtu;fs;
epu;thfj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;> Ntiyahl;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk;>
Ntiyahl;fs; kPJ cs;s ghJfhg;igAk; xOq;FgLj;j Kad;W
tUfpd;wdu;. NkYk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; jw;NghJs;s rl;lj;ij kl;Lk;
tpsf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> njhopy;Jiwapd; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a
Gjpa rl;lq;fis cUthf;fpdhYk;> njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; epahakw;w
tifapYk;> epaha czu;T ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w czu;it
jtpu;f;fTk; Kay;fpwJ.

njhopyhsu; eyr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; mtu;fspd; flikfs; kw;Wk;
njhopy; cwTfs; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L>
mtu;fs; jkJ nghWg;Gfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; kdg;ghq;if
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;> 1957 y;> jd;dhu;t xOf;fnewp
rhu;e;j xOf;f newpfspd; NjitahdJ nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,e;j
R+oypy;jhd; 16tJ ,e;jpa njhopyhsu; khehl;by; xOq;FKiw tpjpfs;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ> [_d; 1958-y; mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j newpahdJ njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Kjyhspfspd; kj;jpa
mikg;ghy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j tpjpKiwia ngUk;ghyhd
jdpahu; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
kj;jpa nrayhf;f kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lg; gpupT Kaw;rpfspd; tpisthf>
166 njhopw;rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; 180 Kjyhspfs; kj;jpa njhopyhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; Ntiyaspg;Nghu; mikg;NghL ,ize;Js;sdu;.
,uapy;Nt ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; JiwKfq;fis jtpu epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; ngUepWtdq;fs; elj;Jk; midj;J nghJj;Jiw
epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ,e;j FwpaPL nghUe;Jk;. xOq;FKiw tpjpfs; rpy
khWjy;fSld; nghUe;Jfpd;wd. ,e;jpa ghuj ];Nll; tq;fp kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;G Jiwapd; cw;gj;jp JiwAk; ,jpy; mlq;Ffpd;wd. NkYk;
FwpaPl;bid epu;thfk; kw;Wk;; myF (fs;) ,ij xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwPu;fs;.
(i) ve;j xU njhopy;Jiw tptfhuKk;> mjw;fhd tpthjq;fs; cupa
Neuj;jpy; jPu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; xU jiyg;gl;rkhd
eltbf;if vLf;fg;glf;$lhJ.
(ii)
ru;r;irfis jPu;g;gjw;F jw;NghJs;s ,ae;jpuq;fs;> G+uz
gilg;Gld; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(iii) Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp Ntiy epWj;jk; my;yJ G+l;Ljy; $lhJ.

(iv) mtu;fs; [dehaf Nfhl;ghLfspd; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;J> gu];gu gzpahsu; cwTfs;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ij rkurk; kw;Wk; jd;dhu;t eLtu; jPu;g;Gfs; %yk;

vjpu;fhy NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; Fiwfs; midj;ijAk; jPu;j;Jf;
nfhs;s jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
(v) ,U fl;rpAk; ,jw;F kPz;Lk; xg;Gjy; mspf;f KbahJ. (a) Fwpg;Gfs;
mr;RWj;jy; (b) kpul;Ljy; (c) gypahshf;Fjy;> my;yJ (d)
nkJthf nrYj;jy;
(vi) mtu;fs; jtpu;g;gJ> (a) tof;fhl;ly; (b) mku;jy; (c) Ntiy
epWj;jq;fs; (d) milg;G Mfpait MFk;.
(vii) mtu;fs; jkJ gpujpepjpfSf;fpilapy; midj;J Neuq;fspYk;>
njhopyhsu;fs; ,ilapyhd Mf;fG+u;tkhd xj;Jiog;ig
Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL> gu];gu cld;ghLfSf;F ,zq;fp elf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(viii) mtu;fs; gu];gu cld;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;> xU FiwjPu;g;Gfis
eilKiwgLj;jp> xU tpiuthd kw;Wk; KOikahd tprhuizia
cWjp nra;Ak; jPu;it nfhz;L te;Js;sdu;.
(ix) mtu;fs; gy;NtW epiyfspy;> Fiw jPu;f;Fk; eilKiwfspy;>
,e;j eilKiwia fle;JNghFk; jd;dpr;irahd eltbf;if
vijAk; Nkw;nfhs;thu;fs;.
(x) mtu;fs; jq;fs; flikfs; njhlu;ghf epu;thf Copau;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsu;fSf;F fy;tpiaf; fw;gpg;ghu;fs;.
njhopy;Jiwapy; rpwe;j xOf;fj;ij cWjp nra;Ak; nghUl;L>
,e;j FwpaPlhdJ: (i) rl;ljpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iffspy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lgb> ,U jug;gpdJk; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfisg;
ngw;Ws;s Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fspd; xU epahakhd
mq;fPfhuj;ij toq;FfpwJ. (,U jug;G kw;Wk; Kj;jug;G cld;gbf;iffs;
cl;gl fhyk; tiu midj;J kl;lq;fspYk;)> my;yJ (ii) mj;jifa
mq;fPfhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mjd; flikfisr; nra;Ak; ,U
jug;gpdupd; rupahd> tpUg;gkpd;wp ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
,uz;lhtJ gpupit epu;thfk; xj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ (i) kw;wgb
cld;ghL my;yJ jPu;T ,y;iy vd;why; Ntiy Rikfis
mjpfupf;f $lhJ ; (ii) epahakw;w njhopyhsu; gapw;rpia Mjupg;gNjh
my;yJ Cf;Ftpf;fNth $lhJ; (iii) Fiwfs; jPu;j;jy; kw;Wk; (a)
FbNaw;wq;fs;> tpUJfs;> jPu;khdq;fs; kw;Wk; Vidait Mfpatw;iw
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F cldb eltbf;if vLj;jy;. (iv) cs;Shu; nkhop
(fs;) ,e;j FwpaPL tpjpfis nra;a njspthf ,lq;fspy; fhz;gpj;jy;;
my;yJ rku;g;gpj;jy;. (v) cldb ntspNaw;wy; kw;Wk; mDg;Gjy;
nra;ag;gl;l nray;fisf; NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;f xU vr;rupf;if kWgpuik
kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wk; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; xOq;F eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,J Nghd;w xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk;
Nky;KiwaPl;Lf;F cl;gl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; rhjhuz Fiw jPu;f;Fk;
eilKiw %yk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. (vi) mjpfhupfs;

gzpahsu; cwTfs; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs; kPJ cupa xOq;F eltbf;if vLg;gJ> mtu;fs;
xOq;fPdj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; njhopyhsu;fs; kPJ eltbf;if
vLj;jjw;F mtu;fs; nghWg;ghspfspd; tprhuizfs; Vw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(vii) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l newpKiwg;gb xd;wpaj;ijr; mq;fPfupj;jy;.
Fwpg;Gfs; %d;whtJ mikg;G njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; kPJ xU flikia
Kd;itf;fpwJ:
(i)
ve;j tbtj;jpYk; cly; uPjpahd Fog;gj;Jld; gzpapy;
<Lglf;$lhJ.
(ii)
mikjpahf ,y;yhj ve;j Mu;g;ghl;lq;fisAk; mDkjpf;f
$lhJ kw;Wk; Kul;Lj;jdkhd nray;tpsf;fj;jpy; cs;s
Mu;ghl;lq;fSf;Fk; mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ.
(iii) ve;j xU rl;l xg;ge;jk; my;yJ eilKiwAk; toq;fg;glhtpl;lhy;>
Ntiy Neuq;fspy; ve;j njhopw;rq;f nray;ghl;bYk; jq;fs;
cWg;gpdu;fs; <LglNth my;yJ fhuzkhfNth ,Uf;fkhl;lhu;fs;.
(iv) (a) flik myl;rpak;> (b) ftdf;Fiwthd eltbf;if> (c)
nrhj;Jfspd; Nrjk; kw;Wk; (d) fPo;g;gbahik Nghd;w epahakw;w
njhopyhsu; eilKiwfSf;F Cf;fk; mspf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;.
(v)
tpUJfs;> xg;ge;jq;fs;> FbapUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;j cldb eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
(vi) rq;f mYtyfq;fspy; cs;s kpfTk; njspthf cs;s ,lq;fspy;>
,e;j FwpaPl;by; cs;s gzpahsu; cwTfis cs;Su;; nkhopapy;
(fs;) fhz;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(vii)
,e;j newp czu;Tf;F vjpuhd nray;fspy; <LgLtjw;fhf>
mjpUg;jpAk;> mYtyf epu;thfpfs; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs; kPJ
cupa eltbf;if vLf;fTk; cjTfpwJ.
nghJr; nrayhsu; Nuhu;;Nfyh \uhkpf; rq; vjpuhf Nuhu;;Nfyh
k];j; Rgh> ‘mkyhf;f ,ae;jpuq;fs;’ gpupT 11 vd;w mku;Tfspy;>
,uz;L jdpj;jdp mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jJ. nrayhf;fj;
njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; Kj;jug;G nrayhf;fj; FOf;fs; gpupT 11-d;
nkhopapypUe;Jk;> ,U mikg;Gfspd; jdp murpay; mikg;G kw;Wk;
gzpfspypUe;Jk; ,it ntspg;gilahdit. me;je;j njhopyhsu;
Jiwapd; nrayhf;fj; Jiw> kj;jpa khepy my;yJ cs;Shu; kl;lj;jpy;
me;je;j Kj;jug;G FOTld; Nru;e;J nray;gLj;Jk; ve;jpuj;ij> mit
midj;ijAk; jdpj; jdpahfg; gpupj;J nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W
ePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gspj;jJ. gpupT 11 nkhopapypUe;J ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L>
mtw;wpd; jdpahd ,iaG kw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfs; gw;wpa FwpaPl;bd;
Nehf;fj;ij kl;Lk; vjpu;f;fhky;> Ntiy nra;tjpy; rhj;jpakpy;yhky;
,Uf;Fk;.
vdpDk; xOf;fnewpfis ntspg;gilahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;
gltpy;iy vdpy;> mjid mDrupj;Jr; nry;tJ vd;gijtpl jtwhd
nraypy; <LgLfpwJ. ,jw;F gy fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;: (i) Kjyhspfs;
kw;Wk; njhopyhsu; mikg;Gfspd; xU gFjp kPJ Rakhf jpzpf;fg;gl;l

jd;dhu;tf; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;fhd xU cz;ikahd mwpT ,y;yhik (ii) gzpahsu; cwTfs;
Nkhrkile;j nghUshjhu epiyik. njhopyhsu;fspd; cz;ikahd

Cjpak;> (iii) rpy Kjyhspfspd; nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
flikfs;> (iv) Nghl;b fhuzkhf njhopyhsu; gpujpepjpfspilNa
cs;s Fog;gq;fs; .(v) Fwpg;G Kiw kw;Wk; rl;lk; ,ilNa Nkhjy;. Fwpg;Gfs;
,ijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> gy;NtW njhopyhsu; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; cs;s
flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gilikfis kpff; fLikahd Kiwapy;
filg;gpbf;fg;gLk; FwpaPLfspd; xU gFjp ,ay;ghd nrayhf;fj;Jf;F
tplg;glyhk; vd;Wk;> njhopyhsu; epu;thf ,ae;jpuk;> Vidait rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;;. ,e;j (a) xU njhopw;rq;fj;jpw;F Nguk;
NgRk; Kftu;fis mq;fPfupj;jy;. (b) gzpapy; cs;s ve;jpuq;fis
mikj;jy;. (c) epahakw;w njhopyhsu; eilKiwfSf;F Kd;dwptpg;G
,y;yhky; NtiyepWj;jj;ij jil nra;jy;. (d) jhkhf Kd;te;J
kj;jpa];jk; nra;jy;;.
,e;j tpjpKiwfSf;F FwpaPL kw;Wk; rl;l tbtk; nfhLj;jTld;>
FwpaPL nra;tjw;F gaDs;s nray;ghL vJTk; ,Uf;fhJ.

1. njhopy;Jiw cwTfs; vd;d xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;fpd;wd?
2. xOf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
3. jd;dhu;tf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; FwpaPl;L Njit czug;gl;lJ Vd;?

,g;gpuptpd; %yk; gzpahsu; MNyhrid Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
fye;jha;Tf;fhd nghUs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nghJthf> kdpj tsq;fisg; guhkupg;gjpy;> kdpjFy cwT
Kiwiag; nghWj;jtiu> MNyhrid kpfTk; mtrpak; MFk;.
Fwpg;ghf> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL> gjtp cau;T> ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk; gpupg;G
Mfpatw;wpd; Ke;ija gzpahsu;fspd; nray;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s
,J xU Kd; epge;jidahFk;.
MNyhrid vd;gJ xU CopaUf;F MNyhrid toq;Ffpd;w
KiwiaNah my;yJ mtu; gpur;ridiaf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fis nrhe;j rpe;jidapy; ,Ue;J fz;Lgpbj;J>
jdf;Fs;s jpUg;jpahd xU jPu;itg; Ngrf;$baJk; MFk;. ,J
czu;TG+u;tkhf kdNtjid mile;jtu;fSf;F xU Gupjy; kw;Wk;
cjtp nra;Ak; KiwAld; njhlu;GilaJ. vdNt> ,jid rpwpjhf;Fk;
nghJ Fwpf;NfhSld; $ba xU Copaupd; czu;TG+u;tkhd gpur;rpidia
tpthjpg;gJ vd;Wk; tiuaWf;fyhk;. ,e;j tiuaiw mwpTrhu;
gpur;rpidfisf; ifahSjy; MNyhridAld; nray;gLtNjhL>
Njitaw;w njhe;juT nra;ahky; ,jaj;ijj; njhLtijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.

gzpahsu; cwTfs; ,J Ntiy rpukq;fspy;> mjpf czu;r;rpfukhd tpisTfis ,y;yhky;
nra;fpwJ.NkYk; fye;jha;T vd;gJ fye;Jiuahliy cs;slf;fpajhy;>
mJ xU jfty; njhlu;G epfo;Kiwia cUthf;FfpwJ.
jpwikahd MNyhrid vd;gJ> xU jdpg;gl;l egupd;
Fwpg;Gfs; czu;Tfis kw;nwhU egUld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s epidf;fpwJ. ,J
ey;y jfty;njhlu;G jpwd;fspd; tpisthFk;. ntspg;gilahf ,uz;L
egu;fSf;F ,ilNa czu;T G+u;tkhd gpur;rpid Fwpj;j vspikahd
r%f fye;Jiuahly; vd;gJ cz;ikahd fye;jha;T vd;gjpy;iy.
MNyhrid toq;Fk; NghJ> gzpahsu; (MNyhrfu;) xU gFjpapy; Gupjy;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;nwhU egu; (MNyhrfu;) mjw;F toptif nra;a
Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpahf fye;jha;T vd;gJ nghJthf jPtpukhd
czu;r;rp trg;gl;l R+o;epiyfspy; Njitg;gLk; njhopy;Kiw gapw;rp
MNyhrfu;fSf;Fg; NghjhJ. epWtdj;jpd; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; kw;Wk;
Nkyhsu;fs; Fiwe;j jPtpukhd gpur;rpidfs; nfhz;l Copau;fSf;F
jpwk;gl MNyhrid $wyhk;.
,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; czu;T G+u;tkhd rpukk; my;yJ gpur;rid
vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tpsf;fKk;> cjhuzKk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,J jPtpukhd gpur;ridahftpy;iy vd;whYk;> czu;TG+u;tkhd
gpur;rpidfs; kw;wtu;fSf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahf
my;yJ rpf;fyhdjhf Njhd;wtpy;iy. mtu;fs; xU jdpg;gl;l
kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j; cw;gj;jp jpwd; my;yJ nray;jpwd;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l rpf;fy;fs; kw;w mikg;Gfspy; Ntiy eltbf;iffspy;
jdpegu;fs; kPJ xU jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;l ,j;jifa czu;T G+u;tkhd gpur;ridfSf;F
cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW: jdJ Kd;Ndw;wk; kpfTk; nkJthf
cs;sJ vd;W czUk; xU Copau;> epWtdj;jpy; gjtp cau;T
ngw tha;g;Ng ,y;iy> tpiutpy; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; xU Copau;> ,J Nghd;w R+o;epiyfs; Vw;gl ahu;
fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;. xU ngz; Copau;
jdJ Nkw;ghu;itahsuplk; Ntiy gw;wp Fiw$wy; NtW vq;fhtJ
mjpf Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiyia khw Ntz;Lk; vd;W Copau; Nfl;fpwhu;
vd;why; mij Vw;fyhkh Ntz;lhkh vd;W jPu;khdpf;f KbahJ Ntiy
njhlu;ghf rf njhopyhsu;fSld; njhlu;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; Copau; xUtu;
njhopy;Jiwapy; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd gpur;ridahy;> ,j;jifa rpwpa
czu;Tr; rpf;fyhdJ Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j kf;fSf;F cupa Neuj;jpy;
cjtp mspf;fg;gl;lhy;> mtu;fspd; cw;gj;jp Mw;wy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;L>
mtu;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ Copau; cwTfs; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf
,Uf;fpd;wd.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
kdpju;fs; rpf;fyhd epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ MNyhrid gFjp
Njitg;gLfpwJ. ve;jnthU kdpjDk; vg;NghJNk cw;rhfkhd
czu;r;rp rkepiyiaf; nfhz;bUg;gJ fpl;lj;jl;l rhj;jpakw;wJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> czu;r;rpg; gpur;ridfspd; rfpg;Gjd;ik njhlu;ghd

jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfspd; fhuzkhf> czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jjy; gzpahsu; cwTfs;
mk;rk; khWgLfpwJ. xU jdpegupd; Fiwe;j kd cWjpia kw;Wk;

Fiwf;fg;gl;l nray;jpwid gpujpgypf;Fk; czu;T G+u;tkhd
gpur;ridfis mlf;FtJ> jdpegUf;Fk; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;Fk;
Mgj;jhdJ. Nkyhz;ik ve;j ,ae;jpu FiwghLfisAk; Gwf;fzpf;f Fwpg;Gfs;
KbahJ vd;gjhy;> mJ kf;fspd; czu;TG+u;tkhd gpur;rpidfis
Nkw;ghu;itapLjy; KbahJ. xU epahakhd czu;r;rp rkepiyiaj;
jf;fitj;J> gzpahsu;fspd; czu;r;rpfis Mf;fG+u;tkhd
gad;ghLfSf;F topelj;j Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhz;L>
1928 ,y; `ht;Njhu;d; gilg;gpy; Kjy; Kiwahf MNyhridapd;
Njit czug;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ Copa Nritfs;
%yk; MNyhrid toq;Fk; jpl;lq;fs; NkYk; cj;Ntfj;ij ngw;wd.
NghUf;Fg; gpd;> gzpahsu;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; gzp> tupir
Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
,d;W> MNyhridfspd; Njit mjpUg;jp> khw;wk;> me;epakhjy;>
tpuf;jp> Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; kd mOj;jk; Nghd;w Ntiy epiyikfspypUe;J
khWglyhk;. ,e;j epiyikfspy;> ,d;iwa rpf;fyhd gzpr;R+oypy;
czu;TG+u;tkhd gpur;rpidfSf;F mjd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ig fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L kd mOj;jj;jpy; rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. Ntiy
kd mOj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUk; czu;TG+u;tkhd gpur;ridfis
jLf;fTk; rpfpr;iraspf;fTk; xU Kf;fpakhd El;gj;ij MNyhrid
cUthf;FfpwJ vd;whYk;> ,e;j ,yf;if miltjw;F RNar;irahfg;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba gy El;gq;fSk; cs;sd. mj;jifa El;gq;fspy;
kpfTk; ek;gpf;ifA+l;Ltjhf ,Ug;gJ> xU jdpegUf;F> ,jaj;Jbg;G>
Mf;]p[d; Efu;T> tapW mkpy Xl;lk;> kw;Wk; gpupidfspd; tif
Nghd;w kd mOj;jj;jpd; mwpFwpfisf; mstpLk; fUtpfs; mspf;Fk;
gpd;D}l;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J kd mOj;jj;jpd; tpUk;gj;jfhj tpisTfis
mstpl cjTfpwJ. ,jdhy;> mtu; kd mOj;jj;jpy; tpUk;gj;jfhj
tpisTfis Fiwf;fyhk;. mNjNghy> n[d;> Nahfh> kw;Wk; mjd;
%yk; Vw;gLk; jpahdk; Nghd;w gapw;rpfSk; kd mOj;jj;ij epu;tfpf;f
cjTfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> xU ke;jpuj;ij nksdkhd Kiwapy;
jpdKk; ,UKiw 20 epkplq;fs; nrhy;yp jpahdk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
mnkupf;fhtpy; gy mikg;Gfspd; Ma;T xd;W> jpahdk; nra;gtu;fs;
fzprkhf ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. Rkhu; Xuhz;L
fhykhf Copau;fs; jpahdk; nra;Ak; NghJ> Ntiy jpUg;jp> rpwe;j
nray;jpwd;fs;> xU fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l FOTld; Nkk;gl;l jdpg;gl;l
cwTfis nfhz;bUe;jdu;. czu;r;rp trg;gl;lijf; Fiwg;gjpy;
jpahdj;jpd; gad;ghL mjpfupj;Js;s NghjpYk;> Ntiyapy; cs;s
czu;T G+u;tkhd gpur;ridfis rkhspg;gjw;fhd kpf mbf;fb
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU cj;jpia MNyhridfs; cUthf;FfpwJ.
Kd;du; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lgb> MNyhridapd; nghJ Nehf;fk; czu;r;rp
uPjpahf ghjpf;fg;gl;l CopaUf;F jdJ gpur;ridia rkhspf;f
cjTtjhFk;> ,jdhy; mtu; jd;dk;gpf;if> Gupjy;> Ra fl;Lg;ghL
kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpy; jpwk;gl nray;gLk; jpwd; Mfpatw;iw tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;fpwhu;.

gzpahsu; cwTfs; MNyhridapd; nray;ghLfs;
gpd;tUk; MW nray;ghLfspy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltw;iw
nra;tjd; %yk;> Kd;du; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fis MNyhrid
epiwNtw;WfpwJ: (i) mwpTiu (ii) kW cj;jputhjk; (iii) fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
(iv) czu;TG+u;tkhd gjw;wk; ntspaPL (v) njspTgLj;jg;gl;l rpe;jid>
kw;Wk; (vi) kWkyu;r;rp
(i) mwpTiu. mwpTiu vd;gJ> jtWjyhf MNyhridf;F ,izahdjhf
fUjg;gLk;. vdpDk;> mJ gy nray;ghLfspy; xd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ.
mwpTiuapy; xU egupd; czu;r;rpfukhd gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;gJ
kw;Wk; eltbf;iffis xOq;fikj;jy; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. xU egu;
kw;nwhU egupd; gpur;ridia Gupe;J nfhz;L mjw;F xU jPu;it
gupe;Jiug;gjhy; mJ rpf;fy;fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J MNyhrfiu
rhu;e;J ,Uf;Fk; MNyhrid ngWgtUf;F> xU jho;e;j me;j];j;ij
toq;FfpwJ. xU Copaupd; czu;T G+u;tkhd gpur;ridfis jPu;g;gjpy;
mjd; nray;jpwk; ,Ue;jhYk;> mwpTiu toq;Fjy; vd;gJ jpdrup
Ntiy R+o;epiyfspy; xU Nkyjpfhup kw;Wk; fPo;g;gzpahsu; ,ilNa
kpfTk; ,ay;ghd epfo;thFk;.
(ii) kW cj;jputhjk;. MNyhrid vd;gJ xU egUf;F ijupaj;ij
mspf;Fk; tifapy;> xU gpur;ridia my;yJ mtu; kPJ ek;gpf;ifia
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; xU nghUj;jkhd eltbf;ifia Nehf;fpr;
nry;Yk; xU topia Fwpf;fpwJ. vdpDk;> ,j;jifa cWjpg;ghl;Lld;
$ba rpukk; vd;dntd;why; MNyhrid toq;FeUld; cs;shu;e;j
Kiwapy; MNyhrid Vw;fg;gltpy;iy. mtu; cWjpaspj;jhYk;
$l> MNyhrfupd; kW cj;juthjk; gpur;rpidapd; kWrPuikg;Gld;
kiwe;JtpLk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mjd; gytPdq;fs; ftdkhf
ifahsg;gl;lhy;> rpy R+o;epiyfspy; kW cj;jputhjk; gaDs;sjhf
,Uf;Fk;.
(iii) fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;. MNyhrid toq;Fjy; Nky;Nehf;fpa kw;Wk;
fPo;Nehf;fpa fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wj;jpy; cjTfpwJ. ,J jdJ czu;Tfis
epu;thfj;jpw;F Nky;Nehf;fpa jpirapy; ntspg;gLj;j xU tha;g;ig
toq;FfpwJ. ,jdhy;> Copau;fs; vg;gb czu;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ
epu;thfj;jpw;F njupa tUfpwJ. MNyhrfu;> jdpg;gl;l gzpahsu;fspd;
ngau;fs; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;J> mtu;fspd; czu;Tfis tpsf;fkhf
epu;thfj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ju;f;fuPjpahf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l
mwpf;iffs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,e;j czu;Tfs;> epWtdj;jpd;
gy;NtW mk;rq;fSld; mtu;fspd; czu;TG+u;tkhd gpur;ridfis
njhlu;GgLj;jyhk;. MNyhrid kw;Wk; fPo;Nehf;fpa jfty;
gupkhw;wKk;> ,e;j epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
jpl;lq;fis> mJ njhlu;ghd gpur;ridfis tpthjpf;f Kidfpd;w
kf;fSf;F tpsf;Ftjw;F cjTfpwJ. MNyhrid kw;Wk; fPo;Nehf;fpa
fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wKk;> ,e;j epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
jpl;lq;fis> mtw;wpd; njhlu;ghd gpur;ridfis tpthjpf;f Kidfpd;w
kf;fSf;F tpsf;f cjTfpwJ.

