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MECHANICAL
VIBRATIONS
ME-307
Instructor:
LUQMAN AHMAD NIZAM
Assistant Professor, HITEC University Taxila
Email: luqman.ahmad@hitecuni.edu.pk 2
 COURSE OUTLINE
• Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations
• Formulation of governing equations
• Free vibrations
• Damping
Ch-1 & 2 W.T Thomson
• Forced Vibrations
• Rotational Unbalance
• Base Excitation (Support Motion)
• Normal Mode Analysis (MDOF systems)
• Vibration absorbers
• Coordinate coupling
• Holzer method
• Condition Monitoring
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VIBRATION MODELING
 VIBRATION MODELING BY FORCE METHOD

There are three basic vibration models commonly used

to describe many complex vibration systems.

• PENDULUM MODEL

• MASS-SPRING MODEL

• TORSIONAL VIBRATION MODEL

 VIBRATION MODELING BY FORCE METHOD
MASS-SPRING MODEL
Let us therefore consider the system comprised of a
mass m attached to a linear spring of stiffness k on a
horizontal surface that is fixed at one end, as shown in
Figure.

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

 VIBRATION MODELING BY FORCE METHOD

Upon rearranging terms and dividing through by m, we

obtain the governing equation.
 VIBRATION MODELING BY FORCE METHOD

Now consider the system comprised of a mass m

attached to a linear spring of stiffness k in the vertical
direction fixed at one end, as shown in Figure.

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

 VIBRATION MODELING BY FORCE METHOD

We obtain the governing equation of the system by

applying Newton’s second law of motion.
 VIBRATION MODELING BY FORCE METHOD

The equation of motion is the second order ordinary

differential equation, has the following general solution.

Where A and B are the constants and evaluated from

the initial conditions and .
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM

EXAMPLE 2.2.1:
A 1/4-kg mass is suspended by a spring having a
stiffness of 0.1533 N/mm. Determine its natural
frequency in cycles per second. Determine its statical
deflection.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM

EXAMPLE 2.2.3:
An automobile wheel and tire
are suspended by a steel rod
0.50 cm in diameter and 2 m
long. When the wheel is given
an angular displacement and
released, it makes 10
oscillations in 30.2 s.

Determine the polar moment of

inertia of the wheel and tire.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM

EXERCISE PROBLEM 2.2:

A spring-mass system, k, and m, has a natural
frequency of f1. If a second spring k2 is added in series
with the first spring, the natural frequency is lowered to
(1/2)f1. Determine k2 in terms of k1
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM

EXERCISE PROBLEM 2.4:

An unknown mass of m kg attached to the end of an
unknown spring k has a natural frequency of 94 cpm.
When a 0.453-kg mass is added to m, the natural
frequency is lowered to 76.7 cpm. Determine the
unknown mass m and the spring constant k N/m.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM

EXERCISE PROBLEM 2.5:

A mass m1 hangs from a spring k N/m and is in static
equilibrium A second mass m2 drops through a height
h and sticks to m1 without rebound, as shown in Fig.
P2.5. Determine the subsequent motion.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM

EXERCISE PROBLEM 2.7:

A flywheel weighing 70 lb was allowed to swing as a
pendulum about a knife-edge at the inner side of the
rim, as shown in Fig. P2.7. If the measured period of
oscillation was 1.22 s, determine the moment of inertia
of the flywheel about its geometric axis.
VIBRATION MODELING BY ENERGY METHOD
• In a conservative system, the total energy is
constant, and the differential equation of motion
can also be established by the principle of
conservation of energy.
• For the free vibration of an undamped system,
the energy is partly kinetic and partly potential.
• The kinetic energy T is stored in the mass by virtue
of its velocity, energy U is stored in the form of
strain energy in elastic deformation or by a spring
or work done in a force field such as gravity.
• The total energy being constant, its rate of
change is zero, as illustrated by the following
equations.
VIBRATION MODELING BY ENERGY METHOD

Exercise
Determine the kinetic energy of the system shown in
Fig. P2.32 in terms of x. Determine write the expression
for the natural frequency.
 RAYLEIGH METHOD

The systems in which the masses are joint together by

gears, links or levers, the motion of various masses can
be expressed in terms of motion of some point. The
kinetic energy T of a system is given by the following
equation.
 RAYLEIGH METHOD

EXAMPLE

Determine the effect of the

mass of the spring on the
natural frequency of the
system.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM

EXERCISE PROBLEM 2.23:

Determine the effective mass of the system assuming
the deflection to be.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM

EXERCISE PROBLEM 2.30:

Determine the effective mass and effective stiffness of
the system. Also determine the natural frequency of
the following system using energy method.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

DO YOURSELF
Examples

2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.2.4

Exercise Problems
Problems related to simple vibration models:
2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.11, 2.15, 2.20,
2.22

Problems related to Energy & Rayleigh Method:

2.3.1, 2.4.2 (Example)
2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.27. 2.28, 2.29,2.30, 2.31, 2.32