Bio-chemical composition and medicinal uses of soursop fruit

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BIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF ANNONA MURICATA: A

MIRACLE FRUIT’S REVIEW
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82 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(2): March-April 2014
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL

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BIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF ANNONA MURICATA:

A MIRACLE FRUIT’S REVIEW
Trupti P. Sawant and Rajendra S. Dongre
Post Graduate Teaching Department of Chemistry, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur- 440033.
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS:
The present review is aimed to evaluate the miraculous nature of
Annona muricata,
Annona muricata. Annona muricata (soursop or graviola)) of
Acetogenins, Chemical
Annonaceae family has been used worldwide as a natural medicinal
composition, Anti cancer.
Author for remedy for many years, and it has been reported to have a broad
Correspondence:
range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antiviral,
Rajendra S. Dongre*
antifungal, antitumor, antihelmin, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-
Address:
Post Graduate Teaching inflammatory, and immune enhancing effects. This article
Department of
summarizes external morphology of the plant including leaves, fruit
Chemistry, RTM Nagpur
and seeds. Also captured is the chemical analysis in which chemical
University, Nagpur-
440033. constituents like Acetogenins etc. Also captured are the medicinal
Email:
properties which have been used from centuries and the recent
rsdongre@hotmail.com
developments. Natural products have been the target for cancer
therapy for several years but there is still a dearth of information on
potent compounds that may protect normal cells and selectively
destroy cancerous cells.
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com

INTRODUCTION:
Annona muricata Linn. is a lowland tropical fruit-bearing tree in the Annonaceae family. Annona
muricata is also commonly known as Graviola or Soursop or Gunbanana. The name soursop is due
to sour and sweet flavour of its large fruit. Related species include cherimoya (A. cherimola) and
sugar-apple (A. squamosa); paw paw (Asimina triloba) is also in the family. The soursop is native to
tropical Central and South America and the Caribbean, but is now widely cultivated in tropical areas
worldwide, including southern Florida and Southeast Asia, from sea level to altitudes of around 1150
meters. Soursop is one of most commonly used medicinal plants in Caribbean. Pulp of the fruit is
eaten and used as an ingredient in many foods and beverages. Tea is drunk daily and often mixed
with other herbal decoctions. Soursop is a slender, small, and cold-intolerant tree, generally reaching
heights of 4–6 meters. The soursop is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters;
temperatures below 5°C (41°F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures
below 3°C (37°F) can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate. This
plant inhibits the growth of other plants growing around it, a phenomenon called allelopathic effect.
Allelopathy is the production of specific bio molecules by plant species mostly secondary
metabolites that can induce suffering or give benefit to other plant species around it [1]. The extracts
from all the parts of the plant inhibit the growth and development of other plant species such as
phyllantus spps, Panicum maximum, Tridax procumbens etc. The absorption of the extracts through
the roots of such plants affected their physiological processes such as photosynthetic, respiratory and
transpiratory rates, stomatal closure as well as reduced chlorophyll content leading to wilting,
maceration of tissues, stunted growth and finally death of the affected plants. The decoction can also
be used as wet compress on swollen feet and other inflammations. The juice of the fruits is taken
orally as herb remedy of arthritis, haematuria and liver ailments. Pulverizing the Annona seed and
mixing it with soap and water is used as effective spray against caterpillar. The annona leaves are
placed inside pillow or placed on top of the mattress to induce a good night sleep [2].
Nature is the world‘s best chemist: Many naturally occurring compounds have very complicated
structures that present great challenges to chemists wishing to determine their structures or replicate
them. The plant derived herbal compounds have a long history of clinical use, better patient tolerance
and acceptance. Their high ligand binding affinity to the target introduces the prospect of their use in
chemo preventive applications; in addition they are freely available natural compounds that can be
safely used to prevent various ailments. Plants became the basis of traditional medicine system
throughout the world for thousands of years and continue to provide mankind with new remedies.
Here, an attempt is made to review on medicinal plant, Annona muricata (soursop or graviola). It has

