MACHINE DESIGN II: A

REVIEW OF DESIGN
STANDARDS: HISTORY
AND IMPACT
Name: Muhammad Furqan Asad
Roll Number: 2015-ME-170
 A Review of International Design Standards: History and Impact

Abstract
Standard is an accepted technique of doing a thing, the technique can be about developing a product,
providing a service, controlling a process or supply of materials. These techniques are developed by
organizations known as Design Standards Institute. This article provides an overview of what is technically
a standard, how are they developed, what is the need behind their development, what is the procedure of
their development and which bodies are responsible for the development of these standards. Then a brief
history and the introduction of bodies responsible for developing standards like ISO, ANSI, BSI, DIN, JIS
and PQSCA are given along with the standard design codes these institutes use for the design of various
mechanical machine components like gears, bearings, springs, shafts and keys. International Design
Standards used for the manufacture of gears and bearings by associations like AGMA and ABMA are also
mentioned in the text. A case study on the use of standards in Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company
Limited is also presented to depict the actual benefits of implementation of standards in the industry. The
case study provides information on the standards adopted by the organization, how the implementation of
this standards helped the organization in achieving its goals and what economic benefits were achieved by
usage of these standards. Finally, the benefits associated with the use of standards and the impact of standard
in our daily lives that how standards have increased international trade, increased customer satisfaction,
reduced designing time and reduced time for negotiation between producer and customer and how they
have help in achieving benchmarking goals is explained in the discussion of the article.

1. Introduction
Standard is a document issued by a standard developing organization in a consensus-based process set by
that organization that specifies requirements for products, services, processes and environments by stating
their required characteristics. Standards are developed whenever there exists a need to simplify; the
complexity involved in the design of a product, quality criteria of a service, large number of options
available to perform a process and ranking of different types of environments. Standards are developed by
the consensus of all the major stakeholders which are affected by it and are developed by a neutral body
according to a specified procedure. Standardization promotes quality assurance and efficiency in industry,
science, public sector and technology.(German Institute for Standardization 2018)
Owing to the importance of standards all the developed as well as developing countries in the world have
developed their standards-setting bodies. Leading standard setting bodies of the world are; American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) of United States of America, British Standards Institute (BSI) of United
Kingdom, “Deutsches Institut für Normung” (DIN) of Germany, Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) of
Japan. The standards set by these institutes are the backbone of the renowned industries of these countries
for example DIN and JIS are responsible for the technical superiority of German and Japanese cars in the
world, ANSI is responsible for the leading technology of USA in weapons industry and BSI is responsible
for leading of service sector of the UK in the world. Owing to these benefits developing countries like
Pakistan are also trying to create their own standards so that one day they can also excel in particular fields
in the world, the standard setting institute of Pakistan is Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority
(PSQCA) which young in comparison to those trusted institutes like ANSI, BSI etc. but is working hard
enough to compete with world standards.
However, to promote uniformity around the world an International Organization of Standardization (ISO)
have also been developed to deal with issues of standardization worldwide. ISO has made it much easier
for the comparison of quality of product, services, processes, systems and environment of one organization
or a region with another organization or a region. ISO have included the leading standards of different
standards bodies and have incorporated them into one single standard for the ease of various sectors around
the world. ISO due to its simplification of standards have enhanced exports and have increased business
among various world markets. These standards have turned the world into the global village that we know
today.
There are also various standard-setting bodies that set standards regarding specific materials and
components and excel only in their respective field like American Gears Manufacturers Association
(AGMA) set standards for gears, American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA) set standard for
bearings, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) set standards for materials used in different
applications etc. The purpose of these associations is the same as of the other standard-setting bodies but
these associations are much restricted in their application than these other design standards institute.
Standards initially may appear as an extra expense on the organization and is probably the reasons some
organizations refrain from using standards at first hand but it can be explained with help of number of case
studies that are available on the web pages of these standard-setting bodies that standards are not an expense
but a long-term benefit for the organization. In short, standards are beneficial in each aspect in which they
are implemented. To explain what are different types of standards and standard setting institutes a brief
history, introduction and codes utilized in mechanical engineering are given below:

