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This document provides information about various valvular heart diseases, including their associated murmurs, thrills, heart sounds, characteristics, clinical symptoms, and diagnosis. It describes mitral stenosis as having a diastolic rumbling murmur at the apex, with left atrial enlargement, elevated left atrial pressure gradient, and increased risk of pulmonary edema with tachycardia or atrial fibrillation. It also describes aortic regurgitation as having a diastolic decrescendo murmur along the left sternal border, with marked aortic dilatation and associated conditions like Marfan syndrome or ankylosing spondylitis. The document lists clinical features and complications of different valvular diseases.
This document provides information about various valvular heart diseases, including their associated murmurs, thrills, heart sounds, characteristics, clinical symptoms, and diagnosis. It describes mitral stenosis as having a diastolic rumbling murmur at the apex, with left atrial enlargement, elevated left atrial pressure gradient, and increased risk of pulmonary edema with tachycardia or atrial fibrillation. It also describes aortic regurgitation as having a diastolic decrescendo murmur along the left sternal border, with marked aortic dilatation and associated conditions like Marfan syndrome or ankylosing spondylitis. The document lists clinical features and complications of different valvular diseases.
This document provides information about various valvular heart diseases, including their associated murmurs, thrills, heart sounds, characteristics, clinical symptoms, and diagnosis. It describes mitral stenosis as having a diastolic rumbling murmur at the apex, with left atrial enlargement, elevated left atrial pressure gradient, and increased risk of pulmonary edema with tachycardia or atrial fibrillation. It also describes aortic regurgitation as having a diastolic decrescendo murmur along the left sternal border, with marked aortic dilatation and associated conditions like Marfan syndrome or ankylosing spondylitis. The document lists clinical features and complications of different valvular diseases.
MS – MITRAL STENOSIS TS – TRICUSPID STENOSIS AR – AORTIC REGURGITATION
MURMUR Diastolic rumbling at apex Diastolic murmur at left lower Diastolic decrescendo murmur sternal border; prominent during heard best at 3rd ICS along the presystole in sinus rhythm; left sternal border augmented in inspiration; reduced If soft – best heard by diaphragm during expiration and valsalva leaning forward maneuver High pitched, blowing radiating to axilla (CODE: ARA) Austin flint murmur- soft low pitched rumbling mid-diastolic murmur HEAVES/ Diastolic thrill at apex; px in left LV heaves displaced laterally and THRILLS lateral recumbent position inferiorly Diastolic thrill at L sternal border Systolic thrill at suprasternal notch Carotid atrial pulse is bisferiens OTHERS Opening snap heard at expiration at Traube’s sign over femoral HEART apex; Loud S1 arteries SOUNDS S2 closely split Duroziez’ s sign at femoral art. – Loud P2 (parasternal lift) to-and-fro murmur Absent A2 (+) S3; occasional S4 CHAR. LAE/ AF (thrombi arise particularly RAE – tall p waves lead II and V1 Marked aortic dilatation; aortic FEATURES at the LA appendage). root disease; RVH Assoc. with Marfan syndrome, RAE – RV tap at L sternal border VSD, ankylosing spondylitis Fish-mouth valve Widened aortic annulus and separated aortic leaflets LV entire SV is ejected into aorta Inc. preload or EDV is the major hemodynamic compensation for AR Jarring of body and bobbing of head with each systole Uncomfortable awareness of heartbeat MS – MITRAL STENOSIS TS – TRICUSPID STENOSIS AR – AORTIC REGURGITATION CLINICAL L sided HF Systemic venous congestion, ACUTE SEVERE AR SYMPTOMS R sided HF hepatomegaly, ascites, edema - Infective endocarditis, aortic Hemoptysis Pulmonary congestion initially dissection, trauma, LV cannot Systemic embolization Fatigue and discomfort; little dilate to maintain SV; Pulmo Hoarseness dyspnea edema and cardio shock may Chest pain R sided HF deveop rapidly Palpitation If severe = hepatic congestion, CHRONIC SEVERE AR Malar flush with pinched blue facies cirrhosis, jaundice, malnutrition, - Asymptomatic for 10-15 yrs, anasarca, ascites uncomfortable awareness of heartbeat, sinus tachycardia, PVC, - Dyspnea – first symptom of dec. cardiac reserve - Orthopnea, PND, diaphoresis, chest pain - Congestive hepatomegaly, ankle edema - late Assoc. lesions Carvallo’s sign (pansystolic murmur Annulo-aortic ectasia together with TR) Osteogenesis imperfect Graham Steell murmur of PR Severe HPN Syphilis and a. spondylitis Myocardial ischemia Corrigan’s pulse – water hammer pulse Quincke’ s pulse Dx 2D echo: thick MV leaflets, reduced 2D: TV is thick and domes in diatole valve orifice book LV symptoms but without LV Rheumatic in origin; more common to Rheumatic in origin; may result dysfunction; females; from infective endocarditis Caused by RF; Augmented diastolic pressure Elevated LAV pressure gradient gradient bet. RA and RV – hallmark of MS Tall a wave and prolonged y descent Inc. HR shortens diastole = tachycardia + AF +inc LA pressure = pulmo edema and hemoptysis Inc. LA and PA wedge pressure = atrial contraction (a wave) and gradual pressure decline (y descent) VALVULAR HEART DISEASES (Systolic Murmurs) – CODE: SAPS; S1 – systolic murmur – S2 MR- Mitral Regurgitation TR- Tricuspid Regurgitation AS- Aortic Stenosis MURMUR Apical systolic murmur Blowing Holosystolic murmur at L Mid-systolic ejection murmur at Grade III/VI, holosystolic sternal border the base after S1 Radiates to axilla Inc. with inspiration and dec. with Low pitched rough rasping +isometric exercise valsava and expiration loudest at the base of the heart in - Valsava (CARVALLO’s sign) the 2nd ICS radiating to carotid Acute MR is decrescendo arteries (CODE: CAS) Chronic MR plateau Sometimes at the apex or GALLAVARDIN EFFECT Grade III/VI HEAVES/ LV heave RV pulsations at L parasternal systolic thrill at the base of the THRILLS Systolic thrill at apex heart Palpable S3 LV impulse displaced laterally Displaced apex beat laterally (chronic) in acute not displaced OTHERS Soft S1 or absent Paradoxic splitting of S2 HEART Wide splitting of S2 S4 is audible at the apex reflects SOUNDS Low pitched S3 LV hypertrophy S4 often audible Sea gull quality in ruptured tendinae CHAR. LVH, LAE, RAR, RVE Prominent v wave and rapid y Carotid upstroke delayed, FEATURES Associated with MVP and HOCM descent peripheral pulses rises slowly to a LV afterload reduced Prominent c-v wave delayed sustained peak (PULSUS EF rises in severe MR RV enlargement, inf. Wall infarcts PARVUS et TENDUS) Atrial pulse show sharp upstroke RA enlargement Double apical impulse Reversible if pulmonary HPN is Obstruction of LV outflow relieved SYMPTOMS Dyspnea, orthopnea Edema, ascites, Jaundice, neck vein 3 cardinal symptoms: Pulmonary edema distention (R sided) Angina pectoris Palpitation – start of AF Hepatomegaly, pleural eff, systolic Exertional dyspnea R sided HF pulsations of liver, hepatojugular syncope reflux CHF – L sided in severe AS Systemic venous congestion Reduction of CO Dx TTE and Doppler imaging Color flow Doppler echo Doppler – focal thickening or LV EDV-ESV, and EF calcif of valve cusps XRAY- calcification, kerley B lines LVH, ST segment depression and T wave inversion or LV strain book Involve 1 or 5 functional components Functional TR and secondary to Males, chronic valvular heart of mitral valve dilatation of tricuspid annulus Due to degenerative calcification Papillary muscle rupture, chordae Associated with Ebstein of aortic cusps tendinae muscle group malformation Age-degenerative calcific AS or Caused by RHD senile or sclerocalcific AS – most Males commonly common cause may occur as atrioventricular Atherosclerosis and vascular cushion defects inflammation rapid y descent Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) regurgitant vol.= more 6oml/beat v wave prominent in LA pressure if acute MR, if chronic vice versa Treatment Warfarin once AF Isolated TR – operation not ACE, bblocker, nitrolgycerine, Cardioversion required statins ACE, Bblockers, diuretics, digitalis Tricuspid annuloplasty, tricuspid Operations Valvuloplasty, annuloplasty ring valve replacement Aortic root reconstruction, In AF- left atrial Maze procedure or coronary bypass, radiofrequency ablation Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty MVP – Mitral valve Prolapse MURMUR Systolic click murmur syndrome, Earlier click (dec. LV vol.) Barlow’s syndrome, floppy valve Standing syndrome, billowing mitral leaflet Valsava syndrome Amyl nitrate inhalation Mid or late systolic click Delayed click (inc LV vol.) Followed