Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
by
Matthew J. O'Connell
Bachelor of Arts in Design of the Environment
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
May, 1989
MAR 2 0 1996
LIBRARIES
ABioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Samuel Johnson
1, YW.YMUjSlI
-161
- 760 000 .6
by Matthew J. O'Connell
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 5
0. Preface 6
1. Introduction 9
2. Design Process 25
3. Integrated Design 29
4. A Bioclimatic Approach 41
5. Architectural Knowlege 49
6. Systems Dynamics 65
7. Case Study Precedents 85
8. Design Innovation 101
9. Case Study Description 114
10. Conclusion 157
Bibliography 161
Notes 173
Figure Credits 177
Acknowledgements 180
I
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
C,L/ 41 C
I-'
Our traveling globe in galactic endlessness is divided into latitude and longitude.
With help of this grid, every point on the earth's surface has its number.
At the grid's intersections each receives nourishment, each creature receives its individual
technology, its structure formed and created by the clouds' movements, the wind's
strength, and the shifting positions of the sun.
On this organic mat, the acrobat (builder) attempts, with the help of instruments, to deceive
gravity and challenge death with every leap.
And when the perplexities of thought within your soul should create space on earth, arises
a duel with substance. Midst brutality's heat, beauty is born...
SVERRE FEH1N
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This thesis explores a holistic design process through which architectural elements
can engage the dynamic forces of natural phenomena and integrate the spatial
and temporal experience of building form with its physical environment.
This thesis emphasizes the use of scientific knowledge and computational tools in
the early processes of design in an attempt to investigate the manifestations of
physical energy -- light, air, and heat --in the building's final form. By addressing
these physical performance criteria as spatial influences during preliminary design,
this thesis supports an integrated framework for professional collaboration and
examines a cultural context for the application of architectural knowledge.
Preface
Introduction
...
........
RIcA.z:. Ww :,;g v
Introduction
XA aH -M-Et:CtR
£ 0
U0 CL
iI-
2-A
0
u2
SS
Fig. 4 Biometrics
14
Introduction
3500
3000
2500
-4
2000 - ~
1500
500~
J F MA M J J A S O N D
' (
(
I
/
I M/5 30*1.
WI WWW
6;'!
/
I
I I\ /
I
I 1100'.1. I
Fig. 8 Ken Yeang, Penggiran Apartments # 1,Airflow Sketch
Introduction
PARTIAL SECTION
9UILDING
20
Introduction
22
Introduction
23
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
-- DArcy Thompson
On Growth and Form
Design Process
27
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
7it 19
S061}{
28
Integrated Design
Integrated Design
Towards an Architecture of Elements
29
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
30
Integrated Design
i Jn l
ll i11;I
l 11
l -Il b | l '
32
Integrated Design
33
mY
..7
I.
....
JlK...
F...........
.. T...
.
34
Integrated Design
I
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
36
Integrated Design
37
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
.4g.
f g.,
' t!t.
........ ..
..
38
Integrated Design
39
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
COOL
of light
and
heat
building
for
Centre
TEMPERATE
ARID iN
hot
climates
Shaded in Centre of building for cool shading
TROPICAL
-
To provide ventilation
40
A Bioclimatic Approach
A Bioclimatic Approach
Redefining the Modern Vernacular
43
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
7
T~tELD5
ROAD
44
A Bioclimatic Approach
REGIONALISM
Preservation Restoration
I I
( ........-
- -~Hybrid Modem Regionalism ~~~~~~ )
A TAXONOMY OF RI-GIONALISM
46
A Bioclimatic Approach
I feel that the sceptre has all but passed from the
hands of the architects to the hands of the engineer,
and if it is ever to be the architect's again, [s]he must
take it from the engineer by force of superior virtue."
Architectural Knowledge
Learning Function through Form
Philosophy
50
Architectural Knowledge
53
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
55
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
PERFORMANCE
SBIC-
to building elements.
