SHREE SATHYAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY, SANKARI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE 8501-Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete Elements

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER

PREPARED BY

Mr.G.VENKATESH M.E.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
SSCET Sankari, Salem.
 UNIT I – Methods of Design of Concrete Structures
1) What are the assumptions made in the elastic theory of reinforced concrete sections?
(April/May 2015)
 At any cross section plane before bending will remain plane after bending.
 Stress- strain relationship of steel and concrete under working loads is a straight
line.
 All tensile stress are taken up by the reinforcement.
 Modular ratio ‘m’ has the value of 280/3σcbc.

2) Why Corner reinforcements are provided in a two way slab? (April/ May 2015)
Corner reinforcements are provided in a two way slab in terms of torsional
reinforcement at any corner where the slab is simply supported on both edges meeting at that
corner and is prevented from lifting, unless the consequences of cracking are negligible.

3) What is the advantage of elastic method? (Nov/Dec 2014)

 It has the advantage of simplicity both in concept as well as application.

 Design usually result in relatively large sections of structural members.
 Structures designed by working stress method gives better serviceability
performance.

4) Write any two assumptions of limit state method. (Nov/Dec 2014)

 Plane section normal to the axis of the number remain plane after bending.
 Strain distribution is linear.
 Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

5) What is the main concept of Elastic method? (May/June 2014)

Elastic method is based on elastic theory of RC section. In elastic theory, the materials
are assumed to behave in linear elastic manner and the required safety is ensured by restricting
the stresses in concrete and steel to permissible stresses obtained by suitable factor of safety.

6) Write any two assumptions of working stress method. (May/June 2014)

 Stress- strain relationship of steel and concrete under working loads is a straight
line.
 All tensile stresses are taken up by reinforcement.

7) What is the basic concept of Ultimate Load method? (Nov/Dec 2013)

Ultimate load method was introduced in RC design to overcome the defects in working
stress method and later modified as load factor method. In this method strength of RC section
at working load is estimated from the ultimate strength of the section.

Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
8) “The working stress method is unrealistic in many ways” – Justify with any two points.
(Nov/Dec 2013)

 This method deals only with the elastic behaviour of the member.
 It neither gives the real strength nor the true FOS of the structure against failure.
 Modular ratio is itself an imaginary quantity because of creep and non-linear stress-
strain relationship of concrete does not have a definite modulus of elasticity.

9) Enlist the different factors that are influencing the durability of concrete as per BIS.
(May/June 2013)

The factors influencing durability include:

 The environment
 The cover to embedded steel
 The type and quality of constituent material
 The cement content and water\ cement ratio of the concrete
 The shape and size of the concrete

10) What is meant by modular ratio? (Nov/Dec 2012)

It is defined as the ratio of elastic modulus of steel to that of concrete.

Es
𝑚=
Ec

Ec- 5000√fck (# 6.2.3.1, IS 456:2000, Pg: 16)

Es- 2.1x10ˆ5 N\mm2

11) What is the expression recommended by the IS 456-2000 for modulus of elasticity?
(Nov/Dec 2012)

Es
𝑚=
Ec

Es- 2.1x10ˆ5 N\mm2

Ec- 5000√fck (# 6.2.3.1, IS 456:2000, Pg: 16)

12) How are the safety margins assigned in elastic method and ultimate load method?
(May/June 2012)

13) How does Limit State method of design differ from Working Stress method of design?
(Nov/Dec 2010)

 Limit state method advances over the working stress method of design.
 Limit state method of design considers safety at ultimate loads and
serviceability at working loads while the WSM deals only with serviceability
such as deflection, crack, etc.

Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
14) What do you understand by characteristic strength of material? (April/ May 2010)

Characteristic strength of concrete is defined as the value of the strength below which
not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fail. The compressive strength of the
concrete is given in terms of characteristic strength of 150mm size cubes tested at 28 days (fck).
(or)
Characteristic strength of a material (ie, steel or concrete) which has been established
by testing and standard body, a defined percentage of material samples, when tested exhibit
strength at (or) above the characteristic value.

