Drying of Solids

Drying a solid means the

removal of relatively
small amounts of water
or other liquid from the
solid material to Gambar 1. Rotary Dryer
reduce the content of
• Water or other liquids may be removed
residual liquid to an from solids mechanically by presses or
acceptably low value centrifuges or thermally by vaporization.
This chapter is restricted to drying by
thermal vaporization.
• It is advisable to reduce the liquid content
as much as practicable before feeding the
material to a heated dryer
The solids to be dried may be in The liquid may be different
many different forms. places.
• Flakes • On the surface of the solid
• Granules ex: drying salt crystals
• Crystals • Entirely inside the solid
• Powders ex: solvent removal from a
• Slabs sheet of polymer
• Continuous sheets • Partly outside and partly inside
Metode dan proses drying dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi
beberapa cara

• Proses drying diklasifikasikan sebagai proses batch,

apabila material dimasukkan ke dalam alat drying dan
diproses pada waktu tertentu

• Sedangkan dalam proses kontinu, material dimasukkan

secara terus-menerus ke dalam alat drying dan material
yang sudah dikeringkan dipindahkan secara terus-
menerus juga.
Proses drying juga dapat dikategorikan menurut kondisi
fisik saat menambah panas dan menghilangkan uap air,
yakni:

• panas ditambahkan dengan cara kontak langsung

dengan hot gas, biasanya udara.
• Pada vacuum drying, evaporasi air bekerja dengan baik
pada tekanan rendah, dan panas ditambahkan secara
tidak langsung dengan cara kontak dengan dinding
baja atau dengan radiasi.
• Pada freeze drying, air mengalami proses penyubliman
dari material yang beku
• Gas is blown across the • Gas passes through the
surface of a bed or slab solids at a velocity
of solids sufficient to fluidize the
bed

• Gas is blown through a

bed of coarse granular • The solids are all
solids that are supported entrained in a high-
on a screen velocity gas stream and
are pneumatically
• Solids are showered conveyed from a mixing
downward through a device to a mechanical
slowly moving gas stream separator
in a rotary dryer
If the material is exposed to air at given temperature
and humidity the material will either lose water until an
equilibrium moisture condition is established

Moisture
a word used commonly to describe any volatile
liquid or vapor involved in drying
 Terminology

Moisture content, wet basis

𝐾𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑥 100% Equilibrium moisture
𝐾𝑔 𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
moisture content of a
substance when at
Moisture content, dry basis equilibrium with a given
𝐾𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 partial pressure of vapor.
𝑥 100%
𝐾𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
 Terminology

Bound moisture
moisture content which exerts an
equlibrium vapor pressure less than Unbound moisture :
that of the pure liquid at the same
temperature
moisture content which
exerts an equlibrium
vapor pressure equal to
Free moisture that of the pure liquid at
Liquid content that is removable at a the same temperature
specific temperature and humidity.
 Typical Temperature Pattern
Batch Dryers

With heating medium at constant

temperature.
Tsa = feed temp./Initial solid temp.
Tsb = Final Solids temp.
Tv = Vaporization temp.
Th = constant heating medium temp.

In a non-adiabatic dryers with no sweep gas

Tv is essentially the B.P of the liquid at the
pressure prevailing in the dryers.

In a adiabatic dryers with sweep gas

Tv is near the Wet Bulb Temperature of the gas.
 Typical Temperature Pattern

Ideal Continuous Dryers

In steady-state operation, the temp at

any given point in a continuous dryer is
constant, but it varies along the length of
the dryers.

Tsa = feed temp./Initial solid temp.

Tsb = Final Solids temp.
Tv = Vaporization temp.
Thb = gas temp. at inlet
Tha = gas temp. at outlet
Thank you