(iv) czu;TG+u;tkhd gjw;wk; ntspaPL. czu;TG+u;tkhd gjw;wk; my;yJ gzpahsu; cwTfs;
czu;r;rp ntspaPL vd;gJ> MNyhrid toq;Ftjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

nray;ghL MFk;. MNyhrid epfo;tpd;NghJ czu;TG+u;tkhd
gpur;ridia ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> mtuJ tpuf;jpapypUe;Jk;>
mjidr; rhu;e;j gpur;ridfspypUe;Jk; MNyhrfd; xU czu;TG+u;tkhd Fwpg;Gfs;
tpLjiyia ngWfpwhu;. cz;ikapy;> xU jdpegiug; nghWj;jtiu>
nraY}f;fKs;s xU Nfs;tpiaf; Nfl;Fk;NghJ> mtuJ gjl;lq;fs;
Fiwe;J Nghfpd;wd> mtUila Ngr;R xj;jpirthdjhfTk;>
gFj;jwpTlDk; khWfpwJ. ,e;j gjw;wj;jpd; ntspaPL gpur;rpidfis
jPu;f;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. ,J kd jilfis ePf;fp> me;j egu;
kPz;Lk; jdJ gpur;rpidfis ijupakhf vjpu;nfhs;s toptFf;fpd;wJ.
(v) njspTgLj;jg;gl;l rpe;jid. MNyhridfs; vd;gJ
czu;TG+u;tkhd rpe;jidapd; xU KbT vd;gij njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
,ij xU tpidA+f;fpahf nray;gLk; MNyhrfu;> tpiuthf cUthf;f
KbAk;. MNyhrid mku;Tf;F ntspNa ,J xU gFjpahfNth my;yJ
KOtJkhfNth MNyhridKiw cwTfspd;NghJ rpy tsu;r;rpfspd;
tpisthf eilngWk;. njspTgLj;jg;gl;l rpe;jid Njhd;wy; %yk;>
mtuJ czu;TG+u;tkhd gpur;rpidfis ajhu;j;jkhd Kiwapy;
jPu;g;gjw;fhd nghWg;ig jdpegu; Vw;f KidfpwJ.
(vi) kWkyu;r;rp. filrpahdJ Mdhy; fPohdJ my;y>
MNyhridapd; Nehf;fk;> jdJ mbg;gil ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; kjpg;Gfs;
Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wkile;j xU egupd; kdey Rakupahij khw;wj;Jld;
njhlu;GilaJ. ,J cz;ikapy; xUtUf;fhd vjpu;ghu;g;G epiyf;F
xU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ kw;Wk; xUtupd; nrhe;j tuk;Gfis
mq;fPfupf;f xUtUf;F cjTfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> mJ ngUk;ghYk;
xU gzp epu;thfpf;F gjpyhf xU njhopy;Kiw MNyhrfu; %ykhf
cUthf;fg;gLk;.
MNyhridapd; tiffSk; nray;KiwfSk;

MNyhrfu; xU MNyhrfUf;F toq;fg;gLk; topfhl;Ljiyg; nghUj;J>
Nltp]; %d;W tiffspy; MNyhridia tifg;gLj;Jfpwhu;: cj;juT>
cj;juT my;yhj kw;Wk; $l;LwT.
1. topfhl;L newpKiw MNyhrid

topfhl;L newpKiw MNyhrid xU Copaupd; czu;TG+u;tkhd
rpukj;ij ftdpf;Fk; xU nray;KiwahFk;> mtu; vd;d nra;a
KbAk; vd;W KbT nra;J> gpd;du; mij nra;a Cf;fg;gLj;jyhk;.
tof;fkhd eilKiwapy;> mjd; Kf;fpa gq;F MNyhridAld;
njhlu;GilaJ vd;whYk;> mJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;>
czu;r;rp czu;it ntspaPL kw;Wk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rpe;jid
njspTgLj;jy; nra;fpwJ. vdpDk;> mwpTiu nghJthf mwpthu;e;j kw;Wk;
Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf cs;sJ. MNyhrfu; xU jpwikahd nrtpkLg;gtuhf
,Uf;Fk; R+o;epiyfspy;> czu;r;rp uPjpapyhd ntspaPl;il mDgtpj;J>

gzpahsu; cwTfs; jdJ nrhe;j rpe;jidf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jtjw;fhf> MNyhridapd;
xU gFjpapdUf;F mjpf tha;g;G cs;sJ. MNyhridahsu; xU
nraY}f;f nray; eltbf;if vLf;f Copauhy; cw;rhfk; mile;jhy;>
mwpTWj;jypd; NghJ toq;fg;gLk; MNyhrid kw;Wk; cj;juthjq;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; gaDs;sJ.
2. cj;juT my;yhj MNyhrid

MNyhridahsiu tpl MNyhrid ngWgtu; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jtjhy;>
,e;j MNyhrid gbtk; thbf;ifahsiu ikag;gLj;jpa MNyhrid
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J jd;Dila kdntOr;rp rpukq;fis
tptupg;gjw;F xU Copaiuj; J}z;LfpwJ> mij MNyhrfu; Gupe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;. xU gupjhgfukhd kw;Wk; ghuhl;lf;$ba nrtpkLg;gpd;wp
mtu; tpUk;Gk; tiu> czu;TG+u;tkhd gpur;ridfs; gw;wp Ngr mJ
jdpkdpjid mDkjpf;fpwJ. ,J mDjhgj;ij tpl> kw;wtupd;
czu;itNa fhl;LfpwJ. MNyhrfu; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; xU gpur;rid
,Uf;Fk; NghJ Mo;e;j kupahij vd;w kdg;ghd;ikAld; nray;gLfpwhu;.
jdp kdpjd; jd; gpur;idfis jPu;j;J nfhs;s rpwe;j jFjp
ngw;wpUf;fpwhd; vd;gij mtu; Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhu;. mjd;gb> MNyhrfu;
xUtu; me;j ,yf;if czu cjTfpwhu;> ,jdhy;> nghUj;jkw;wjhf
Njhd;Wk; vijAk; gw;wp NgRtjw;F mtiu mDkjpf;fpwhu;. MNyhrfu;
xU RWRWg;ghd kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;ltuhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> xt;nthU egupd; czu;r;rpfSk; mtuJ gpur;rpidia
jPu;f;Fk; egiuAk; gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j gpur;rid Fwpj;J jdJ
vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;jTk;> mjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk; MNyhrfu;
mtiu Cf;Ftpf;fpwhu;. MNyhrfu; NkNyhl;lg; gpur;rpidfspy; ,Ue;J
,d;Dk; Mokhd gpur;ridfis re;jpf;f Neuplyhk;> NkYk; mtUila
czu;Tfis tpLtpg;gjd; %yk; kw;w egu;fNshL jd;idj; jhNd
rkurk; nra;a KbAk;.
3. $l;LwT MNyhrid
Nltp]; Fwpg;gpLifapy;> J}a newpKiwrhuh MNyhridfisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;> Ntiy mikg;Gfspy; kpfTk; gutyhff; fhzg;glf;$baJ
my;y. Vnddpy;> ,J gy;NtW FiwghLfspd; fhuzkhf> etPd [dehaf
Ntiy R+o;epiyfspy; topfhl;Ljy; MNyhridia gpd;gw;WtJ
nghUj;jkw;wjhf Njhd;WfpwJ. ,J ,uz;L jPtpu tbtq;fshd
cj;juT kw;Wk; cj;juT my;yhj MNyhridapd; ,ilNa tpOk;
MNyhrid Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njitiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
etPd epu;thfpfs;> ,uz;L tpjkhd MNyhridia xUq;fpizj;J>
mtu;fspd; mD$yq;fis epiwNtw;wyhk;. $l;LwT MNyhrid
jw;Nghija njhopy;Jiw mikg;Gfspd; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;fpwJ.
,J Kw;wpYk; MNyhrfiuNah my;yJ MNyhrid ngWgtiuNah
ikag;gLj;jtpy;iy> Mdhy; mtu;fs; ,UtUNk jq;fs; NtWgl;l
mwpT> Kd;Ndhf;F kw;Wk; Ez;zwpT %yk; gpur;rpidfis xU
$l;LwT topapy; jPu;f;f Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW> xU jdpegupd;

czu;r;rpfukhd gpur;rpidfis gu];gu tpthjj;jpd; $l;LwT gzpahsu; cwTfs;
nray;Kiwahf tiuaWf;fyhk;. kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; jPu;Tf;F cfe;j

epiyikfis epWTfpwJ. ,jpy;> Njit ,y;yhj kf;fSk;> KONeu
njhopw; gapw;rp> MNyhridapy; gq;Nfw;fyhk;. MNyhridfspd; ,e;j
topKiw ru;thjpfhu MNyhridapd; cj;juthj topKiwfspypUe;J Fwpg;Gfs;
tpLgl;Ls;sJ.
,J gapw;rpf;fhf rpy gapw;rp kw;Wk; Neuj;ij NfhUfpwJ vd;whYk;
mJ epr;rakhf Nkyhsu;fspd; ifapy; cs;sJ. ,J cj;juT my;yhj
MNyhridfhz nray;kpF El;gj;ij Jtf;FfpwJ. vdpDk;> $l;LwT
MNyhrfu; tpthjj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; cj;juT my;yhj MNyhrfiu
tpl xU rhjfkhd nray;ghLfspy; tfpf;fpwhu;. $l;LwT MNyhrfu;>
MNyhrid ngWgtUf;F Ntz;ba mwpT kw;Wk; Ez;zwpit> xU
gue;j mikg;GuPjpahd ghu;itapy; ,Ue;J epiyikia tpthjpf;Fk;
tifapy; toq;f Kidf;fpwhu;. ,e;j mZFKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wjy;>
xg;GNehf;F Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ntt;NtW fz;Nzhl;lq;fisg;
ghu;g;gjw;F MNyhrid ngWgtUf;F cjTfpwJ. ,e;j MNyhridg;
gbtkhdJ> kd cWjp> fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;> czu;TG+u;tkhd ntspaPL
kw;Wk; njspTgLj;jg;gl;l rpe;jid cs;spl;l ehd;F gzpfis epiwT
nra;fpwJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j tifahd MNyhrid %yk; kWkyu;r;rpia
epiwNtw;w ,ayhJ. mjw;F MNyhrid ngWgtu; njhopy; MNyhrfiu
gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;. mNj Nghy;> newpg;gLj;Jk; eltbf;if Njit vd;why;>
epu;thfk; jdJ MNyhridapd; gq;fspg;Gf;F khwhf> Nkw;ghu;it
mjpfhuq;fs; %yk; ,ijr; nra;a KbAk;. xU gapw;rp Nkyhsu;fs;
jq;fs; Copau;fspd; jpdrup Vw;glf;$ba gpur;rpidfis jPu;f;f ,e;j
tifahd MNyhrid kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ. epu;thf eilKiwf;
Fwpj;j mjd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;G> cj;juT my;yhj MNyhridapd;
gq;Nfw;G Nkyhz;ikg; gzpfis Nehf;fp cj;juthj MNyhridf;fhd
ghuk;gupa Nkyhz;ik ghj;jpuj;ij khw;Wtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
MNyhrid Fwpj;j ,e;jpa njhiyNehf;F

njhopw;Jiwfspy; rpwg;ghd nray;jpwid epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy;
MNyhrid gue;j mstpy; cs;sJ. ,J cau;e;j Jiz cwTfis
tsu;g;gJld;> Nkyjpfhupfspd; FiwghLfs; kw;Wk; ,isNahu;
gpur;ridfis mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ> fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> kw;Wk; KbTfspd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ> gzpahsu;fs;
jq;fs; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdj;ij mq;fPfupf;f cjTfpd;wd. ,yf;F
njspT> kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik KbTfspd; jhf;fj;ij kjpg;gPL
nra;a cjTfpwJ. gy ,e;jpa epWtdq;fs; MNyhridfis
Cf;Ftpj;jhYk;> ngUk;ghyhNdhu; mijg; gw;wp jtwhf jhd;
nry;fpwhu;fs;. gzpahsu;fspd; tpUk;gj;jfhj my;yJ jpUg;jpapy;yhj
elj;ijia xU mr;RWj;Jk; topapy; gpd;D}l;lkhf fUJgtu;fs;> ,e;j
elj;ijfis jpUk;gr; nra;a Ntz;lhk; vd vr;rupj;Jk;> MNyhrid
toq;FtJ vd;gJ thbf;ifahd Nkyhsu;fspd; tof;fkhFk; Kd;Ng
tptupj;Js;sgb MNyhrid> Copau; jdJ nrhe;j Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd

gzpahsu; cwTfs; nray;jpl;lq;fisj; jahupf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; jdJ nrhe;j gyk;>
gytPdq;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fis mq;fPfupf;f cjTfpwJ> MNyhrid
toq;Fk; MNyhrfuplk; my;y> ,t;thW gpd;D}l;lKk; vr;rupf;ifAk;
mspj;jjd; %yk;> kw;w epu;thfpfspd; nray;ghLfisr; rk;ge;jg;
Fwpg;Gfs; gl;l nray;jpwd; tpjpKiwfis Rl;bf;fhl;b mtw;iw nray;gLj;j
cjTfpwJ.
xU Ma;tpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpa njhopw;Jiwfspy; MNyhrid
eilKiwfspd; jw;Nghija epiyg;ghl;by; uht; kw;Wk; Mgpufhk;
elj;jpa xU fzf;nfLg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. Ma;tpd;
fPo; 53 epWtdq;fspy; 41 (80 rjtpfpjk;) jq;fs; Nkyjpfhupfs; jq;fs;
Jizg; gzpahsUf;F MNyhrid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; 12 (20
rjtPjk;) mj;jifa Njit Vw;gltpy;iy vd;Wk; ru;Nt Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,e;j 41 epWtdq;fspy; gjpd;%d;W (32 rjtPjk;) jq;fs; Jizg;
gzpahsu;fSf;F Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw MNyhrid toq;f mtu;fsJ
epu;thfpfs; Njitg;gl;ld. ,uz;L (5 rjtpfpjk;) epWtdq;fs; jq;fs;
epu;thfpfs; tUlj;jpw;F ,UKiw MNyhrid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
xd;W epWtdj;jpw;F (2.5 rjtpfpjk;) MNyhrid tUlj;jpw;F ehd;F
Kiw Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,Ugj;jp VO (61 rjtpfpj) epWtdq;fs; jq;fs;
epu;thfpfs; jq;fs; Jizg; gzpahsu;fSf;F mbf;fb Njitg;gLk;
tifapy; MNyhrid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mtu;fSf;F ve;j
tpjkhd MNyhridAk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; njuptpj;jdu;. Mdhy; uhKk;>
Mg;u`hKk; MNyhrid eilKiwNa kpfTk; Vkhw;wkhd fhuzp vd;W
fUj;J njuptpj;jdu;. rpy epWtdq;fs;> jq;fsJ Jizg; gzpahsiu
‘rupahd Kiwapy;’ jq;fs; fPo; gzpGupgtu;fs; mbf;fb MNyhridfs;
%yk; ‘rupnra;a’ Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;JtJ thbf;ifahf ,Ue;jJ.
mt;tg;NghJ vy;yh gzpahsu;fSf;Fk; xU gzpahsupd; nray;jpwid
kjpg;gha;T nra;a Ntz;ba mtrpakhd nray;jpwd; MNyhridfis
,e;j mikg;GfSf;F cz;ikapy; toq;ftpy;iy. mjw;fhd fhy
ml;ltizia Fwpg;gpl;Lk;> mij filgpbf;f Ntz;baJk; mtrpak;.
MNyhridf;fhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; ,ize;J> mjw;fhd fhy
msT kw;Wk; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba mtrpak; Fwpj;Jk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Copaupd; typikiaAk;> epWtdj;jpd;
nray;Kiw kw;Wk; mjidr; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfisg; gw;wp tpsf;FtJ
mtuJ jpwd; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk;> Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk;
tha;g;igAk; ,J MNyhrfUf;F toq;FfpwJ. xt;nthU jdpegUk;
mtiug; gw;wp nrhy;tij tpl mtuJ typikfis> gytPdq;fis
milahsk; fhz cjt Ntz;Lk;. rpy Copau;fs; MNyhridfisf;
ftdkhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy> ,J MNyhrid kw;Wk; mjd;
jpwd;fs; gw;wp rupahd Gupjy; ,y;yhjjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.
vj;jid Copau;fs; MNyhridia jPtpukhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;
vd;w Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspf;Fk; tifapy;> 7 (17 rjtPjk;) epWtdq;fs;
kl;LNk cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sd. 27 (64 rjtPjk;) epWtdq;fspy; rpy

Copau;fs; kl;LNk mij jPtpukhf vLj;Js;sdu;> 8 (19 rjtPjk;) gzpahsu; cwTfs;
epWtdq;fs; rpyu; mij jPtpukhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;ljhf mwptpj;jdu;.

tpahghuj;ij jpdKk; ,aq;fr; nra;tjpy; KjyhspfSf;Fk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
njhopyhspf;Fkpilapyhd Nkhjy;fs; jpUg;jpfukhd eilKiwfis
Fwpf;Fk; epu;thf nray;Kiwfshy; jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij mDgtk;
fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;jpa njhopyhsu; khehL mjd; gpd;tUk; gupe;Jiufspy;
xU Fiw gw;wpa fUj;ijAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:
njhopyhsu; Fiwghl;bd; mu;j;jk; kw;Wk; fUj;J
Cjpaq;fs;> gzp khw;wk;> gjtp cau;T> gzpepiyak;>
Ntiytha;g;G> Ntiy epiyikfs; kw;Wk; Nrit xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpsf;fk;>
gjtpePf;fk; kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wq;fs; Mfpatw;iw nghWj;jtiu xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jdp egu;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; Gfhu;fs;> Fiwfis
Vw;gLj;Jk;. ru;r;irf;Fupa Gs;spfs; nghJthd gad;ghl;bid my;yJ
fzprkhd mstpy; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy;> mtu;fs; FiwjPu;f;Fk;
eilKiwf;F ntspNa tPo;thu;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy; khjpup Fiw jPu;f;Fk;
eilKiwapd; fPo;> xU Fiw jPu;f;Fk; newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfspYk;>
njhiyNehf;fhd fUj;Jf;fs; Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhopy;Jiw
Ntiytha;g;G (epiyapaw; fl;lisfs;) kj;jpa tpjpfs;> 1946 ,d;
fhy ml;ltizapy; cs;s khjpup epiyapaw; fl;lisfspd; 15 Mk;
$wpd;gb> ‘epahakw;w elj;Jk; Kiw my;yJ jtwhd eltbf;if
njhlu;ghd midj;J Gfhu;fSk; Ntiytha;g;G %yk; vOk; Gfhu;fis’
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Kjyhspaplk; my;yJ mtUila Kftupd; gFjpahf>
Nkyhsuplk; my;yJ Kjyhspaplk; KiwapLk; cupikAld; ,e;j
rhu;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;l kw;w eguplk; rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> khepy
muRfs; 1948> njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpjpfs; tFf;fg;gl;L>
Fiwfs; jPu;T fhz xU ey mYtyu; Njit vd;W $wpaJ.
,e;jpa njhopyhsu; khehl;bd; gjpdhwhtJ mku;T 1958 ,y;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xOq;FKiwapd; jd;dhu;tf; Nfhl;ghL> (a) epu;thfk;
kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fq;fs; gu];guk; xg;Gf;nfhz;l mbg;gilapy; xU
FiwjPu;g;G eilKiw> tpiuthd kw;Wk; KOikahd tprhuizia>
jPu;Tf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; vd;gij cWjp nra;Ak;. (b) mtu;fs; Fiw
jPu;f;Fk; eilKiwfspy; gy;NtW epiyfspy; epiyj;jpUg;ghu;fs;.
,Ug;gpDk;> njhopw;Jiw ];jhgdj;jpy; jpdrup Vw;gLk; FiwghLfis
rupnra;Atjw;F ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; NghJkhd
eilKiwfis toq;Ftjpy; ve;jr; rl;lKk; eilKiwapy; ,y;iy.
,e;j FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L> njhopw; jfuhWfs;
(jpUj;jr;) rl;lk;> 1982> rpy jdpg;gl;l jfuhWfis Fiw jPu;f;Fk;
mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; mj;jifa mjpfhupfSf;Fj; njupagLj;j toptif
nra;fpwJ. jpUj;jg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; 9c gpupT:
(1) 50 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l njhopyhsu;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak;
xt;nthU njhopy; ];jhgdj;jpw;Fk;> Ke;ija 12 khjq;fspy; ve;j
ehspYk; gzpapy; mku;j;jg;gl;l njhopy;jUeu;> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd;

gzpahsu; cwTfs; fPo; nra;ag;gLk; tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L> ,e;j ];jhgdj;jpy;
Ntiy nra;Ak; xU jdpg;gl;l njhopyhspAld; ,izf;fg;gl;l
njhopw;Jiwfis jPu;g;gjw;F xU Fiw jPu;T mjpfhurig
mikf;f toptif nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; (2) xU Jiz njhopyhspAld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;l xU njhopw;Jiw
Nkhjy; Jiz gpupT (1) xU Ntiyahs; vj;jifa epWtdj;jpd;
cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhYk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; mj;jifa
Kiwapy;> me;j cg gpuptpd; fPo; Ntiy nra;Ak; Kjyhspahy;
toq;fg;gl;l FiwjPu;g;G jPu;Tf;fhd mjpfhuj;jpd; xU Kuz;ghL
gw;wp Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
(3)
cg gpuptpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Fiw jPu;T mjpfhurig (1)
mj;jifa eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp> gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
fhyj;jpw;Fs; mjd; eltbf;iffis epiwT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(4) mj;jifa Kuz;ghL> rk;ge;jg;gl;l Fiw jPu;f;Fk; mjpfhurigf;F
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l> ,g;gpuptpy; ve;jnthU ru;r;iriaAk; nghWj;jtiu>
mj;jpahak; ii ,d; fPo; ve;j Fwpg;Gk; nra;ag;gltpy;iy kw;Wk;
Fiw jPu;f;Fk; mjpfhu rigapd; KbT ve;j jug;gpduhYk;
ru;r;irf;F Vw;Gilajhf ,y;iy.
1982 Mk; Mz;bd; njhopw;Jiw jfuhWfs; (jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;>
kUj;Jtkidfs;> fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> njhz;L epWtdq;fs;> r%f
my;yJ nghJNrit> fju; my;yJ fpuhk njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ,iwahz;ik nray;ghLfis elj;Jfpd;w xt;nthU
epWtdj;ijAk; xJf;fpitf;fpwJ. ,e;j epWtdq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;
kw;Wk; gpw epWtdq;fs; (jzpf;ifj; jPug ; g
; pd;) 1982 rl;l%yk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpw;Fs;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy;> xU jdpg;gl;l Copaupd;
jPuk
; hdj;jpw;F xU FiwjPuf ; F
; k; jPuT
; FOit cUthf;FfpwJ. MNyhridf;
FO kw;Wk; cs;Shu; MNyhridf; FO> xU $l;L ,ay;gpd; njhopy;Jiw
Nkhjy;fspd; jPuk ; hdj;ij toq;FfpwJ. ,e;j kNrhjhtpy;> Fiwfs;
jPuT
; f;FO my;yJ cs;Shu; MNyhridf; FO my;yJ MNyhrid
kd;wj;jhy; jPuf; f; g;glhky; cs;s tof;Ffisj; jPug ; g
; jw;fhd toptif
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk;> njhopy;Jiw jfuhWfs; (jpUj;jr;) rl;lk;> 1982
,d; ,e;j tpjpKiwfs; ,d;Dk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. Vnddpy;>
kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; gpw epWtdq;fs; (ru;ri ; rfspd; jPuT; ) kNrhjh>
1982 ,Jtiu epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy. NkYk;> mky;gLj;jg;glhky; cs;s
gpupT 9c fPo; ve;j tpjpKiwfSk; tFf;fg;gltpy;iy. (,uz;lhtJ) Njrpa
njhopyhsu; Mizak;> 20 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l njhopyhsu;fis
Ntiyf;F mku;jj ; pAs;s epWtdq;fs; Fiw jPuf ; F
; k; FO xd;iw mikf;f
gupe;Jiuj;Js;sJ.
Fiw jPu;f;Fk; eilKiwfs;

2010 Mk; Mz;L njhopw; jfuhWfs; (jpUj;jr;) rl;lk;> 2010 Gjpa
mj;jpahak; IIgp Fiw jPu;f;Fk; ve;jpuj;jpy; Eioj;Js;sJ. jpUj;jr;
rl;lj;jpd; 9c gpupT gpd;tUkhW toq;FfpwJ:

1. 20 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l njhopyhsu;fs; gzpaku;j;jg;gl;Ls;s gzpahsu; cwTfs;
xt;nthU njhopy; ];jhgdKk; jdpj;jdp Fiwfs; %yk; vOk;

jfuhWfis jPu;g;gjw;fhf xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Fiw
jPu;f;Fk; FOf;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
2. Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FO KjyhspfsplkpUe;Jk; njhopyhsu;fsplkpUe;Jk; Fwpg;Gfs;
rkkhd cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
3. Fiw jPuf; F
; k; FOtpd; jiytu;> xt;nthU tUlKk; Row;rp mbg;gilapy;
njhopy; toq;FduplkpUe;Jk; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fsplkpUe;J Nju;T
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FOtpd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
MWf;F kpfhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: FiwjPu;f;Fk; FOtpy; ,uz;L
cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jhy;> eilKiwapy;> xU ngz; cWg;gpduhf
,Ug;gpd;> cWg;gpdu;fs; vz;zpf;if ,uz;L klq;F mjpfkhf
,Ue;jhy;> ngz; cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpfpjhrhukhf
mjpfupf;fyhk;.
5. ,e;j gpuptpy; cs;s VNjDk; xd;iwj; jtpu;j;J> mNj tp\
aj;jpy; njhopy;Jiw jfuhiw vOg;Gtjw;F> Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FO
mikg;gJ njhopyhsu; cupikia ghjpf;fhJ.
6. Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FO> xU vOj;Jg;G+u;t tpz;zg;gk; ngwg;gl;l
30 ehl;fSf;Fs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpd; rhu;ghf> mjd;
eltbf;iffis epiwT nra;ayhk;.
7. Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FOtpd; Kbthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Ntiyahs;> Fiw
jPu;f;Fk; FO kw;Wk; Ntiyaspg;gtu; MfpNahupd; KbTf;F
vjpuhf njhopy; toq;Fduplk; KiwaPL nra;ayhk;> mj;jifa
KiwaPL ngwg;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J xU khjj;jpw;Fs;> mtu; jdJ
Kbtpd; efiy rk;ge;jg;gl;l Ntiyahs; kPJ mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
8. ,g;gpuptpy; mlq;fpAs;s vJTk;> rk;ke;jg;gl;l epWtdj;jpy;> xU
epWtg;gl;l Fiw jPu;f;Fk; mikg;gpy; cs;s njhopyhsu;fSf;F
nghUe;jhJ.

4. MNyhrid vd;why; vd;d?
5. MNyhridfspd; MW mk;rq;fis gl;baypLf.

1. njhopy;Jiw njhlu;Gfs; njhopyhsu; kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpw;Fk;
mtu;fsJ mikg;gpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s njhlu;igf;
ifahSfpd;wd.

gzpahsu; cwTfs; 2. `rPu;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ mbg;gil tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis
fz;bg;ghff; filg;gpbf;Fk; mikg;G cWg;gpdu;fspdhy;
Kiwahf tzpfj;ij elj;Jjy; vd;gjhFk;.
3. njhopyhsu; eyr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; mtu;fspd; flikfs; Fwpj;J
Fwpg;Gfs; njhopy; Jiw rhu;e;j njhlu;GfSf;F tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jk;
nghUl;L> 1957 y;> jd;dhu;t xOf;fnewp njhlu;ghd tpjpKi-
wfs; czug;gl;lJ.
4.
MNyhrid vd;gJ> xU Copaupd; czu;r;rp gpur;rid
gw;wpa tpthjk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ> ,J gpur;ridia
Fiwg;gjw;fhd nghJthd Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
5. MNyhridapd; MW nray;ghLfs; kWcWjp> fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;>
czu;TG+u;tkhd gjw;wj;jpd; ntspaPL> njspTgLj;jg;gl;l
rpe;jid kw;Wk; kWkyu;r;rp Mfpait MFk;.

1. njhopy;Jiw njhlu;Gfs; njhopyhsu; kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpw;Fk;
ifahSfpd;wd.
2. xOq;FKiw vd;gJ mbg;gil tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis
3. njhopyhsu; eyr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; mtu;fspd; flikfs; Fwpj;J
njhopy;Jiw rhu;e;j njhlu;GfSf;F tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jk;
nghUl;L> 1957 y;> jd;dhu;t xOf;fnewp njhlu;ghd tpjpKi-
wfs; Njitg;gl;lJ.
4.
MNyhrid vd;gJ> xU Copaupd; czu;r;rp gpur;rid
gw;wpa tpthjk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ> ,J gpur;ridia
Fiwg;gjw;fhd nghJthd Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
5. MNyhridapd; MW nray;ghLfs; kWcWjp> fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;>
czu;TG+u;tkhd gjw;wj;jpd; ntspaPL> njspTgLj;jg;gl;l
rpe;jid kw;Wk; kWkyu;r;rp Mfpait MFk;.
12.7 RUf;fk;
••njhopy;Jiw njhlu;Gfs; njhopyhsu; kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpw;Fk;

ifahSfpd;wd.
••‘njhopw;Jiw njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpa fUj;J> Kjyhspfs;>
njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; mikg;Gf;fNshL Nru;e;J> murpd;
cwTfis tptupf;fitf;Fk; tifapy; tpupthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ’
vd;W gpupj;jhdpf;fh fiyf;fsQ;rpak; $WfpwJ.