Volition Will to technology in- Will to technology is or- Will to technology is an aspect
(transcendence) volves tendency to turn dained by God or by of creativity, which tends to
away from God or the nature crowd out other aspects
gods
Activity Personal: Technical afflu- Personal: Technical activi- Personal: Technology engen-
(ethics) ence undermines individ- ties socialize individuals ders freedom but alienates
ual virtue Societal: Technology cre- from affective strength to exer-
Societal: Technical change ates public wealth cise it
weakens political stability Societal: Technology weakens
social bonds of affection
Objects Artifacts are less real than Nature and artifice operate Artifacts expand the process of
(metaphysics) natural objects and thus by the same mechanical life and reveal the sublime
require external guidance principles
62
Architectural Knowledge
63
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
-- Robert Reich
The Work of Nations 1
System Dynamics
Systems Dynamics
Principles of Behavior in Natural Phenomena
Energy
67
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
68
System Dynamics
69
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
70
System Dynamics
1: V v. Y
2.20
FRCE
DAMPING
SPRING
F)RGE 0.00,
FORCE
-2.20
Y DOT
72lin.- -
fVW---- / A
V V iLYA
0.00-
VV
-2.20
12.b0 18.00 24.00
Time
I
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
..
..
..
...
..
.
Velocity declines again to
zero, and then becomes
negative to represent left-
ward motion.
74
System Dynamics
(~j~2~ 2
I
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
82
System Dynamics
83
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Floor plans
Section
Analogy
Precedents
Fig. 44 Typical Boston Office Building, with identical facades despite different loads
86
Precedents
87
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Precedents
air exhausts
stack effect drives v l
ventilation on still days i daylighteners through
glass skin and atrium
on overcast days
t
occupantcontrols
solar energy enterrg space
using adjustablegrass fins
and retractable bl -Is
outer skin maintains
Z acoustical protectio-
summer bypass
darr-oin
- cosed position
to generate
cross ventilation
orofile
of building
allows sunlightto reach
ground-level garden 0outside air
drewn into building
deflectors protect
recepion from drasa
DAYLGHT ANDVENTILATION-NORMALCONDITIONS
glass fins
closed age t -3
A Iight deflectors
-. adjusted for deep
summerbypass damper penetration of sun t
automaticallyopens to
ror ef pressure and summer bypass
cool air in void damper closed
dampers closed
dampers open to let in air 5
- - against outside air:
infiltration preheated
heat rejection before it enters atrium
DAYS-
HOTSUMMER COLDWINTER
DAYS:
BUILDINGSYSTEMS BUILDINGSYSTEMS
INCOOLING
MODE INHEATING
MODE
DAYLIGHTAND VENTILATION-EXTREMECONDITIONS
89
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
31I-a
~
-~~ -- --
-- --
-
90
Precedents
......... ... I I(
92
Precedents
INNER PRIMARY
Fig. 51 Ken Yeang, China Tower #2,, Plan Diagram with Sunpath
Precedents
iTOWER
2 EMIND
COOL pm am
TEMPERATE pm am
ARID pm
TROPICAL pm am
1W
1 2
96
Precedents
97
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
98
Precedents
AIt
99
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
-- Marcel Proust
On Learning and Meaning, in
Minsky, The Society of Mind
sz oz Z- zC/) Z- Z
c U 92 W o D.
C.0
LU
Fig58 0 P 0
) 0 00- 0
a_> ) cU) V,)
94 -
TIME
100
Criteria for Innovation
101
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
.5
.11--t- -- L-. - t t
102
Criteria for Innovation
BOSTON COMPANY
Mechanical Section
103
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Boston, MA
ALL DOWNTOWN
TOTAL BUILDING RENTABLE AREA I TOTAL OFFICE RENTABLE AREA
52 BLDS 16,228,859 SQ. FT. 15,480.046 SQ. FT.
104
Criteria for Innovation
builder'o e
& Profit
exterior
space
coolingi
air handling
equipment
heating
plumbing/fire
el./lighting
I .. I
OCCUPANCY INFO. I .. BLDS elevators
105
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
106
Criteria for Innovation
3500 - ~
3000 - - -
2500 -
C
' 2000-~ ~
E
i 1500 d)
E
E
1000 - - -~-.-.--.-
k.n
0n
500
In
J F M A M
Summer Rate
* Actual Demand
* Billing Demand
107
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
108
Criteria for Innovation
Hot Water 2%
Elevators 2% 5%
Rest 1%
Total Consumption/Yr = 8,075,824 KWH/YR
27,562,787 MBTU/Yr = 86 MBTU/gross sq. ft./yr.