a wide potent anticancerous agents coined as Acetogenins which play a key role towards many
varieties of cancer, Acetogenins are potent inhibitors of NADH oxidase(nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase) of the plasma membranes of cancer cells. The fruit is of economic
value and hence cultivated and used widely as an edible food. The plant possess the major
pharmacological activities includes cytotoxic, antileishmanial, wound healing, anti-microbial
activity. It also has the anticarcinogenic and genotoxic effect. Phytochemical analysis of the plant
revealed the presence of tannins, steroids and cardiac glycosides which are the major phytochemical
compounds [3].
ABOUT ANNONA MURICATA PLANT:
COMMON NAMES:
English : prickly custard apple, soursop
Spanish : guanabana, zopote de viejas, cabeza de negro, catoche,
anona de puntitas, anona de broquel; sinini;
Portuguese : araticum do grande, graviola, or jaca do Para
Netherlands Antilles : sorsaka or zunrzak,
Malaya : durian belanda, durian maki; or seri kaya belanda
Thailand : thu-rian-khack.
Chamorro : laguaná, laguana, laguanaha, syasyap
Chuukese : saasaf, saasaf, saasap, sasaf
Fijian : sarifa, seremaia
French : anone muriquee, cacheimantier èpineux,cachiman èpineux,
corasol, corossol, corossol èpineux,
Kosraean : sosap
Maori(Cook Islands) : kātara‗apa, kātara‗apa papa‗ā, naponapo taratara
Marquesan : koroso
Marshallese : jojaab
Mokilese : truka shai
Niuean : talapo, talapo fotofoto
Palauan : sausab
Pohnpeian : sae, sei
Samoan : sanalapa, sasalapa, sasalapa
Spanish : guanábana, guanábano
Tahitian : tapotapo papa‗a, tapotapo urupe
Tongan : apele, initia
Tuamotuan : korosor, tapotaporatara
Yapese : sausau [2].
CLASSIFICATION:
Kingdom : Plantae
Subkingdom : Trecheobonta -vascular plants
Division : Mangoliophyta-flowering plants
Super division : Spermatophyte-seed bearing plant
Class : Mangoliopsida
Subclass : Mangoliidae
Order : Mangoliales
Family : Annonaceae
Genus : Annona
Species : Muricata [2].
LIFE HISTORY AND BEHAVIOR:
Life cycle habit : Perennial

Shedability : Evergreen
Bloom period : Summer
Active growth period : Year round
Growth rate : Moderate
Life span : Low life span
Grass growth type : Not a low growing grass
Resproutability : Will resprout
Germination requirements : Cold stratification not required
Fruit/seed abundance : Medium
Seed period end : Autumn
Seed period begin : Autumn
Fruit/seed persistence : Fruit/seed is not persistent
Seed spread rate : Slow
Vegetative spread rate : None
DISTRIBUTION:
The soursop probably originated in the West Indies and in northern South America. Wild and
cultivated species are found from sea-level to an altitude of 1,150 m throughout the West Indies and
from southern Mexico to Peru and Argentina. It is widely distributed from south-eastern China to
Australia, SE Asia, the warm lowlands of eastern and western Africa, and throughout the pacific.
The soursop is one of the most abundant fruits in the Dominican Republic and one of the most
popular in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Colombia and north-eastern Brazil [4].