••xOq;FKiw vd;gJ mbg;gil tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis gzpahsu; cwTfs;

••];gpuPfypd; $w;Wg;gb> ‘Neu;kiwahd xOf;fk; vd;gJ xU
gzpahsUf;F mjpf Rje;jpuj;ij mspf;f cjTfpwJ> mjpy; Fwpg;Gfs;
mtu; jdJ nrhe;j milahskhff; Fwpf;Fk; FO Nehf;fj;ij
mila KaYtjpy; jd;dk;gpf;ifia mjpf mstpy; ngWfpwhu;.’
••vjpu;kiwahd xOf;fnewpFwpfs;> Ml;fs; gak; my;yJ kW$l;ly;>
mguhjk;> my;yJ gupkhw;wk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tpjpfs;
kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis filgpbf;f epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;
vd;W $WfpwJ.
••utp a\;te;j; G+a;u; tp. khtl;l fnyf;lu;> uha;fhl; cr;r ePjpkd;wk;>
‘jtwhd elj;ij’ vd;w nrhy;> Jy;ypakhd tiuaiwia
Mw;wtpy;iy vd;whYk;> mjd; nray;ghl;by; cs;s jz;lidapd;
gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J mjd; ,zf;fj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. kw;Wk;
flik xOf;fj;jpd; kPJ mjd; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;W
$Wfpwhu;.
••njhopyhsu; eyr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; mtu;fspd; flikfs; Fwpj;J
njhopy; Jiw rhu;e;j njhlu;GfSf;F tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jk;
nghUl;L> 1957 y;> jd;dhu;t xOf;fnewp njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfs;
Njitg;gl;lJ. nghWg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpUg;gj;ijAk;>
mtw;iw ntspNaw;Wtjw;F xU jahu;epiyiaAk; mtu;fs;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
••,e;j R+oypy;jhd; 16tJ ,e;jpa njhopyhsu; khehl;by;
xOq;FKiw tpjpfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ> [_d; 1958-y;
mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
••ghJfhg;G> ,uapy;Nt kw;Wk; JiwKfq;fs; kw;Wk; JiwKfq;fis
jtpu epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ngUepWtdq;fs; elj;Jk; midj;J
nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ,e;j FwpaPL nghUe;Jk;.
••nghJthf> kdpj tsq;fisg; guhkupg;gjpy;> kdpjFy njhlu;G
El;gj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu> MNyhrid mtrpak;.
••MNyhrid vd;gJ xU gzpahsUf;F mwpTiu toq;Fk;
epfo;Kiwia Fwpf;fpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> mtuJ
gpur;ridia Nfl;L> mtuJ nrhe;j rpe;jidia fz;Lgpbf;f
kw;Wk; jd;id jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; xU jPu;itg; gw;wp Ngr cjTk;.
••kdpj ,dj;jpd; gpur;ridfis jPu;g;gjw;F MNyhrid
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
••gpd;tUk; MW nray;ghLfspy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;ltw;iw epfo;j;jpajd; %yk;> Kd; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l
Nehf;fq;fis MNyhrid nra;fpwJ. (i) mwpTiu (ii) kW
cj;jputhjk; (iii) fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk; (iv) czu;TG+u;tkhd gjw;wk;
ntspaPL (v) njspTgLj;jg;gl;l rpe;jid> kw;Wk; (vi) kWkyu;r;rp.

gzpahsu; cwTfs; ••MNyhrfu; xU MNyhrfUld; toq;fg;gLk; topfhl;Ljiyg;
nghUj;J> Nltp]; %d;W tiffspy; MNyhridia
tifg;gLj;Jfpwhu;: cj;juT> cj;juT my;yhj kw;Wk; $l;LwT.
••MNyhrid toq;Fk; nghWg;gpy; rpy eilKiw uPjpahd
Fwpg;Gfs; fhuzq;fs;> ePsk; kw;Wk; mku;Tfspd; vz;zpf;if; mku;Tfspd;
Neuk; kw;Wk; ,lk; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifia itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

••mguhjk;: ,J rl;lk;> Ml;rp my;yJ xg;ge;jj;ij Kwpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lid MFk;.
••r%f-nghUshjhuk;: ,J r%fg; nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfspd;
njhlu;G my;yJ mf;fiwAld; njhlu;GilaJ.
••ntspNaw;wk;: ,J juk; my;yJ epiyia nghWj;J ahiuahtJ
my;yJ vijahtJ ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ru;tNjr cwTfspd; fUj;ij RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
2. xU epWtdj;jpy; xOf;ff; fhuzpfs; vjdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wd?
3. xOq;F eltbf;ifapd; gbepiyfis gl;baypLf.
4. elj;ij tpjpj; jd;ikfis kw;Wk; Copau; cwTfs; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
5. MNyhrid vd;why; vd;d? ,J Vd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf
cs;sJ?
6. MNyhridf;fhd rhjidfis tpthjpg;gJ gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. xOf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; mk;rq;fisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;
tpupthf tpthjp.
2. xOf;fnewp gw;wpa tpupthd Fwpg;G tiuf. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
jUf.
3. MNyhridf;fhd gzpfis tpupthf tpsf;Ff.
4. MNyhridf;fhd gy;NtW tiffis tpsf;Ff. mtw;wpd;
ed;ik jPikfis kjpg;gpLf.
5. ,e;jpa R+o;epiyapy; MNyhridapd; fUj;J kw;Wk; gad;ghl;bidg;
gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

12.10 NkYk; gbf;f gzpahsu; cwTfs;

Nahju;> Nly; & gTy; D ];ld;Nlh`hu;. 1990. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik Fwpg;Gfs;

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
myF 13 gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
mikg;G
13.2 gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; gw;wpa fUj;jhf;fk; kw;Wk;
nray;Kiw
tpilfs;
13.6 RUf;fk;
13.9 NkYk; gbf;f
13.0 Kd;Diu
,e;j myfpy;> gzpahsu;fspd; mjpfhuk; gw;wp ePq;fs; mwpe;J
nfhs;tPu;fs;. gzpahsu;fspd; mjpfhuk; gw;wpa fUj;J xU
GJikahd mZFKiwahFk;. ,J rkPgj;jpa cyfkakhf;fy;
kw;Wk; re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; jhuhskakhf;fy; kw;Wk; mjDld;
njhlu;Gila Nghl;bapLk; kw;Wk; tpiuthf khwptUk; re;ijg;
nghUshjhuk; Mfpatw;wpd; kpfTk; ntspg;gilahd tpisT MFk;.
mjpfhukspg;G Nfhl;ghL ntt;NtW kf;fSf;F gy;NtW mu;j;jq;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. vt;thwhapDk;> mjd; eilKiw uPjpahd kl;lj;jpy;>
mJ epWtdj;jpd; eyDf;fhf jw;NghJs;s typik> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk;
mwpit mq;fPfupj;jy; kw;Wk; rupahd Kiwapy; xUq;fpizj;jy;
vd;W tiuaWf;fyhk;. ,e;j myF NkYk; mjpfhukspf;Fk;
nray;Kiwia tpsf;FfpwJ. gzpahsu;fSf;F jq;fs; Ntiyfspy;
mjpf mjpfhuj;ijAk; nghWg;GiuAk; nfhLg;gjd; %yk;> mtu;fspd;
tsu;r;rp gw;wpa jfty;fisAk;> cz;ikahf mtw;iw KbntLj;jy;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; ngWtjd; %yKk;> gd;Kfj; jpwd;fis
tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;L rhjpf;f KbAk;.

••Copau; mjpfhuk; vd;w fUj;ij gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;
••mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd nray;Kiwia tpsf;f KbAk;
••,e;jpa R+o;epiyapy; mjpfhuj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;a KbAk;
••cyfshtpa R+oypy; mjpfhuj;ij Muha;e;J ghu;f;f KbAk;.

13.2 gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; gw;wpa fUj;jhf;fk; gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
kw;Wk; nray;Kiw
fyhr;rhuk; rhu;e;j jd;ik ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> elj;ij
mwptpay; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy;NtW tiffspy; mjpfhukspj;jy; Fwpg;Gfs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ij KbT nra;tjw;F fPo;g;gzpahsu;fspd;
mjpfhuk; vd;W cWjpahf tiuaWf;fyhk;. murpay; uPjpahf xU
Neu;kiwahd topia fz;Lgpbg;gjd; %yk; kf;fs; jq;fisj;
jhq;fNs mjpfhuk; nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mit> R+o;r;rpf;fhky;
murpay; Mf Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> mjpfhuk; vd;gJ Ntiyapy; Neu;kiw
murpay; jpwd;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. Nru;g;gjw;fhd nray;Kiw %yk;
jq;fis Ntiyapy; <LgLj;jp nfhs;s KbAk;. mjpfhuk; gilj;j
kf;fs; jhq;fs; jpwikahdtu;fs;> kjpg;ghsu;fs; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdu;>
mtu;fSila Ntiyfs; mu;j;jj;ijAk; jhf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sd>
kw;Wk; mtu;fs; jq;fs; jpwikfis gad;gLj;j tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.
mNjNghy;> mjpfhukw;w jd;ik Fiwthd jd;dpiw ,og;Gf;F
cz;lhFk; vd;w fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> jd;dpiwT czu;Tfis
mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ mjpfhukw;w jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk; epiyfis
milahsk; fhz;gJ kw;Wk; ePf;Ftjw;fhd xU nray;Kiwahf mij
tiuaWf;f Kaw;rpfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j Kd;Ndhf;fpy; ,Ue;J>
mjpfhuk; ngw;wtu;fs; jq;fs; Kd;Kaw;rpiaAk;> xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;l
tsq;fisAk; jq;fs; KbTfis eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjp
nra;a Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
gzp mikg;Gfspy; mjpfhuj;ij kWgq;fPL nra;tjw;fhd
mbg;gilahf> mjpfhukspg;G epfo;KiwahdJ> mikg;Gfspy; kdpj
elj;ijia epu;zapf;Fk; midj;J rf;jpfs;> kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
ek;gpf;iffspd; kW Nehf;Fepiy vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ mtu;fspd;
vz;zk; kw;Wk; nraiy Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,e;j nray;Kiw
xt;nthU jdpegUf;Fk; nghJthd epWtdj;jpw;F gq;fspf;Fk; KO
Mw;wiyAk; ntspapLfpwJ. kw;nwhU mZFKiw> epWtdj;jpd;
ed;ikf;fhf> jw;NghJs;s typik> jpwd; kw;Wk; mwpit> mq;fPfupj;jy;
kw;Wk; rupahd Kiwapy; xUq;fpizj;jy; Mfpatw;iw tiuaWf;fpwJ.
mjpfhukspj;jy;: trjpfs; kw;Wk; jilfs;

cyfk; KOtJk; ntt;NtW epWtd mikg;Gfspy;> tYT+l;ly; vd;w
Nfhl;ghL ntw;wpfukhd kw;Wk; Njhy;tpAw;w cyfshtpa uPjpapy;
gy;NtW epWtd mikg;Gfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mnkupf;fhtpy;
f;iu];yu; epWtdk;> [hd;rd;tpy;Ny czTfs; kw;Wk; nfd;lf;fp
muR Mfpait mjpfhukspj;jypUe;J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpisTfis
rhjpj;Js;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;> fpilf;ff;$ba Muha;r;rp ,yf;fpaq;fs;
mjpfhukspj;jy; Kaw;rpfspd; Njhy;tpiaAk; njuptpf;fpd;wd.
gy;NtW mjpfhukspj;jy; Kaw;rpfs; gFg;gha;T epWtd
mikg;Gfspy; mjd; trjpfs; kw;Wk; jilfis xU Gupjy; toq;FfpwJ.
mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd Kd;epge;jidfs; gq;F> fz;Lgpbg;G> jfty;

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gzu;it mZFjy; Mfpait MFk;. mNj Nghy;>
mjpfhug; gfpu;it cs;slf;fpa gpujpepjpfs; FO> mjpfhuj;ijg;
gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;F kl;LNk rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s> gq;Nfw;igf; fhl;bYk;
kf;fis cz;ikahf <LgLj;JtjhFk;. mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd
Fwpg;Gfs; jilfs;> mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk; epWtd fyhr;rhuk;> kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
jd;dhl;rpf;fhd Fiwe;j Njit> mjpfhu gfpu;T njhlu;ghd gak;
kw;Wk; Nkyhsu;fspilNa mjpf mjpfhuj; Njit Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk;
,ilapyhd ,zf;fj;jd;ikia cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
mjpfhukspj;jy; nray;Kiw
gy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> kf;fSf;F mjpfkhd
mjpfhuj;ijAk; nghWg;GfisAk; toq;Ftjd; %yk;> Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
gw;wpa jfty;fis mZFtjd; %yk;> KbntLg;gjpy; kf;fs;
cz;ikahf <LgLtjd; %yk; ,J nra;a KbAk;. xU Nkk;gLj;Jk;
jiytu; ehd;F fl;lq;fis fle;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;: (i) cq;fspd;
mjpfhuk;> (ii) mjpfhukspg;G Mu;g;ghl;lk; (iii) epu;thf cj;juthjk;
mspj;jy;> kw;Wk; (iv) mghaq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ.
mtu;fsJ Muha;r;rp mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> gpyhd;r;ru;l;
Nghd;w gy Ma;thsu;fs; mjpfhukspj;jy; Kiwia tptupg;gJ kw;Wk;
mjpfhukspj;jy; gzpia nra;tJ vJ vd;gij tptupf;fpd;wdu;.
mjpfhukspg;gjpy; cs;s tpirfs; kpfTk; vspikahdit> Mdhy;
mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ fbdk;. xU mjpfhuj;Jt mikg;gpy;
,Ue;J xU mjpfhu mikg;ig khw;WtJ vd;gJ kfj;jhd Kaw;rpfis
cs;slf;fpaJ. xU mjpfhuj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F xU mjpfhuj;Jt epu;thfj;jpypUe;J khw;Wtjw;fhd
cj;jpfs; Mfpatw;wpd; NghJkhd Gupe;Jzu;it mJ mtrpakhf;FfpwJ.
mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpypUe;J mjpfhukspj;jy; tiu gazk; vd;gJ
kpf ePz;l> rthy;fs; jhd;. ,J Vuhskhd kjpg;G khw;wq;fisAk;
ru;r;irfisAk; <LgLj;Jk;. mwptpg;ghy; kl;Lk; mJ epfohJ cau;
epu;thfk; Kjypy; jd;id khw;wpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
kf;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F %d;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
cs;sd: (a) jfty; gfpu;T> (b) mikg;G %yk; jd;dhl;rpia
cUthf;Fjy;> kw;Wk; (c) FO gbepiyfisg; gjpyPL nra;tJ.
1. jfty; gfpu;T
(i)
jfty; Njit: kf;fSf;F Vd; jfty; Njit? mtu;fs;
vg;gb nra;fpwhu;fs;> jq;fs; epWtdk; vg;gb nra;fpwhu;fs;>
mtu;fSila Kaw;rpfs; ve;j tpj;jpahrj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jkh
vd;gJ mtu;fSf;Fj; njupa Ntz;Lk;. mjpfhuk; vd;gJ>
mjpfhukspj;jy; epfo;Kiwia Jtf;Ftjpy;> jfty; xU fUt-
pahf cs;sJ vd;gij mDgtk; ep&gpj;Js;sJ. jfty; mwpe;j

kf;fs; nghWg;Gld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. epWtdj;jpd; Kf;fpa epjp gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
epiyikia Copau;fs; njspthf Gupe;J nfhz;lhy;> gzj;ij

Nrkpg;gjw;Fk; rpwe;j thbf;ifahsu; Nritapd; %yk; tUthia
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; fUj;Jf;fis toq;f Kw;gLfpwhu;fs;. cupi-
kahsiug; NghyNt> midtUf;Fk; mtu; epWtdj;jpw;F cjt Fwpg;Gfs;
KbAnkd mtu; Kaw;rpf;fpwhu;. epiyik tpku;rd uPjpahf
,y;yhj ,lq;fspy; $l> Copau;fs; tpahghuj;ij tpupTgLj;j
fUj;Jf;fis toq;Ftjpy;iy. Gjpa Kaw;rpfSf;F mtu;fs;
Nahridfisj; njuptpf;fyhk;. Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd topfspy;
thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a mtu;fSk;
Kd;tuyhk;.
(ii) ek;gpf;ifia tsu;j;jy;: jfty;fisg; gfpu;tjpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd
gq;fspg;G vd;gJ ek;gpf;ifia fl;bnaOg;Gk;. mjpfhu tu;f;f
mikg;Gfs; ek;gpf;if mbg;gilapy; jpthyhfptpl;ld. vdNt>
jq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; mtu;fspd; Mw;wy; Vuhskhf tPzhfpwJ.
czu;TG+u;tkhd jfty;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;tJ ek;gpf;ifia
tsu;f;fpwJ.
(a) jtWfis ifahSjy;: Kjy; gpur;rpid> epu;thfk;
jtWfisr; ifahSk; topahFk;. ‘ahu; mijr; nra;jJ?’
vd;W Nfl;gJ xU rf;jptha;e;j fyhr;rhuj;jpd; top my;y.
gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;gij tpl Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gLtjw;Fg; gy
jfty;fs; ,q;Nf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,J ek;gpf;if
Kwptpd; epiyik. kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Nfs;tp> ‘vd;d
jtW Vw;gl;lJ> vg;gb rupnra;tJ?’ ,J xU tYthd
fyhr;rhuj;ij fhl;LfpwJ ,J kf;fSf;F mghaq;fis
vLj;Jf; nfhs;s mjpfhuk; nra;fpwJ. fw;gJ> ek;gf; $ba
jl;g ntg;g epiyapy; tsu Ntz;Lk;.
(b) ,yf;Ffis czu;jy;: ,uz;lhtJ gpur;rpid> mjpfhuk;
mjpfhukspg;G epfo;Kiwf;F nghUe;jf; $ba ,yf;FfSld;
njhlu;GilaJ. ,yf;Ffs; vd;gJ njhlu;r;rpahd tsu;r;rp
ghijapy; cs;s tsu;r;rpapd; iky;fy; MFk;. jfty; jq;fs;
rhjidapd; msit njspTgLj;jp cjTfpwJ. jw;Nghija
nray;jpwd; kl;lq;fisg; gw;wpa jfty;fs; rthyhd
,yf;Ffis mikg;gNjhL> ,e;j gjpTfis cilj;J
mDgtpj;Js;sd.
(c) jfty;fspd; jLg;G: %d;whtJ gpur;rpid Nfs;tp Fwpj;J
ftiy nfhz;Ls;sJ: ‘jfty; gfpu;T vd;w nray; epWtdk;
vq;fhtJ jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?’ Mk; ,J jhd;. rpy Nkyhsu;fs;
fl;Lg;ghl;il ,of;ff;$Lk; vd;w mr;rj;jpy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
jftypd; xU gFjpia mtu;fs; epWj;jp itf;f Kidfpd;wdu;.
mjpfhuk; kpFe;j Neu;ik ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mtu;fs; mij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,Ue;J jpir jpUg;Gfpwhu;fs;.
,Wjpg; gpur;rpid vd;dntd;why;> ‘jfty; gfpu;T kl;LNk kf;fs;
kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSf;F mjpfhukspf;f fhuzkh?’ epr;rakhf ,y;iy.

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; mij Nehf;fpa Kjy;gb mJ. jfty; gfpug;gl;lTld;> ek;gpf;ifia
fl;bnaOg;gpaTld;> epu;thfk; ,uz;lhtJ kw;Wk; %d;whtJ tpirfis
Nehf;fp xNu Neuj;jpy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; 2. fl;likg;G %yk; Rahl;rpia cUthf;Fjy;

ve;jnthU fl;likg;Gld; ,y;yhky; mjpfhukspj;jy; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
gq;Nfw;Gld; $ba kw;Wk; Mjuthd jiyikj;Jt ghzpAld;
epfo;r;rpiaj; njhlq;Fk; mikg;Gfs; gpur;ridfis tutiof;Fk;.
ntw;wpfukhd epWtdq;fs; ghijia fhl;l tYthd jiytu;fis
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd> mtu;fSf;F Gjpa jpwd;fis fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk;
mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd gy;NtW msTUf;fis njspTgLj;Jk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> kf;fs; Gjpa fyhr;rhuk; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jTld;>
fl;likg;G FiwthfNt Njitg;gLfpwJ. rpwpa Muk;g fl;likg;Gld;
njhlq;Fk; mikg;Gfspy; gy rpf;fy;fs; cs;sd. kf;fs; gzpGupAk;
mjpfhuj;Jt topfis kl;LNk ed;F mwpe;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;> ,jdhy;
mtu;fs; jiyikaw;w mikg;gpy; cs;s nrsfupaj;ij czu;fpwhu;fs;.
mtu;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; khw Ntz;ba Njit
cs;sJ.
mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gjd; mbg;gilf; $Wfs; ahit? ,J epWtd
tpsf;fg;glk; kl;Lky;y. nray;ghl;bd; msTUf;fis njspTg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j msTUf;fs; my;yJ mikg;G $Wfs; ghu;it
mwpf;iffs;> ,yf;F-mikg;G> KbntLj;jy; tpjpfs;> nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gPl;L nray;Kiw kw;Wk; gapw;rp Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
(i)
njhiyNehf;F mwpf;if: xt;nthU CopaUk; jq;fs; Ntiyfspd;
gpd;dzpapy; Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; njhiyNehf;Fg;
ghu;it mwpf;iffs; kpfTk; vspikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
‘ngupa glk;’ ghu;itia gad;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fs;> mtu;fSf;F
cz;ikahf vijAk; njhlu;G nfhs;sj; jtwptpl;ld. mij
nraypy; khw;w Ntz;ba mtrpak; cs;sJ. vdNt> mtu;fs;
jq;fsJ ‘rpwpa glk;’ vd;w tifapy; jfty;fisg; ngWk; NghJ
mtu;fs; ve;j msTf;F cWjpAld; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gjw;fhd
njspthd ghu;it cs;sJ.
(ii)
,yf;F mikj;jy;: Nehf;fq;fs; ,yf;Ffspd; iky;fs;shf
cs;sd. ,yf;F mikg;G xU $l;L cwit cs;slf;fpaJ.
ngUk;ghyhd gzpahsu;fs;> ,yf;Ffis nray;gLj;Jtjpy;
vt;thW xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wp njupahJ. ,e;j
Gupjy; ,y;yhky;> ,yf;FfSk; nghWg;GfSk; mtu;fSf;F njsp-
thf njupatpy;iy. ntw;wpfukhd epWtdq;fs;> epWtdj;jpd;
njhiyNehf;Fg; ghu;itAld; Fwpg;gpl;l mstplj;jf;f kw;Wk;
ajhu;j;jkhd ,yf;Ffis mikf;Fk; eilKiwapy; kf;fSf;F
gapw;rpaspf;f Kidfpd;wd. NkYk;> njhopy; $l;Lupikahsu;fs;
rpwg;ghd nray;jpwid Kd;dpWj;Jtjw;F Nkyhsu;fs; cjTthu;.

,e;j ,yf;Ffs; xU njhlu;r;rpahd Nkk;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(iii) KbntLf;Fk; tpjpfs;: midj;J KbTfSf;Fk; mjpf-
huk; mspg;gtu;fs; mjpfhuj;ij toq;Fthu; vd;W jtWjyhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; mtu;fs; nray;ghl;L KbTfis kl;LNk Fwpg;Gfs;
vLf;f Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ vd;W fz;Lnfhs;Sk; NghJ
Vkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. mtu;fs; tpisTfis fzf;fpy;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;thu;fs; vd;W njupe;jTld; mj;jifa KbTfis
vLg;gjpypUe;J gpd;thq;f Kidfpd;wdu;. Mifahy;> ntw;wpfukhd
epWtdq;fs; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa> %Nyhgha KbTfs; vg;nghOJk;
epu;thfj;jpd; fskhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd.
(iv)
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gpLjy;: Jy;ypakhd nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL>
kWtbtikg;G nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J xj;Jiog;igAk;
njhlu;r;rpahd Nkk;ghl;il Nehf;fpAk; rhu;e;jpUf;Fk;. jq;fs;
fyhr;rhuq;fis epu;tfpg;gjpy; ntw;wp ngw;w epWtdq;fs;
jq;fs; nray;jpwd; kW Ma;T nray;Kiwapy; %d;W $Wfis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd: (a) nray;jpwd; jpl;lkply; ($l;L ,yf;F-
mikg;G kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd jiyikj;Jt ghzp fye;Jiuahly;
cl;gl)> (b) Copau; tsu;r;rpf;fhd njhlu;r;rpahd gapw;rp> kw;Wk;
(c) Nkyhsu; kw;Wk; Copau; ,UtuplKk; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
,g;NghJ> nray;jpwd; Nkyhz;ik xt;nthU jdpg;gl;l nghWg;G.
,J xU Nky; fPo; mikg;igf; fhl;bYk; $l;Lg;gzpahf
khwptpl;lJ. ,t;thwhf> ,J Copaupd; rhjidiaAk; Nkyhsupd;
jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; kjpg;gPL nra;fpwJ.
(v) gapw;rp: kf;fSf;F njhlu;r;rpahd gapw;rpaspg;ig toq;Ftjd;
mtrpak;> mjdhy; mtu;fs; Njitahd Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpwd;fisg;
ngw Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ nray; jpl;lq;fspd; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs;>
KbntLj;jy;> Nkhjy; Nkyhz;ik> jiyik> tuT nryT kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;g jpwd; Mfpait gy Ntiyfspy; cs;stu;fSf;F
njhlu; gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ. epr;rakhf>
mtu;fs; ,e;jj; jpwd;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F Kd;>
mjpfhuj;Jt gof;fq;fis fw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $lhJ. ntw;wpfukhd
epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; NtiyfSld; njhlu;Gila Nkyhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; Copau;fSf;F jPtpug; gapw;rpia mspf;fpd;wd.
fl;likg;gjpy; cs;s Kf;fpa rpf;fy;fs; ahit? xNu Neuj;jpy;
midj;J khw;wq;fisAk; kf;fs; ifahs KbahJ Vnddpy;
fl;likg;G nray;Kiw gbg;gbahf cs;sJ. khw;wpaikf;fg;gLk;
fl;likg;G $Wfs; vd;d vd;gij jPu;khdpf;f ,ayhJ. epWtdq;fs;
,ij Nrhjid kw;Wk; gpioahy; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. epWtdk; vq;F
cs;sJ> vq;F nry;y tpUk;GfpwJ vd;gij kf;fs; Gupe;Jnfhz;l
clNdNa> Gjpa fl;likg;gpw;F jilahf my;yhky; xU cjtp
vd;W fUJfpd;wdu;. ek;gpf;if tsu;r;rpAld;> gioa mikg;Gfspy;
cs;s vy;iyfs;> eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; KbntLj;jy; Kiwfis
nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ Copau;fs; nghWg;Gf;F MshfpAs;sd.