109
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
COST COMPARAISON
PER 6000 BURNING HOURS
AC ~UAL
SA'INGS
57
81% E ME
20%
1%
8%
11% ~ 22%
6X COMPACT
INCANDESCENT FLUORESCENT
LAMP LAMP
LAMP i MAINTENANCE % ENERGY
110
Criteria for Innovation
111
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
112
Case Study Design Proposal
113
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
.
Fig. 71 Boston
-. ..... ................ ..
=.......
-.. . ..
'... ..**.*.**..****.........
...-......
.............
...............
...............
..'- ******...
*.*.*****......
.-.*.-.ee .-
'.*.-.
* ee e
" * ~, * = =n e +-e... ..-
...-----
e-...
114
Case Study Design Proposal
115
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
116
Case Study Design Proposal
JAN. FEB MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT NOV. DEC.
I
Temperature
100
90C
-- JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE .ELY AUG. $EPT OCT. NOV DEC.
to
Relative Humidity 70
60
'0
RH F MAR APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Wind Speed
20E
16
'4
-
-'
MPH JAN FEB. MAR APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC.
100
Sunshine
0 -4
6C --
JA .LAG....
JAN FES MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE LYAUG SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Degree Days
117
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
30
25
20
15
10
-10
-15
-20
10 20 31 10 2023 10 20 31 10 20 30 10 20 31 10 20 30 10 20 31 10 20 31 10 20 30 10 20 31 10 20 30 10 20 31
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
118
Case Study Design Proposal
CONVENTIONAL DEHUMIDIFICATION
AND AIR CONDITIONING
20%
CONVENTIONAL
<--AIR '
CONDITIONING
\ HIGH THERMAL
MASS WITH NIGHT
VENTILATION
(CONVECTIVE COOLING)
0%
O* 120
'ORATIVE COOLING
Day Day
Hours Hours
Night Night
Day Day
Hours Hours
Night Night
Effect of thermal Compound
insulation on the effect.
fictional wall.
119
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
120
Case Study Design Proposal
121
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
122
Case Study Design Proposal
123
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
................................-
D - -
- - -- . -... -[-.~.
Fig. 86 Intermediate Floor Plan, showing corner elements and South Mezzanine
124
Case Study Design Proposal
Strange Attractor
125
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
126
Case Study Design Proposal
127
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
128
Case Study Design Proposal
129
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
130
Case Study Design Proposal
131
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
132
Case Study Design Proposal
133
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
K>
~*iiv
134
Case Study Design Proposal
135
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
136
Case Study Design Proposal
137
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
138
Case Study Design Proposal
.~~ . . ..........
4-.
- ,
M
--x
-.. . --- -.
M.M.
S N Showng.Ofic
I-.-..
.8
B-
....
...........
..... ...
...
x ...
J.II
-M
x.-.-
-
o
4
...
...
.......
-...
..
...........
..
14,e
8139
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
140
Case Study Design Proposal
141
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
142
Case Study Design Proposal
143
A Biocimatic Approach to Integrated Design
144
Case Study Design Proposal
145
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
146
Case Study Design Proposal
147
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
I I C.I - -%
1
I f * .
I S
I * ....
I I *. . :1
* * I K.
.....;~
...
.. ......
----.
-----
--
------
. .. .
. .
148
Case Study Design Proposal
149
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
~47~-f?~sXUW
-.i~d~ ::pf 1t~F~VL'M~ + "AW"
RpA
~~1W
FA4
%AM
150
Case Study Design Proposal
151
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Average 3.6 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.4 3.3 3.1 4.