by high pitched, late Squatting systolic crescendo-decrescendo isometrics murmur Whooping or honking best heard at the apex DYNAMIC AUSCULTATION HEAVES/ THRILLS OTHERS HEART SOUNDS CHAR. Excessive mitral leaflet tissue FEATURES Myxomatous degeneration Inc. acid mucopolysaccharide Associated with Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfect, Ehler- Danlos sysndrome, thoracic skeletal deformities, straight back syndrome SYMPTOMS PVC’s, Vtach, paroxysmal supraventricular Palpitations, light-headedness and syncope Transient cerebral ischemic attacks Dx ECG – inverted T waves leads II, III aVF Doppler, TTE book Genetically determined collagen disorder Dec. collagen type 3 Females age 15-30; often benign Also males of 50 yo Treatment Infective endocarditis prophylaxis Bblockers, aspirin, warfarin Mitral valve repa CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES – L-to-R SHUNT - acyanotic ASD – Atrial Septal Defect VSD – Ventricular Septal Defect PDA – Patent Ductus Arteriosus MURMUR Mid-diastolic rumbling murmur loudest Murmur appearing after birth Thrill and continuous MACHINERY at the 4th ICS and along L sternal border Holosystolic murmur on the L sternal murmur (below L clavicle – border radiating rightward hallmark) Late systolic accentuation at the L sternal edge THRILL Apical thrill and holosystolic murmur in Systolic thrill at the L sternal border ostium primum defects OTHERS Split or normal S1 Loud P2 Bounding pulses and widened pulse HEART Accentuated tricuspid valve closure + S3 pressure SOUNDS Widely split S2 fixed in respiration CHAR. Diastolic overloading of RV and inc. Not a R sided murmur EISENMENGER Syndrome FEATURES pulmo BF + CARVALLO’S SIGN DIFFERENTIAL CYANOSIS – toes Prominent RV impulse and palpable LVE, LAE become cyanotic and clubbed pulmonary artery pulsation Cannot appreciate RA because it is LVH LUTENBACHER SYNDROME = ASD + posteriorly located MS SYMPTOMS AF, respi inf., cardio symptoms, PAH, Pulmo HPN, R-L shunting cyanosis bidirectional then R-L shunting of blood will eventually develop then HF HF, infective endocarditis – leading cause of death Dx ECG ostium secundum – R axis 2D echo - LVE deviation and an rSr’ pattern; 1st degree HB in sinus venous type Ostium primum – L axis deviation ECHO- RV and RA dilatation book Common in females Sinus Venosus – high in atrial septum near SVC into RA; assoc. with anomalous pulmo venous connection from R lung to SVC or RA Ostium Primum – adjacent to AV valves deformed or regurgitant; common in Down’s syndrome Ostium Secundum – involves fossa ovalis and midseptal location; probe patency, a true deficiency of the atrial septum and implies functional and anatomic patency Treatment Repair with patch of pericardium or Surgical ligation or dividision prosthetic material, or percutaneous Coils, buttons, plugs, umbrellas transcatheter device closure Tx of respi symptoms, AF, HF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES – COMPLEX CONGENITAL HEART LESION - ACYANOTIC WITHOUT A SHUNT TETRALOGY OF FALLOT COARTATION OF THE AORTA TETRALOGY OF FALLOT MURMUR Mid-systolic murmur over the L interscapular MURMUR Murmur of pulmonic stenosis space Absent P2 Additional systolic and continuous murmurs over the lateral thoracic wall THRILL THRILL OTHERS OTHERS HEART HEART SOUNDS SOUNDS CHAR. Narrowing of the lumen of the aorta distal to CHAR. Most common cyanotic heart disease in adults FEATURES the origin of L subclavian artery near FEATURES History of exercise intolerance and squatting ligamentum arteriosum Pulmonary stenosis overriding the aorta Bicuspid aortic valve Circle of Willis aneurysms
SYMPTOMS Headache, epistaxis, cold extremities, SYMPTOMS Severe cyanosis
claudication with exercise Severe erythrocytosis Systemic hypoxemia Dx LVH Dx ECG – RV hypertrophy Dilated subclavian artery X-ray – BOOT-SHAPED HEART or COEUR EN 3 sign SABOT Notching of the 3rd and 9th ribs book More in males book FOUR COMPONENTS OF TOF More in px with gonadal dysgenesis or Malaligned VSD, TURNER’S syndrome Obstruction to RV outflow, Enlarged pulsatile collateral vessels may be Aortic override of VSD and palpated in the ICS, axialle RV hypertrophy due to RV “seeing” aortic pressure via the large VSD Pulmonary blood flow is reduced markedly
Treatment Surgical Treatment Angioplasty
Percutaneous catheter ballon with stent Stenting of branch pulmonary stenosis dilatation