CLASS 10

Formulas of the Chapters

Real Numbers

Euclid’s division lemma: 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟

Logarithms:
i. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
ii. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
𝑥
iii. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁
iv. 𝑎 =𝑁
v. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0
vi. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1
Polynomials

i. Division algorithm: p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)

−𝑏
ii. 𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =
𝑎
𝑐
iii. 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
𝑎
𝑑
iv. 𝛼𝛽𝛾 =
𝑎

i. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
ii. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
iii. (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
iv. (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
v. (x + a)(x – b) = x2 + (a – b)x – ab
vi. (x – a)(x + b) = x2 + (b – a)x – ab
vii. (x – a)(x – b) = x2 – (a + b)x + ab
viii. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
ix. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
x. (x + y + z) 2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2xz
xi. (x + y – z) 2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy – 2yz – 2xz
xii. (x – y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xy – 2yz + 2xz
xiii. (x – y – z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xy + 2yz – 2xz
xiv. x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz -xz)
xv. x2 + y2 = 1212 [(x + y)2 + (x – y)2]
xvi. (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) = x3 + (a + b +c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc
xvii. x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
xviii. x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)
xix. x2 + y2 + z2 -xy – yz – zx = 1212 [(x-y)2 + (y-z)2 + (z-x)2]
 Pair of linear equations in two variables

For the pair of linear equations

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0,

the nature of roots (zeroes) or solutions is determined as follows:
𝑎1 𝑏1
i. If ≠ then we get a unique solution and the pair of linear equations in two
𝑎2 𝑏2
variables are consistent. Here, the graph consists of two intersecting lines.

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
ii. If = ≠ , then there exists no solution and the pair of linear equations in two
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
variables are said to be inconsistent. Here, the graph consists of parallel lines.

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
iii. If = = , then there exists infinitely many solutions and the pair of lines are
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
coincident and therefore, dependent and consistent. Here, the graph consists of
coincident lines.

Quadratic Equations

For a quadratic equation, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
 Two distinct real roots if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0,
 Two equal roots(coincident root), 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
 No real roots, if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
−𝑏
 Sum of roots =
𝑎
𝑐
 Product of roots =
𝑎
 If roots of a quadratic equation are given, then the quadratic equation can be represented
as:𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)[𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠]𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽[𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠]
 If Discriminant > 0, then the roots the quadratic equation are real and unequal/unique.
 If Discriminant = 0, then the roots the quadratic equation are real and equal.
 If Discriminant < 0, then the roots the quadratic equation are imaginary (not real).
 Progressions

 nth Term of an Arithmetic Progression: For a given AP, where a is the first term, d is the
common difference, n is the number of terms, its nth term (an) is given as
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) × 𝑑

 Sum of First n Terms of an Arithmetic Progression, Sn is given as:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
𝑛
 Sum of all terms of AP: 𝑆 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
 Common ratio of GP a and r : 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

Coordinate Geomentry

 Distance Formulae: Consider a line having two point A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), then the distance
of these points is given as:
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

 Section Formula: If a point p divides a line AB with coordinates A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), in ratio
m:n, then the coordinates of the point p are given as:
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
[ , ]
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

 Mid Point Formula: The coordinates of the mid-point of a line AB with coordinates A(x1,
y1) and B(x2, y2), are given as:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , )
2 2
𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3 𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3
 Centroid: ,
3 3

𝑦2−𝑦1
 Slope:
𝑥2−𝑥1

 Area of a Triangle: Consider the triangle formed by the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) and C(x3,
y3) then the area of a triangle is given as-
1
|𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )|
2 1 2

Tangents and Secants to a circle

Probability

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

P(E) + P(E) = 1

Mensuration

S.NO NAME SOLID L.S.A / C.S.A T.S.A Volume

1 Cuboid 2ℎ(𝑙 + 𝑏) 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ 𝑙𝑏ℎ

+ 𝑙ℎ

2 Cube

3 Cylinder

4 Cone

5 Sphere

6 Hemisphere
Trigonometry

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 1 1
i. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 1
ii. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ; 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝜃

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
iii. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
iv. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
v. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
vi. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

Trigonometric Identities

i. sin (90° – A) = cos A 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

ii. cos (90° – A) = sin A 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
iii. tan (90° – A) = cot A 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1
iv. cot (90° – A) = tan A
v. sec (90° – A) = cosec A
vi. cosec (90° – A) = sec A

Statistics

Mean:

𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑖
i. Direct mean: ∑
𝑓𝑖
𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑖
ii. Assumed mean: 𝑎 + ∑
𝑓𝑖
𝑓𝑖𝑢𝑖
iii. Step- deviation: 𝑎 + ∑ ×ℎ
𝑓𝑖

𝑛
𝑓1−𝑓𝑜 −𝑐𝑓
Mode:𝑙 + [ ]×ℎ Median: 𝑙 + [ 2
]×ℎ
2(𝑓1)−𝑓0−𝑓2 𝑓
Vaibhav
X/D