PLANT DESCRIPTION:
Graviola (Soursop) belongs to the genus Annonaceae and comprises about 150 species. It is a small
tree of tropical South America, no more than 20 feet tall; leaves not divided into leaflets (simple) and
with entire edges (margins), alternately arranged oblong to oval leaves are leathery, very dark and
shiny green. They have a pungent odour when crushed. The tree has larger individual yellow flowers
on woody stalks (pedicels). Flowers are large and solitary, yellowish or greenish-yellow in colour.
Three outer petals are broadly ovate with heart-shaped base, inner 3 also large, elliptical and
rounded. Graviola fruit is prickly and oblong or somewhat curved; with a length of 13 inch and a
weight of up to 8 pound. The tree may bear fruits anywhere on its trunk or branches. The fruit has 40
to 100 black seeds. The creamy, aromatic pulp is used in ice cream and juice [4].
Figure 1: Annona muricata tree
SEASON:
The soursop tends to flower and fruit more or less continuously, but in every growing area there is a
principal season of ripening. In Puerto Rico, this is from March to June or September; in
Queensland, it begins in April; in southern India, Mexico and Florida, it extends from June to
September; in the Bahamas, it continues through October. In Hawaii, the early crop occurs from
January to April; midseason crop, June to August, with peak in July; and there is a late crop in
October or November [4].
YIELD:
The soursop, unfortunately, is a shy-bearer, the usual crop being 12 to 20 or 24 fruits per tree. In
Puerto Rico, production of 5,000 to 8,000 lbs per acre (roughly equal kg/ha), is considered a good
yield from well cared-for trees. A study of the first crop of 35 5 year-old trees in Hawaii showed an
average of 93.6 lbs (42.5 kg) of fruits per tree. Yield was slightly lower the 2nd year. The 3rd year,
the average yield was 172 lbs (78 kg) per tree. At this rate, the annual crop would be 16,000 lbs per
acre (roughly equal kg/ha) [4].

PESTS & DISEASES:

Queensland's principal soursop pest is the mealybug which may occur in masses on the fruits. The
mealybug is a common pest also in Florida, where the tree is often infested with scale insects.
Sometimes it may be infected by a lace-wing bug. The fruit is subject to attack by fruit flies—
Anastrepha suspensa, A. striata and Ceratitis capitata. Red spiders are a problem in dry climates [4].
REVIEW
LEAVES OF SOURSOP:
Figure 2: Annona muricata leaves Figure 3: Annona muricata flower
Soursop leaves are the most beneficial parts of this tree. They have the Acetogenins containing
compounds namely bulatacin, asimisin and squamosin. Acetogenins acts as an anti- feedent. Thus,
they are often used in killing insects and pests which die by consuming these leaves even in small
amounts. Scientific research conducted by The National Cancer Institute has proved that Soursop
leaves can effectively attack and destroy cancer cells. In addition to this, they are also used in the
treatment of several other diseases [4].
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE LEAF:
Lactones:
Annohexocina
Annomuricina A, B, C and E
Annomutacina
Annopentocinas A, B and C
Muricoreacina
Gigantetronemina
Murihexocina A and C
Javoricina
Soquinolines:
Anonaine
Anoniine
Atherospermine