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; mjpfhukspg;G eltbf;ifapy; <LgLk; Gjpa mZFKiw kw;Wk; elj;ij
gw;wp kf;fs; mf;fiw nfhz;L> Gjpa fl;likg;gpw;F khWfpwhu;fs;.
3. FOf;fSld; gbepiyfis khw;Wjy;

Fwpg;Gfs; NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s fl;likg;G eltbf;iffs; Raepu;zaj;ij
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s epiyapy;> tupirf;Fiwg;G Fiwe;j mstpd; mbg;gilapy;
rhu;ej
; pUj;jy; mtrpakhfpwJ. ,J ek;ik %d;whtJ tupirf;F ,l;Lr;
nry;fpwJ. Nkyhz;ik mLf;Ffis Fiwg;gjd; %yk;> fl;Lg;ghl;il
kPWtjd; %yk; xU ntw;wplk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nfs;tp ,d;dKk;
ePbj;jpUf;fpwJ: ‘Kf;fpakhd epu;thf KbTfis ahu; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;?’
jw;Nghija epiyikapd; rpf;fy; jd;ik KbntLj;jy; xj;Jiog;ig
mtrpag;gLj;JfpwJ. mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l FOf;fshy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l
kf;fSf;F MjuTk;> ,izjpwDk; toq;fg;glyhk;. ,e;j FOf;fs; gq;Nfw;Fk;
FOf;fs;> ju tl;lq;fs; my;yJ miu jd;dhl;rp FOf;fsplkpUe;J
,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lit. ntWkNd fUj;Jf;fis gupe;Jiug;gjw;Fg;
gjpyhf> jPuk ; hdq;fis vLj;jy;> mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> kw;Wk;
nghWg;Gzu;Tfs; Mfpatw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l
epWtdj;jpy;> ,e;j FOf;fSf;F rpwg;ghd FOg;gzp Fwpj;j gapw;rp
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpwF> mtu;fs; Rahl;rpAld; nray;glj; njhlq;fpdu;
kw;Wk; Kd;djhf mtu;fspd; Nkyhsu;fs; tfpj;j nghWg;Gfis vLj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu;. ,t;thwhf> Rakhf epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; FOf;fs; vd;w Kiwapy;
mtu;fs; Ml;Nru;gG ; > nray;jpwd; kjpg;gL
P > gzp ml;ltiz> tuTnryTj;
jpl;lk; kw;Wk; gpw KbTfis vLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,e;j Vw;ghL xU
rpwe;j fPo-; tupir kw;Wk; kf;fSf;F jpUg;jp mspj;jJ.
(i) Kf;fpa gbfs;: mg;NghJ Nfs;tp vOfpwJ> FOf;fs; tupirf;F
khwhd Kf;fpa gbfs; vit? ,e;j gbfs; gpd;tUkhW: tpupthd
FO gapw;rp> jiyik ntw;wplk; kw;Wk; kjpg;Gf; fhuzp.
(a) tpupthd FO gapw;rp: cau; nray;jpwd; nfhz;l FOf;fspy;
jpwikahd cWg;gpdu;fshf gzpGuptjd; %yk; kf;fSf;F
gpur;ridfs; Vw;gLk;. ,e;j gpur;ridia tpupthd FO
gapw;rp %yk; epWtdq;fs; ifahz;L tUfpd;wd. FO
KbntLj;jy;> xU Neu;kiw mk;rk;> FO ,yf;F - mikj;jy;>
Ra fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; jq;fis Kd;dpWj;jy; nghWg;G
Nghd;w gpur;ridfis mJ ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
(b) jiyik ntw;wplk;: FOf;fs; gbepiyfisg; gjpyPL
nra;aj; njhlq;Fk;NghJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhd R+o;epiy
vOfpwJ.
mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l FOf;fis Nehf;fpa
tsu;r;rpf; fl;lj;jpy; Vkhw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;>
FOf;fs; mjpfhukw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; mjpfhukspg;G Nehf;fp
Ntiy nra;a Cf;fk; Fiwe;j msTfs; Nghd;w czu;it
nfhz;Ls;sd. vdNt> mtu;fsJ gazj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy;>
mit fLikahd gpd;dilTfSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sd. MjuT>
topfhl;ly;> Cf;fk; kw;Wk; cjtp Mfpatw;iw toq;ff;$ba
xU mjpfhuKs;s jiytUf;F Njit cs;sJ.

(c) kjpg;Gf; fhuzp: mjpfhukspg;G njhlu;gpy; Nkyhsu;fspilNa gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
mjpf kjpg;G epiy fhzg;gLfpwJ. cz;ikapy;> vd;d
nra;tJ vd;W njupahky; mtu;fs; jkJ mjpfhuj;Jt
kNdhghtj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. ,jdhy; gpur;rid
NkhrkhtNjhL> jhkjKk; Vw;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
(d) jPu;khdk;: epWtdq;fs; xNu ehspy; mjpfhuj;ij
toq;Ftjpy;iy Njitahd mjpfhu epiyia miltjw;F
gy Mz;Lfs; MFk;. ,J xU fbdkhd gzpahFk;>
kw;Wk; gy epWtdq;fs; topfhl;Ljyhy; tPo;r;rpailfpd;wd.
vdpDk;> xU tUlk; my;yJ mjw;Fs;> mtu;fs; gzpia
njhlu mtu;fis Nehf;fp mjpfhuKk; njhlq;Fk;. ,J
kf;fis Nehf;fpa nkd;ikahd mZFKiw my;y. khwhf>
cupikahsu;fsplkpUe;J rpwe;j Kiwapy; tUgtu;fsplkpUe;J
mjpfkhd vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; tUfpd;wd.

,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rl;l tpjpfs; kw;Wk; murhq;f mwptpg;Gfs;
nghJthf njhopyhsu;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l njhopyhsu;fspd;
gpujpepjpfshy; kiwKfkhf Ntiytha;g;ig mjpfupf;f cjTfpd;wd.
Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjpypUe;J> ,e;jpa murhq;fk; gy epWtdq;fis
Jtf;fpAs;sJ> ,J njhopy; kw;Wk; flDjtp juj;jpy; gzpahsu;fSf;F
mjpfhuk; mspf;fpwJ. mj;jifa jpl;lq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••Ntiy FO: 1947 y; njhopy;Jiw tptfhuq;fs; rl;lk;>
Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fSf;F ,ilNa ey;Ywit cWjp
nra;Ak; nghUl;L> ,U gzpfs; nfhz;l FOtpy; njhopyhsu;fs;
gpujpepjpfspd; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gq;Nfw;ig toq;FfpwJ. rpw;Wz;bf;
FO kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gf; FO Nghd;w FOf;fs; rl;lG+u;tkhdit.
••$l;L Kfhikj;Jt FO (JMC): 1958 y;> gzpahsu; eyd;>
gapw;rp> gzp eilKiwfspy; khw;wk;> epiyapaw; fl;lisfis
cUthf;Fjy;> epWtd cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; Mfpatw;iw
epu;tfpg;gjw;fhf JMC mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
••Njrpa kakhf;fg;gl;l tq;fpfspy; gzpahsu; ,af;Feu;fs;: tq;fpfs;
1969 Mk; Mz;by; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;ld. Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l
tq;fpfSf;F gzpahsu;fisAk;> mYtyu;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;tjw;fhf ,e;jpa murhq;fk; fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. `pe;J];jhd;
Mz;bgahbf;FO (GNd)> HMT (ngq;fSU)> lhl;lh]; kw;Wk;
DCM Mfpait ,e;j eilKiwia gpd;gw;wpd.
••,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;jk;: 1976 y; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;L gpupT 43A vd;w fl;lisf;
Nfhl;ghLfspy; GFj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J 500 my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l njhopyhsu;fs; gzpahw;Wk; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Ruq;fj;
njhopy;fspy; epu;thfj;jsk; kw;Wk; Miy kl;lq;fspy;
epu;thfj;jpy; njhopyhsu;fs; gq;Fngw cjtpaJ. cw;gj;jp>

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; fopT Nkyhz;ik> tpyfpapUj;jy;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Mjhu
gad;ghl;L njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfis rkhspg;gjw;F rigfSf;F
mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
••epu;thfj;jpy; njhopyhsu;fs; gq;F ngWtjw;fhd jpl;lk;: ,e;j
Fwpg;Gfs; jpl;lk; 1977 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; 100 my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Copau;fs; nfhz;l tu;j;jf kw;Wk; Nrit
epWtdq;fSf;F ,J nghUe;Jk;.
••jpl;lk; 1983: gzpahsu; gq;Nfw;ig xOq;FgLj;Jk; 1983 jpl;lk;
kj;jpa nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. ,J
xU Kj;jug;G FOit mikj;Js;sJ.
••gq;Ffspy; njhopyhsu;fspd; gq;F: 1985–1986 kj;jpa tuTn-
ryTj; jpl;lk; njhopyhsu;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;L
nkhj;j gq;Ffspy; Ie;J tpOf;fhL tiu gq;F tpUg;gq;fis
toq;Ftjw;fhd tpjpKiwfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
••1990 epu;thf kNrhjhtpy; njhopyhsu;fspd; gq;F: ,e;j
kNrhjhtpd;gb> xt;nthU njhopy;Jiw epWtdKk;> xd;W my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ‘fil jsk; kw;Wk;’ epWTjy; FO Mfpatw;iw
epWtd kl;lj;jpy; mikf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,e;j rigfspy;
Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd; rkkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpahtpy;> cyfkakhf;fy; kw;Wk; jhuhskakhf;fy; ,ul;ilg;
gzpfs;> 1990 y; njhlq;fpaJ kw;Wk; 2000 ,y; mjpfupj;jJ> xU
nefpo;thd> mjpf jFjp tha;e;j kw;Wk; xU gy;Jiw njhopyhsu;fs;
Njit mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,g;Nghnjy;yhk;> ,U top njhlu;G> Nfn[d;>
gupe;Jiu jpl;lq;fs;> juk; tl;lq;fs;> 5 v]; kw;Wk; gy Nghd;w [g;ghdpa
topKiwfis Neubahfg; gad;gLj;JtJ epu;thfk;. gpn`r;,vy;>
k`pe;jpuh kw;Wk; k`pe;jpuh> Nfhj;Nu[; kw;Wk; gha;]; Mfpait juk;
tl;lk; FOf;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jpAs;sd.
gzpahsu; mjpfhukspg;G Neub Kiwfs;

gzpahsu;fspd; gq;Nfw;gpd; Neub Kiwfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw
cs;slf;fpait:
••nra;jp kly;fs;: ,e;j epWtdj;jpy; cs;s rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfs;
kw;Wk; rk;gtq;fs; Copau;fSf;Fk;> thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fk;>
rhj;jpakhd kw;Wk; Vw;fdNt cs;s epfo;Tfis ,it
njhlu;Gnfhs;fpd;wd.
••gzpahsu; tpku;rdq;fs;: gzpahsu;fspd; nray;jpwid kjpg;gha;T
nra;a Copau;fspd; cldb Nkw;ghu;itahsuhy; ,it
elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
••Rakhf epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; FOf;fs;: ,tw;Wf;F cau; kl;l
Rahl;rp> jpUg;jp> gzpg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpd; MjuT
Njitg;gLfpwJ.

••FOf; Fwpg;Gfs;: ,it NkyhsUf;Fk;> mtu;fsJ FOf;fSf;Fk; gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
,ilNa jfty; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fis gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sk;

tof;fkhd re;jpg;Gfs; MFk;.
••FO $l;lq;fs;: ,it rpf;fiy jPu;f;Fk; kw;Wk; KbntLf;Fk; xU
kd;wj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j $l;lq;fspy; FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;F Fwpg;Gfs;
Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis Nkyhsu;fs; toq;Ffpwhu;fs;.
••gupe;Jiu jpl;lq;fs;: ,it gzpahsu;fsplkpUe;J fUj;Jfis
ngWtjw;fhd Kiwrhuh topfs; MFk;.
••jukhd tl;lq;fs;: ,it cw;gj;jp juk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kf;fspd; jpwid tsu;f;fTk; gad;gLj;jTk;
gad;gLk; topKiwfs; MFk;. ,it> Ntiy mDgtk; kw;Wk;
gq;Nfw;gpy; ,ize;j gapw;rpapd; %yk; kf;fspd; jpwikfs;>
ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; gilg;ghw;wy; Mfpatw;iw tpUj;jp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. gzpr;R+oypy; Copaupd; cs;Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; mu;g;gzpg;G
epiyia cUthf;fp epiyepWj;Jk; xU R+oiy cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
••yhgg; gfpu;T: ,J> xU epWtdj;jpd; cupikahsu;(fs;)>
Copau;fSld; <l;ba yhgj;jpy; xU rjtPjj;ijf; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk;
xU Vw;ghL.
••gpur;rpid jPu;f;Fk; FOf;fs;: gpur;rpidfis Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy;
ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;> rhj;jpakhd midj;J fhuzpfis fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L xU jPu;itf; fz;lwpjy;.
••gzpahsu; fzf;nfLg;G: ,it gzpahsu;fspd; fUj;Jfis
Nrfupg;gjw;fhd Kiwahd topKiwfs; MFk;.
gzpahsu;fs; mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd kiwKf topKiwfs;

kiwKf gq;Nfw;gpd; gy;NtW tbtq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••$l;L MNyhridf;FO (JCC): ,it nghJthf ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;s nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Nkyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Copau;fs; ,UtUk; ,ij xU gaDs;s
tbtkhf kjpf;fpNwhk;. JCC fspd; nefpo;Tj;jd;ik xU
MNyhrid mZFKiwf;F toptFf;fpwJ. mit Nkyhz;ikapy;
Nkyhjpf;fk; nrYj;jyhk; my;yJ epWtd KbTfis ghjpf;Fk;
gzpahsu;fspd; gpujpepjpfis cUthf;fyhk;. JCC fs; gpd;tUk;
%d;W Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; cs;sd: (a) MNyhrid
kw;Wk; Ngr;Rthu;ji; j gpur;rpidfs; ,ilNa xU njspthd
gpuptpid (b) Nkyhsu;fspd; Kiwahd gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; KbTfis
nray;gLj;Jjy;; kw;Wk; (c) rl;lG+u;tkhd Copau; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.
••Ntiy FOf;fs;: ,it cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Copau; cwTfs;
njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J Copau; gpujpepjpfSld;
fye;jhNyhrpf;f epu;thfj;jhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
gpur;ridfis tpthjpf;Fk; xU kd;wj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd.

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; Ntiy FOf;fs; JCC fis tpl Kiwahdit> rpy tpjpKi-
wfs; mtw;iw xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. gzp FOf;fs; gzpahsu;
,af;Feu;fis epakpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. Nkyhz;ik Kf;fpa
gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J> gzpf;FOf;F jfty; njuptpf;Fk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; gpur;rpidfis ed;F Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F Copau;fs; gpujpepjpfs;
epGzu;fis fye;jhNyhrpf;f KbAk;.
••njhopyhsu; ,af;Feu;fs; jpl;lq;fs;: njhopyhsu; ,af;Feu;fs;>
epWtdj;jpd; epu;thff; FOtpy; njhopyhsu;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;fpd;wdu;. ,J njhopyhsu;fs; tzpfj;jpd; ePz;l fhy
,yf;Ffis cUthf;Fjpy; gq;F nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis epu;zapf;Fk;NghJ njhopyhsu;fs;
mjpf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; cs;sdu;.
mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk; nray;jpwd;

gzpahsu; nray;jpwdpy; mjpfhukspj;jy; KbTfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••nray;jpwd; tpisTfSf;fhf Copau;fis nghWg;ghf;FfpwJ
••,J mzpfspd; njhlu;r;rpahd epfo;r;rpfis guhkupf;f cjTfpwJ.
••,J gzpahsu;fSf;F jilfis fz;lwpe;J jPu;T fhzTk;>
Ntiy nray;jpwid milaTk; cjTfpwJ
••,J Ntiy jpwid Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ
••,J mtu;fspd; gzpiag; gw;wp gzpahsu;fSf;F mjpf mwpitj;
jUfpwJ> vdNt mtu;fsJ eltbf;iffis xU rpwe;j Kiwapy;
jpl;lkpl KbAk;
••,J epWtdq;fspd; tpisTfis ghjpf;ff;$ba tifapy;
,Ug;gjhy; Copau;fs; fbdkhf ciof;fpwhu;fs;
••,J Copau;fis fbdkhd R+o;epiyfspy; ey;y Kiwapy;
vjpu;nfhs;s toptFf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; mtu;fsJ nray;jpwd;
mjpfupf;fpwJ.
••,J Copau;fSf;F Ra kjpg;G kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if czu;Tfis
Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ kw;Wk; mjpf nray;jpwd; nfhz;l nray;jpwid
,J Fwpf;fpwJ.

1. gjtp cau;T ngWk; xU jiytupd; ngaiug; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
2. JMC fs; vg;NghJ mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; Vd;?

mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gJ njhopyhsu;fs; jkJ nrhe;j ,yf;Ffis
epu;zapj;jy;> KbTfis vLg;gjw;Fk; nghWg;Gzu;T kw;Wk;
mjpfhuk; cs;stu;fspilNa cs;s gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;gjw;Fk;

toptif nra;tjhFk;. rkPg Mz;Lfspy;> gy mikg;Gf;fs; jq;fs; gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
Copau;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;Fk; topfis jPtpukhf ehbAs;sd. xU

Kiw rpy epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; njhopyhsu;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;f
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J Ntiy FOf;fis gad;gLj;JtJ MFk;.
,e;j Kiw [g;ghdpa epWtdq;fs; ju Row;rpfs; vd;W miof;fg; Fwpg;Gfs;
gad;gLj;Jk; Muk;g Kaw;rpfspy; jhd; tsu;e;jd.
jukhd Row;rp vd;gJ> juk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfSf;Fj;
jPu;Tfis milahsk; fhzTk; Kd;nkhoptjw;Fk; jd;dhu;tj;Jld;
$ba gzpahsu;fs; FO MFk;. ,e;j jukhd Row;rpapd; gad;ghL>
,g;NghJ nghJthf ‘Ntiy FOf;fs;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
xU gue;j mstpyhd Ntiy FOf;fis jpirfhl;Lk; tifapy;
tsu;e;jJ. ,e;j mzpfs; jq;fs; nrhe;j Ntiyia jpl;lkpl>
xOq;fikf;fTk;> NeubahfTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; mjpfhuk; ngw;w
Copau;fspd; Nrfupg;Gfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ghuk;gupakhd ‘gh];’
vd;wiof;fg;gLtij tpl mtu;fspd; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;> xU vspjhd
gq;fspg;ig tfpf;fpwJ.
rpy jiytu;fs; mjpfhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;w
kw;w Kiwfs;> mtw;wpd; xl;Lnkhj;j xOq;fikg;Gf;fhd Kiwia
khw;wpaikg;gjhFk;. xU mikg;gpw;fhd mbg;gil Kiw mjd;
gbepiyfspypUe;J mLf;Ffis mfw;Wtjd; %yk; NkYk;
gutyhf;fg;gLk;. mjpfhuk;> nghWg;G kw;Wk; Miz cupik Mfpait
epWtdj;ij Kbe;j msTf;F xg;gilj;Jtpl;ld. Ntiyapd; fl;Lg;ghL
cz;ikapy; mijr; nra;gtu;fs; ifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Jy;ypakhd eilKiwfs; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;>
rpy epge;jidfs; ,Ue;jhy;> mjpfhukspj;jy; xU epWtdj;ij
Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j epiyikfs; gpd;tUkhW tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
••epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; fPo; kl;lj;jpy; mjpfhuj;ijAk; Ra
MSikiaf; nfhz;Lk; jq;fs; Kaw;rpfspy; Neu;ikahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd gFjpfspy;
mjpfhukspg;gij Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F ngaustpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wpailAk; rhj;jpak; ,y;iy.
••epWtdq;fs; mjpfhuj;ij guhkupg;gjw;fhf mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. njhopyhsu;fSf;F mjpf mjpfhuj;ij toq;fp> gpd;du;
mJ Fiwf;fg;gl;L my;yJ Kw;wpYk; mfw;wg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;>
mtu;fs; Nfhgkilthu;fs;.
••Copau;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mspg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; epWtdq;fs;
Kiwahd kw;Wk; cWjpahditahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjpfkhd
fl;Lg;ghl;il Jupjkhf fle;J nry;tjhy; Nguoptpy; KbAk;.
••gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; nghWg;Gzu;e;J gapw;rpapid
mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. jq;fs; gzp Jiwapy; mjpf Rje;jpuk;
nfhLf;fg;gLk; Copau;fSf;F mNefkhf me;j Rje;jpuj;ij
jpwk;gl gad;gLj;j mtu;fSf;F cjTtjw;fhf $Ljy; gapw;rp
Njitg;glyhk;.

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; Fiwe;j mstpyhd FWf;fPLfis nfhz;L jq;fs; gzpia
ghjpf;Fk; KbTfis vLf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; nghWg;Gk; kf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLk; NghJ mtu;fSf;F mjpfhuk; fpilf;fpwJ. mjpfhukspj;jy;
vd;gJ> kpfTk; ntWf;fg;gl;L> gpd;gw;wg;gl;l xU ntspg;ghL MFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; kf;fs; mjpfhuk; toq;Fk; NghJ jq;fs; kdq;fis Ntiyf;F
nfhz;L tUthu;fs;. mtu;fs; njhopypy; jq;fs; gzpia ghjpf;Fk;
gFjpfs; gw;wp KbntLg;gjpy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs;
jq;fs; eltbf;iffSf;F nghWg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs;
rpW mjpfhuj;Jt njhe;jutpy; ,Ue;J jq;fis jhq;fNs tpyf;fp
itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mit kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Neuk; Mfpatw;iw
gytPdg;gLj;jf;$Lk;. juk;> Nrit vd;w Nfhl;ghLfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
NghJ me;j mikg;Gf;F kjpg;G Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
ngUk;ghyhd mikg;GfSf;F mwpT rhu;e;j njhopyhsu;fs;
cs;sdu;. mtu;fs; jkJ mwpitg; gw;wp rpe;jpj;J nray;gLtjpy;
Mu;tk; nfhz;l> Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. fzpdp
jpl;lkpLgtu;fs;> fzpdp Ma;thsu;fs;> fzf;fhsu;fs;> tof;fwpQu;fs;>
Nkyhsu;fs;> tpw;gid FO kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyj; njhopyhsu;fs; $l
gpur;ridfis jPu;j;J> tha;g;Gfis gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F jq;fspd;
kpfr;rpwe;j jPu;g;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,J mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd
gpur;rpidia NkYk; Kf;fpakhdjhfpwJ.
ngUk;ghyhd Copau;fs; jq;fs; Ntiyapy; ,Ue;J rpy mbg;gil
tp\aq;fis tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;:
(i) nghUs;: mtu;fs; jq;fs; Ntiyia mu;j;jKs;sjhfTk;> mjdhy;
mtu;fs; jpUg;jp mila KbAk; vd;Wk; tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;.
(ii) KbTfs;: Copau;fs; mtu;fspd; Kaw;rpapd; tpisthy;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. KbTfs; Neu;kiwahf> ntFkjpfisg;
gpd;gw;wpdhy;> Ntiyapy; ,Ue;J jpUg;jp Vw;gLk;.
(iii) rthy; kw;Wk; fw;W nfhs;tjw;fhd xU tha;g;G: Ntiy rthyhf
ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;; mJ tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; fw;f xU Nehf;fk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(iv) kjpg;Gk; mq;fPfhuKk;: gzpahsu;fs; jq;fs; mikg;Gfspy; vd;d
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gjpy; ,Ue;J
kjpg;Gk; mq;fPfhuKk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
(v) jq;fs; nrhe;j Ntiy kPJ jd;dhl;rp kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL: Copau;fs;
jq;fs; epWtdj;jpy; vijr; nra;jhYk; jd;dhl;rpiaAk;
fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;bUf;f tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;. ,J mtu;fSf;F
mjpf jpUg;jpia mspf;fpwJ.
(vi) mtu;fs; xU ngupa FOtpd; mq;fk; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tJ:
ve;j xU mikg;gpYk; cs;s gzpahsu;fs; r%fj; Njitfisg;
G+u;j;jp nra;J kw;wtu;fSld; ,ize;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;.
mtu;fs; ngupa mzpapy; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; tpopg;Gzu;T
mtu;fSf;F ghJfhg;G czu;it mspf;fpwJ.

mjpub eltbf;if gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
Ke;ija gj;jpapy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s MW nghUl;fSk; ey;y

mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila Kaw;rpfspd; mbj;jskhf mikfpd;wd.
jiytu; mtu;fspy; ahiuahtJ mfw;w Kaw;rpj;jhy;> gzpahsu;fspd;
Fwpg;Gfs;
flik Ntiy gytPdkilar; nra;fpwJ. jpwk;gl nray;gLtjw;F
mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhf> gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffis jiytu; guprPypf;f
Ntz;Lk;:
(i) njspthd ghu;itAk; jpirAk;: mjpfhuk; ngw Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij mtu; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mikg;GfSf;Fs; mjpfhu tYit mky;gLj;Jtjw;F njspthd
ghu;itAk;> topfhl;LjYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epWtdj;jpy;
mjpfhukspg;G epfo;Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;j Muk;gpf;Fk;
Kd;du;> jiytuhy; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba rpy gpur;ridfs;
cs;sd. ,it:
(a) ,e;j mikg;gpy; mjpfhuk; mspj;jy; vd;w Nehf;fj;ij
jiytu; njspTgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjpfhukspj;jy; mtUf;F
my;yJ KOikahd mikg;gpw;F ed;ik mspf;fpwhuh
vd;gij mtu; njspTg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(b) mjpfhuk; vd;gJ xU rpyUf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;> epWtdj;jpy;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l egu;fs; my;yJ KO mikg;Gf;fhf
cs;sjh vd;gijAk; typAWj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ.
mjpfhukspg;gpd; nray;jpwk; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpy; cs;s mjp-
fhuk; mspf;fg;gl;l Copau;fspd; vy;iy kw;Wk; tuk;igr;
rhu;e;jJ.
(c) mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd jiytuJ nghWg;G mjd; nray;jpwid
ghjpf;fpwJ. rpy jiytu;fs; ,e;j eilKiwia xU
tha;g;Ngr;rhf kl;LNk gad;gLj;j tpUk;gyhk;> NkYk; mJ
Kw;wpYk; cWjp nra;a KbahJ. ,e;j mikg;G cz;ikapy;
Njitah vd;gij njspTg;gLj;j my;yJ mJ kpfTk;
ed;whf ,Uf;f jiytu; Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) ngUepWtd eltbf;iffis Ma;T nra;jy;: tYthd tpisT-
fis Nkk;gLj;JtjpypUe;J vjpu;ghu;g;gjw;F> jiytu;fs; jq;fs;
epWtd eltbf;iffis Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(a) nfhs;iffs;: jiytu;fs; mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa nfhs;iffis
fzf;fpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> ‘vd;d ntFkjp
fpilf;fpwJ kw;Wk; jz;lid ngw;why; vd;d MFk;’ vd;W
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. tzpff; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; epfo;Tfis
kPsha;T nra;jy; Nghd;w epfo;TfSk;> jFjp mjpfupg;gJk;>
cau; kl;l epu;thfj;jpw;F cz;ikapy; vd;d gpur;ridfs;
vd;gij kf;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. kf;fs; ,ize;J gzpahw;w
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> Mdhy; mtu;fspd; nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gha;T xU jutupir kjpg;gPl;by; xUtUf;nfhUtu; vjpu;j;J
epw;fpwJ> mJ mtw;wpd; nrhe;j eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;.