15) Write down the partial safety factor for (a) concrete (b) steel. (Nov/Dec 2007)

a) Partial safety factor for concrete is 1.5

b) Partial safety factor for steel is 1.15

16) What are the Codal provisions for minimum reinforcement to be provided as main
reinforcement and secondary reinforcement in slab and their maximum spacing? (Nov/Dec 2007)

Minimum reinforcement: (# 26.5.2.1, Pg 48, IS456:2000)

For mild steel < 0.15% bD
For HYSD bars < 0.12% bD

Maximum spacing: (# 26.3.3, pg 46, IS456:2000)

Minimum reinforcement spacing smaller of (i) 300mm or (ii) 3d
Distribution reinforcement spacing smaller of (i) 450mm or (i) 5d

17) What are the different methods used in design of reinforced concrete members?

 Methods of theoretical calculations.

o Modular ratio\ elastic method\ working stress method.
o Load factor method.
o Limit state method.
 Methods of experimental investigations.

18) Why is the prescribed value of modular ratio ‘m’ of any grade of concrete much greater
than those obtained by formula?

19) What are the different types of loads that have to be considered in the design of a building?

 Dead loads
 Imposed loads\ live loads
 Wind and snow loads
 Seismic loads
 Combination of the above loads

20) State the important factors to be considered while designing structural elements.

Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
21) Draw the stress- strain curve for various grades of steel.
Stress- strain curve for mild steel Stress- strain curve for cold- worked deformed bars

22) Why is a greater factor of safety adopted for concrete than for steel in Working Stress
Method?

23) Define Lever arm.

Lever arm is defined as the distance between the compressive force and the tensile
force. It is denoted by ‘j’.
j = 1-n
3

24) Discuss the merits & demerits of Working Stress method.

Merits
 It has the advantage of simplicity both in concept as well as in application.
 Design usually result in relatively large sections of structural members.
 Structures designed by WSM gives better serviceability performance.

Demerits
 Methods deal only with the elastic behaviour of the member.
 It neither gives the real strength nor the true FOS of the structure against failure.
 Modular ratio is itself an imaginary quantity because of creep and non-linear
stress- strain relationship of concrete does not have a definite modulus of
elasticity.

25) Define Factor of safety. What is the FOS for concrete & Steel?

Factor of safety is defined as the ratio of ultimate load a member can carry to the
working load on the member.
(or)
It is defined as the ratio of strength of the material to the permissible stresses in it.
Factor of safety for concrete is 3
Factor of safety for steel is 1.8
Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
 UNIT-II – LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

2 MARKS

1) Enumerate/What is meant by doubly reinforced beam?

(April/May 2015, Nov/Dec 2014, May/June 2014, May/June 2013)
Steel reinforcements are provided on both tension and compression zone of RC
flexural member is known as doubly reinforced beam.

2) What is the advantage of two way slabs over one way slab?
(Nov/Dec 2014, May/June 2014)
When a slab is supported on any two opposite supports, it is said to be one way
slab and if supported on all four sides it is said to be two-way slabs. One way slabs are
normally used when the length to breadth ratio of the room is greater than 2 and the short
span does not exceed 3.5 m.
In two way slabs the load is divided on all the supports and the slabs has a
tendency to bend into the shape of a dish. Such slabs can be preferred for spans more than
3.5 m upto 7.5 m. Here the bending moments on both the directions are considered whereas
in one way slabs bending in longitudinal direction is neglected.

3) Draw yield line pattern for a one way slab with simply supported edge conditions.
(Nov/Dec 2013)

4) Sketch the edge & middle strip of one way slab.( May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2012)

5) List the advantages of limit state design.(Nov/Dec 2012)

 In this method the structure shall be designed to withstand the safety all loads liable to
act on it throughout its life.
 The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not
become unfit for the use for which it is indented that is, that will be not reaching a limit
state.
 The structure will be designed for safe against durability and serviceability
requirements.
 Limit state method is the combination of working stress and ultimate load methods.
 In this method partial safety factor is considered on both loads and material stresses.
 This method is advance over other two methods, since safety and serviceability are
considered.
Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
6) Distinguish between under reinforced and over reinforced sections.(Nov/Dec 2012)

Under reinforced section Over reinforced section

 Quantity of steel provided is less when
compared to that of balanced section.
 Actual neutral axis is less the critical
neutral axis.
 A beam reaches its permissible stress in
steel under the working moment before
concrete reaches its stress.
 Quantity of steel provided is more when
compared to that of balanced section.
 Actual neutral axis is greater the critical
neutral axis.
 A beam reaches its permissible stress in
concrete under the working moment
before steel reaches its stress.

