1.

Dictionary:
In order to improve one’s vocabulary it is important to refer to
the dictionary. The dictionary is referred to for various purposes:
 to know the spelling
 to know the meaning
 to know the part of speech
 to know the derivatives of a word, e.g. happy – happily, happiness
 to know the Synonyms and Antonyms
 to know the use of the word in different contexts
 to know the correct usage
2. Editing and drafting:

Editing and drafting is a process which involves correcting spelling/

grammatical/punctuation errors, simplifying/refining the language and leaving
out unnecessary details. While writing, one tends to make slips and errors. Revising
what is written helps us improve the draft. This revision which involves editing
can be done by oneself or with the help of someone.

3. Paragraph:
A paragraph revolves around one topic or idea only. (the title
given in the above paragraph)· The sentences in the paragraph should be logically connected.
In other words there should be coherence. (the underlined words)· The opening and closing
sentences are very important, as they give
an idea about the topic. The first is the topical sentence and the last
sums up the topic. (the sentences in italics)

4. A slogan:
· conveys a message in a nut-shell
· is catchy so as to draw immediate attention
· is brief and to the point
· promotes a product or a movement
· employs pun/word-play
· uses proverbs/sayings in a modified version

5. report should:
- be in the form of a narrative
- be in the past tense
- include all relevant details
- focus on one particular event only
- mention the date and time of occurrence
- mention the venue
- mention the facts
- mention the cause, result, etc.

6. Essay:
An essay literally means an attempt. It is an attempt
or a trial in writing a piece of composition.
 Essays are of different types. Some of them are –
 Narrative (narration of some event – a story, incident, accident, etc.)
 Descriptive (description of a place or thing)
  Expository (explaining something – scientific theories, literary topics,
etc.)
 Imaginative (not based on actual experience – ‘If I were ....’, ‘A Donkey
tells his tale’, etc.)
 Argumentative (presenting a case for and against – ‘Is space travel
necessary?’)
 Reflective (ideas or thoughts born out of reflection – philosophical,
social topics)
 Autobiographical/biographical
7. Dialogue:
dialogue is a conversation between two people. The tone here is quite
colloquial and informal. There should be naturalness in speaking.
Tips to be remembered while writing a dialogue:
 Put yourself in the place of both the people in the conversation, in order
to present both their points of view.
 Give equal representation to both. Let not one person alone monopolise
the conversation.
 Pay attention to logical order and coherence.
 Let not the utterances be too long, unless the situation demands.
 Let not one speaker keep interrupting the other often.
 Use apt punctuation marks to express feelings and emotions.
 Give relevant details alone.
 Any extra information could be in parenthesis.