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; FWf;F-nray;ghl;L FOg;gzp Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lhYk;>
Mjutspj;jhYk;> nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPLfs; xU
Jiwf;Fs;shd ,yf;Ffis kl;LNk milahsk; fhZk;
JiwfSf;fpilNaahd $l;L ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; (b) vOjg;glhj tpjpfs;: ,e;j newpKiwfs;> cz;ikapy;
epWtdq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gzpfs; Fwpj;J kf;fSf;F
mwpTWj;JfpwJ. ,e;j tpjpfs; vOjg;glhj NghjpYk;
vOjg;gl;Ls;s ve;j topfhl;Ljy;fshYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jit vd;W kf;fs; fz;lwpfpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf> xU
Nkyhsu; jdJ Copau;fis vg;nghOJk; cz;ikiag;
NgRtjw;F mwpTWj;Jfpwhu;> mjdhy; Nkhrkhd nra;jpia
toq;fpa J}ju; jz;bf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
(c) fl;likg;G: epWtdj;jpd; fl;likg;G ,J Nghd;w jd;dhl;rp
kw;Wk; Copau;fs; mtu;fspd; mZFKiw gb jq;fs;
gzpfis nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j fl;likg;G Copau;fspd;
R+o;epiyfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; gy;NtW gzp-
fisr; nra;a Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;> mit epWtdj;jpy;
nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; jpUg;jpia mjpfg;gLj;jyhk;.
,J Nghd;w R+o;epiyfspy; mtu;fSf;F mjpfhuk; ,Ug;gjhf
$wg;gLfpwJ.
mjpfhukspj;jy; gad;ghL
njhopyhsu;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mjpfupf;ff; $ba topfis gupNrhjpf;Fk;
xU Gul;rpia ngUepWtdq;fs; ngw;W tUfpd;wd. murhq;fq;fs; $l
jq;fis mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfspd; cjtpAld; kPz;Lk;
cUthf;f Kay;fpd;wdu;. rpy rq;fq;fs; Njhy;tpaile;jhy; kw;wit
Njhy;tpailAk;> Mdhy; mtu;fs; midtUk; fw;wy; fhuzpfis
toq;Ffpwhu;fs;. epWtdq;fs; mjpfhukspj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfis
gad;gLj;Jk; topfspd; rpy cjhuzq;fisf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
(i) ngupa mikg;G khw;wq;fs;: epWtdq;fspd; fsj;ij kWrPuikf;f
xU miwapy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; (my;yJ mikg;Gfspd; xt;nthU
kl;lj;jpypUe;Jk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU khjpup gpujpepjp) nfhz;L
tUtij epWtdq;fs; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j jpl;lkply;
nray;Kiw khw;wq;fis nray;gLj;Jgtu;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
,J vjpu;g;gpy; FiwT Vw;gLfpwJ> mu;g;gzpg;G mjpfupf;fpwJ>
jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nray;ghl;bd; fhy msitf; Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk;
ntspg;Gw MNyhrfu;fshNyh my;yJ xU rpwpa mzpapdhNyh
cUthf;fg;gl;l jpl;lj;jpd; juj;ij kPWfpwJ.
(ii) FWf;F-nray;ghl;Lf; FO: epWtdq;fs; jpwikahd tzpf
rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; jpwd; cs;stu;fsplkpUe;J
Nrfupf;fpd;wd. ,e;j FOf;fs; gzpapl rf;jpfs; kl;Lky;y>
khw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> nray;gLj;jTk; mtu;fSf;F mjpfhuk;
cz;L.

(iii) jftYf;fhd mZfy;: thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F kpfTk; jpwi- gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
kahd Nritia toq;Ftjpy; Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; tpjj;ij

gy epWtdq;fs; Ma;T nra;fpd;wd. mtu;fs; Njitg;gLk;
fUtpfs; kw;Wk; jftYf;fhd cldb mZfiy kf;fSf;F
toq;Ftjw;F Gjpa eilKiwfis cUthf;Ffpd;wdu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; tof;fkhd mikg;Gfspy; jfty;
mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; mJ kpfTk; Njitg;gLgtu;fSf;F ngUk;ghYk;
mZfy; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
(iv) rpwe;j Cf;Ftpg;G: n[duy; vyf;l;upf; ,d; 1991 Mz;L
mwpf;ifapy;> N[f; nty;r; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; jj;Jtj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;: GE f;F flikfis itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
(fhyf;nfL kw;Wk; epjp ,yf;Ffis re;jpf;fTk;) mNj Nghy;
epWtdq;fspd; kjpg;ig cau;j;Jk; kf;fSf;Fk; Njit. fle;j
fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; ‘kjpg;G’ ,yf;FfSf;F tha;g;Ngr;Rfis
toq;fpdu;. me;j ehl;fs; Kbe;Jtpl;ld vd;W nty;r; gjpT
nra;jhu;. ,e;j ,uz;L ,yf;FfisAk; rhjpf;f $ba Mz;fSk;
ngz;fSk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; tpUk;gpdhu;.
mjpfhukspg;G xU cWjpahd> my;yJ mtu; vOJk; xU
Fwpg;gpypUe;J> jiytu; if mirtpypUe;J tutpy;iy vd;gij
epidtpy; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;. ,J xUq;FKiwfspy; ,Uf;Fk;
mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fl;lisfs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;Gfspd;
tpisthy; Vw;glhJ.
jiytu; mt;thW ,Uf;f tpUk;Gtjhy; mjpfhukspg;gjpy;iy.
jiytu;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;> mNjNeuk;> Copau;fSf;fhd rpf;fy;fs;>
gpur;rpidfs;> jPu;Tfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd cupikiaAk;
nghWg;igAk; mtu; vg;NghJNk khw;wpaikf;fpwhu;. Nk-[_d; 1995 y;
`hu;tu;l; tu;j;jf tpku;rdk; gpd;tUk; mwpf;ifia itf;fpwJ:
‘mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gJ xU ,uT ,lkhw;wNkh my;yJ xU
fPo;g;gzpahsu; xU Nkyjpfhup nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J xU nghWg;Gilik
my;y. ,J xU gbg;gbahd gpujpepjpj; J}Jf;FO epfo;r;rpg;Nghf;F>
fzprkhd cau;kl;l epu;thf <LghL Njit.’
kf;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;s tpUk;GtNjhL> mtu;fs; mt;thW nra;Ak;
NghJ kpfTk; Cf;fKk; jpUg;jpAk; mile;Js;sdu;. cau; epu;thfj;jpd;
rthy;> kf;fs; jq;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s cjTtjhf kl;Lk;
,y;yhky;> epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis Mjupf;Fk; kw;Wk; tYg;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; mtu;fs; mt;thW nra;tij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
mjpfhukspg;gij nkJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

Copau; <LghL vd;gJ mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gjw;fhd kw;nwhU gjk; MFk;.
fypNghu;dpah gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpwikahd mikg;GfSf;fhf elj;jpa
rkPgj;jpa Ma;tpd;gb> mnkupf;f epWtdq;fs; mj;jifa gapw;rpfis
jq;fs; tpahghu epfo;Tfspy; xUq;fpizg;gjpy; nkJthfNt cs;sd.
,e;j Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa KbTfspy; rpy fPNo gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; (i)
njhopyhsu;fspy; Rkhu; 37 rjtPjj;jpdu;> gzpahsu;fspd;
jiyaPL njhlu;ghd nray;ghLfspy; <Lgltpy;iy KbT vLf;Fk;
nray;Kiwapy; $wtpy;iy.
(ii) gzpahsu;fspy; 31 rjtPjk; Ngu; Nkyhz;ikf;fhd Nkk;ghLfis
Fwpg;Gfs; gupe;Jiug;gjpy; gjpy; mspf;Fk;NghJ> KbTfs; vLg;gjpy;
mtu;fSf;F cjTtjw;F ve;j jftYk; my;yJ gapw;rpAk;
toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
(iii)
FOf;fspy; gq;F ngWk; 12 rjtpfpj gzpahsu;fspy;>
mtu;fSila gzpf;F nghUe;jf;$ba jpdrup KbTfs;
kPJ rpy fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jfty;fs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ngUk;ghYk; mtu;fsJ nghWg;Gfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg;
ngWfpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; khw;Wtjw;F ce;Jjy; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> kf;fs;
vspjhf khw;w KbahJ. njhopyhspfSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;> mNj
topapy; Ntiy nra;tJ Nghd;w tpahghu khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
gzpahsu;fs; mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;shjtiu>
mtu;fSf;F mJ itj;jpUf;Fk; ed;ikAk;> epWtdj;jpw;fhf mJ
itj;jpUf;Fk; ed;ikAk;> ntt;Ntwhf nra;tjw;fhd ce;jk; xU
NghJk; vOtjpy;iy. jiytu; mtu;fis tpUk;Gfpwhu; vd;why; kl;Lk;
khw;w KbahJ. gzpahsu;fs; khw;w tpUk;Gtjh ,y;iyah vd;gJ
kl;Lk; Kf;fpakhdJ> mit epWtdj;jpd; nray;jpwid ghjpf;fyhk;
vd ek;Gfpwhu;fs;.
,jpy; Ie;J Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. Vnddpy; ,jpy;
jiytu;fs; gzpahsu; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Nkyhz;ik my;yJ
mjpfhukspg;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; nkJthf ,Ue;jdu;. ,it:
(i) jd;dpiwT kw;Wk; epiykhw;wk;: ,d;W tiu gy epu;thfpfSk;
jd;dpiwT kw;Wk; epiyj;jd;ikapd; fhuzkhf kpjkhd
trjpahd epiyia khw;Wtjw;F my;yJ eilKiw epiy
xUNghJk; Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy.
(ii) FWfpa fhy ftdk;: nghJthf Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; ntFkjp
mikg;Gfs; nghJthf Nkyhz;ik mikg;Gfs; FWfpa
fhy ika Gs;spahf mjpfhu nray;Kiw fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
nray;jpwd; Cf;f Cjpak; kw;Wk; Cf;fj; jpl;lq;fs; xU
tUlj;jpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L> ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F xU gpuj;Naf
gzpahsiu cUthf;f mu;j;jkpy;iy.
(iii) kdpj ts eilKiwfspd; jhf;fj;ij mstpl ,ayhik:
];r];lu; $Wifapy;: ‘rkPg fhyk; tiu> kdpj tsj;ij
gaDs;s tifapy; gad;gLj;jhik njhlu;ghd epiwNtw;W
nray;jpwDf;fhf rpwpa ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy;
xg;gPL nra;tjw;fhd juq;fs; ,y;iy. gy epWtdq;fspy; kpf
tpiyAau;e;j xw;iw nray;ghl;L nryit jpwikahd Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wpa ekJ fl;Lg;ghL cz;ikapNyNa
rpwg;ghdJ’.

(iv) rKjha epiyia ,of;Fk; gak;: mtu;fspd; rpwg;G epiy> epu;thf gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
rYiffs; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikapd; mjpfhuj;ij mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd

nray;Kiwf;F ,lkspg;gjw;F jaq;FtJ Mfpait.
(v) cj;juthjkpd;ik: xUNtis vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; kpfTk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpsf;fk; vd;dntd;why;> Nkyhsu;fs; epiwa Fwpg;Gfs;
cau; Kd;Ndw;w eilKiwfis nfhz;Ltu tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;>
Mdhy; vg;gb njhlq;FtJ my;yJ njhlu;tJ vd;gJ cWjpahf
njupatpy;iy.
jiytu;fs; Ntiyfisj; J}f;fp> Copau;fis mwpT+l;Ltjw;Fk;
<LgLtjw;Fk; nray;Kiwfis tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;. jiytu;fs;
thu;j;ijfshYk; nray;fshYk; mtu;fSf;F Mjuthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU tzpfj; jiytuhdJ %j;j kdpj ts ty;Ydu;fSld; mjpf
Neuj;ij nrytopf;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; cau; kl;l epjp egu;fSld;
nra;a Ntz;ba gzpfs; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gzpahsu;fSld;
,izf;f kw;Wk; xUq;fpizf;f topfis tpthjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jiytu;
mjpfhukspg;gpd; rhuhk;rj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
jiytu;fspd; rpy Fzhjpraq;fs;> jq;fs; gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk;
mikg;GfSf;F vjpuhf ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy; rpy:
(i)
jiyikg; gz;G vd;gJ xt;nthU CopaUf;Fk; kl;Lkpd;wp>
rpyUf;F kl;Lk; nrhe;jkhdtu; vd;w ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;Ws;sd.
(ii) gzpahsu;fs;> gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; rpwe;j topapy; nray;gl
mjpfhuk; ngw;wTld; ,e;j mikg;G ntw;wp ngWk; vd mtu;fs;
mwpthu;fs;.
(iii) mwpTjhd; rf;jp vd;Wk;> vdNt mij midj;J Copau;fSld;
gfpu;e;J nfhs;sj; jahu; vd;Wk; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;.
(iv) jdp egu;fSf;F Mjuthd fyhr;rhuj;ij cUthf;fj; Njitahd
gzpahsu;fis mtu;fs; kjpf;fpwhu;fs;.
(v) ,it jPu;Tfis fz;Lgpbf;Fk; tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
mtu;fs; tsu;f;Fk; jpwid xU ,iltplhj Kaw;rp vd;W
Gupe;Jnfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
mjpfhukspg;gjd; %yk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;

rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G> mjpfhuk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij
jiytu;fs; fz;L nfhs;s njhlq;fpdu;. rpy jiytu;fs;> NghJkhd
jfty;fis toq;Ftjd; %yKk;> Mf;fg;G+u;tkhf my;yJ
rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfis Mjupg;gjd; %ykhfTk;> tpupthd
Rahl;rp FOtpd; %yk; kf;fSf;F vg;NghJk; mjpfhuk; mspj;J
tUfpd;wdu;. mJNghy> gyu; Ra Cf;fKk;> Ra mjpfhuk; gilj;Jk;
fw;W tUfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; gzpia kpfTk; mu;j;jKs;sjhf
toq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;igg; ngw;W> epWtdj;ijj; Nju;T nra;J>
gupNrhjidia cUthf;fp> epWtdj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
Mdhy; mjpfhukspj;jy; jiytupd; mfuhjpf;F mjd; topiaf;

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; fz;lwpAk; tiuapy;> Ra-Cf;Ftpg;G> fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk; mikg;G rhu;e;j
Nkk;ghLfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU eilKiwahf Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F
mupjhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fis
Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; mjpfhukspj;jy; nray; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; epWtdq;fspd; gzpahsu;fis mjpfhukspj;jy; epfo;Kiwapy;
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd rpy topfs; fPNo tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Ra czu;Tfs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

jpwikahfTk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lzu;TfNshL nray;gLtjw;Fk; kf;fSf;F
trjpfis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Kd;Kaw;rpfs; vLg;gNjhL> mu;j;jKs;s
gzpfspy; tplhKaw;rpAlDk; nray;gLtjw;fhd epge;jidfs; %yk;
mjpfhukspg;gjhf tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gJ
kf;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; xU gyjug;gl;l kw;Wk; kpfTk; jdpg;gl;l
rf;jpahFk;. mjpfhukspj;jy; jdp eguplkpUe;J> xU rf my;yJ
NkyhsuplkpUe;J caUk;. ,J Mf;fG+u;tkhd jd;Dzu;Tfis (Ra
fUj;J> Ra kupahij kw;Wk; jd;dpiwT jpwd;) kw;Wk; Neubahd
gzpfisg; gw;wpf; nfhz;Ltu tpUk;GfpwJ. glk; 13.1 y; ,e;j fhuzpfis
tiuglkhff; fhz;gpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; fPNoAs;s thf;fpakhdJ mtw;wpy;
rpy cwTfis tiuaWf;fpwJ.
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l Ra czu;Tfs; mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd Kf;fpa
ntspg;ghLfs; MFk;. xU egu; jd;idg; gw;wp epidg;gJ my;yJ jd;id
xU fjhghj;jpuj;jpy; ghu;gg
; J vg;gb vd;gJ Ra fUj;J MFk;. cjhuzkhf>
ez;gu; khztu;fsplNkh my;yJ CopauplkpUe;Njh> khw;wq;fisg;
nghWj;J Ra fUj;J khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLk;. Ra kupahij xU nghJthd
czu;thf cs;sJ. Rakupahijapd; xU Jy;ypakhd mk;rk; Ra jpwd;>
Neubahf mjpfhukspj;jy; njhlu;Gila xU fUj;jhf cs;sJ. Ra jpwd;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif nray;ghL nra;a xU egu; czug;gl;l jpwdhf
cs;sJ. nray;jpwd; ifahs kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l ey;tho;it xU czu;T
nfhz;L tUk; vd;gjhy; Ra jpwd; czu;Tfs; mtrpak;.
OTHERS
Accepting
PRECEPTIONS
Modeling
Self-concept
Mentoring
Self-esteem
Self-efficacy
SELF
MANAGERS Predisposition
OUTCOMES
Job designs Competence BEHAVIOURS
Goal reward Self-initiated
Expectations
Leadership Persistent
Adaptive
glk; 13.1 mjpfhukspj;jy; fhuzpfs;


jdpegu;fs; fle;j fhy mDgtj;ij kw;wtu;fSld; ek;gfkhd gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
my;yJ xg;gplf;$ba gzpfis mtw;wpypUe;J fUj;Jf;fisg;

nghWj;J Ra jpwidf; nfhz;l xU czu;it cUthf;Ffpd;wdu;.
xU egupd; Ra jpwdhdJ (jfty; kw;Wk; epGzj;Jtk;) nghJthd
cly;> czu;r;rp epiy kw;Wk; MSikapd; (xl;Lnkhj;j Ra kjpg;gpy; Fwpg;Gfs;
cs;spl;lit) jd;dpr;irahd gzpr;R+oypd; jd;ikiag; ghjpf;Fk;. xU
jdpegu; gzpia mZFk; jpwd; kw;Wk; Kaw;rpapd; jd;ik> mtuJ
jdpg;gl;l rhjdj;ijAk;> Ra jpwikapd; njhlu;r;rpahd czu;itAk;
ghjpf;fpwJ. R+o;epiyfspd; %yk; Ra nray;jpwd; tYthf ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;j mjpfhukspj;jy; czu;thdJ fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Mjhuq;fspd; njhFg;G %yk; mwpayhk;.
(a) Rakhf njhlq;fg;gl;l mjpfhukspg;G: xU egu; jdJ elj;ijapy;
Neu;kiwahd khw;wj;jpd; %yk; Ra tYT+l;ly; kw;Wk; Ra
gyd; czu;it Jtf;fyhk;. mbg;gilapy; ce;Jjy; nfhz;l
jdpegu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jq;fs; Ntiyfspd; jd;ikia
tpupTgLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu; mtu;fs; NkYk; nghWg;Gfis
vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Mu;tj;Jld; cs;sdu;> epWtd nray;Kiwfis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Mf;fg;G+u;tkhf Ntiy nra;fpd;wdu;. kf;fs;
cz;ikahfNt njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fshf cs;sdu;> mtu;fs;
jq;fs; KbTfis ngUikg;gLj;Jk; topfspy; mikg;ig
khw;Wtjw;fhf jPtpukhf nray;gLfpd;wdu;.
(b) kw;wtu;fs; mjpfhukspj;jy;: rf Copau;fs; kw;Wk; rf
njhopyhsu;fs; Ntiy njhlu;ghd Ra fz;Nzhl;lq;fis
kpfTk; ghjpf;ff; $lhJ. mjpfhuj; jhf;fj;ij tsu;fF ; k; rf
kf;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wpAk; FOtpidg; gw;wpAk; czu;thu;fs;.
FOf;fSf;Fs; mtu;fs; kjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;Kiw
ty;Yeu;fs; vdf; fUjg;gLgtu;fspd; czu;itg; ngWfpwhu;fs;.
$l;L Copau;fs; mtu;fshy; cw;rhfg;gLj;jg;gl;L> jdpg;gl;l
topfhl;bahy; epjpaspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mtu;fsJ MNyhridiag;
ngWk; egu;fs; jq;fSila fUj;Jf;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
jdpegu;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gLtJld;> mtu;fsJ
nraw;jpl;lq;fspy; <LgLtjd; %yk; mtw;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjpYk;
kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;Jk; njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ.
(c) Nkyhsu;fs; %yk; mjpfhukspj;jy;: Copau;fSld;
njhlu;GgLj;Jk;NghJ> Nkyhsu;fs; my;yJ jiytu;fspd; elj;ij
vd;gJ mjpfhukspg;gjw;F mbg;gilahFk;. mjpfhuk; mspg;gtu;
jdpegu;fSf;F Cf;fj;ij mspf;fpwhu;> NkYk; mtu;fis
Rakhf Cf;fg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s mDkjpf;fpwhu;. gzpahsu;fspd;
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfspy; ,J xU khw;wj;jpd; %yk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ>
,jdhy; mtu;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sdu; vd;W
czu;fpwhu;fs;> NkYk; mtu;fsJ Ntiyfis ntspg;gLj;jTk;>
jq;fs; epWtdq;fSf;Fs; mu;j;jKs;sjhfTk; ,Uf;f KbAk;.
jiytu;fs; Nkk;gLj;Jk; mwpit gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy;>
mtu;fsJ FOf;fs; jq;fs; Ntiyfis mjpf Jy;ypak; kw;Wk;

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; ek;gpf;ifAld; nra;a KbAk;. jfty; njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk;
mikg;Gfs; mZfy; toq;Fk; Copau;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;
jfty;fis jq;fSf;F Njitahd xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
Fwpg;Gfs; xU Nkyhz;ik gad;ghL> mjpfhukspj;jy;> jiytu;fs;
njhlu;G nfhs;Sjy;> gpujpepjp mjpfhuj;ij gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sjy;>
jftiy gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; ngUepWtd mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd;
nrayw;w jd;ikia khw;wpaikf;fTk; mDkjpf;fpwJ.jiytu; jdJ
gzpahsu;fSf;F jq;fsJ juprdq;fisj; njhluTk;> jpl;lq;fis
nty;tjw;fhfTk;> epWtdj;jpd; gzp kw;Wk; ,yf;FfSld; ,irf;FOtpy;
eilKiwfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd ce;JjYld; mtu;fSf;F
cjTfpwhu;. Jizg;gzpahsUld; gzpfis gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk;
$l;lhsu;fshf ,Ue;J rpwe;j Kiwapy; ngw tha;g;Gs;sJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf> mjpfhug; gfpu;T vd;gJ jiytu;fSila kpf Kf;fpakhd
jukhf cs;sJ.
jdpg;gl;l khw;wq;fshy; mjpfhukspj;jy; KbTfs;

mjpfhukspj;jy; jdpg;gl;l khw;wq;fspy; tpisfpwJ. mjpfhuG+u;tkhd
jdpegu; ,uz;L tifahd rpwg;G gupkhw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLfpwJ. xU
Cf;Ftpg;G Nkk;ghL vd;gJ Fwpg;ghf mjpfhuk; mspg;gjd; %yk; xU
Nkyhsuhy; J}z;lg;gLk; Neu;kiwahd khw;wk; MFk;. rf;jptha;e;j
kf;fs; nghJthf jq;fs; gzpia ikakhff; nfhz;bUg;gu;.
Raeyj;Jld; kf;fSf;F cjTtjd; %yk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; jd;dpiwit
mtu;fs; mDgtpf;fpwhu;fs;.
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F kw;Wk; mjd; rf;jpia Fwpf;NfhSld;
mjpfhukspf;f elj;ijapy; fhg;Gupik ngw;Ws;sJ. mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l
egu; jLf;fg;gl;L> nraY}f;fj;Jld; Gjpa gzpfis Muk;gpf;Fk;
NghJ> elj;ij gw;wpa nefpo;r;rpahd jd;ik gw;wpa khw;W topfis
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; tbtikf;fg;gLk;NghJ> Raepu;za
cupikAk;> Nkyhsupd; MjuTk; ,y;yhky; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;
mjpf jd;dhu;t Raepu;zak; cs;sJ.
W.L. Nfhu; vd;gtUila jdpahu; epWtdk;> 6000 f;Fk; Nkyhf
Nfhu; nlf;]; kw;Wk; nlg;shdpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;l kw;w
jahupg;GfSf;fhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij
Mjupf;Fk; mrhjhuz mikg;ghf fyhr;rhuk; cs;sJ. midj;J
eltbf;iffSk; Nkyhsu;fis tpl toq;Fgtu;fs; mzpapyhd
KbTfis FO mbg;gilapyhd nray;Kiw fl;likf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
xU FO kw;nwhU egUf;F Njitfis KbT nra;jTld;> mtu;fs;
Neu;fhziyj; Nju;en ; jLj;J me;j egiu xU topfhl;bahf nray;gl;L
toq;FgtUf;F xJf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf ntw;wpfukhf KjyPL
nra;Js;s egiu (my;yJ mzp) Nju;T nra;jhy;> ry;yp Nfhu; fUj;J
njuptpf;fpwhu;: ePqf
; s; ahuhtJ mtiu Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhy;> my;yJ mtu;
ntw;wpfukhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. $l;lq;fspy; mtu;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd
tha;gG; fis toq;fp fUj;juq;Ffs; kw;Wk; tp\aq;fis nra;a

mtu;fs; ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk;. mzpfs; kw;Wk; jdpegu;fs; ,yhgj;ijg; gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
gfpu;eJ
; nfhs;tjd; %yk; mtu;fs; epWtd kjpg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
toq;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. Nky; epiy> fy;tp Mfpait msTNfhy;fs;
my;y. ,e;j msTNfhy;> J}a kw;Wk; vspa (cUthf;f)> cWg;gpdu;fs;
GJikahdjhf Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l xU R+o;epiyia cUthf;FfpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
,d;iwa mikg;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

1920 kw;Wk; 1930; mjpfhuj;Jtq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;Fk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; tpQ;Qhd epu;thfk; nghUj;jkhd jj;Jtkhf
,Ue;jJld; epWtdq;fis ,af;Ftjw;fhd jj;JtkhFk;. 21 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; epWtdq;fs; fw;wy; epWtdq;fshFk;;. ngUk;ghyhd
epWtdq;fs; tpiuthf cUkhw;wj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd> mtw;wpd;
ghzpia khw;wpf;nfhs;fpd;wd> khWk; R+o;epiyf;F mtu;fs; nray;gl
Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij czu;fpwhu;fs;. Gjpa R+oypy; Nghl;bahdJ
cs;ehl;bYk;> ntspehLfspYk; jPtpukhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j rthypd; gFjp>
kpf Fiwe;j ciog;G tpfpjq;fisf; nfhz;L> Gjpa njhopy;El;gk;
kw;Wk; Nkk;gl;l cyfshtpa jfty;njhlu;Gfis KOikahfg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; njhopw;Jiwfs; MFk;. xt;nthU epWtdKk;
Gjpa jahupg;Gfs; kw;Wk; re;ijfis GJikg;gLj;jp cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
tpiuthd kw;Wk; ,uz;L khw;wq;fs; mikg;G eltbf;ifapd;
xt;nthU gFjpiaAk; jhf;Fk;. jahupg;Gfs;> thbf;ifahsu;fs;>
Nghl;bahsu;fs;> toq;Fgtu;fs; kw;Wk; fhuzpfs; rpytw;iw cldbahf
khw;Wk;. epWtdq;fs; khw;wj;ij jpwk;gl gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;>
,y;iynadpy; mtu;fs; Nghl;bahsu;fsplk; Fiwghl;by; ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
,d;iwa epWtdq;fspd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa mk;rkhdJ kpfTk;
rpf;fyhd R+oy;fspy; rkhspf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. re;ijahdJ Fiwe;j
MAl;fhyk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l tuk;Gfisf;
NfhUfpwJ. thbf;ifahsu;fspd; NjitfSf;F gjpyspf;f fhyj;jpd;
ePsk; Fiwthf cs;sJ. ,e;j fhuzpfs; thbf;ifahsu;fspd;
NjitfSf;F jpwikahf gjpyspf;ff;$ba mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
Nkyhz;ik eilKiwfs; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
Rw;Wr;R+oypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf thbf;ifahsu;fspd;
mjpf Nfhupf;iffs; mikg;Gfspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. FWfpa
Neuj;ij rkhspf;f kw;Wk; tpiuthd jfty; njhlu;G Nkyhz;ikfSf;F
Njit Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpiuthd KbntLf;Fk; mikg;Gfspy;
Fiwthd mLf;Ffs; ,Uf;Fk;. Kd;Dupikfs; Jupjkhf khWtij
rkhspg;gjw;F mikg;Gf;fs; nefpo;T jd;ik nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
midj;J Copau;fSf;Fk; gue;j mstpyhd jpwd;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
mjd;%yk; mtu;fs; xU gzpapypUe;J kw;nwhU gzpf;F tpiuthf
khw;wg;gl KbAk;. re;ijapd; Gjpa Nfhupf;iffs; kw;Wk; mjpfupj;j
njhopy;El;gk; jpwikahd gzpaplj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. kf;fs; mjpf
vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; jpUg;jpfukhd Ntiy kw;Wk; njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fis
Ntz;Lthu;fs;. Gjpa jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l vjpu;ghu;g;GfSld;