2. International Organization of Standardization

2.1 Introduction
ISO is an internationally accepted independent, non-government institute for developing standards with its
headquarter in Geneva, Switzerland. Currently, 161 countries in the entire world are member of ISO. ISO
have published 22188 standards related document for almost every industry and environmental issues.
There are three official languages in which these documents are published; English, French and Russian.
ISO is not an acronym for the organization rather it is a word derived from Greek word isos meaning
equal.(International Organization for Standardization 2018) Its structure consists of a Council and a
Technical Board, the Council is made of 20 rotating member countries and is responsible for administrative
functions whereas, Technical Board heads 250 Technical Committees responsible for making
standards.(Wikipedia 2018)

2.2 History
ISO was initially begun in year 1926 under the name of International Federation of the National
Standardizing Associations (ISA) but lost its credibility during the World War II and was suspended but
after the war the United Nations to create uniformity in technology around the world proposed to form an
international standards body. In this regard, United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC)
and delegates from 25 countries met in London, 1946 and a consensus was developed for establishing a
new organization for standards around the world as a result on 23 February 1947 International Organization
of Standardizations was established and started its work for uniformity in technology around the world.
(Wikipedia 2018)

2.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

ISO standards for various machine components are:
 • For Gears:
ISO 53, ISO 54, ISO 677, ISO 678, ISO 701, ISO 1122, ISO 1328, ISO 1340, ISO 1341, ISO 2203,
ISO 2490, ISO/TR 4487, ISO 4468, ISO 8759, ISO/TR 10064(Tandwiel.info 2018)

• For Bearings:
ISO 15, ISO 104, ISO 113, ISO 2982, ISO 3547, ISO 5593, ISO 6281, ISO 12297, ISO 15241, ISO
15242, ISO 15243, ISO 19349, ISO 21107, ISO 21250, ISO 22872, ISO 23768(International
Organization for Standardization 2018) (British Standards Institute 2018)

• For Springs:
ISO 2162, ISO 11891, ISO 16249, ISO 18137, ISO 19690, ISO 22705, ISO 26909, ISO
26910(International Organization for Standardization 2018)

• For Shafts:
ISO 496, ISO 3919, ISO 19426, ISO 22266(International Organization for Standardization 2018)

• For Keys:
ISO 774, ISO 3117, ISO 3912(International Organization for Standardization 2018)

3. American National Standards Institute

3.1 Introduction
ANSI is a private non-profit organization for developing standards that are to be used for products, services,
processes, systems and people in United States of America (USA) to maintain uniformity among the
products, services, processes, systems and people of entire country as well as make these products, services,
processes, systems and people compatibles with world standards. The headquarter of American National
Standards Institute is in Washington District Colombia USA whereas its operations office is in New York
USA. The official language of publications of ANSI is English. Around 125000 companies and 3.5 million
professionals have a membership of this standard. (Wikipedia 2018)

3.2 History
ANSI came into existence when five American Societies namely American Institute of Electrical Engineers
(IEEE), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE), American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (AIME) and American Society for
Testing Materials (ASTM) joined together in 1916 to establish a national body that ensured uniformity
among standards nationwide. The United States Department of War, Commerce and Navy also put their
trust in the union of these five societies and helped in establishing American National Standards Institute
and became founding members of ANSI. In 1918, the union of these societies originally came into existence
under the name of American Engineering Standards Committee and in 1969 its name was officially changed
to ANSI.(American National Standards Institute 2018)

3.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

ANSI standards for various machine components are: (ANSI standards are widely diversified under
different associations like AGMA, AFBMA, ABMA, ASTM etc. Hence, the standards directly falling under
ANSI are difficult to find)
 • For Gears:
ANSI 915, ANSI 2000, ANSI 2009, ANSI 2015, ANSI 2110, ANSI 2113, ANSI 2114(Gear
Technology 2018)

• For Bearings:
AFBMA/ANSI Standard 12, AFBMA/ANSI Standard 19, AFBMA/ANSI Standard 20;(all these
standards have precision classes as ABEC 1, ABEC 3, ABEC 5, ABEC 7, ABEC 9)(Globalspec
2018)

• For Springs
ANSI specific standards are not available for manufacturing of springs, the only available
American standards are for the material of springs which are:
ASTM A227, ASTM A229, ASTM A230, ASTM A232, ASTM A313, ASTM A401, ASTM B134,
ASTM B159, ASTM B197(Norton 2014)