7) List out the factors that influence the moments developed in two-way rectangular
slabs. (May/June 2012)
Moments developed in the slab are influenced by the following factors:
(i) Short span length (Lx) and Long span length (Ly)
(ii) Type of surrounding edges such as free, fixed, continuous etc.,
(iii) Type of load such as concentrated, uniformly distributed, etc.,
(iv) Magnitude of the load

8) Distinguish between one way and two way Slabs.

One way slab Two way slab

 One way slab is supported by beams in
only 2 sides.
 The ratio of longer span panel (L) to
shorter span panel (B) is equal or
greater than 2. Thus, L/B >= 2.
 Main reinforcement is provided in only
one direction for one way slabs.
 Load is distributed in one direction
only.
 Two way slab is supported by beams in
all four sides.
 The ratio of longer span panel (L) to
shorter span panel (B) is less than 2.
Thus, L/B < 2.
 Main reinforcement is provided in both
the direction for two way slabs.
 Load is distributed in all four sides.

9) Define the term: Balanced Section.

 Concrete and steel reach their maximum permissible stresses simultaneously and the
moment of resistance can be calculated which yields the same value.
 Actual neutral axis coincide critical neutral axis in this section.

10) Define the term: Over reinforced Section.

 Quantity of steel provided is more when compared to that of balanced section. (or)
 A beam reaches its permissible stress in concrete under the working moment before
steel reaches its stress. (or)
 Actual neutral axis is greater the critical neutral axis.

Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
11) Define the term: Under reinforced Section.

 Quantity of steel provided is less when compared to that of balanced section. (or)
 A beam reaches its permissible stress in steel under the working moment before
concrete reaches its stress. (or)
 Actual neutral axis is less the critical neutral axis.

12) Define ‘Limit State’.

The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs
is called a ‘limit state’. The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure
will not become unfit for the use for which it is intended, that is, that it will not reach a limit
state.

13) What do you understand by Flanged Beams?

The concrete in the slabs, which is on the compression side of the beam (in the middle
portions of continuous beams), can be made to resist the compression forces, and the steel
in the tension side of the beam can carry the tension. These combined beam and slab units
are called Flanged beams.

14) List the types of beams based on structural application.

The types of beams based on structural application are as follows:
a. Rectangular beam
b. T beam
c. L beam

15) Why is necessary to provide transverse reinforcement in One way Slab?

(April/May 2010)

Since the one way slab bends in one direction and also in shorter direction, so it is
necessary to provide transvers reinforcement in one way slabs. These slabs adopted when
availability of two supports in one direction.
(OR)
In one way slab lateral stresses give rise to secondary moments in the transverse direction.
Hence one way slab will need secondary reinforcements in the transverse direction to resist
these secondary moments. Furthermore, bending moments in the transverse direction are
generated locally when the slab is subjected to concentrated loads. Also, shrinkage and
temperature effects introduce secondary stresses which requires transverse reinforcement.

16) Write down the basic values of span to effective depth ratios for different types of
beam.

 The basic ratios of span to effective depth of beams for span up to 10 m as (Clause
23.2.1)
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
  For spans above 10 m, the above values may be multiplied with 10/span in meters,
except for cantilevers where the deflection calculations should be made. Further, these
ratios are to be multiplied with the modification factor depending on reinforcement
percentage and type.

17) Draw the stress-strain curve for concrete in the limit state design for flexure.
(Nov/Dec 2007)

18) Sketch the Stress & Strain distribution diagram of RC beam in Limit State Method.

19) Write down the formulae for calculating effective width of flange in flanged beam

Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
20) What is the advantage of using under reinforced sections than over reinforced
sections?

It is advisable to design R.C. sections as balanced or under reinforced since there will
be clear warning of impending failure of the member in the form of larger deflections and
well distributed cracks with smaller quantities of reinforcement. Over reinforced sections
are not preferred since they require large quantities of reinforcement and the members
under over loads fail suddenly with explosive failures and with negligible deflections and
very few cracks.

21) State the different limit states considered in the design.

The different types of limit states are

a) Limit state of collapse
i. Flexure
ii. Compression
iii. Shear and Torsion
b) Limit state of serviceability
i. Deflection
ii. Cracking
c) Limit state of Durability
i. Fire resistance
ii. Environmental and chemical actions
iii. Resistance to accidental collapse

22) State the basic assumptions used in theory of bending as applied to limit state design
of RC Structures.(Nov/Dec 2010)

 Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.