Minimum 2.6 3.0 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.3 3.7 2.4 2.0 4.
Maximum 4.6 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.2 4.2 3.9 4.
Daily Min
(deg C) -5.8 -5.0 -0.4 4.6 9.9 15.1 18.4 17.8 13.8 8.3 3.5 -2.9 6.
Daily Max
(deg C) 2.1 3.1 7.7 13.3 19.2 24.6 27.7 26.6 22.7 17.1 11.2 4.7 15.
Record Lo
(deg C) -24.4 -20.0 -14.4 -8.9 1.1 7.2 10.0 8.3 3.3 -2.2 -9.4 -21.7 -24.
Record Hi
(deg C) 17.2 21.1 27.2 34.4 35.0 37.8 38.9 38.9 37.8 32.2 25.6 22.8 38.
HDD Base=
18.3C 627 540 454 282 123 18 0 3 40 178 328 541 313
CDD Base=
18.3C 0 0 0 0 6 63 147 122 37 3 0 0 37
Rel Hum
percent 62 62 63 63 67 68 68 71 72 68 67 65 6
Wind Spd.
(m/s) 6.2 6.1 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.9 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.8 6.1 5.
152
Case Study Design Proposal
Fig. 124 Human Scaled Elements Fig. 126 Solar Collector with Oil Conduit, heated to 700 'F
153
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
154
Case Study Design Proposal
Fig. 129 Wind Velocity Profile Fig. 130 Model from West showing vertical layering
155
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
--Stymean Karlen
156
Conclusion
Conclusion
The purpose of this Thesis was to explore the interac-
tion of building form and environmental dynamics
using as a theoretical basis the writings of Gottfried
Semper on function in design. By extending this
conceptual framework and addressing contemporary
scientific knowledge, this exercise has proved fruitful
in characterizing several technical issues as architec-
tural questions.
157
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
158
Conclusion
159
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
160
Bibliography
Bibliography
Ambrose, James. and Vergun, Dimitry. Simplified Building Design for Wind and
Earthquake Forces, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, A Wiley-Interscience
Pub., ci 990.
American Architecture : Innovation and Tradition : The Temple Hoyne Buell Center
for the Study of American Architecture. New York: Rizzoli, ci 986.
Bastlund, Knud. Jos6 Luis Sert; Architecture, City Planning, Urban Design. New
York, Praeger [1967].
Becker, Jonathan. Energy Audit: A State by State Profile of Energy Consumption and
Conservation. , Public Citizen, Washington, DC, 1992.
Bjorhovde, Reidar., Disque, Robert 0. and Geschwindner, Louis F. Load and Resis-
tance Factor Design of Steel Structures. Englewood Hills, New Jersey: Prentice-
Hall, c1994.
161
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Borden, lain. Energy Efficient Design : A Guide to Energy Efficiency and Solar
Application in Building Design. New York: United Nations, 1991.
Briggs, John. and Peat, F. David. Turbulent Mirror : An Illustrated Guide to Chaos
Theory and the Science of Wholeness. New York: Harper & Row Pub., ci 971.
Briggs, John. Fractals : The Patters of Chaos : Discovering a New Aesthetic of Art,
Science, and Nature. London ; New York: Simon & Schuster, A Touchstone Book,
c1 992.
Brown, G. Z. Sun, Wind, and Light : Architectural Design Strategies. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, c1985.
Browning, William D. and Romm, Joseph J. Greening the Building and the Bottom
Line : Increasing Productivity Through Energy-Efficient Design. Colorado : Rocky
Mountain Institute, C1994.
Bryan, E.R. The Stresses Skin Design of Steel Buildings. New York: John Wiley &
Sons, A Halsted Press Book, ci 973.
Cold-Formed Steel in Tall Buildings : Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
New York: McGraw-Hill, ci 993.
162
Bibliography
Coull, Alex. and Smith, Bryan Stafford. Tall Building Structures : Analysis and De-
sign. New York: John Wiley & Sons, A Wiley-Interscience Pub., C1991.