Coreximine
Lipids:
Gentisic acid
Lignoceric acid
CLA
Stearic acid [5]
Chemical composition (%) of leaf oil of Annona Muricata:
From the leaf oil, 59 compounds were identified, principally β-caryophyllene (31.4%), δ-cadinene
(6.7%), α-muurolene (5.5%) T- and α-cadinols (4.3%). The second work was reported by Boyom et
al. on the leaves and seeds; in leaves: β-caryophyllene (40%) and in seeds: α-phellandrene (25%),
were preponderant.
Table 1. : Chemical composition (%) of leaf oil of Annona Muricata L.
Compounds KI 6 9 Compounds KI 6 9
a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m.
α-thujene 930 tr - (E,E)- α-farnesene 1506 - 0.8
α-pinene 939 tr - germacrene A 1509 - 3.8
citronellene 950 tr - cis-elema-1,3-dien-α- 1510 0.6 -
ol
β-pinene 979 tr - g-cadinene 1514 0.8 0.6
Myrcene 991 tr - δ-cadinene 1523 4.5 9.1
α-terpinene 1017 tr - cis-calamenene 1529 0.4 0.3
p-cymene 1025 tr - trans-cadina-1(2),4- 1535 0.1 -
diene
δ-3-carene 1031 tr - α-cadinene 1539 0.2 0.1
1,8-cineole 1033 0.1 - α-calacorene 1546 1.0 0.1
g-terpinene 1060 tr - elemol 1550 1.8 0.9
cis-sabinene 1070 - 0.1 (E)-nerolidol 1563 0.6 0.6
hydrate
terpinolene 1089 tr - (Z)-3-hexenyl 1567 - 0.5
benzoate
Nonanal 1101 tr - spathulenol 1578 1.2 -
cis-limonene 1137 tr 0.1 caryophyllene oxide 1585 5.5 0.2
oxide
(Z)-3-hexenyl 1147 tr - globulol 1585 0.7 0.6
isobutyrate
Isopulegol 1150 tr Tr epi-globulol 1605 0.8 -
Citronellal 1153 - 0.1 humulene-epoxide II 1608 0.9 -
trans-linalool 1177 - 0.1 1-epi-cubenol 1629 2.3 0.3
oxide (pyranoid)
terpinen-4-ol 1177 0.1 0.2 g-eudesmol 1632 - 0.6
methyl chavicol 1196 0.1 0.5 isospathulenol 1635 0.2 -
α-terpineol 1199 0.2 - epi-α--cadinol 1640 4.1 8.4
(Z)-3-hexenyl 2- 1230 tr - caryophylla- 1641 1.1 -
methylbutyrate 4(14),8(15)-dien-5-β-
ol
δ-elemene 1338 0.1 0.2 epi-α-muurolol 1642 3.5 -
α-ylangene 1375 tr - α-muurolol 1643 tr -

α-copaene 1377 0.3 0.3 α-cadinol 1654 8.3 7.2
β-bourbonene 1388 0.4 - 5-epi-neointermedeol 1660 - 1.5
β-elemene 1391 3.2 4.0 4-isopropyl-6-methyl-
1,2,3,4-
isocaryophyllene 1409 7.5 0.4 tetrahydronaphthalen- 1702 0.3 -
1-one
α-gurjunene 1410 - 0.2 benzyl benzoate 1760 0.2 0.2
β-caryophyllene 1419 7.5 13.6 Aristolone 1763 0.1 -
β-copaene 1432 0.1 - 6,10,14-trimethyl-2- 1839 0.5 -
pentadecanone
aromadendrene 1441 0.3 - eudesma-4(15),7- 1898 0.2 -
dien-3 β-ol
α-humulene 1455 1.8 2.4 9,10- 1916 1.6 -
dehydroisolongifolene
(E)- β-farnesene 1457 0.4 0.7 Phytol 1916 2.5 -
allo- 1460 0.3 0.6 nC23H48 2295 0.1 -
aromadendrene
g-muurolene 1480 1.9 1.7 nC24H50 2395 0.1 -
α-amorphene 1485 0.2 - nC25H52 2494 0.1 0.1
germacrene D 1485 - 1.8 nC26H54 2593 tr -
β-selinene 1490 - 1.4 nC27H56 2695 0.2 0.2
α-selinene 1498 3.3 1.4 nC29H60 2895 0.2 -
α-muurolene 1500 3.2 3.5
tr = traces (inferior or equal to 0.05%)
The plant material was collected at 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. to evaluate any variation during the early
morning. The yield of oil obtained by steam distillation was difficult to determine accurately, but
was less than 0.1%. In all, 82 compounds were identified by GC/MS (Table I) [6]. The volatile
fraction in the leaves was terpene rich and totally different from that obtained from the fruit, in
which alphatic and aromatic esters predominated, together with linalool and its trans oxide and traces
of α-terpineol and geraniol [6].
HEALTH BENEFITS OF SOURSOP LEAVES:
Figure 4: Some Annona muricata products