 The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is taken as
0.0035 in bending.
 The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
 The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve
for the type of steel used. For design purposes the partial safety factor 𝛾 , equal to
1.15 shall be applied.
 The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not
be less than
𝒇𝒚
+. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝑬𝒔
Where,

𝑓𝑦= characteristic strength of steel

𝐸𝑠= modulus of elasticity of steel

Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
23) Mention any two advantages of introducing compression steel in reinforced concrete
beams. (May/June 2012)
 We introduce compression reinforcement for carry over the additional moments in the
beams.
 The safety against failure of beam due to additional bending moment the compression
reinforcement is provided.

24) Under what circumstances are doubly reinforced beams used in practice?
(Nov/Dec 2010, April/May 2010)
The depth of the beams may be restricted for architectural and/or functional
requirements. Doubly reinforced beams are designed if such beams of restricted depth are
required to resist moment more than its Mu, lim.
25) Sketch the edge and middle strip of a two way slab. (May/June 2009)

UNIT 3 – LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR BOND, ANCHORAGE, SHEAR &

TORSION

PART A

1) What is development length?

(April/May 2015, April/May 2010,Nov/Dec 2012, Nov/Dec2010, May/June
2009)
The reinforcement bar must extend in the anchorage zone concrete sufficiently,
to develop the required stress. The extended length of bar inside the face of the support
is known as development length. It is denoted by the symbol, Ld
∅𝜎𝑠
Development length, Ld=
4𝜏𝑏𝑑

Where, Φ – Nominal diameter of the bar

σs – Stress in bar @ s/c considered @ design load
τbd – design bond st
 2) Define flexural bond.( Nov/Dec 2014, May/June 2014)
The bond stress developed along the length of the bar in order to let the cross
section of the bar act together is termed as flexural bond
τb = V
Ɛojd
Where Ɛo – total perimeter of the bar
j - Lever arm factor
d –effective depth
τb – shear stress

3) How to overcome torsion on beams?( Nov/Dec 2014)

When torsion is present, different methods to overcome the torsion is done by
proper design as per Indian Standard Code. When torsion is prevent along with bending
shear, is recommends the use of equivalent shear for which the shear steels are calculated.
Again in Indian Standards when torsion is present as combined with bending, an
equivalent bending moment is calculated and reinforcement for this equivalent bending
moment is provided as longitudinal steel.

4) Define primary torsion.(May/June 2014)

Torsion induced by eccentric loading and equilibrium conditions alone
sufficient to determine the twisting moments is known as primary or equilibrium torsion

5) List down the types of shear failures observed in reinforced concrete member.
(April/May 2015)

(i) Shear – tension (Diagonal Tension)

(ii) Shear – bending (Flexure – Shear)
(iii) Shear – bond
(iv) Shear – Compression

6) Differentiate between shear failure and bending failure.(Nov/Dec 2013)

Shear failure observed in reinforced concrete structures are diagonal tension
failure, flexural shear failure, shear compression failure and shear bond failure.
Flexure or bending failure is commonly encountered in structural elements of
reinforced cement concrete (E.g.) beams and slabs which are transversely loaded. Flexure
usually occurs in combination with transverse shear and sometimes with axial
compression or shear.
 7) What do you understand by the term anchorage?(Nov/Dec 2013)
With modern high bond bars the mechanism of reinforcement anchorage is due
to:
(i) Adhesion of concrete and steel
(ii) Shear strength of concrete
(iii) Interlocking of ribs with concrete
Codes specify that, with high bond bars, the condition to be satisfied is that the
average resistance called the average bond stress, developed along the full length of the
bar embedded in the concrete, should be safe at ultimate loads.

8) Write down the effect of torsion in R.C. beams. (May/June 2013)

Many types of loadings produce torsion in RC members. The resultant torsion
may be classified as
(i) Primary/Equilibrium Torsion
(ii) Secondary/Compatibility Torsion

The first type is that which is required to maintain basic static equilibrium and
the second is the one required to maintain and compatibility condition between members.

In general that torsion in statically determinate structure is of the equilibrium type and
torsion in statically-indeterminate structures may be of either of equilibrium or the
compatibility type. In statically determinate structures, loads are distributed in more than
one path, hence torsional effect is minor. But in structures where the major load is applied
unsymmetrically torsion has to be considered carefully.