• For Shafts:
ANSI S2.75(Acoustical Society of America 2018)

• For Keys:
ANSI B4, ANSI B17(Armstrong Metalcrafts 2018)

4. British Standards
4.1 Introduction
BSI is a government organization that came into existence under the Royal Charter with its purposes of
setting standards for quality of goods and services and then to promote the adoption of these standards
among various industries and to revises these standards whenever new challenges and circumstances are
faced. BSI uses a Kitemark Certification which indicates that particular good or service quality is according
to the standards established by British Standards Institute for that particular good or service and is a trusted
symbol of excellence around the country as well in the world.(Wikipedia 2018)

4.2 History
BSI is the world’s first Standards Body which was established in the year 1901 by Sir John Wolfe-Barry
under a Royal Charter and was initially known as National Standards Body (NSB) for Great Britain. Its
first meeting was held on 22 January 1901 and the first standard published by this organization was on steel
sections of tramways. The BSI certification of Kitemark was first registered on 12 June 1903 originally
known as British Standard Mark and was later named as Kitemark Certification which became a symbol of
quality in the world.

4.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

BSI standards for various machine components are: BSI uses most of the standards of ISO, the specific
codes mentioned are either unique to British Standards or are the codes of standards of applications in which
these components are used.

• For Gears:
BS 235, BS 436, BS 721, BS 978, BS 1807, BS 2007, BS 2062, BS 2518, BS 2519, BS 2697,
BS 3027, BS 3696, BS 4517, BS 4582, BS 5221, BS 5246, BS 6168(Tandwiel.info 2018)
 • For Bearings:
BS 1337, BS 2130, BS 2755, BS 3060, BS 3280, BS 4539, BS 4613, BS 4614, BS 12080(British
Standards Institute 2018)

• For Springs:
BS 1726, BS 8726, BS 10151, BS 10270, BS 13906, BS 13298, BS 15800, BS 16983, BS
16984(British Standards Institute 2018)

• For Shafts:
BS 1366, BS 12965, BS 13001

• For Keys:
BS 46, BS 4235 (Both Withdrawn and standard of ISO are in use)(Roymech 2018)

5. German Institute for Standardization Standards

5.1 Introduction
DIN is a German acronym of “Deutsches Institut für Normung” meaning the German Institute of
Standardizations. DIN is an independent organization for setting up standards mainly for the country and
also promote these standards worldwide. DIN plays a role of a bridge between industries and the
technological advancement taking place in the world and devise standards for all the advancement so that
the products of the country can maintain their competitive status in the world. DIN comprises of more than
32000 experts of research, industry, consumer protection and public sector that are responsible for
developing standards of the Organization. With its headquarter located in Berlin Germany DIN is the
German ISO member body.(German Institute for Standardization 2018)

5.2 History
DIN was established in 1917 under the name of “Normenausschuß der Deutschen Industrie” (NADI)
meaning Standardization Committee of German Industry but later when it incorporated standards from a
field other than industry its name was changed to “Deutscher Normenausschuß “(DNA) meaning German
Standardization Committee in 1926. Finally, in 1975 its name was changed to its present name “Deutsches
Institut für Normung” (DIN). The idea of the quality of DIN standards can be made from the fact that the
A-Series paper standard which we still use nowadays was given by DIN in the year 1922 and was adopted
by ISO in 1975.(Wikipedia 2018)

5.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

DIN standards for various machine components are:

• For Gears:
DIN 37, DIN 780, DIN 867, DIN 868, DIN 3961, DIN 3962, DIN 3963, DIN 3964, DIN 3965,
DIN 3966, DIN 3967, DIN 3970, DIN 3971, DIN 3972, DIN 3975, DIN 3976, DIN 3977, DIN
3978, DIN 3979, DIN 3993, DIN 3998, DIN 58405(Tandwiel.info 2018)

• For Bearings:
DIN 38, DIN 623, DIN 625(Wikipedia 2018)

• For Springs:
DIN 2093, DIN 2095, DIN 2098, DIN 17223(DIN 2018)
 • For Shafts:
DIN 743(Tavares and de Castro 2017)

• For Keys:
DIN 268, DIN 271, DIN 6880, DIN 6881, DIN 6883, DIN 6884, DIN 6885, DIN6886, DIN 6887,
DIN 6888, DIN 6889(Fastenit 2018)