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; ntFkjpfs; kw;Wk; mq;fPfhuk; mjpfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ml;ltiz 13.1
mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhj mikg;GfSf;fpilNa nghJthf
czug;gLk; NtWghLfs; rpytw;iw tptupj;Js;sJ.
ml;ltiz 13.1 mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhj mikg;gpd; elj;ij
Fwpg;Gfs;
tpsf;fq;fs;
mjpfhu mikg;G mjpfhukpy;yhj mikg;G
mts; jtW nra;jhy; ehk; mtSf;F mtu; jtW nra;jhy; mijj;
cjtp nra;a KbAk;. njspTgLj;j KbAk;.
Kaw;rp kw;Wk; Njhy;tp Kaw;rp kw;Wk; Njhy;tp
ghuhl;lg;gLfpwJ. jz;bf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xt;nthU egUk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; rpyu; Cikahf> vg;NghJk; vijAk;
msTf;F cs;Siw jpwikfis nra;a khl;lhu;fs;.
nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
,e;j epWtdj;jpy; ntw;wp kw;Wk; gjtp ePq;fs; kd;wj;jpy; ,y;iynad;why;
cau;Tf;fhd msTNfhy;fs; jpwik ,e;j mikg;gpy; ntw;wpngw KbahJ.
kw;Wk; gzp nray;jpwd; nfhz;lit.
epWtdj;jpw;Fs;Ns midj;J re;ij kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Jiwfspy;
kl;lq;fspYk; ce;Jjy; kw;Wk; xNu GJikahdtu;fSk; gilg;Gf;fSk;
Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd kf;fs; cs;sdu;. kl;LNk cs;sdu;.
Ntiy vd;gJ kfpo;r;rpjuf;$baJk; 9.00 Kjy; 5.00 tiu Ntiy nra;J
tho;f;ifapd; vQ;rpa gFjpahfTk; gpd;du; nry;yyhk;.
cs;sJ.
njhopy;> Kaw;rp kw;Wk; Gjpa cq;fs; jiyia fPNo itj;J>
nra;jpfis Kaw;rp nra;J rthy; cq;fs; %f;F Rj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
nra;fpwJ.
Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis ,ijnay;yhk; ehk; Kd;Ng ghu;j;Njhk;.
tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; cz;ikahd ,e;j mikg;gpy; ePq;fs; ,ope;jtu;fshf
,Uf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwhu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpwg;G gzpf;fhd jd;dhu;tj; vjw;Fk; jd;dhu;t njhz;L
njhifahdJ tsu;r;rpf;F nra;ahjPu;fs;.
toptFf;fpwJ.
thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F mspf;Fk; cw;gj;jp nra;J NtW ahiuAk;
jahupg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; rpwe;jjhf my;yJ Nkhrkhf ,y;iy.
cyfj;juk; tha;e;j xd;W.
xU jdpegupd; eyd; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpf;F ahUk; Mu;tj;ij vLg;gjpy;iy-
cz;ikahd mf;fiw ,Uf;fpwJ. cq;fs; nrhe;j cwtpdu;fspilNa
ePe;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwPu;fs;.

3. mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
4. jukhd tl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

13.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk; gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
1. xU Nkk;gLj;Jk; jiytu; ehd;F epiyfspy; nry;y Ntz;Lk;:
(i) mjpfhukspj;jy; Fwpg;Gfs;
(ii) Kfhikj;Jt cj;juthjq;fis toq;fp mjpfhukspj;jy;
(iii) epu;thf cj;juthjq;fis toq;Fjy;
(iv) mghaq;fs; vLj;jy;
2. 1958 y; gzpahsu; eyd;> gapw;rp> gzp eilKiwfs; khw;wk;>
epiyapaw; fl;lisfspd; cUthf;fk;> epWtd cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;
Mfpatw;iw epu;tfpg;gjw;fhf JMC mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fs; ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;jy;> jPuk ; hdq;fis
vLj;jy; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; nghWg;Gzu;T kw;Wk; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs;
gpur;rpidfis jPuf
; f
; toptif nra;jy; Mfpait tYT+ll ; y; MFk;.
4. jukhd tl;lk; vd;gJ> jukhdjhf ,Uf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSf;F
jPu;Tfis milahsk; fhzTk;> Kd;nkhopaTk; tof;fkhf
re;jpf;Fk; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; FOthFk;.
13.6 RUf;fk;
••fyhr;rhuk; rhu;ej
; jd;ik ,Ug;gpDk;> elj;ij tpQ;Qhd ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
gy;NtW tiffspy; mjpfhukspj;jy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••,ij KbT nra;tjw;F gzpahsu;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpahf
tiuaWf;fyhk;.
••gy;NtW mjpfhukspj;jy; Kaw;rpfs; gFg;gha;T mikg;Gfspy;
mjd; trjpfs; kw;Wk; jilfis toq;FfpwJ.
••mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd epge;jidfs; gq;F> fz;Lgpbg;G> jfty;
kw;Wk; nghWg;Gzu;T Mfpatw;iw toq;FfpwJ.
••xU Nkk;gLj;Jk; jiytu; ehd;F epiyfspy; nry;y Ntz;Lk;:
(i) mjpfhukspj;jy;, (ii) Kfhikj;Jt cj;juthjq;fis toq;fp
mjpfhukspj;jy;, (iii) epu;thf cj;juthjq;fis toq;Fjy;,
kw;Wk; (iv) mghaq;fs; vLj;jy;
••Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l tq;fpfSf;F> njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; mjp-
fhupfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; gzpahsu; ,af;Feu;fs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jpa muR fl;lhakhf;fpaJ.
•• ,e;jpahtpy; 1990 y; njhlq;fpa G+Nfhskakhf;fy; kw;Wk;
jhuhskakhf;fypd; ,ul;il epfo;Kiwfs;> 2000 Mz;by; nefpo;thd
kw;Wk; xU gy;Jiw njhopyhsu;fspd; Njitia mjpfg;gLj;jpAs;sd.
••njhopyhsu;fs; jkJ nrhe;j ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;jy;> jPuk
; hdq;fis
vLj;jy; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; nghWg;Gzu;T kw;Wk; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs;
gpur;rpidfis jPuf; f
; toptif nra;jy; Mfpait tYT+l;ly;

gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; MFk;. rkPgj;jpa Mz;Lfspy;> gy epWtdq;fs;
jtP pukhf jq;fs;
Copau;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;f topfhl;bAs;sd.
••xU Kiw rpy epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; njhopyhsu;fSf;F mjpfhuk;
mspf;f gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd> ,J Ntiy FOf;fis gad;gLj;JtJ
Fwpg;Gfs; MFk;. ,e;j Kiw Muk;g Kaw;rpfspypUe;J ntspNawpaJ>
[g;ghd; epWtdq;fs; juk; tl;lq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
••jukhd tl;lk; vd;gJ> juk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfSf;Fj;
jPu;Tfis milahsk; fhzTk; Kd;nkhoptjw;Fk; jd;dhu;tj;Jld;
$ba gzpahsu;fs; FO MFk;.
••Copau; <LghL vd;gJ mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gjw;F kw;nwhU gjk;
MFk;.
••fypNghu;dpah gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpwikahd mikg;GfSf;fhf
elj;jpa rkPgj;jpa Ma;tpd;gb> mnkupf;f epWtdq;fs; mj;jifa
gapw;rpfis jq;fs; tpahghu epfo;Tfspy; xUq;fpizg;gjpy;
nkJthfNt cs;sd.
••R+oypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; mjpfkhd
Nfhupf;if mikg;Gfspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
••FWfpa gjpyspg;G Kiwfis rkhspf;f kw;Wk; tpiuthd jfty;
njhlu;Gf;fhd Njitiag; nghWj;J> Nkyhz;ik gbepiyfs;
Fiwf;fg;gLk;;.

••cyfkakhf;fy;: ,J tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; my;yJ gpw
mikg;Gf;fs; ru;tNjr mstpy; nry;thf;if tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
my;yJ ru;tNjr mstpyhd Kiwapy; ,aq;fj; njhlq;Fk;
epfo;KiwahFk;.
••jhuhskakhf;fy;: ,J nghUshjhu my;yJ murpay; mikg;G
Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; fl;Lg;ghLfis mfw;Wtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
••mjpfhuj;Jtk;: xU ehl;il fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ epu;tfpf;Fk;
mikg;ghFk;. tpjpfis ftdkhfg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F Vuhskhd
mjpfhupfshy; ,af;fg;gLk; epWtdk; my;yJ mikg;ghFk;.
••tYT+l;ly;: jfty;> ntFkjpfs;> kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;J
nfhs;Sjy; Mfpatw;iw Copau;fSld; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk; xU
Nkyhz;ik gapw;rp gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;gjw;fhd jPu;khdq;fis
vLj;jy; Nrit kw;Wk; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd tpirfis tptupf;fTk;. mjpfhukspj;jy;
nra;Ak; Ntiy vd;d?

2. gzpahsu; Copau; nray;jpwid vg;gb ghjpf;Fk;? tpthjpf;f. gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy;
3. Ra czu;it Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpfhuk; vt;thW cjTfpwJ?

4. mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l gzpahsu; %yk; nry;Yk; khw;wq;fspd;
tiffs; vd;d?
Fwpg;Gfs;
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. Copau; mjpfhukspg;gjd; %yk; vijg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;?
cjtpahsu;fisAk; jilfisAk; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahsu; gjtp cau;T gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;. Neubahf
tpsf;Ff. gzpahsu; mjpfhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; kiwKf
topKiwfis tptupf;fTk;.
3. cyfshtpa R+oypy; mjpfhukspg;gij tpupthd gFg;gha;T
nra;f. mjpfhukspg;gjpd; jj;njLg;Gf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
13.9 NkYk; gbf;f


ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
myF 14 ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
mikg;G
14.3 cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;
xg;gPL
14.4 ru;tNjr kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jt (HRM) rthy;fs;
tpilfs;
14.6 RUf;fk;
14.9 NkYk; gbf;f
14.0 Kd;Diu
r%fk;> gz;ghL> nghUshjhuk;> murpay;> njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;w gy;NtW
tifahd R+oy;fspy; ve;j xU njhopYk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;j R+oiy
ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; ru;tNjr tzpfk; tpjptpyf;fy;y. ru;tNjr kdpj
ts Kfhikj;Jtk; (HRM) ,aq;f Ntz;ba R+oy; ,e;j Rw;Wr;R+oy;
gha;tpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. IHRM njhopy; ty;Yeu;fs; gy;NtW
tifahd jhf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L jq;fs; iffis KOikahf;fpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. mtw;wpd; nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
NghJ, mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,e;j myF, IHRM-y;
cs;s R+o;epiy fl;likg;ig fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F cfe;jJ.

,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G, cq;fshy;
••cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr HRM xg;gPL gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••ru;tNjr HRM-y; cs;s rthy;fis tpsf;f KbAk;.

HRM-d; gy;NtW nray;ghLfSs; gpd;tUtd kpfTk; nghJthdit:
1. kdpj ts jpl;lkply;
2. gzpahsu; epakdk; (Ml;Nru;g;G> Nju;T> Ntiy tha;g;G)
3. nray;jpwd; Nkyhz;ik
4. jpwd; Nkyhz;ik
5. jfty; Nkyhz;ik

6. gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
7. Ntiy gFg;gha;T
8. ,og;gPL (Cjpak;) kw;Wk; ed;ikfs;
9. njhopy; cwTfs; Fwpg;Gfs;
P. Nkhu;fd; (1986) midj;J nray;fSk; nghJthdit vd;W
xg;Gf; nfhs;ifapy;> IHRM %d;W jdpj;Jtkhd gupkhzq;fis
mspf;fpwJ:
1.
nfhs;Kjy;> xJf;fPL kw;Wk; gad;ghl;bd; tpupthd HR
eltbf;iffs;
2. IHRM eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;Ls;s Njrpa my;yJ ehl;Lg;
gpupTfs;:
••JizepWtdk; mike;Js;s ngUe;jpus; ehL.
••nrhe;j ehL my;yJ %y ehl;by; epWtdk; jiyikaplkhf
cs;sJ.
••‘gpw’/ ‘%d;whtJ’ ehLfs;> ciog;G> epjp kw;Wk;/my;yJ gpw
cs;sPLfspd; %ykhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
3. xU ru;tNjr epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fspd; %d;W gpupTfs;:
••ngUe;jpus; ehl;bdu;.
••%y ehl;bdu;.
••%d;whk; ehL Njrpathjpfs;.
vdNt Nkhu;fd;> IHRM ,e;j %d;W gupkhzq;fspy;> mjhtJ
HR nray;ghLfs;> gzpahsu;fspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; nray;ghl;L
ehLfs; (ATECO) Mfpatw;wpy; <LgLtjhFk; vd tiuaWf;fpwJ.
gue;j cs;ehl;L HRM xU Njrpa vy;iyf;Fs; rk;ge;jg;gLfpwJ. mNj
Neuj;jpy; IHRM xU ehl;bd; vy;iyfSf;F ntspNa cs;s HRM
gpur;rpidfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
rpy rkaq;fspy; gTy; ];ngu;Nuht; kw;Wk; gyu; toq;fpa
tiuaiw xU vspa kw;Wk; eilKiwahd xd;whFk;. mtu;fsJ
fUj;Jg;gb> kdpj tsq;fspd; cyfshtpa Nkyhz;ik> jpwk;gl
xUq;fpize;j kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j cyfshtpa njhopyhsu;fis
xUq;fpizf;Fk; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis cUthf;fp
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpwd;fisAk; mwpitAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mNj Neuj;jpy; kdpj tsq;fspd; gaDs;s gad;ghL jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; cs;Su; NtWghLfis mq;fPfupj;J ghuhl;LfpwJ.
,e;j ‘ntspehl;ltu;’ vd;w nrhy;> Fwpg;gPl;L Nehf;fj;ij nghUj;J
NtWgl;l ,izTfis nfhz;lJ. xU PCN ngUe;jpus; ehl;bw;F
ntspNa nry;Yk; gl;rj;jpy;> my;yJ xU TCN %y ehl;bw;F nry;Yk;
gl;rj;jpy; my;yJ ngUe;jpus; ehl;Lf;F gzpahsu; xU ntspehl;ltu;
MfptpLthu;. HCN / TCN cs;ehl;bw;F efu;e;jhYk; $l> mtu;/mts; xU
ntspehl;ltu; vd miof;fg;glyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ‘ntspg;gilahdtu;fs;’

ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) kw;Wk; ‘buhl;];g;Nul;];’ Nghd;w nrhw;nghopTfs; Neubahf NkNy
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ntspehl;bdu; gy;NtW Nru;f;iffs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J
NtWgLj;jp ghu;f;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> nfhupa
gd;dhl;L epWtdkhd `_z;lha; ,e;jpahtpd; Jiz epWtdq;fspy;
Fwpg;Gfs; xd;whd nfhupahtpd; (cs;ehl;L ehL) rpy eltbf;iffis vLj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. ,jdhy;, mtu;fs; ‘CLUty;fs;’ nra;fpwhu;fs;. xU
,e;jpa `_z;lhapd; Jiz epWtdj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy;> rPdhtpy;
‘buhl;];g;Nul;];’ vd;W miof;fg;gLthu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j tpjpKiwfs;
midj;ijAk; Nkhrkhf;Fk; tifapy; nray;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;> jdJ
nrhe;j ehl;bypUe;J ,lk;ngau;e;j xU egu; NtnwhU ehl;by; jdJ
epWtdj;jpw;F Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WtJ NghJkhdJ.
— jha; ehL my;yJ %d;whk; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;, xU ntspehl;ltu;
Mthu;.
14.3 cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kdpj ts

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; xg;gPL
khu;fd; ,jw;F Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> gy;NtW tifahd Copau;fisf;
nfhz;l rpf;fyhd gy;NtW ehLfspy; nray;gLk; IHRM-,d; Kf;fpa
gz;G mlq;fpAs;sJ. cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr nray;ghLfspy;>
HRM-,d; eltbf;iffs; xNu khjpupahf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> gy
tifahd nrwpTfs; cs;sd. ,it> IHRM-,d; eltbf;iffspypUe;J
vOk; rpf;fy;fisAk; eptu;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. P.J. lTypq; (1988)
gz;Gfspd; rpf;fyhf gpd;tUk; MW fhuzpfis $Wfpwhu;.
••NkYk; HR-,d; nraw;ghLfs;
••xU gue;j Kd;Ndhf;fpw;fhd Njit
••Copau;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; mjpf <LghL
••ntspehl;bdu; kw;Wk; cs;Su; njhopyhsu;fspd; gzg;gupkhw;wq;fspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpy; khWgLk; khw;wq;fs;
••Mgj;J ntspg;ghL
••gue;j ntspg;Gw jhf;fq;fs;
NkYk; HR-,d; nraw;ghLfs;

xU ru;tNjr R+oypy; ,aq;Ftjw;F> HR Jiw xU cs;ehl;Lr;
R+oYf;fhf Njitg;glhj gy eltbf;iffspy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;: ru;tNjr tuptpjpg;G> ru;tNjr ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk;
Nehf;Fepiy> ntspehl;ltu;fSf;F epu;thf Nritfs;> Gutyu;-muR
njhlu;Gfs; kw;Wk; nkhopngau;g;G Nritfs;.
ru;tNjr tuptpjpg;G
,ij ‘,og;gL P ’ vd;w mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehk; tpupthff; fhz;Nghk;. gy;NtW
rl;lq;fspd; kj;jpapy;> epWtdj;jpd; nray;ghl;il njhlu;tjw;F xU

ntspehl;bNyNa ,zq;fp elf;f Ntz;Lk;. tUkhd tupr; rl;lq;fs; ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
ntspg;gilahf jtpu;ff ; g;glNth my;yJ tpyf;fg;glNth KbahJ. mNj

Neuj;jpy;> ntspehl;ltu; jdJ ehl;bDila tup tpjpg;Gld; tpyfpr;
nry;y KbahJ. Rpy Neuq;fspy; ,J ,ul;il tupia tpjpf;fyhk;.
ahuhtJ xU ntspehl;Lg; gzpia vLg;gjw;F ,J xU Cf;fkspf;Fk; Fwpg;Gfs;
nrayhFk;. vdNt> ,ul;il tup tpjpg;ig mtu; czutpy;iy vd;gjw;fhf>
NghJkhd msT <L nra;a IHRM ftdk; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;>
cs;ehl;bNyNa Copau;fspd; Cjpa fl;likg;gpy;> Kuz;ghLfs; voyhk;.
IHRM-,d; gb xU rkepiyg;gLj;Jk; nray; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ru;tNjr ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk; Nehf;Fepiy

ehl;by; xU Copau; ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F ,lkhw;wg;gLifapy;> HR njhopy; xU
,lk; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpw;F Copau; gj;jpapy;> Vw;ghL nra;tjpy;
$Ljy; nghWg;G Rik ,y;iy. epWtdf; nfhs;ifapd;gb, CopaUf;F
nryTfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtuJ gzp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy;> xU ntspNaw;wj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu> gh];Nghu;l;> tprhf;fs;>
bf;nfl;Lfs;> jq;Fk; trjp Nghd;wit rk;ge;jg;gl;l ntspNaw;wj;jpw;F
kl;Lk; my;yhky; mtUila/mtuJ tho;f;ifj; Jiz kw;Wk;
FLk;gj;jpYk;> IHRM njhopy; Kiw kPJ tpOfpwJ. ntspehl;by;
rk;gsk; toq;FtJ> gy;NtW ntspehl;Lg; gbfs; epu;zapj;jy; Nghd;w
,og;gPl;L tptuq;fis ,Wjp nra;tJ> IHRM-,y; Nru;f;fg;gLk;
cgupfshFk;. NkYk;> Gjpa Rw;Wr;R+oiyAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; rkhspf;f
mtu;fis jahu;gLj;Jk; gapw;rp xU $Ljy; eltbf;ifahFk;.
cs;ehl;L HRM gzpahsu;fSf;F ,J xU gpur;rpid my;y. Vnddpy;,
njhopyhsu;fsu;/Copau;fspd; fyhr;rhu jhf;fk; xNutpjkhd tifapy;
,Uf;Fk;. ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJk; ntspehl;L kz;iz mile;jJk; mtu;
nfhLf;f Ntz;ba Nehf;Fepiy> tPl;bypUe;Nj Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lJ.
ntspehl;ltu;fSf;F epu;thf Nritfs;

,e;j Nritfis toq;Fjy; ngUk;ghYk; rpf;fyhd kw;Wk; Neuj;ijr;
vLf;Fk; nray;ghlhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Vnddpy;, nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
eilKiwfs; vg;NghJk; njspthdit my;y. rpy Neuq;fspy; cs;Su;
epiyikfSf;F Kuzhf ,Uf;fyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> kj rhu;gw;w
ehl;by;> xU topghl;L ,lk; gzpahsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Njit cs;sJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; kjr;rhu;gw;w murhf cs;s jha; ehl;by;
,J Nghd;w tpjpKiwfs; Njitg;gltpy;iy. ,J Nghd;w ,uz;lhf
gpsTWj;jiy epWtdk; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J cs;Suhl;rpj; jpl;Lfspy;
nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j gpur;rpidfs; ntspehl;ltu;fSf;F epu;thf
Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhd rpf;fy;fspy; Nru;fpd;wd.
murhq;f njhlu;Gfis toq;Fjy;

,e;j mk;rk; xU kdpj ts Jiwf;fhd xU Kf;fpakhd
eltbf;ifiaj;jhd; Fwpf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf, tsUk; ehLfspy; Ntiy

ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) mDkjp kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd murhq;f rhd;wpjo;fs; kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L
epu;thfpfSf;F ,ilapy; xU jdpg;gl;l cwT ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> kw;w
Kf;fpa rhd;wpjo;fs; kpf vspjhf ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa cwT,
Ntiy mDkjp Nghd;w Mtzq;fSf;F njsptw;w jFjp kw;Wk;/
Fwpg;Gfs; my;yJ ,zf;fj;jd;ikapd; mbg;gilfspypUe;J vOk; rpf;fy;fisj;
jPu;f;f cjTfpwJ. Mdhy;, ,J rpy rkaq;fspy; nfhe;jspg;ghf khwf;
$baJ.
gue;j ghu;itf;fhd Njit

xU ru;tNjr R+oypy; gzpahw;Wk; HR Nkyhsu;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
Njrpa Copau;fis ifahs Ntz;Lk;. (vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf PCN> HCN
kw;Wk; TCN). Mifahy;> FWfpa cs;ehl;L Rtu;fs; mfw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. gpuhe;jpathjk; my;yJ Njrpathjk; $l gd;dhl;L
epWtdq;fSf;fhd jpl;lq;fis epu;thfj;jpd; nray;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;L
tu KbahJ my;yJ nra;af;$lhJ. rpy Neuq;fspy;> ngw;Nwhu;-
epWtd ntspNaw;wj;jpw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;l ntspehl;L Nritf;fhd
gbfs; Cf;fj;njhif> %d;whk; ehl;bd; ntspNaw;wg;gl;ljpypUe;J
epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J IHR-My; HR Nkyhsuhy; mfw;wg;gl
Ntz;ba xU FWfpa fz;Nzhl;lkhFk;. cs;ehl;L HR-My; $l>
gpuhe;jpathjj;jpd; fhuzkhf cs;s gpupTfis Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,d;Dk; $Ljyhf> IHRM ,j;jifa mZFKiwiaj; jtpu;f;f
Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; Copau;fSf;fhd gue;j Kd;Ndhf;if jOt Ntz;Lk;.
gzpahsu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; NkYk; <LghL

cs;ehl;L R+oypy; xU Copaupd; FLk;gj;Jld; kdpj ts Jiw <LghL
Fiwthf cs;sJ. Mdhy;> ru;tNjr R+oypy;> Njitahd msT
MjuT mspf;Fk; tifapYk;> Copaupd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifiag;
gw;wp NkYk; njupe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapYk; ,j;Jiw mjpf <LghL
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> ve;j xU ghFghL Nju;T Kiwiaj;
jtpu;g;gjw;F xU epWtdj;jpd; rpwe;j Kaw;rpapd; kj;jpapy;> jpUkzk;
nra;Jnfhs;Sk; egUf;F rpy ehLfspy; FbNaWgtu;fsplkpUe;J
fLikahd rl;lq;fis jw;fhypfkhf tpLtpg;gjw;fhf kl;LNk
epuhfupf;fg;glyhk;. Copau; xUtiu ngUe;jpus; ehl;bw;F mDg;gp
itf;f Ntz;bapUe;jhYk; $l> me;j Copaupd; FLk;gj;jpd;
Njitfis kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,it tPl;LtrjpfspypUe;J Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
MNuhf;fpa eyd;fs; tiu ,Uf;f KbAk;. fztd; kw;Wk; kidtp
Mfpa ,UtUk; ngw;Nwhu; ehl;by; ,Ue;J xU epakpg;gpy; ngUe;jpus;
ehl;by; xd;whf jq;Fk;NghJ rpy Neuq;fspy; kdpj ts Jiw tpLjpg;
ghlrhiyapy; tpl;Lr; nry;yg;gl;l Foe;ijfis ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy;> tPl;il gw;wpa ve;j ftiyAk; ,y;yhky;
ntspehl;by; gzpGupAk; gzpahsiu gzpapy; mku;j;Jtjw;F trjpahf
ngw;Nwhu;fNsh my;yJ gpw Kjpatu;fNsh cs;s FLk;gq;fs;
mtrpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU cs;ehl;L epakdf; fhupaj;jpw;fhf>