9) Write about local bond and anchorage length.(May/June 2013)

Local bond- The bond stress developed along the length of the bar in order to let the
cross section of the bar act together is termed as flexural or local bond. Adhesion and
friction are the main components of local bond in a mild steel smooth bars.
τb = V
Ɛojd
Anchorage length - Anchorage length is defined as embedded portion of the bar in
concrete, but not subjected to any flexural bond. (OR) Anchorage length is defined as
the length of bar necessary to develop the full strength of the bar.

10) Why is it necessary to provide minimum shear reinforcement in RC beams?

(Nov/Dec 2010)

 Prevent the brittle shear failure which can occur without stirrups.
 Holds the reinforcement in proper position while pouring the concrete.
 Prevents the failure that can be caused by tension due to shrinkage and thermal stress in
the beam.
 Acts as the necessary ties for the compression steel and make them effective.
 Safeguard against any sudden failure of a beam if concrete over burst and the bond to
tension steel is lost.
11) What are the types of reinforcements used to resist shear force and write down the
expression for shear resistance offered by each type?(Nov/Dec 2007, April/May 2010)
a) Vertical stirrups
Spacing between stirrups can be calculated by using the following expression
 Sv from the formula, Asv ≥ 0.4 (or)
bSv 0.87 fy

Sv = 0.87 fy Asvd , whichever is smaller

Vus
b) Inclined stirrups and bent up bars

1. For inclined stirrups or a series of bars bent up at different cross-section

Sv = 0.87 fy Asvd (sin 𝛼 + cos 𝛼)
Vus
Sv = 0.87 fy Asvd sin 𝛼
Vus
Where, Strength of shear reinforcements, Vus = Vu- τcbd
α – angle between inclined stirrups or bent up bars and axis of member not less
than 45o
Asv – c/s area of one stirrup
fy – characteristic strength of stirrup
b- Width of beam
d- Effective depth of beam
Sv- stirrup spacing
12) Compute the development length of 28mm diameter steel rods in tension zone.
(Nov/Dec 2007)
Development length, Ld = φσs
4τbd
Nominal diameter of bar, ɸ = 28mm
Stress in bar at the section considered at design load = 0.87fy

From Clause no.26.2.1.1, IS 456:2000,

For M20 concrete, design bond stress, τc = 1.2 N/mm2
For Fe 415 steel, τbd increased by 60%,
Development length, Ld = 28x361.05 =1316.33mm 1320mm
4x1.2x1.6
13) What do you mean by equilibrium torsion? (Nov/Dec 2008)
Torsion induced by eccentric loading and equilibrium condition alone sufficient
to determine twisting moment is known as equilibrium torsion.

14) What is the IS code provision for maximum spacing of vertical stirrups in RC
beams? (May/June 2008)
Spacing between stirrups in RC beams in a minimum of following 4 cases
i) Spacing, Sv =0.87fyAsvd
Vus
ii) Sv=2.175fyAsv
b
iii) Sv= 0.75d
iv) Sv= 450mm where, Strength of shear reinforcements, Vus= Vu- τcbd Asv – cross sectional area
of one stirrup
b- Width of beam
d – Effective depth of beam
Sv- Stirrups spacing
fy- characteristics strength of stirrups
15) Distinguish between flexural bond and development bond. (May/June 2008)
Flexural bond
The bond stress developed along the length of the bar in order to let the cross
section of the bar act together is termed as flexural bond
τb = V
Ɛojd
Ɛo – total perimeter of the bar
j- lever arm factor
d –effective depth
τb – shear stress
Anchorage or development bond
It arises over the length of anchorage provided for a bar or near to the end of the
reinforcing bar.

16) Define anchorage bond?

All types of reinforcement must be anchored within the concrete section,
in order that the anchorage bond should be sufficient to develop the stress in the bar.
The anchorage depends on the bond between the bar & concrete and the area of contact.

17) What are the purposes of providing shear reinforcement in a beam?

 Shear reinforcement carries a part of shear due to the truss action.
 It limits the diagonal tension cracks.
 It provides support to the longitudinal bars which is being crossed by the shear
crack.
 It increases the strength of the concrete.

18) Name the locations in beam where the development lengths of tension bars should
be checked?
At beams, the development lengths should be checked at the sections where,
 Maximum bending moment occurs
 Point of curtailment
 Point of inflation.

19) How beams are designed for shear?