6. Japanese Industrial Standards

6.1 Introduction
Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) is the organization which publishes standards that are to be used for
industrial activities in Japan. Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) is associated with the
development of these standards and Japanese Standards Associations (JSA) is responsible for publishing
them.(Wikipedia 2018) JISC develop standards for a wide range of products and technologies from robots
to the pictogram. JISC is responsible for maintaining the standard of Japanese products competitive with
world standards and is also responsible for developing world-class standards in association with
International Organization of Standardization (ISO). The main sectors in which JISC actively participates
to create international standards are interoperability, care of elderly and electric power
infrastructure.(Japanese Industrial Standards Committee 2018)

6.2 History
Initially, in 1921 the government of Japan summarized some standards being used at that time in industries
and formulated Japanese Engineering Standards (JES) which served its main purpose of increasing material
output during World War II. However, after the defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945 Japanese Industrial
Standards (JIS) was established and in 1946 with new standards regulated by JISC the use of JES was
replaced by JIS. In 1949 Industrial Standardization Law and gave a legal status to JIS in Japan according
to which JIS certification became a measure of the quality of products and services in Japan.(Wikipedia
2018)

6.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

JIS standards for various machine components are:

• For Gears:
B 0003, B 0102, B 1701, B 1702, B 1703, B 1704, B 1705, B 1721, B 1722, B 1723, B 1741,
B 1751, B 1752, B 1753, B 4350, B 4351, B 4354, B 4355, B 4356, B 4357, B 4358(Tandwiel.info
2018)

• For Bearings:
B 0104, B 0124, B 0162, B 0163, B 1506, B 1510, B 1511, B1512, B 1513, B 1514, B 1516,
B 1518, B 1519, B 1520, B 1521, B 1522, B 1523, B 1532, B 1533, B 1534, B 1535, B 1536,
B 1539, B 1540, B 1562, B 1582, B 1584(Hercules ebook 2018)

• For Springs:
B 0004, B 0103, B 2701, B 2702, B 2704, B 2705, B 2706, B 2707, B 2708, B 2709, B 2710,
B 2711, B 2713(Hercules ebook 2018)

• For Shaft:
 B 0401, B 0901, B 0902, B 0903, B 0904, D 5602, E 5302, R 6258(Hercules ebook 2018)

• For Keys:
B 1301, B 1302, B 1303, B 4648(Hercules ebook 2018)

7. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority

7.1 Introduction
Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) is the standardization organization of Pakistan
under the control of Ministry of Science and Technology of Pakistan with its headquarters located in
Karachi, Pakistan. The main tasks of the organization include advising the government of Pakistan on
developing standardization policies to promote industrial efficiency and development and to ensure
consumer satisfaction regarding the products being developed in the country. PSQCA is a full member of
International Organization of Standards (ISO) and reflects Pakistan interest of playing its part in the
development of technology in the world. PSQCA have developed 8857 Pakistan Standards and have
adopted nearly 22070 ISO standards. (Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority 2018)

7.2 History
PSQCA was established under the Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, 1996. PSQCA
started its function as a self-financed organization on 1st December 2000 comprising of three departments;
Standards Development Center (SDC), Quality Control Center (QCC), and Technical Services Center
(TSC).(Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority 2018) PSQCA compared to other countries
standard organizations like ANSI, BSI, DIN etc.is still in its initial phase but is progressively developing
and working hard to develop standards that are compatible and competitive to other world standards so that
the products of Pakistan can meet the International Standards and have their own value in international
markets.

7.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

PSQCA standards for various machine components are:

• For Gears:
PS 1386, PS 1387, PS 1389, PS 2376, PS 2397, PS 2662(PSQCA 2018)

• For Bearings:
PS 993, PS 998, PS 999 (Withdrawn), PS 1000 (Withdrawn), PS 1001 (Withdrawn), PS 1512,
PS 1590, PS 2398, PS 2507, PS 2508, PS 2509, PS 2562, PS 2601, PS 3835(PSQCA 2018)

• For Springs:
PS 2926, PS 3333, PS 3334, PS 3386, PS 4622(PSQCA 2018)

• For Shafts:
PS 1443, PS 1444, PS 1715, PS 1890, PS 3932(PSQCA 2018)