Cox, Harold Leslie. The Design of Structures of Least Weight. [1st ed.]. Oxford,
New York, Pergamon Press [1965].
Davies, Colin. British Pavilion Seville Exposition 1992: Nicholas Grimshaw and
Partners. London : Phaidon Press Ltd., c1992.
Dutton, Hugh. and Rice, Peter. Le Verre Structural. Paris : Editions du Moniteur,
ci 990.
163
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Eggen, Arne Petter. and Sandaker, Bjorn Normann. The Structural Basis of Archi-
tecture. New York: Whitney Library of Design, Watson-Guptill Pub., ci 992.
Energy & Economics: Strategies for Office Building Design : A Guidebook for
Architects, Engineers, Developers, Facilities Planners and Owners. [Hartford,
Conn.] : Northeast Utilities, [1988].
Flavin, Christopher. Energy and Architecture : The Solar and Conservation Poten-
tial. [Washington, D.C. : Worldwatch Institute], 1980.
164
Bibliography
Fry, Maxwell. Architecture and the Environment. London : Allen & Unwin, 1976.
Gjertsen, Derek. Science and Philosophy: Past and Present. London : Penguin
Group, c1989.
Gleason, David King. Over Boston. London ; Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univer-
sity Press, c1985.
Groak, Steven. The Idea of Building : Thought and Action in the Design and Pro-
duction of Buildings. London : E & FN Spon, Chapman & Hall, ci 992.
Guise, David. Design and Technology in Architecture. Rev. ed. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, c1991.
Halldane, John F. Design Integration for Minimal Energy and Cost. London; New
York: Elsevier Applied Science, 1989.
Hubka, Thomas C., Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn: The Connected
Farm Buildings of New England, Hanover: University Press, 1984.
165
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Isakson, Hans Robert. Making the Most of Energy in Real Estate : Relevant Energy
Facts for Real Estate Developers, Builders, Lenders, Appraisers, and Brokers.
Springfield, Va. , 1978.
Josep Lluis Sert : His Work and Ways. Tokyo: Process Architecture ; New York:
Exclusive Distributor, Van Nostrand Reinhold, ci 982.
Kovdk, Juraj. Steel Concrete Structures for Multistorey Buildings. London ; New
York: Elsevier Applied Science, c1991.
Kunstler, James Howard. The Geography of Nowhere : The Rise and Decline of
America's Man-Made Landscape. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
Lechner, Norbert. Heating, Cooling, Lighting : Design Methods for Architects. New
York: John Wiley & Sons, A Wiley-Interscience Pub., c1991.
Lee, George C. The Design of Single Story Rigid Frames. Cleveland, Ohio: Metal
Building Manufacturers Association. ci 981.
Lobell, John. Between Silence and Light : Spirit in the Architecture of Louis 1.Kahn.
Boulder: Shambhala, 1979.
Lovins, Amory. Green Architecture: Vaulting the Barriers. Rocky Mountain Institute,
Snowmass, CO, 1992.
166
Bibliography
MacDonald, Angus J. Wind Loading on Buildings. New York : John Wiley & Sons, A
Halsted Press Book, c1975.
Meyer, William T. Energy Economics and Building Design. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1983.
Minsky, Marvin. The Society of Mind. London; New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., A
Touchstone Book, c1986.
Mitcham, Carl. Thinking Through Technology : The Path Between Engineering and
Philosophy. London ; Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, c1 994.
167
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Parker, Harry. Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders, 7th ed. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, A Wiley-Interscience Pub., ci 989.
Passive Solar Energy in Buildings. London ; New York: Published on behalf of the
Watt Committee on Energy by Elsevier Applied Science; New York, NY, USA:
Elsevier Science Pub. Co., ci 988.
Powell, Robert. Ken Yeang : Rethinking the Environmental Filter. Singapore: Land-
mark Books, ci 989.
Prasad, Deo K. and Samuel, Robert. Global Warming and the Built Environment.
London: E & FN Spon, Chapman & Hall, c1994.