RC beams are designed to resist the shear forces resulting from external loads
after determination of bending reinforcement. Steel stirrups to be provided to resist
shear force whenever the nominal shear capacity of concrete is inadequate.
 UNIT – 4 – LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS 2 MARKS

1) Differentiate long column and short column. (April/May 2015)

Long Column:
 A column is considered as a long column when the slenderness ratio (i.e.,)
effective length to the least lateral dimensions is greater than 12.
 Long Column fails by buckling.
Short Column:
 A column is considered as a short column when the slenderness ratio (i.e.,)
effective length to the least lateral dimensions is less than or equal to 12.
 Short column fails by crushing or compression.
2) What are the advantages of providing helical reinforcement instead of lateral
ties in a circular column? (April/May 2015)
For spirally reinforced columns, once the ultimate load is reached, the
concrete shell covering the spiral starts to peel off. Only then, the spiral comes to
action by providing a confining force to the concrete core, thus enabling the column
to sustain large deformations before final collapse occurs.
(OR)
Moreover, when the columns reach the failure state, the concrete outside
hoops cracks and falls off firstly, followed by the eventual failure of the whole
columns. The peeling off of concrete outside helical reinforcement provides a
warning signal before the sudden failure of columns
3) Define overturning on columns. ( Nov/Dec 2014)

4) On what conditions intermediate column is more suitable? ( Nov/Dec 2014)

If the ratio of the effective length to the least lateral dimension of the column
is more than 12, the column is known as long column. For long columns failure load
is characterized by buckling or instability.
If the ratio of the effective length to the least lateral dimension of the column
is less than or equal to 12, the column is known as short column. For short columns
failure load is characterized by yielding.

Mr.G.VENKATESH, AP/Civil
 Column with lengths that are between the short and long column is defined
as intermediate column. Intermediate columns fail both by yielding and buckling.
Hence, in situations where yielding and buckling are predominate, the column should
be designed as an intermediate column.
5) Write any two support conditions of columns. (May/June 2014)
Effective length of a column (Lo) is the height of the column which is
dependent on the bracing and end or support conditions. Seven types of end or
support conditions may be visualized. Two of the support conditions are given
below:
(i) Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation in both ends.
Theoretical value of effective length = 0.50 Lo
(ii) Effectively held in position at both ends, restrained against rotation at one
end. Theoretical value of effective length = 0.70 Lo
6) On what conditions long column is more suitable? (May/June 2014)
If the ratio of the effective length to the least lateral dimension of the
column is more than 12, the column is known as long column. For long columns
failure load is characterized by buckling or instability.
Hence, in situations where buckling is predominate, the column should be
designed as long column.
7) What is the formula used in the Bresler’s Load Contour method of approach
for short columns subjected to axial load and biaxial bending? ( Nov/Dec 2013)
This method is based on the concept of a failure surface which is the envelope
of a number of interaction curves for different axes of bending of a column.
The design interaction equation is expressed as:

8) What is pedestal? (May/June 2013)

A column is a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds
three times the least lateral dimension. The term pedestal is used to describe the
vertical compression member whose effective length is less than three times its least
lateral dimension.
9) Write down the expression for minimum eccentricity for design of columns.
(May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2010)
10) What are braced column? ( Nov/Dec 2012, May/June2009)
A column prevented from side sway is called as braced column. Lateral loads
are resisted by walls or some other form of bracing.
As per American Concrete Institute (ACI), stability index ‘Q’ of a column in
frames can be used to classify whether the column is braced or unbraced.
Stability index, Q<0.04; braced column in frames.
11) Distinguish between braced and unbraced columns. (May/June 2012)
In certain situations columns may be subjected to lateral loads like wind or
earthquake forces. Thus the columns have to be planned to sustain the lateral loads.
This is done by joining the columns by a structure called bracings or by providing a
shear wall.
In columns wherein provision is made to take the lateral load by bracings or
by shear walls are called braced columns. Whereas unbraced columns are ones which
are to resist the lateral load in addition to vertical load.
12) Name any two methods used for design of long columns. (May/June 2012)
All Codes use the moment magnification method for the design of long
columns. This method considers the additional moment caused by the deflection of
a slender elastic beam column in the presence of an axial load and is based on limit
state method.
Reduction Coefficient method is also recommended by Code for working
stress method which is based on allowable stresses in steel and concrete.

13) Distinguish between unsupported length and effective length of columns.