Soursop leaves are rich in several compounds including protein, calcium, fructose, fat, vitamins A
and B and the like. Thus, the leaves have excellent medicinal properties making them usable as an
ingredient in several herbal health products. The health benefits of soursop leaves are as follows.
1. Treatment of Cancer:
Soursop leaves can inhibit cancer cells and cure cancer more quickly and effectively than
chemotherapy which results in several side effects besides being expensive. In fact, research has
proved that soursop has an active ingredient that is 10000 times stronger than chemotherapy in
fighting cancer cells. Thus, soursop leaves can treat different types of cancers including prostate,
lung and breast cancers. For treatment, boil 10 soursop leaves in 3 cups of water until only one cup
of water remains, strain and cool it and drink this concoction every morning for 3-4 weeks to
determine improvement in the condition. Soursop leaves cancer treatment is one of the most potent
cures till date.
2. Treatment of Uric Acid:
Eating soursop leaves can greatly help in treating gout. In fact, many alternative medicines use
soursop leaves for the treatment of gout. For this purpose, take 6 to 10 soursop leaves which are old
but still green and wash them clean. Boil the leaves in 2 cups of water and simmer until one cup of
water remains. This concoction should be taken twice a day i.e. morning and evening for maximum
benefits.
3. Treatment of Back Pain:
Back pain is commonly experienced these days, particularly while exercising. Using chemical drugs
for back pain can cause side effects. Soursop leaves are an effective herbal remedy for treating back
pain without any negative effect. You can boil 20 pieces of soursop leaves in 5 cups of water until
only 3 cups of water are left. Drink ¾ cup of this concoction once in a day for relief.
4. Treatment of Eczema and Rheumatism:
Rheumatic diseases are commonly observed in elderly people, causing great pain. Soursop leaves are
a natural treatment for arthritis pain. For this purpose, mashes the soursop leaves until they become
smooth and apply on the areas of the body affected by pain due to arthritis and eczema, regularly
twice a day.
5. Treatment of Diabetes:
The limit of normal sugar levels ranges from 70 mg to 120 mg. The nutrients in soursop leaves are
believed to stabilize blood sugar levels in the normal range. Besides, the extracts of soursop leaves
can be used as one of the natural diabetes remedies. All this makes these leaves beneficial for
diabetics.

6. Boosts the Immune System and Prevents Infections:

The nutrient content of soursop leaves is believed to boost the immune system and avoid infections
in the body. Boil 4/5 soursop leaves in 4 cups of water until one cup water remains and drink this
concoction regularly once in a day for beneficial results.
7. Other Benefits:
I. In addition to the benefits mentioned above, soursop leaves are extremely effective in
inhibiting the growth of bacteria, virus, parasites and tumour development. Their healing
properties make them capable of being used as an anti-seizure medication. They are also
capable of reducing fever and lowering high blood pressure. They help in treating
inflammation and swollen feet. They aid in digestion and improve appetite. Soursop leaf
consumption on a regular basis helps in improving stamina and facilitating quick recovery
from diseases [7].
II. Skin Benefits of Soursop Leaves: Due to their medicinal properties soursop leaves are
extremely beneficial for health. As pointed out earlier, they are used in the treatment of some
of the deadliest diseases. The leaves offer some skin benefits as well.
8. Treatment of Boils:
Ulcer is a skin disorder that is characterized by immense pain and even has the risk of catching
infection. Boils can occur on the body or on the face, thus interfering with your skin health and
beauty. Soursop leaves are a natural remedy to cure ulcers. You can pick some young soursop leaves
and place them on the body affected by ulcers.
9. Treatment of Eczema:
As already stated earlier, soursop leaves can treat eczema in a natural way. You can mash a few
soursop leaves and apply it on the affected areas twice a day regularly. This will help in alleviating
the pain caused by eczema besides treating it. A pulp made with fresh soursop leaves and rose water
when applied on the skin can be very useful in preventing the occurrence of blackheads and other
skin problems too [7].
Hair Benefits of Soursop Leaves:
10. Get rid of Lice:
All of us long for healthy and damage free hair. But unfortunately, the unhealthy lifestyle coupled
with exposure to harmful chemicals and environmental pollutants is responsible for several hair
problems like dandruff, split ends, hair loss, pre mature greying etc. Natural ingredients and herbal
products can be very effective in combating these problems. As far as soursop leaves are concerned,
much is not known about their benefits for hair. However, soursop leaves have the capability to

inhibit the growth of parasites, besides other medicinal properties. Thus, applying a soursop leaf
decoction on your hair can help you to get rid of head lice [7].
FRUIT DESCRIPTION:
Figure 5: Annona muricata fruit