168
Bibliography
Quantrill, Malcolm. The Environmental Memory: Man and Architecture in the Land-
scape of Ideas. New York: Schocken Books, 1987.
Romm, Joseph, and Browning, William. Greening the Building and the Bottom Line:
Increasing Productivity Through Energy Efficient Design. Rocky Mountain Institute,
Snowmass, CO, 1994.
Romm, Joseph J. Lean and Clean Management: How to Boost Profits and Produc-
tivity by Reducing Pollution. New York: Kodansha International, c1 994.
Schaal, Rolf. Curtain Walls; Design Manual. New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp. [1962].
Shanus, Michael, et. al., "Going Beyond the Perimeter with Daylight" Lighting
Design and Application, March 1984.
169
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Solar Architecture. Tokyo : Process Architecture Pub. Co. ; Westfield, N.J., Distrib-
uted by Eastview Editions, 1978.
Structural Connections : Stability and Strength. London ; New York : Elsevier Ap-
plied Science, c1989.
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
New York: McGraw-Hill, c1995.
The Design Professions and the Built Environment. New York: Nichols, 1988.
Tippens, Paul E. Applied Physics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, c1 978.
170
Bibliography
Vale, Brenda. Towards a Green Architecture : Six Practical Case Studies. London:
RIBA Publication, c1991.
Vivoni Farage, Enrique. A Measure of Silence : Louis I. Kahn and the Transforma-
tion of the Wall. 1985.
Vogel, Steven. Life in Moving Fluids: The Physical Biology of Flow. Boston, MA:
Willard Grant Press, c1981.
Waldrop, M. Mitchell. Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and
Chaos. London; New York: Simon & Schuster, A Touchstone Book, c1992.
Wolff, Robert S. and Yaeger, Larry. Visualization of Natural Phenomena. New York
: Springer-Verlag, ci 993.
171
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
172
Notes
Notes
Introduction
173
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Chapter 4
174
Notes
Chapter 5
1 Tafuri, Manfredo The Sphere and the Labyrinth trans. P. d'Ancierno and
R. Connoly, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987
2 Angelil, Marc "The Construction of a Meta-Physical Structure: Truth and
Utility inl 9th Century Architectural Theory" Modulus 22 Princeton
Architectural Press, New York, 1993.
3 both John Ruskin and E.E. Viollet-le-Duc were strongly supportive of
traditional craftsmanship, and Ruskin resisted the overt introduction
of new construction techniques.
4 Leatherbarrow, David The Roots of Architectural Invention Cambridge
University Press, New York, 1993.
5 Rykwert, Joseph "Semper and the Conception of Style" Gottfried Semper,
gta 18, Schriftenreihe des Instituts fur Geschichte und Theorie der
Architecktur, ETH, Zurich, 1974.
6 Angelil, Marc, op.cit.
7 Herrmann, Wolfgang Gottfried Semper: In Search of Architecture MIT
Press, Cambridge, MA 1989.
8 Leatherbarrow, David, op.cit.
9 Leatherbarrow, David, op.cit.
10 Herrmann, Wolfgang, pop.cit.
11 Leatherbarrow, David, op.cit.
12 Hvattum, Mari "Gottfried Semper: towards a comparative science of
architecture" Architecture Research Quarterly Vol. 1,August 1995.
Chapter 6
1 Reich, Robert The Work of Nations Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1991.
2 Waldrop, Mitchell Complexity: The Emerging Science of Chaos at the
Edge of Order and Chaos Simon and Schuster, New York, 1992.
3 Waldrop, Mitchell, op.cit.
4 Fermi, Enrico Thermodynamics Dover Press, New York, 1936.
5 or another way, this law of nature says "you can't unscramble an egg".
6 Waldrop, Mitchell, op.cit.
7 Prigogine, Ilya From Being to Becoming W.H. Freeman, San Francisco,
1980.
8 Waldrop, Mitchell, op.cit.
175
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
176
Figure Credits
Figure Credits
Figure Source
177
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
178
Figure Credits
179
A Bioclimatic Approach to Integrated Design
Acknowlegements
Cambridge, MA
January 1996.
180