(Nov/Dec 2014)
Effective length is defined as the distance between the points of inflection in
the buckled configuration of the column in that plane. It depends on the unsupported
length l and the effective length ratio, k, which depends on the end condition. That
is Le = kl
Unsupported length is the clear distance between the floor and the shallower
beam framing into the columns in each direction at the next higher floor level.
14) What is meant by short and long columns? (April/May 2010, May/June 2007)
Long Column:
 A column is considered as a long column when the slenderness ratio (i.e.,)
effective length to the least lateral dimensions is greater than 12.
 Long Column fails by buckling.
 Short Column:
 A column is considered as a short column when the slenderness ratio (i.e.,)
effective length to the least lateral dimensions is less than or equal to 12.
 Short column fails by crushing or compression.
15) What are the functions of lateral ties in columns?
(April/May 2010, May/June2008)
Lateral ties are provided to do the following foundations:
(i) To prevent the buckling of individual bars.
(ii) To confine the concrete.
(iii) To keep the main bars in position while concreting.

16) According to I.S. Code “All columns should be designed for minimum
eccentricity” – Justify the statement. (Nov/Dec 2007)
IS 456-2000, Clause No: 25.4 specifies that all columns should be designed
for minimum eccentricity, emin due to the following reasons:
(i) Lateral loads such as wind and seismic loads are not considered in
design.
(ii) Misalignment in construction
(iii) Slenderness effects not considered in design.
(iv) Accidental lateral or eccentric loads.
17) What is eccentrically loaded column?
An eccentrically loaded column transmits the compressive force with an
explicit design requirement to carry lateral loads or end moments.

18) What is uniaxial bending? (May/June 2007)

A column is subjected to eccentric load along one axis only. Such a column
is said to be under uniaxial bending.
(OR)
The moment due to load transferred from one direction of column is called
as uniaxial bending.
19) What is biaxial bending? (May/June 2007)
A column is subjected to eccentric load along both X and Y axes. Such a
column is said to be under biaxial bending.
(OR)
The moment due to load transferred from both direction of column is called
as biaxial bending.
 20) What are the specifications for pitch of lateral ties in columns? (Nov/Dec 2008)
As per clause 26.5.3.2, IS 456:2000, pitch of helical reinforcement shall not
be more than the least of the following values.
(i) Spacing (or) Pitch should not be greater than 75 mm
(ii) Spacing should not be greater than one sixth of the diameter of core.
(iii) Spacing should not be less than 25mm.

21) Define slenderness ratio. How columns are classified based on this ratio?
Slenderness ratio is a geometrical property of a compression member which
is related to the ratio of its effective length to its least lateral dimension.
The columns according to the slenderness ratio (l/D) are as follows:
(a) (l/D) ratio is less than 12 is said to be short
(b) (l/D) ratio is greater than 12 is said to be long
22) Write down the Codal provisions for minimum and maximum percentage of
reinforcement provided in columns?
The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than
0.8% not more than 6% of the cross sectional area of the column.
23) Write down the formula for ultimate load carrying capacity of a short axially
loaded column.
From Clause 39.3, IS 456:2000, Pu = 0.4fckAc + 0.67 fyAsc
Where, Pu = Factored axial load
Ac = Area of Concrete
Asc = Area of Steel

UNIT 5 – LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING

2 MARKS

1. Define safe bearing capacity of soil (April/May 2015, May/June 2007)

It is the maximum intensity of load or pressure developed under the foundation
without causing failure of soil. Unit of safe bearing capacity of soil is KN/m2. Safe
bearing capacity of soil is determined by plate load test at the site.
2. Under what situations trapezoidal footings are preferred? (April/May 2015)
If one of the columns is carrying much larger load than the other one, trapezoidal
combined footing is provided.
(OR)
In-order to accommodate the unequal column loads or column close to
property lines, the rectangular shape is modified to a trapezoidal shape.
3. What is the necessity to provide combined rectangular footing? (Nov/Dec 2014,
May/June 2014)
Combined footings are formed by combining two or more equally or unequally
loaded columns into one footing. This arrangement averages out and provides a more or
less uniform load distribution in the supporting soil. These footings are usually
rectangular in shape.
4. Define wall footing. (Nov/Dec 2014)

Wall footings carry a continuous wall such that the load distribution is uniform
and load intensity is low on the supporting soil. In such footings for design purposes the
load per unit length is taken. Load intensity is given in force per unit length is taken.
These footings are also named as strip footing when (L/B) ratio is greater than 5.
5. Give the general steps involved in the design of combined footing. (Nov/Dec2013)
Following are the step by step procedure for the design of combined rectangular
footing:
(i) Find the total column loads which are to be positioned in the footings
and determine the line of action of the resultant.
(ii) Obtain the soil pressure distribution (stress per unit length of the
footing).
(iii) Find the width, B of the footing
(iv) Draw the shear force diagram along the length of the footing.
(v) Draw the bending moment diagram along the length of the footing.
(vi) Draw the footing as a continuous beam to withstand the shear and
bending moment.
(vii) Design the footings for transverse bending also in the same manners
for spread footing.