• For Keys:
PS 3918, PS 3931(PSQCA 2018)
8. International Design Standards for Bearing
As the United States of America is the global leader in technology in the world. Therefore, the standards
by its Associations, American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA) are considered international
design standard for bearings. Some of its standards related to Ball Bearings and Roller bearings are:
ABMA 1, ABMA 4, ABMA 7, ABMA 8, ABMA 9, ABMA 10, ABMA 11, ABMA 12, ABMA 14,
ABMA 15, ABMA 16, ABMA 20, ABMA 24, ABMA 25, ABMA 26(Rothbart and Brown 2006)
These are just few sample codes for Ball bearings standards of ABMA. More detail codes list and their
specifications can be obtained from ABMA catalogs.

9. International Design Standards for Gears

As ABMA standards are followed internationally for bearings, Similarly, American Gear Manufacturers
Association (AGMA) standards are followed internationally for the design of Gears. Some of the AGMA
standards for Spur and Helical Gears are as follows:
AGMA 94, AGMA 150, AGMA 207, AGMA 211, AGMA 420, AGMA 908, AGMA 912, AGMA 925,
AGMA 940, AGMA 2001(Engineering 360 2018)
The list of these standards is much diverse and an organization should consult AGMA catalogs if they want
to manufacture gears as per international standards.

10. Impact of Design Standards on Quality of Product

Standards have significantly improved quality of the product as well as proved beneficial for the industry
adopting these standards. To prove our point, we here include a case study of an industry that utilized
standards which not only increased quality of its product but also provided economic benefits to the
industry.
Name of the Company: Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company Limited
Introduction to the Company: It is a Chinese company located in Dalian, Province Liaoning China. The
company deals in five major sectors; shipbuilding, ocean engineering, defense, heavy industrial
manufacturing and ship repair. It is the largest and a trademark company in Chinese Shipbuilding Industry.
Product Under Study: The main product of the company under study for the impact of standards was
Research and Development wing concerned with oil tankers, bulk carriers, container ships, and special
ships.
Standards Used: Shipbuilding technology is very complex and uses a large number of standards. Nearly
100000 Chinese and international standards were used. Following are some of the main standard used in
the study:

• International Maritime Organization (IMO) Conventions

• National Chinese Standards
• Chinese Shipbuilding Industry Standards
• ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
• OHSAS 18001:2007 (Occupational Health and Safety Management System)
Improvements by use of Standards: Following benefits were achieved through the use of standards:

• Design of ships and their components were improved based on customer needs
 • Design errors were significantly reduced
• Reduce Time for Negotiations in Design due to referencing of standards
• Unification and re-use of components design documents for similar requirements
• Ensured Safety
• Promoted customer satisfaction
• Ease in meeting of regulatory requirements of Shipbuilding Industry
• Ease of dealing with customers through the use of agreed standards
Reason for these benefits: These benefits were achieved because standards make it easy to refer to a
solution because it has proven itself to be successful in a similar situation and we don’t need to wait for
results from our analysis. Thus, it reduces time cycle for design and reduces the time associated with design.
The use of standards also makes it easier for company and customer to set technical parameters. Therefore,
making the dealings much easier and faster.
Economic Benefit Achieved: 12% of the revenue of Research and Development Wing (USD 2 Million)
(International Organization for Standardization 2018)

11. Discussion
The use of standards in products, services, systems, process and environment have significantly impacted
our lives in the recent century. Standards are not only measures for creating uniformity in a particular sector
but they also serve as a measure for benchmarking of products, services, systems, process and environment.
Standards serve as a roadmap to achieve these benchmarks. Standards also help in reduction of time for the
design of products as they give a trusted solution to a problem we face. Standards also serve to create a
consensus between the producer and consumer and reduce the time for negotiations as well as the setting
of parameters between them. Standards also help in maintaining a competitive environment between the
industries by giving the various type of certification if an industry is performing up to the standards.
Standards also improve the efficiency of a sector and this increased efficiency helps in saving the amount
of money associated with that sector. Standard also helps in creating awareness among consumer for
comparison between products. Standards also ensure safety by forcing various industries and sectors to
follow the criteria’s set by their standards. In a nutshell, these standards and standard organizations have
helped in raising the standard of living in the recent century and are responsible for the technical boom that
has taken place in the recent century.

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