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Practical Instructions
GENERAL BREAKDOWN OF
MARKS Analysis, Conclusions, Evaluations (ACE)
(30% MARKS)
Manipulation, Measurements and
o Describe patterns and trends
Observation MMO (40% MARKS)
shown in graphs or tables
o Set up apparatus correctly
o Determining gradient of a
o Following instructions
straight line on a graph
o Collecting an appropriate
(IMPORTANT: SHOW A CLEAR
quantity of data (e.g no. of
DESCRIPTION)
titrations performed)
o Calculating uncertainty
o Making the correct
o Understand differences
measurements, precision etc
between systematic errors and
o Correct range of data (e.g. rate
random errors. Identify these
of reaction, where mass or
sources of errors
quantity of substance is
o Explain and justify your salt
changed)
analysis conclusions.
o Suggesting further tests or
o Suggest modifications to an
experiments
experiment.
o Make the correct salt analysis
observations, and distinguish Remember that almost 70% marks are for
subtle differences (e.g Mn+2, writing the correct observations, taking the
Mg+2) correct readings and making the right tables.
Presentation of data and observations Only, 30% marks are for calculations and
(Tabulations etc) PDO (30% MARKS) evaluations. 30% of the marks are free if you
o Making appropriate tables make the right tables and graphs, 40% of the
o Filling the table correctly marks can easily be obtained if you take the
o Unambiguous column headings correct readings and observations. Only, the
that include units remaining 30% marks require some sort of
o Consistency of precision and calculations.
readings
o When performing calculations,
show each step clearly and use
3 significant figures in
calculations.
o Figure out whether graphs
should be plotted using straight
lines or curved (free hand) lines.
o Quality of best fit lines on
graphs
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Errors
Enthalpy Errors
o Heat loss to surrounding
o Thermometer does not have
good precision
Enthalpy Error (improvements)
o Use a lid to stop heat loss
o Increased insulation, use a
calorimeter or vacuum flask
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Salt Analysis
and can be used to test for Pb+2 entire test tube) and shake
ions but the presence of Ba+2 vigorously to dissolve this
ions makes precipitates of its precipitate.
own, so always use reagents Problems with Al+3 ions test with
which have Na+1, K+1, or H+1 ions NaOH.
which always make soluble o The precipitate formed by Al+3
compounds, reducing the is very soluble and disappears
possibility of any other very quickly. Students can easily
precipitates, except for the make the mistake of not
precipitates formed by Pb+2. noticing any precipitate. Use a
Distinguishing between Ba+2/NH4+1 very tiny quantity of NaOH at
o Both give no precipitate with first, just a few drops, and a
NaOH or NH3 except that NH3 is small white ppt will form
produced on warming NH4+1 floating on top, which would
with NaOH. Ba+2 can be dissolve very quickly if a very
identified by H2SO4, it will give small amount of NaOH is
white precipitate. added.
Test for Manganese Mn+2
o Mn+2 tests with NH3/NaOH has
a white/pale/light brown ppt When to look for gases
which turns brown when in Presence of Gas: One way to check if a
contact with air and are gas is being liberated is by putting your
insoluble in excess. There thumb on top of the test tube and
would be brown residues check if pressure builds up in the tube.
floating on the top surface, and If an ACID is used.
on the sides of the test tube, o CO2 might be given off if a
and white ppt/light brown ppt carbonate is present
at the bottom. Copy the o NO gas liberated by dilute acids,
observation from the salt if NO2-1 is present, which turns
analysis sheet. pale brown NO2 in air.
Tests for Cu+2 o SO2 gas is liberated by dilute
o With NaOH: pale blue ppt acids if sulfite SO3-2 is present.
insoluble in excess See problems with identifying
o With NH3: Blue ppt which SO2 gas.
dissolves and forms a dark blue NaOH is added followed by Aluminum
solution in excess. It will be foil and heat.
hard to dissolve the precipitate o NH3 is liberated if NO3-1 / NO2-1
if too much Cu+2 are present in is present.
the test tube, so use very small Problems when testing for NH3
quantity of Cu+2 (less than 1 o Always use damp red litmus
cm3) or use a lot of NH3 (fill the paper, by making the litmus
paper wet. And make sure that
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the litmus paper never touches tube then it will turn red. Damp litmus
the test tube, because the test paper must not touch the test tube
tube might contain an alkali itself as it might contain an acid. Note,
which will turn the litmus paper that damp blue litmus paper will turn
blue. A lot of students make the red when NO2 gas is produced but NO2
mistake of allowing the litmus is pale brown and can be distinguished
paper to touch the top of the from SO2.
test tube, and in many cases an o Another test for SO2 gas is that
alkali is present in the test tube it smells of rotten eggs or burnt
which makes the litmus paper matches
blue. So, keep the litmus paper o It can also be distinguished by
a fair distance (1 cm) away from dipping a paper in K2Cr2O7 and
the test tube. then placing it at the mouth of
o Students should be able to the test tube. This paper will
distinguish between a red turn from orange to green.
litmus paper from a blue litmus Identification for H2 gas
paper. Red litmus paper is pale o Metal + Acid Salt + H2
pink, and blue litmus paper is o If you are adding metal, and a
pale blue. Some students also gas is produced, then you don’t
make the mistake of using the necessarily need to test for
cover paper of the litmus paper Hydrogen gas, if you see
stack which is also pink (Avoid effervescence, then it is
silly mistakes) obviously hydrogen.
Detection of Pale brown NO2: Pale o Hydrogen gas produces pop
brown NO2 is very hard to distinguish sound when burnt with a
and is only produced if dilute acids are lighted splint. The only way it
added to NO2-1 ions. Put your thumb on produces a pop sound when
top of the tube, and allow pressure to enough pressure is built up in
build up. The tube will turn pale brown the test tube. Put your thumb
and when you release your thumb and on top of the test tube and
allow gas to escape, then a pale brown allow pressure to build up and
plume will release. This pale brown gas only then light it.
is also very visible if seen in front of a Testing for CO2 gas.
white back ground. The gas is especially o Effervescence is produced,
very visible when the reactants are similar to gas bubbles in coke
thrown in the white sink and you will o Generally produced when metal
notice brown vapors in the sink easily. carbonates react with acids
Problems when testing for SO2 gas; SO2
gas is colorless and acidic and is
produced when dilute acid is added to
sulfite SO3-2 ions. If a damp blue litmus
paper is placed at the mouth of the
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