6. Name any four loads you would consider in the design of masonry walls. (Nov/Dec
2013)
Design load is decided based on the following considerations:
(i) Dead Load + Live Load
(ii) Dead Load + Appropriate Live Load + Seismic Load ( with higher
 permissible stress)
(iii) Dead Load + Appropriate Live Load + Wind Load ( with higher
permissible stress)

7. State the Rankine’s equation to determine the minimum depth of foundation.

(May/June 2013)
Based on Rankine’s theory the minimum depth of foundation is given as
q 1−sin ∅ 2
D= ( )
γ 1+sin ∅

Where D = Minimum depth below the soil surface of the soffit of the footing.
q = Safe Bearing Capacity of soil.
γ = Unit weight of soil

8 When is the combined footing provided? (May/June 2013, Apr/May 2010, Nov/Dec 2008)
Combined footings are provided due to any one of the following reasons.
(i) The columns are spaced too closely
When two columns are close together, causing overlap of
adjacent isolated footings.
(ii) Foundation on boundary or property line
If isolated footing is provided on boundary or property line, the
footing has to be extended beyond the property line. In such cases, two or
more columns can be supported on a single rectangular foundations.
(iii) Differential settlement under two columns
8. What is punching shear in RCC footing? (Nov/Dec 2012, May/June 2009)
Punching shear is a type of shear failure occurs in reinforced concrete footings
due to axial load from the column and upward soil thrust from the ground.
9. What is one way and two way shear in footing? (Nov/Dec 2012, Nov/Dec 2010 )

10. How is the main steel distributed in wall footings and two-way rectangular footings?
(May/June 2012)
The main steel is distributed as given below:
(a) In one-way reinforced footings, as in wall footings, the main steel is
distributed uniformly over the full width of the footing.

(b) In two-way reinforced footings, as in rectangular footings, the main

steel in the long direction is distributed uniformly across the full
width of the footing.
11. Sketch one way shear and two way shear in footing. (Apr/May 2010,Nov/Dec 2007)
(a) One way shear
One way shear is critical at section ‘d’ from face of the column or masonry
wall as shown in figure:

(b) Two way shear

Two way or punching shear is critical at ‘d/2’ from face of the column

12. What are the governing factors to decide the depth of R.C. footing? (Nov/Dec 2007)
The depth of foundation below ground level is determined by Rankine’s
formula as:
q 1−sin ∅ 2
D= ( )
γ 1+sin ∅

The following factors are governing the depth of footing,

i. Safe bearing capacity of soil, q
ii. Unit weight or weight density of soil, ϒ
iii. Angle of repose of soil, ф
13. List out the different types of footings.
(i) Spread Footings
(ii) Combined Footings
(iii) Continuous Footings
(iv) Mat Foundations

14. What is meant by eccentric loading on a footing and under what circumstances does
this occur?
In eccentric loading, resultant of the acting forces does not coincide with the
centroid of the footing which creates non uniform bearing pressure. Eccentricity may be
caused by a moment at the column base or by an unsymmetrical footing base.
15. What is shallow foundation? List out the types of shallow foundation.

Depth of the foundation is less than or equal to width of footing is called as

shallow foundations. Types of shallow foundations are,

(a) Shallow footing

(b) Spread or strip footing
(c) Combined footing
(d) Strap footing mat or raft footing.
16. What is deep foundation? List out the types of deep foundation.

Depth of the foundation is more than width of footing is called as deep

foundations.Types of deep foundation are, Pile foundation,Well foundation.
17. Write down the formulae for calculating maximum and minimum soil pressures for a
rectangular footing carries eccentric point load?

The maximum and minimum value of soil pressure at extreme edges of base
Soil pressure, p = P ± M in KN/m2
A Z
P M
Pmax = +
A Z
P M
Pmin = -
A Z

where, P= axial load from the column including self-weight of footing and overburden
soil in KN.

Moment M = P*e in KNm.