The soursop tree produces dark green, spiny aggregate fruits made up of berries fused together with
associated flower parts. The oval or heart-shaped and frequently irregular lopsided composite
soursop fruit is derived from the fusion of many fruitlets and can weigh more than 4 kg. The fruit
pulp consists of white fibrous juicy segments surrounding an elongated receptacle. In each fertile
segment there is a single oval, smooth hard, black seed {1/2}–{3/4} in (1.25–2 cm) long. A fruit may
contain as few as 5 or up to 200 or more seeds. The reticulated leathery looking skin has short spines.
Its inner surface is cream-colored and granular and separates easily from the mass of white, fibrous
juicy segments which surround the central soft pithy core. In Puerto Rico, the seedling soursops are
roughly divided into three general classifications: sweet, subacid, and acid. These are subdivided as
round, heart-shaped, oblong, or angular and finally classed according to flesh consistency which
varies from soft and juicy to firm and comparatively dry. The soursop from the Annonaceae family is
found to be the most important tropical fruit that contributes much to the wider economic growth of
some of the tropical countries such as tropical America, Australia, Africa and Malaysia. The soursop
flavour possess a maximum of 114 volatile compounds that is found to be responsible for the whole
aroma profile, 44 esters, 25 terpenes, 10 alcohols, 9 aldehydes and ketones, 7 aromatic compounds,
5hydrocarbons, 3 acids, 3 lactones and 8 other miscellaneous compounds [8].
Soursop gives a flavour of custard when it is ripen condition and hence has a pleasant, distinctive
aroma and fibrous pulp that can be consumed because of its very juicy, creamy and sweet character.
The fruit has a weight of about four kilograms and it is found to be the largest in its family that lends
itself to be the processed into various other products such as juice blends, nectars, syrups, jams,
jellies and ice-creams [8].

Figure 6: Cross section of Annona muricata Fruit
Table 2: Nutrient Value per 100 grams servings for Annona muricata fruit [9]
Sr. No. Nutrient Value
1 Vitamin: C 20.6
2 Calcium 14
3 Dietary Fiber 3.3 g
4 Iron 0.6
5 Calories 66
6 Protein 1g
7 Cholesterol 0 mg
8 Sodium 14 mg
9 Sugars 13.54g
10 Total Carbohydrate 16.84g
11 Total Fat 0.3g
12 Saturated Fat 0.05g
13 Monounsaturated Fat 0.09g
14 Polyunsaturated Fat 0.06g
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF ANNONA MURICATA’S FRUIT:

By measurement of the respiration rate, soursop was classified as climacteric. Climacteric fruits are
often harvested in an immature state and ripened post-harvest. It is classified as a multiple
climacteric fruit owing to the berries that make up a single fruit being of different maturities and thus
ripening at different times.
Mature fruit produced a biphasic respiratory climacteric, with CO2 production reaching 100 mL/kg/h
and then 350 mL/kg/h at 25– 301C. Peak ethylene production (250–350 mL/kg/h) occurred between
the two respiratory maxima. The respiratory climacteric of the harvested immature fruit tends to be
higher and later than that of mature fruit. As the fruit reaches maturity, there is a slight paling as the