,e;j tptfhuq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk;> kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiwia ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
tpl Copaupd; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;fhJ.
PCN-fs; kw;Wk; HCN-fspd; gzpahsu;fs; fyitahf khWjYf;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy; Fwpg;Gfs;
ntspehl;L eltbf;iffs; KbTf;F te;jTld;> cs;Su; epWtdq;fs;
JizepWtdq;fis jhq;fNs epu;tfpf;f Kbe;jhy;> me;j
fhl;rpapy; ,Ue;J PCN-fisAk; TCN-fisAk; tpyf;fpf; nfhs;tJ
Gj;jprhypj;jdkhdJ. ,jw;F Kd;> HCN-;fs; midj;Jk; jq;fisf;
ifahStjw;F gapw;rp ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> ntspehLfSf;F
ePl;bf;fg;gl;l eyd;fs; njhlu;ghf ,Jtiu nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l
nray;ghLfs;> cs;Su; jpwikfspd; njupT kw;Wk; gapw;rp njhlu;ghd
eltbf;iffs; ru;tNjr kdpj Nkyhsu;fSf;fhd gpujhd egu;fshy;
ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
Mgj;jpd; ntspg;ghL
,d;Dk; gy Neuq;fspy;> ru;tNjr muq;fpy; Njhy;tp mile;jjhy;
Vw;gLk; kdpj kw;Wk; epjp tpisTfs;> cs;ehl;L muq;fpy; ,Ue;jij
tpl kpfTk; fLikahdit. fzprkhd gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fg;
gpd; ntspehLfspy; mDg;gg;gLk; xU Copau; ntspehl;bdUf;F mDg;gp
itj;jhy;> gaz kw;Wk; guhkupg;G nrytpdq;fSf;fhd ntspehl;Lr;
Rw;Wr;R+oYf;F cly; uPjpahf my;yJ kd uPjpahf rupnra;a Kbahj
jd;ik fhuzkhfNth my;yJ toq;Ftjpy; Njhy;tp mile;jjd;
fhuzkhfNth xU gzpahsu; ntspehl;bw;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhy;>
epWtdk; jdJ ngupa epWtdj;jpd; mj;jifa xU gzpahsiuj;
jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jtjpy; $Ljy; nrytpdq;fisj; jtpu;j;J tUfpwJ.
gzgupkhw;w tpfpjk;> xJf;fPLfspd; ,Ug;gplk; Mfpatw;iw nghWj;J>
ngw;Nwhu; epWtdj;jpd; xU Njhy;tpf;fhd Neub nryTfs; %d;W klq;F
cs;ehl;L Cjpak; kw;Wk; kW ,Ug;gpl nrytpdq;fspy; mjpfkhf
,Uf;fyhk;. ntspehl;L re;ij gq;F ,og;G kw;Wk; ehl;bd; cwTfis
elj;j Nrjk; Nghd;w kiwKf nryTfs;> fzprkhd ,Uf;fyhk;.
cs;ehl;L HRM- ,y; Mgj;J ntspg;ghL mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
epahakw;w Kiwapy; gzpaku;j;jy; eilKiwfs;> murpayikg;G
tpjpfis kPwpaJ kw;Wk; cWjpahf mguhjq;fs; tpjpf;fg;glyhk;.
njhopw;rq;fq;fSld; R%fkhd cwTfis Ngzj; jtwpaik>
NtiyepWj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida njhopyhsu; mikjpapd;ikia
Vw;gLj;jyhk;. IHRM ,y; ,e;j mghaq;fs; cs;sd> NkYk;>
jdpj;Jtkhdit kw;Wk; mjpf mr;RWj;jyhd gpw mghaq;fSk;
cs;sd. MNC nray;gLk; ehLfis nghWj;J> jiyikafk; kw;Wk;
Jiz mYtyf Nkyhsu;fs; Copau;fspd; cly; ghJfhg;G gw;wp
ftiyg;gl Ntz;bapUf;fyhk;. xU nray;Kiwapy; ntspehl;Lj;
jpl;lj;jpd; xU MNyhrid epWtdj;jpd; gpujpepjp ,e;jpa tk;rhtspiar;
Nru;e;j xU vupthA epiyaj;jpy; ghu;j;j xU Jg;ghf;fpiag; gw;wp
Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;. Jg;ghf;fpapd; ‘cupikahsu;’ mijf; ifapy;

ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> Jg;ghf;fpr; R+Lfisf; epfo;j;jpdhu;. me;j gpujpepjp
Mu;tj;Jld; xU rpy R+Lfis nra;jNghJ> fhty;Jiw te;Jtpl;lJ.
mJ xU rpf;fyhd R+o;epiyahf khwpaJ kw;Wk; ntspehl;ltu;
mijf; fle;J nry;y kpfTk; rpukg;gl;lhu;. gy ehLfspy; flj;jYk;
Fwpg;Gfs; gaq;futhjKk; nghJthdit. ru;tNjr HR Nkyhsu;fs; mtu;fNshL
Nru;e;J tho fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rkPgj;jpy; Mg;fhdp];jhdpy;
jhypghd; jPtputhjpfs; xU ,e;jpa nghwpapayhsiu gzaf;
ifjpahf vLj;J> ,e;jpau;fs; 24 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; jq;fs; ehl;il
tpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifia typAWj;jp mtiu
nfhd;wdu;. ru;tNjr eltbf;iffSf;F gaq;futhjk; ngUk; Mgj;ij
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. flj;jy; nryT $2–3 kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhdjhf
,Uf;fyhk;. cyfk; KOtjpYk; tUlj;jpw;F 10>000 Kjy; 15>000
flj;jy; rk;gtq;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; fz;lwpe;Js;sJ. xt;nthU ehSk;
nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; ntspehLfspy; gzpGupAk; ,e;jpau;fisg; gw;wpa
fijfis ntspapLfpd;wdu;. vdNt, gaq;futhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd
ghJfhg;gpw;F jq;fs; tUthapy; 1–2 rjtpfpjk; nrytopf;f epWtdq;fs;
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtrufhy epiyikfSf;fhd mtrufhy
ntspNaw;w eilKiwfis kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw Mizapl
Ntz;Lk;. Fitj;jpd; gilnaLg;Gk;> 1991-y; ele;j tisFlhg; NghUk;
mj;jifa epiyikf;F cjhuzkhFk;. ekJ cs;ehl;L R+o;epiyapy;
$l rpy nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; (PSUs) gzpahw;Wk; khepyq;fspy;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L gaq;futhj jhf;Fjy;fSf;F vjpuhf
jq;fs; Copau;fSf;F fhg;gPL mspf;fpd;wd. ,e;j nray;ghl;by;
ru;tNjr HR Nkyhsu;fs; tpopg;Gld; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ kpfTk;
mtrpakhFk;.
,e;j mghaq;fis jtpu> xU ruhrup FbNawpa Nkyhsu;>
FLk;gj;jpw;F xU MNC fpl;lj;jl;l $2>50,000 mnkupf;f lhyu;fs;
nrythFk; vd;Wk;> nkhj;j ,og;gPl;Lj; njhFg;gpy; mnkupf;f FbNawpa
Nkyhsu;fSf;F 1965 kw;Wk; 1985-f;F 25ypUe;J 40 rjtPjkhf
cs;sJ vd;Wk; kjpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Nkyhsu;fs; ed;whf Ntiy
nra;atpy;iy kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L ehl;bw;F jpUk;g Ntz;Lk; vd;why;>
mtu;fspd; Njhy;tp jq;fs; KjyhspfSf;F ngUk; epjp ,og;Gf;fis
gpujpgypf;fpwJ. Nkhrkhd Nju;T KbTfs; njhlu;Gila mghaq;fs;
mjpfkhf cs;sd.
NkYk; ntspg;Gw nry;thf;F

US kw;Wk; UK Nghd;w ehLfs;> ,e;jpa my;yJ rPdh Nghd;w
ehLfis Nru;e;j rpg;gha;fs; jq;fsJ nrhe;j njhopyhsu;fis
,oe;J Ntiyapd;ikia cUthf;fptpLthu;fs; vd;w mtu;fspd;
nrtpg; gzpfs; Fwpj;J jw;NghJ ftdkhf cs;sdu;. mjdhy; jhd;
mtu;fs; ‘gq;fyhf;fg;gl;l’ vd;gJ gw;wp vr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
NkYk;> mtu;fs; jkJ nrhe;j ehLfspy; cs;s ntspehl;ltu;fs;
kPJ fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fpd;wdu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gzpahw;Wk;
,e;jpa kUj;Jtu;fSf;F mz;ikapy; tpLf;fg;gl;l mr;RWj;jy;>

Rl;bf;fhl;lf; $ba xU nrayhFk;. ngUe;jpus; ehLfspy; cs;s ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
rl;lG+u;t fl;likg;Gfs;> HR Nkyhsu;fs; ,aq;f Ntz;ba kw;nwhU

msTU MFk;. Jiz HR Nkyhsu; mjpf Neuk; fw;wy;> kw;Wk;
njhopy; nra;tjw;fhd cs;Su; topfis> gupRfs; nfhLg;gJ Nghd;w
nray;ghLfisg; gw;wpa nghJthd elj;ij tpjpKiwfisf; fw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cs;Su; nghUshjhuj;jpy; vspjpy; fpilf;ff; $ba
ed;ikfisAk;> trjpfisAk; jdJ gzpahsu;fSf;F mtu; mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr HRM-f;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrkhd

NtWghLfs;
HRM-cld; xg;gpLk;NghJ, IHRM-,y; njhlu;Gila rpf;fy;fisj;
jtpu> P.J. lTypq; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr HRM ,ilapy; kpjkhd
tpj;jpahrq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehd;F NtW khwpfs; gl;baiyf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mit:
••fyhrhu R+oy;.
••gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; Kjd;ikahf <Lgl;Ls;s njhopy;Jiw/
njhopw;rhiyfs;.
••cs;ehl;bd; cs;ehl;L re;ijapy; gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fspd;
ek;gfj; jd;ikapd; msT.
••KJepiy Nkyhz;ikapd; mZFKiwfs;.
fyhrhu R+oy;
‘fyhr;rhuk;’ vd;w nrhy;> gy Kiw Njrj;Jld; Fog;gkile;Js;sJ.
Mdhy;, Njrpa NtWghLfs; vd;gJ fyhr;rhu NtWghLfisg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wd vd;W fUjf; $lhJ. fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ xU
cUtikf;Fk; epfo;Kiwia tpsf;FfpwJ. mjhtJ> xU FO
my;yJ rKjhaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;> xU gbg;gbahd> ,af;fkhd
epfo;Kiwfspy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; guTk; nghJthd kjpg;Gfs;>
kdg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfSld; xU jdpj;Jtkhd tho;f;ifg;
ghijia gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
xU gz;ghl;bYk;> xU fyhr;rhuj;jpYk;> ,t;tsT fhyk;
ntw;wpfukhf Ntiy nra;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W ek;Gk; Nghf;F nghJthf
,Uf;fpwJ. ,Jjhd; vd;dntd;why;> Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; fyhr;rhuk; xU
Nghjid mZFKiw vd miof;fpwhu;fs;. mtw;wpd; gb> mftak;
vd;gJ> Fwpg;ghf gz;ghL rhu;e;j mZFKiw MFk;. ,jd; nghUs;
vd;dntd;why;> fyhr;rhuj;jpd; cyfshtpa jd;ik ,y;iy. xt;nthU
fyhr;rhuKk; xU jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ kw;Wk; Copau;; mtd;/
mts; jd;id Gjpa fyhr;rhuk; Vw;g khw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J>
FOg;gzp fl;likg;Gf;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fs;> cs;Su; nghWg;Gzu;>
cyfshtpa nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; epWtdf; fw;wy; Mfpatw;wpd;
%Nyhgha tpjpKiwfSld; ,izf;fg;gl KbAk;.

ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) cs;Su; fyhr;rhuk; gw;wpj; njupe;Jnfhs;tNjhL> jq;fisj;
jOtpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; cs;Su; re;ijfspd; Njitfis rkhspf;f
xU rpwe;j topKiwiar; rkhspf;f cjTfpwJ. jhafk; jpUk;gpr;
nry;tJ Vd; vd;why;> mij nra;a rpwe;j top vd;W epidf;Fk;
Fwpg;Gfs; xU egiuf; fhl;bYk; rpwe;j nghWg;Gzu;j;Jld; ele;J nfhs;s
cjTfpwJ. ,J ,ay;ghfNt cyfshtpa jpwd; kw;Wk; mikg;G
fw;wYf;F toptFf;fpwJ. rpy fyhr;rhu R+oy;fspy; cwtpdu;;fSf;Fk;
jdpr;rYif vd;W fUjg;gLtJ kw;wtu;fshy; mt;thW ,y;yhky;
Nghfyhk;. Kk;ig lgtyhyh];> fle;j xU E}w;whz;by; xt;nthU
ehSk; kjpa cztpw;F jq;fs; nrhe;j tPl;by; rikj;j czit
jq;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F efUf;F 60 fp.kP. njhiytpy; cs;s
xt;nthU jpirapYk; 2,00>000 b/gpd; Nfupau;fs; xt;nthU KiwAk;
nry;tjw;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Gfiof; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,jdhy; MW
rpf;kh mstpyhd ju Nrit cau;j;j rKjhaj;jpdUf;Fk;> rhjhuz
rKjhaj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilNaahd jq;fs; nrhe;j Fyj;jpypUe;Nj
gzpahsu;fis <LgLj;JfpwJ. NkYk;> ,e;j njhopiy xU Nritahf
NkYk; nra;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt, ,ij cwtpdu;;fSf;Fk; jdpr;rYif
vd;W Kj;jpiuapl KbahJ!
elj;ij tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; cs;s czu;itg; NghyNt
gpd;njhlu;gtu;fspd; ghu;itAk; cs;sJ. vdNt jhd; ,J kf;fspd;
nray; vd nghUs;gLfpwJ. kyu;fs; nfhz;L xU egiu tuNtw;f>
xU khWgl;l fyhr;rhuj;jpypUe;J xU tpUe;jpdUf;F jtwhd tz;z
kyu; guprspj;jhu; vd;why;> mJ gy tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jf; $bajhf
,Uf;Fk;. vdNt, xU re;ijia nty;tJ my;yJ ,of;ff; $lhJ
vd;gJ cs;Su;g; gz;ghl;bd; Jy;ypakhd mwptpy; ngha;ahf ,Uf;Fk;.
njhopy;Jiw tif
njhopy;Jiwiag; nghWj;J> cyfshtpa Nghl;b khWgLfpwJ.
mjw;Nfw;g HRM eltbf;iffSk; khWgLk;. ,e;j ehl;fspy; kpfTk;
Ngrg;gLk; xU ePy-rpg; njhopy;Jiw jfty; njhopy;El;gk; (IT)> mJ
cyfk; KOtJk; ,e;jpau;fis jpBnud vLj;J nfhz;lJ. cyf
muq;fpy; ,e;jpahtpd; ngUikia ,e;j njhopy;Jiw epr;rak;
<l;bAs;sJ. vdpDk;> cyfk; KOtJk; gy;NtW njhopy;Jiwfspy;
,e;jpa gpurd;dk; czug;gl;lhYk;> kw;w njhopy;Jiwfs; midj;jpw;Fk;
,J cjtp nra;a KbahJ. ,e;jj; njhopy;Jiwfs; xt;nthd;Wk;
jkJ kdpj %yjdj;ij epu;tfpg;gjw;fhd nrhe;j topahFk;. ru;tNjr
Nghl;bapd; tbtq;fs;> xU njhopw;Jiwapy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU
njhopw;Jiwf;F kw;nwhd;whf khWgLk; vd;gjhy;> xU gd;dhl;L
epWtdk; <Lgl;Ls;s njhopy;Jiwf;F fzprkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
cs;sJ vd;W Nghu;l;lu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ru;tNjr Nghl;b njhlu;r;rpapd;
xU Kidapy; jhd; gd;dhl;Lj; njhopy;Jiw cs;sJ. xt;nthU
ehl;bYk; Nghl;b vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; kw;w ehLfspy; Nghl;bapypUe;J
jdpj;J epw;fpwJ. cjhuzq;fs; rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tpepNahfk; kw;Wk;
fhg;gPL njhlu;r;rpapd; kWKidapy;> cyfshtpa njhopy;Jiw cs;sJ.

mjpy; xU ehl;by; xU cWjpahd Nghl;b epiy> kw;w ehLfspy; ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
mjd; epiyg;ghl;by; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf tzpf tpkhdk;> Fiwf;flj;jpfs; kw;Wk; efypfs;. ,e;j
,U njhopw;rhiyfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s Kf;fpakhd NtWghl;il
Nghu;l;lu; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhu;: Fwpg;Gfs;
cyfj; njhopy;Jiw vd;gJ cs;ehl;L njhopw;Jiwapd; xU
njhFg;G kl;Lky;y> xU njhlu;r;rpahd cs;ehl;L njhopw;Jiwapy;>
Nghl;b ehLfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W vjpuhf xU cz;ikahd cyfshtpa
mbg;gilapy; Nghl;bapLfpd;wd. gy cs;ehl;L njhopy;Jiwapy;>
ru;tNjr %Nyhghak; xU njhlu;r;rpahd cs;ehl;L %Nyhghaq;fis
rupnra;fpwJ. ntspehLfspy; tzpfk; nra;tJ vg;gb vd;gJ gw;wp
jdpj;Jtkhf ru;tNjr rpf;fy;fs; cs;sd. (my;yJ ehl;L mghaj;ij
kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;) ey;y ehLfis Nju;e;njLg;gJ vg;gb> kw;Wk; xU
Neu gupkhw;wj;ij miltjw;fhd topKiwfs; MfpaitahFk;.
,yf;fpaj;jpy; xg;gPl;lstpy; ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;j tpdhf;fs;
cs;sd. xU cyfshtpa Jiwapy;> xU ,yhf;fh Nghd;w ru;tNjr
eltbf;iffis epu;tfpg;gNj Nghl;bj;jd;ikia miltjw;fhd
rhj;jpaf;$Wfis Fiwkjpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;Jk;. cyfe;jOtpa
njhopy;Jiwapy;> xU epWtdk; mjd; rhjidfis cyfshtpa
mbg;gilapy; ehLfSf;fpilNa cs;s gpizg;ig ifg;gw;w
xUq;fpizf;f Ntz;Lk;.
HRM nray;ghLf;fhd Kf;fpa gq;F vd;ntd;why;> xt;nthU
cs;ehl;L re;ijapypUe;j epWtdj;jpd; Kjd;ik eltbf;iffSf;F>
nryT/nray;jpwd; my;yJ jahupg;G/Nrit NtWghL Mfpatw;wpd;
%ykhf Nghl;bj;jpwd; kpf;f rhjfj;ij mila cjTk;. MapDk;>
ru;tNjr mstpy; xU cyfshtpa njhopw;Jiwapy;> csthsp %yk;
elj;jg;gLk; ‘xUq;fpizg;Gf;fhd mtrpak;’> gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fspd;
Kjd;ikahd nray;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd midj;Jyf Mjuit
toq;f HRM nray;ghL flikg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahit tsk; ngw cUthf;Ftjpy; IT/ITES gpupTfs;
Kd;Ndhbahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa jfty; Nrit Vw;Wkjp (BPO Nritfs;
cl;gl) nkhj;jk; 1>04>130 Nfhb &gha; KjyPL nra;Js;sJ. 1991-y;
kl;Lk; 250 Nfhb &ghahfTk;> 2010-Mk; Mz;by; 2>70>000 Nfhb &gha;
MfTk; mit KjyPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. cw;gj;jpf; fsj;jpy;> Nkhl;lhu;
thfdq;fs;> kUe;Jfs;> Njhy; nghUl;fs;> [Tsp kw;Wk; Milfs;>
%yjd nghUl;fs;> kpd;dZ td;nghUs;> iftpidg;nghUl;fs;>
fw;fs; kw;Wk; eiffs; Mfpait jtpu NtnwhU cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpa
cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mLj;j epiyf;F vLj;Jr;nry;Ytjw;F ,J xU
mwpFwpahFk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Kd;du; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l topfspy; IHRM-f;F
njhopy;Jiw mZFKiw mtrpakhf ntt;NtW mZFKiwfis
MizapLfpwJ.
gd;dhl;L epWtd upiyad;]; mjd; nrhe;j cs;ehl;L re;ijapy;:
mjd; nray;ghl;L ngupa mstpy; ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;, xU cyfshtpa
re;ij Kd;Ndhf;F epWtdj;jpd; fyhr;rhuj;jpYk; rpe;jidapYk;

ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;, xU gd;dhl;L
epWtdj;ijf; ftdpj;jhy; msTNfhy; kl;LNk Kf;fpakhdjy;y. mjd;
nrhe;j cs;ehl;L re;ijapy; gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. gy epWtdq;fis nghWj;jtiuapy;> xU
Fwpg;Gfs; rpwpa cs;ehl;L re;ijia ‘ru;tNjr mstpy;’ nry;tjw;fhd Kf;fpa
Nehf;fq;fspy; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,Ugjhk; E}
w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;> INuhg;gpa rf;jp cw;gj;jp rhjdq;fs; gyTk;
jq;fs; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F xU twpa cs;ehl;L Njitia
mDgtpj;jdu;. vdNt, mtu;fs; ru;tNjr re;ijfspy; jq;fs; cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fis mjpfkh ,lk;ngWkhW nra;jdu;. Mrpahtpy; tsu;r;rp
Fiwe;j ehLfspy; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; mtw;wpd; thq;Fgtu;fSf;F
nkd;ik fld; trjpfs; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
xU gd;dhl;L epWtdk; jdJ eltbf;iffis vt;thW
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gjw;fhd midj;J mk;rq;fSk; xU ngupa
cs;ehl;L re;ijia ghjpf;fpwJ. ,e;j tptfhuj;jpy;> mjd;
ru;tNjr eltbf;iffis xOq;fikf;fTk;> cyfshtpa jahupg;G
fl;likg;igg; gad;gLj;jTk; cs;ehl;L re;ijapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
xU ngupa cs;ehl;L re;ij jq;fs; ru;tNjr eltbf;iffis
Nehf;fp %j;j Nkyhsu;fspd; mZFKiwia ghjpf;fpwJ. ,J khngUk;
vz;zpf;ifapyhd Nkyhsu;fis ngupa mstpy;> cs;ehl;L re;ijia
gad;gLj;jp nfhs;Sk; tifapy; cUthf;f cjTfpwJ. xU ngupa
xw;iw Njrpa re;ijapd; Nfhupf;iffs; gy ngupa epWtdq;fspd;
%j;j Nkyhsu;fs; G+Nfhskakhf;fy; Kaw;rpfSf;F xU rthyhf
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt> ru;tNjr kdpj ts Nkyhsu;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; gzpia %j;j Nkyhsu;fs; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1. HRM-,d; ,uz;L eltbf;iffs; vit?
2. IHRM-I tiuaWf;f.
14.4 ru;tNjr kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jt (HRM): rthy;fs;

G+Nfhskakhf;fy; Nghf;Ffs;> re;ij jhuhskakhf;fypd; fl;Lg;ghL
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g gupzhk tsu;r;rp re;ijfis kWrPuikf;fpd;wJ.
Nghl;bj;jpwdpy; ed;ikfis ngw ghuk;gupa mZFKiwfSf;F rthy;
tplg;gLfpwJ. nghUshjhuj; jpwdhspfspd; tUtha; tpfpjq;fspd;
cj;jpfisf; ifahsTk; nray;gLj;jTk; epWtdq;fs; ,g;NghJ
Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; kl;LNk itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. HR
epWtdj;jpd; ‘epWtd jpwdpy;’ cy;upr; vd;w thu;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
cy;upr; Vup khw;wk;> mikg;G tbtikg;G kw;Wk; jiyik epu;thfj;jpd;
Jiwfspy; ,Ue;J Kd;Ndhf;Ffis xd;whff; nfhz;L te;Js;sJ.
NkYk;, epWtdj;jpy; cs;s jpwid cs;Ns ,Ue;J ntspNaw;Wtij

gw;wp thjpl;lJ. epWtdj;jpd; jpwid> thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Njitfis ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fk; epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fk;> kw;Wk;

gzpahsu;fspd; Kaw;rpfs; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; xU epWtdj;jpd; cs;
nrayhf;fq;fs;> mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik eilKiwfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; jpwd;fis ikakhff; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
Nghl;b mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ> re;ij G+Nfhskakhf;fg;gl;L>
thbf;ifahsu; Nfhupf;iffis khw;Wtjhy;, epWtdj;jpd; ts
mbg;gilapyhd ghu;itapy; kf;fis epu;tfpg;gjpy; mit kw;w Nghl;b
Mjhaq;fis tpl Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. %Nyhgha
tsq;fs; my;yJ epWtdq;fspd; jpwd;fis cs;ehl;bd; mwpT
tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghl;b Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l Nghl;b ed;ik
vd;W ,e;j Gjpa khjpupfs; thjpLfpd;wJ. Nghl;bapLk; jpwd; nfhz;l
xU epWtdk; toq;Fk; jahupg;G re;ij %NyhghaNk tsq;fspd;
njhFg;Gfs; MFk;.
kf;fs; Nkyhz;ikia jtpu> epWtd jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ
vd;gJ> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis nray;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fs;
%yk; mlq;Fk;. ,e;j topKiwahdJ> nghUshjhu epjp jpwid>
%Nyhgha/re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpwid kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g jpwid Gupe;J
nfhs;s HR epGzu;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. epWtd njhopy; jpwid
tsu;g;gjpy; HR njhopy; kpfTk; <LghL nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapy;>
mJ jdpegupd; ghu;itapy; ,Ue;J $l;lzpia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;
my;yJ ,e;j jpwd;fspd; filrp ,uz;L fl;lisfSld; Ntiy
nra;a epu;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. %Nyhgha my;yJ re;ijg;gLj;jy;
jpwik thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F jdpj;Jtj;ij toq;Fk; mbg;gilapy;
mike;Js;sJ. re;ijg;gLj;jypd; Kd;Ndhf;F cz;ik jpwd;
Nkyhz;ik mZFKiwfSf;F gpd;dhy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nraiy
,af;fp tUfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ $l;lzp> njhopy;El;g jpwikiar; rhu;e;J
cs;sJ. thbf;ifahsu; kjpg;G vd;gJ ftdkpd;ik (Nghl;bahsu;fis
tpl tpiutpy; Njit). NkYk;, ePbj;j cwTfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk;
cj;juthjj;jpd; %yk; Nrit juj;ij gpd;njhlu;tjd; tpisthff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. gpd;du; myFf;F> gfpug;gl;l Nrit khjpupfspd;
tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; HR mikg;Gfs; kpd;-nrayhf;fk; Mfpait ,e;j
mikg;GuPjpahd jpwid toq;Fk; ,U topfs; vd;W ehk; fhz;Nghk;.
epWtdf; jpwikAk; cyfkakhf;fYk;

gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fspd; jw;Nghija khjpupfs; ‘jpwd; milahsk;
fhZjy;’ Kd;Ndhf;F nfhz;lit vd tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ>
mtu;fs; jdpg;gl;l mwpit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tsq;fis
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j tsq;fs; nghJthf cs;ehl;L
ehl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ngUepWtd nray;ghL kw;Wk; rpwe;j
FOitr; rhu;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fSf;Fs;shf
ntspehl;L Njrpa gpupTfs; xU Kf;fpa %Nyhgha ghj;jpuj;ij
vLf;ff;$ba tha;g;G cs;sJ. ekf;Fj; NjitahdJ vd;ntd;why;,
xU ‘jpwd; ce;Jjy;’ Kd;Ndhf;F — gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; %d;W

ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) mr;Rf;fspy; jdpj;Jtkhd Mw;wy;fis cUthf;FtJ> ghJfhg;gJ
kw;Wk; Ruz;LtJ vg;gb vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gd;dhl;L
%Nyhghaj;jpd; xU Gupe;J nfhz;lf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
••ru;tNjr tpupthf;fk; my;yJ cyfshtpa xUq;fpizg;G
Fwpg;Gfs; cj;jpfs;.
••ru;tNjr tpupthf;fk; my;yJ cyfshtpa xUq;fpizg;gpd; cyf-
shtpa fw;wy; Af;jpfs; %yk;> Nghl;bj;jd;ikia cUthf;fj;
njhlu Ntz;bajd; mtrpak;.
••nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis KOtJk; ,e;j jpwd;fis
xUq;fpizf;Fk; tzpf epiy my;yJ ngUepWtd epiy
eilKiwfspy; nray;gLk; eltbf;iffs;.
cyfkakhf;fy; vd;gJ cyfj;ij (my;yJ mjpy; xU fzprkhd
gFjpia) xNu re;ijahf khw;Wtjw;fhd xU %Nyhgha Kw;rpahFk;
vd;W ly;ykd; kw;Wk; gpy;lNkh-ype;JFup];l; MfpNahu;fs; njspthff;
$Wfpwhu;fs;;. Mdhy;, ,J xw;iw Muha;r;rp> tsu;r;rp, cw;gj;jp
ikaq;fs;> xw;iwahl;rp eilKiw tiyg;gpd;dy;fs;, cz;ikahd
HR mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; epfo;Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iw cUthf;Ftjpy;
,y;iy. khwhf> ,e;j eltbf;iffis R+o;e;Js;s ru;tNjr
tiyg;gpd;dyhf;fk;> ,e;j nraw;ghLfSf;fhd Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epWtd
jpwidf; nfhLf;Fk; cyfshtpa R+oy;fspy;: ‘Gjpa mwptpw;Fk; Gjpa
re;ijfSf;Fk; xU Kf;fpa Mjhukhf cyfk; khWk;;’ vd;gjhFk;.
Gupe;Jzu;T kw;Wk; rpwg;ghd mikg;G ikaq;fs;:

eilKiwapy;> gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; ngUfpa KiwNyNa Fiwe;J
tUfpwJ. ,e;j eltbf;iffspd; xUq;fpizg;G ngUk;ghYk;
gpiza mbg;gilapyhd fl;likg;Gfis rhu;ej ; pUe;jJ. ngUepWtd
jiyikafk; mjd; Jiz mikg;G kw;Wk; mjd; Mizapd;
%Nyhgha Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; gq;if gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; mjd;
xUq;fpizg;G fl;Lg;ghl;L epiyfis rupnra;fpwJ. gy;NtW tifahd
gazq;fs; Jiz epWtdq;fSf;F xJf;fg;gLk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif
JizepWtdk;> rpwg;ghd ikak;> jhkjk; milAk; nghJ mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ngWfpwJ. cyf mikg;gpy; cs;s xU %Nyhgha
ghj;jpuj;ij mtu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. rpwg;ghd ikaq;fs; mtw;wpd;
Rw;Wg;Gw njhopy;El;g my;yJ njhopy;Kiw r%fq;fSld; ,Wf;fkhf
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. epWtdj;jpw;Fs;Ns ePzl ; kw;Wk; nkJthd
ru;tNjrkakhf;fy; nray;Kiwapd; xU nghJthd tpisthf mit
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mikg;GuPjpahd tbtikg;gpy; Njitahd xU
gFjpahf> jiyikafj;jpd; Nkyhsu;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l %Nyhgha
Mizia toq;fpa myFfSf;F Rahl;rp toq;f KbT nra;Js;sdu;.
rpwg;ghd ikaj;ij Rw;wpAs;s myFfs; KOtJk; mjd; jpwikf;F
mjpf jpwd; kw;Wk; cau;ej ; gad;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mjpf mstpy;> Jiz epWtdq;fSs; rpwpa FOf;fs; my;yJ
myFfs; rpwg;ghd ikaj;jpd; xU gFjpapy; Kd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J

tUfpwJ. cz;ikapy;> xU rpwg;G ikaj;jpd; jiyik xU ngsjpf ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
,lj;jpy; ,d;dKk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;whYk;> cz;ikahd ikak; vd;gJ>

gy NtWgl;l Gtpapay;;fspd; mzp tiyg;gpd;dy;fspd; FWf;Nf
gutpapUf;Fk;. gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> ,e;j ikaq;fs; cz;ikapy;
mikg;Gf;Fs; kpfTk; jsu;thff; fl;lg;gl;L> Gjpa mwpit Njb> Fwpg;Gfs;
MNC jpwidg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy;> kw;w myFfSld;
xUq;fpize;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epGzu;fs; thjpLfpd;wdu;.
fl;Lg;ghl;L nghJthf NeubahfNth, kiwKfkhfNth, jdpg;gl;l
my;yJ jdpj;Jtkhd ,aq;Fjsq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;> `hu;rpq;
ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghL> cj;jpNahfG+u;t mjpfhuj;Jt
fl;Lg;ghL> ntspaPL fl;Lg;ghL, r%fkakhf;fy; kw;Wk; tiygpd;dy;
Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gijg; nghWj;J khWgLfpwJ.
r%fkakhf;fy; %yk; ,e;j rpwg;G ikaq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ
nraypof;Fk; vd;W rkPgj;jpa Muha;r;rp njuptpf;fpwJ. vdNt> ,e;j
msTf;F cyfstpy; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;l jpwd;kpF ikaq;fis> Gupe;J
nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; fl;LtJ vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rthyhf
khwpAs;sJ.
,j;jifa ikaq;fis vt;thW tsu;j;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ gw;wpa rpy Ez;zwpTj;jpwd; ,g;NghJ cs;sJ. N`hkpk;
kw;Wk; ngnlu;e;l;nrd; mtu;fs; mwptpy; ntWk; rpwg;G kl;LNk ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;Lgpbj;jhu;fs;. MNC-,d; gpw Jiz epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; myFfs; Mfpatw;wpd; nray;ghLfspy; ePz;lfhy jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; xU ePz;l fhy ghjpg;igf; nfhz;l mwpTg; Gyq;fis
mtu;fshy; guhkupf;f KbAk;. ePz;lfhy mbg;gilapy;> jq;fSila
jdpj;jpwikiar; rpwg;ghfNt epWtg;gl;l cyfshtpa HR gzpfs;
Vw;fdNt Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpia nra;Js;sJ. NkYk;, Vw;fdNt
epWtg;gl;l gpw njhopy;El;g ikaq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;l Muha;r;rpapypUe;J
fw;Wf; nfhs;s njhlq;FfpwJ.
epWtd jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

nray;jpwd; Nkk;ghl;ghLfspd; ,e;j epfo;Kiwapy; NkYk; xU %Nyhgha
gq;fpw;F kw;nwhU tha;g;G epfo;Kiw Nfhl;ghLfs; %yk; tUfpwJ.
mj;jifa jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd nray;Kiw
jpwd;fis xU khjpupahfj; jhd; khz;l;ly;vf;Nu cUthf;fpdhu;. Ie;J
gpujhd tsq;fs; nray;Kiw KOtJk; ru;tNjr kdpj Nkyhsu;fis
cUthf;f cjTk; midj;J nray;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,it:
••ru;tNjr kdpj ts %Nyhgha Nehf;fk; ntspg;ghL kw;Wk;
njhlu;r;rpahd ntspg;ghL %yk; jiyikj;Jtk;.
••fyhr;rhuj;jpy; gjpf;fg;gl;l MjuT eilKiwfis
mzpjpul;Ltjd; %yk; mikg;G fyhr;rhuk;.
••jfty; njhopy;El;gk; njhopy;El;g KjyPLfs; vd;w nghUspy;
my;yhky;> ,e;j KjyPLfs; jdpj;Jtj;Jld; cUthf;fg;
gad;gLj;jgLk; tifapy; mjpfk;.

ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) ••epWtdj;jpd; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tsq;fs; kw;Wk;
jpwd;fs;.
••ePz;l fhy ghu;it> tpA+fj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp tsu;g;gjd; %yk;
%Nyhghaj;jpd; ePz;l fhyg; ghu;itia cUthf;Fjy;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••epWtdj;jpw;F cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; gq;Fjhuu;fSld; tYthd
cwTfis tsu;g;gjd; %yk; r%f tiyg;gpd;dy;fs;.
rpwpJ Neuk; fopj;J ,e;j nray;Kiwfspy; gytw;iw ehq;fs;
Nju;T nra;fpNwhk;. vdpDk;> ,e;j mikg;gpy;> Kf;fpa nra;jp HR
Nkyhsu;fspd; gq;F jpwd; ‘tsu;r;rp ghijapy; rhiyapy; eilngWk;
mikg;Gfs;’ ,e;j Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tupir %yk; ,af;fg;gLk; vd;W
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jifa cyfkakhf;fypd; gpd;dzpapy;> epWtd fl;Lg;ghLfs;>
ngUepWtd fl;Lg;ghL> cyfshtpa xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; kdpjtop
nray;Kiwfspd; jukjpg;gPL Mfpatw;wpd; Kuz;ghlhd Nfhupf;iffis
epu;tfpf;fpwJ. ,J cyfshtpa mstpy; xl;Lnkhj;j juepiyahd
HR nray;fis epu;khzpg;gjy;y. Mdhy;, ,e;j nray;Kiwfspd;
tbtikg;gpy; xU gue;j jj;Jtj;jpw;F xj;Jiog;Gld; gfpu;T
nra;ag;gl;l HR nray;fspd; jd;ik gw;wpa nghJthd ghu;itia
cUthf;FfpwJ. njhopy;El;g jpwd; (Nrit ikaq;fs;> HR kpd;
nrayhf;fk; kw;Wk; HR nrayhf;fj; jukjpg;gPLfspd;) kw;Wk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpwid (jpwik Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; cyfshtpa
kl;lj;jpy; fUjg;gLk; Copau;fspd; kjpg;gPl;L Kd;nkhopTfs;)> rpy
epWtdq;fspy; ru;tNjr kdpj ts ty;Yeu;fspd; nray;ghLfspy;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp tUfpwJ.
HR MjuT nray;ghLfis xOq;fikj;jy;: HR Nrit ikaq;fs;

,J njhlu;ghf gfpu;e;j Nritfspd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F nrYj;jj;jf;f
mstpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. mikg;G mjd; epu;thf
mYtyu;fs; eltbf;iffis xU ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l ‘gpd;Gy
mYtyfk;’ nray;ghl;by; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; NghJ> gfpug;gl;l
Nritfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjd;ik HR FOtpypUe;J
epu;thf nrayhf;fk; jdpj;jdpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ‘gfpu;e;j
Nritfs;’ ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Vw;ghl;ilf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ vd;whYk;>
‘nghJthd Vw;ghL’ vd;gJ xU rpwe;j fhyj;jpw;fhdJ MFk;.
thbf;ifahsUld; neUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk; mjpf epu;thf Nkyhsu;fspd;
Kd;dpiyapy; ika mikg;Gfs; kpfTk; rkr;rPuw;w> gutyhf;fg;gl;l
Nritapd; $Wfis nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. kdpj tsq;fspd; kj;jpa
mikg;G cs;Su; NjitfSlDk; (my;yJ ru;tNjr uPjpahfTk;>
,d;Dk; mjpfkhf gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;) tbtikf;fg;gl;l MNyhrid>
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; tzpf Njitfis tbtikf;f eilKiwapy;
,tw;Wld; Mfpatw;Wld; ifNfhu;j;J tUfpwJ. epu;thfg; gzpfs;
ikag;gLj;jg;glYk;> KbntLg;gjpy; gutyhf;fg;gl;l epiyia
,Uf;fpwJ. NkYk;> ngWeu;fSf;fhd epu;thfg; gzp xU gutyhd

Nritfis kl;Lky;y> nghJ xJf;fy; Njit vd;w tifapy; xU ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
gue;j mstpyhd NritfshfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

,e;j tsu;r;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ru;tNjr HRM-f;F fzprkhf
cs;sJ. gfpu;e;j Nrit rpe;jidAk;> tpepNahfj;ij mjpfupf;f
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; HR nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gil Fwpg;Gfs;
kWrPuikf;fYf;fhd rf;jpia Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J ehLfs;> gpuhe;jpaq;fs;
kw;Wk; ngUepWtd jiyikafq;fSf;fpilapyhd kj;jpakakhf;fy;
kw;Wk; gpiog;ghw;wy; cs;s kl;lj;jpw;F cl;Fwpg;Gf;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
NkYk;, HR toq;fypd; nghUshjhuKk; khWfpwJ kw;Wk; Nghl;b
,af;ftpay;> HR nray;Kiwfspd; juepiyg;gLj;jYf;F kl;Lky;yhJ
ntF[d jdpg;gadhf;fj;jpw;fhd rhj;jpaj;ijAk; mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ.
rpy ru;tNjr HR-nray;ghLfs; ,e;j tsu;r;rpia Gwf;fzpf;f KbAk;.
Nrit toq;fYld; njhlu;Gila ghj;jpuj;jpd; $WghLfspypUe;J
tzpf cj;jpapy; mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;s HR nray;ghl;bd; mk;rq;fis
gpupf;Fk; NghJ> HR epGzu;fspd; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; jFjpfSf;F
Mokhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;. HR nray;ghLfis mjpf Gw
xg;gilg;G nra;af;$ba njhopy;El;gj;jpy; khw;wq;fSld; ,ize;j
Nrit mikg;Gfspd; Nkk;ghl;il jPtpu Kd;Ndhf;F ,izf;fpwJ.
njhopy;El;gk; (Fwpg;ghf mikg;G uPjpahd mf ,izak;> tiy
mbg;gilapyhd Nghu;ll ; y;> ClhLk; Fuy; gjpy;fs;> Mtzk; kw;Wk;
jfty; Nkyhz;ik mikg;Gfs;) vd;w NghjpYk;> khw;wj;jpd; ,af;fp
vd;gijtpl vspjhdJ vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd gFjpahFk;. njhopy;El;g
fz;Lgpbg;G> cynfq;fpYKs;s xU nghJthd mbg;gilapy; kdpj
ts Nritfspd; xU gue;j tuk;ig Muha epWtdq;fSf;F cjtpaJ.
vdpDk;> gfpu;ej; Nritia mwpKfk; nra;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> nryT>
juk; kw;Wk; mikg;G uPjpahd khw;wj;jpd; nghJthd jd;ik Mfpait
mjpfk;. Njrpa Ntiy kw;Wk; fUj;Jfs; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;
ru;tNjr epGzu;fs; my;yJ kdpj ts ikaq;fSf;F Nky;Nehf;fp
tpupTgLj;jg;gl tha;gG; fs; mjpfk;. gfpug;gl;l Nritfs;> mjd; ru;tNjr
Ntiytha;gG ; epGzu;fspd; gzpf;Fs;NsNa ve;j tpjkhd khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. mtu;fspd; gjpiy epu;tfpf;f kw;Wk; fz;fhzpf;f Gjpa
fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;Gfs; nfhz;L tu KbAk;. gfpu;ej ; Nritfspd; kw;nwhU
cl;nghUs;> ehl;bd; epiy khWjYf;F, HR-,d; fl;likg;Gfs; MFk;.
1980-fspd; ,Wjpapy;> ngUk;ghyhd gyNjrpa mikg;Gf;fs;> ehL jOtpa
mbg;gilapy; HR-,d; nray;ghl;il gpsTgLj;j KbntLj;Js;sd.
,e;j mikg;gpd; vQ;rpa gFjpfs; ngUfpa Kiwapy; cyfshtpa
tzpf tupfSld; gpize;jNghJ> mjd; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F HR
cjttpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> Ntiytha;gG ; rl;lj;jpy; gd;Kfj;jd;ik kw;Wk;
Ntiytha;gG ; cwtpy; tYthd Njrpa jhf;fq;fspd; njhlu;rr ; piag;
gw;wpa ftiyfs;> kw;w tzpf nray;KiwfSld; HR-d; nkhj;j
nray;KiwAk; rpf;fyhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. xU rkurk; vd;w tifapy;> gy
mikg;G epWtdq;fs; xU %Nyhgha tzpf gq;Fjhuuhf nray;gLk;
epiyia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf> mwpf;ifaply; fl;likg;gpy; xU $Ljy;
mLf;fhf cyfshtpa HR ,af;Fdu;fis epWtpAs;sd.

ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) Gw xg;gilg;G my;yJ cs; xg;gilg;G HR
HRM-,d; guptu;j;jid mk;rq;fis Gw xg;gilg;G nra;tJ rkPgj;jpa
Mz;Lfspy; fzprkhd tpthjj;jpw;F Mjhukhf cs;sJ. Gw
xg;gilg;G HR eltbf;iffs;> Fiwe;j nrytpdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtjd;
Fwpg;Gfs;
%yk;> mjpf mstpyhd nghUshjhuq;fshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
Nritapd; juk; mjpfupj;jJ> mjpfupj;j Cf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrit
toq;Feu;fSf;fhd nghWg;Gzu;T kw;Wk; rpwg;Gg; gFjpapYs;s
ty;Yeu;fSf;F mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ntsp ,Ug;Gf;fhd kpfTk; nghJthd
,yf;Ffshd me;j HR eltbf;iffs; kpf vspjhf tisaf;$ba
tifapy; ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk;: Cjpak;> gapw;rp> Ml;Nru;g;G> Xa;T+jpa
epu;thfk; kw;Wk; epu;thf eyd;fs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
cyfg; gpd;dzpapy;> ehl;L Nkyhsu;fs; ngUepWtd HR-d;
ngUk;gFjp Njrpa fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wp Mo;e;j kiwKfkhd Gupjy;
Njit vd;W thjpl KbAk;. vdNt> gfpu;e;j Nritfs; my;yJ
cz;ikapy; VNjDk; mLj;jLj;j Gw xg;gilg;G ,af;Ftjw;F xU
Ntl;ghsuhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. ,e;j kiwKf mwpTf; fl;Lg;ghL Fwpj;J
epWtdq;fs; tpNtfj;Jld; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

3. ];Fypad; kw;Wk; ];lhu;Nfa; %yk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l
Ie;jhtJ tif xUikg;ghl;il tptup.
4. Gw xg;gilg;G Kiwapy; nghJthd ,yf;F ahJ?

1. HRM-,d; ,uz;L eltbf;iffs; kdpj ts jpl;lkply; kw;Wk;
gzpaku;j;jy; (Ml;Nru;g;G> Nju;T> Ntiy tha;g;G).
2. IHRM ,e;j %d;W gupkhzq;fspy;> mjhtJ HR nray;ghLfs;>
gzpahsu;fspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; ehLfspd; nray; Kiwf;F
(ATECO) ,ilNaahd njhlu;ig khu;fd; tiuaWf;fpwJ.
3. ];Fypad; kw;Wk; ];lhu;Nfa; (2000) Mfpatw;why; milahsk;
fhzg;gl;l Ie;jhtJ tif xUq;fpizg;G> ru;tNjr Nkyhz;ik
jpwikf;F rpwe;j Nkyhz;ik MFk;.
4. Gw xg;gilg;gpd; nghJthd ,yf;Ffs;> Cjpak;> Ml;Nru;g;G>
Xa;T+jpaq;fs; Nghd;w HR nray;ghLfs; MFk;.
14.6 RUf;fk;
IHRM ,e;j %d;W gupkhzq;fspy;> mjhtJ HR nray;ghLfs;>
gzpahsu;fspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; ehLfspd; nray; Kiwf;F (ATECO)
,ilNaahd njhlu;ig khu;fd; tiuaWf;fpwJ.

xU PCN xU tpUe;Njhk;gypd; ehl;bw;F ntspNa nry;Yk; ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)
gl;rj;jpy; my;yJ xU TCN ngw;NwhuplNkh my;yJ ehl;Lf;Nfh

nry;Yk;. me;j gzpahsu; vd;W xU ntspehl;ltu; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU gzpahsiu ehl;bw;Fs; gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak; Nghnjy;yhk; HR
njhopy;Kiwia> xU ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F Copaupd; Fwpg;Gfs;
ghijf;fhf Vw;ghL nra;Ak; $Ljy; nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xU ru;tNjr R+oypy; gzpahw;Wk; HR Nkyhsu;fs; xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l Njrpa Copau;fis ifahs Ntz;Lk;. (vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
PCN, HCN kw;Wk; TCN).
cs;ehl;Lr; R+oypy; xU Copaupd; FLk;gj;Jld; HR Jiwapd;
<LghL kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mdhy;> ru;tNjr R+oypy;> Njitahd msT MjuT mspf;Fk;
tifapYk;> Copaupd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp NkYk; njupe;J
nfhs;Sk; tifapYk; ,j;Jiw mjpf <LghL nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ntspehl;L nray;ghLfs; taJ kw;Wk; cs;Su;thrpfs; tUtjhy;>
Jiz epWtdq;fis jhq;fNs epu;tfpf;f KbAk; vd;gjhy;> me;j
fhl;rpapy; ,Ue;J PCNS kw;Wk; TCNS-fisAk; fhl;rpapy; ,Ue;J
tpyf;fpf; nfhs;tJ Gj;jprhypj;jdkhdJ.
cs;ehl;L kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiwia tpl IHRM-,y;
njhlu;Gila rpf;fy;fspd; gFjpahf> gp.N[. gjpNtw;wk; >cs;ehl;L kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; kpjkhd NtWghLfis
ehd;F NtW khwpfshf gl;baypLfpwhu;.
gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; gy elg;G khjpupfs; xU ‘jpwd;-
mq;fPfupf;Fk;’ Kd;Ndhf;F vd tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
cyfkakhf;fy; (,J xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gFjpahf) xNu re;ijahf
elj;j cyfkakhf;fy; xU %Nyhgha Kaw;rpahFk; vd;gij lhy;kd;
kw;Wk; gpshl;Nkh-ypd;Fa;];l; ed;F njspthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa Ntiy kw;Wk; tpsf;fk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; ru;tNjr
epGzu;fs; my;yJ kdpj ts ikaq;fSf;F mjpf mstpy; Nky;Nehf;fp
tpupTgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
HR nray;ghLfis ntspgLj;j rhjfkh NgRtJ> Fiwe;j
nrytpdj;ij mjpf msT nghUshjhuj;jhy; cw;gj;jp nra;J Nrit
juk; mjpfupj;jy;> Nrit toq;Feu;fSf;fhd Cf;fj; njhiffs;,
nghWg;Gzu;it mjpfupj;jy; kw;Wk; rpwg;ghd gFjpfspy; ty;Ydu;fspd;
mZfy; mjpfupg;G Mfpait MFk;.
cyfg; gpd;dzpapy;> ngUepWtd kdpj ts Nkyhsupd; ngUk;gFjp
Njrpag; gz;ghl;bid Mokhf kiwKfkhfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W
thjpl KbAk;. vdNt> gfpu;ej
; Nritfspd; %yk; mLj;jLj;j ntspahl;fs;
my;yJ cz;ikapy; ve;j xU Ntl;ghsuhfTk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
cyfshtpa mbg;gilapy; jpwikrhu; Nkyhz;ik> xU ru;tNjr
cau; kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj; JiwahdJ> ,isQu;fSf;F cau;

ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) gjtpfSf;fhd njhlu;r;rpahd ru;tNjr gzpfisj; jpl;lkpLtij tpl
gue;j fUj;JilajhFk;.
gfpu;e;j mwpT jsq;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; mwpTrhu;
xUq;fpizg;ig cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; IHRM nray;ghL njhluf;$ba
Fwpg;Gfs; mLj;j xUq;fpizg;G eltbf;ifahFk;.
,e;j Nghl;bj;jpwid toq;Ftjw;F> IHRM; Gupe;J nfhs;s kw;Wk;
xU Ez;zwpT cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU cyfshtpa tiyg;gpd;dy;
KOtJk; HR; nray;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; gaDs;s tzpf nray;jpwd;
,ilNaAs;s ,izg;Gfis xU fz;Nzhl;lk; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

••ntspehl;ltu;: mJ xU egiu jw;fhypfkhfNth my;yJ
epue;jukhfNth jq;fs; nrhe;j ehl;il tpl xU ehl;by;
FbapUg;gij Fwpf;fpwJ.
••cs;ehL: ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;bd; cs;Ns my;yJ eilKi-
wapy; cs;s xd;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ ntspehl;bNyh> mfpykhfNth
my;y.
••gzpahsu;fs;: Ml;Nru;g;G> Nju;T> gapw;rp> tsu;r;rp> gjtp cau;T
kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd; ,og;gPL Mfpait epu;thf nray;ghL
MFk;.
••tup: njhopyhsu; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tzpf yhgq;fs; kPJ
murhq;fj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; my;yJ rpy nghUl;fs;> Nritfs;
kw;Wk; guptu;j;jidfSf;F nrytpw;F Nru;f;fg;gLk; mur
tUtha;f;F fl;lha gq;fspg;ghFk;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ru;tNjr kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs; ahit?
2. rpwg;G ikaq;fs; gw;wp tpupthd Fwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ru;tNjr kdpj tsj;jpd; Nkyhz;ikapd; nghUis tpupthf
tpsf;Ff.
2. cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikf;F ,ilNa
xU xg;gPl;L Ma;it tiuf.
14.9 NkYk; gbf;f


Nahju;> Nly; & gTy; D ];ld;Nlh`hu;. 1990. gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM)

Fwpg;Gfs;
gapw;rp. GJ jpy;yp: tpfh]; gg;sp\pq; `T]; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;.

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அழகப்பா பல்கைலக்கழகம்

ேதசியத் தர நிர்ணயக் ��வ�ன் �ன்றாம் �ற்�த் தர மதிப்ப�ட்�ல் A+(CGPA: 3.64) த�தி�ம்

காைரக்�� – 630 003

BCom-Human-Resource-Management-II.indd 1 5/8/2019 7:45:19 PM

“The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University”

Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

BCom-Human-Resource-Management-II.indd 2 5/8/2019 7:45:19 PM

gFjp – II: gzpahsu; Nju;T kw;Wk; gapw;rp

gFjp – III: Copau;fspd; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; rYiffs;

gFjp – IV: tsu;r;rp & Nkk;ghL

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BCom-Human-Resource-Management-II.indd 4 5/8/2019 7:45:19 PM

gFjp – I: kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;

myF 2 HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik 17–41

myF 3 kdpj ts jpl;lkply; 42–62

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gFjp – II: gzpahsu; Nju;T kw;Wk; gapw;rp

myF 6 Nju;njLj;jy; 94–119

myF 7 J}z;ly; 120–128

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myF 8 gapw;rp 129–153

gFjp – III: Copau;fspd; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; rYiffs;

myF 10 $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; 185–204

myF 11 Cf;fj;njhiffs; 205–229

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gFjp – IV: tsu;r;rp & Nkk;ghL

myF 13 gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; 256–281

myF 14 ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) 282–301

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myF 1 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;

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1.1 myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

1.2 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik: rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> Nehf;fk;

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1.2.1 HRM ,d; tpsf;fk;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs;

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glk; 1.1 gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ikapd; Nehf;fk;

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1.2.2 HRM gzpfs;

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1.2.3 HRM rthy;fs;

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1.3 kdpj ts nray;Kiwfs;

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf

1.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

12 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

BCom-Human-Resource-Management-II.indd 12 5/8/2019 7:45:20 PM

BCom-Human-Resource-Management-II.indd 13 5/8/2019 7:45:20 PM

14 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

BCom-Human-Resource-Management-II.indd 14 5/8/2019 7:45:21 PM

••Nkyhz;ik: ,J nray;fis my;yJ kf;fisf; ­ifahStijNah

1.7 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1.8 NkYk; gbf;f

BCom-Human-Resource-Management-II.indd 15 5/8/2019 7:45:21 PM

16 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

myF 2 HRM kw;Wk; gzpahsu; Nkyhz;ik 17–41

myF 3 kdpj ts jpl;lkply; 42–62

myF 6 Nju;njLj;jy; 94–119

myF 7 J}z;ly; 120–128

myF 8 gapw;rp 129–153

myF 10 $yp kw;Wk; Cjpak; 185–204

myF 11 Cf;fj;njhiffs; 205–229

myF 13 gzpahsu; mjpfhukspj;jy; 256–281

myF 14 ru;tNjr kdpj tsk; (HRM) 282–301

12 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

14 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

••Nkyhz;ik: ,J nray;fis my;yJ kf;fisf; ifahStijNah

16 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

18 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

26 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

40 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;