green chlorophyll peel colour changes to a slight yellowing green which may reflect a loss of
chlorophyll with carotenoids contributing more to overall peel colour. During the late ripening stage
the peel becomes dark brown, due possibly to chloroplast breakdown releasing polyphenol oxidases
causing oxidation and polymerization of phenols. Maturity can be detected as the skin becomes
smooth as the density of the spurs on the fruit surface reaches a minimum value (6–7 per12 cm2).
Also, the mature fruit is soft to the touch. Within 2 days of harvesting of soursop fruit, changes in the
molecular weight of the starch have been recorded while at 6 days from harvest only a small fraction
of the starch remains. Concomitant with the decline of ethanol fraction and starch is an increase in
ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, total soluble sugars, and total titratable acidity. Total soluble solids
increase to about 161Brix. The total sugars begin increasing 1–2 days from harvest at the same time
as the increase in respiration. Ethanol-soluble sugars increase rapidly as ripening progresses. Glucose
and fructose reach a maximum concentration 5 days after harvest. There is a marked decrease in pH
from 5.5 to 3.7 over the 3 days of ripening. The decrease in pH is correlated by an increase in
titratable acidity. The malic acid content begins to increase within 2 days of harvest and there is a 3-
fold increase during ripening. This increase in malic acid contributes to the acidic flavour of the fruit
and the decrease in pulp pH. Soursop volatile production varies during ripening. Prior to the rise in
respiration rate, there are few volatiles. Volatile production begins to increase drastically with
ethylene production within 2 days after the increase in the rate of respiration. The volatiles and
ethylene peak about 4 days after harvest and mark the optimum eating stage. Total ethanol-soluble
phenol first increases (10%), then declines to 50% of preclimacteric levels with the greatest decline
occurring after the climactic peak. The decline in phenols probably leads to a loss of astringency
during ripening and leads to a bland flavour of the slightly overripe fruit. Very overripe fruit has an
off-flavour due to low phenols, lower organic acids, and some fermentation. The physical, chemical,
and biochemical changes related to softening during maturation of Crioula soursop fruits (L.) were
studied in Brazil. The soursop fruits were harvested when physiologically mature and were stored at
26+/-0.60C and 88+/-12% relative humidity. During days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, no significant variation in
the soluble pectin content was found. Weight loss reached 5% in the fifth day, without causing fruit
shrivelling. Reductions in starch and in total pectin contents occurred during the period of greatest
enzymatic activity, respectively, of amylase and of polygalacturonase, and cell wall β-galactosidase.
The most significant changes in the contents of starch and total pectin, in pectin solubilisation, and in
the activity of the enzymes amylase, pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, and cell wall β-
galactosidase occurred from the second to the fourth day after harvest [8].

Figure 7: A Raw Fruit Figure 8: A Ripe Bruised Fruit

TABLE 3: Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soursop Pulp and Puree [8]
Physicochemical Analyses Pulp Puree
Titratable acidity (g/100g) as citric acid 1.02±0.43 0.61±0.02
Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) 20.9±1.84 9.83±0.26
Pectinesterase (PE) activity (units/ g) 32.1±2.40 15.2± 0.15
Cloud stability (at 660nm) 0.94±0.06 0.65±0.00
Total soluble solids (0Brix) 11.00 ±0.4 8.00±0.00
pH 3.70±0.06 3.70±0.04
Viscosity (cp) 25.60±0.14 19.20±0.16
Color 'L' 65.89±1.01 61.01±0.35
Color 'a' -2.24±0.10 -3.16±0.00
Color 'b' 6.04±0.55 3.83±0.10
Fructose, g/100 g 3.60±0.27 3.09±0.22
Glucose, g/100 g 2.97±0.24 2.90±0.29
Sucrose, g/100g 1.02±0.28 0.99±0.05
TABLE 4: Nutrient Composition (%) and Citrate (g/L) of Soursop Fruit [8]
Type of Analysis Unripe Soursop Unripe Soursop Ripe
Mesocarp Epicarp Powder Soursop
Powder Juice
Bound moisture 2.14 4.72 75.0
Total carbohydrate 84.82 84.94 12.52
Glucose NT NT 6.14
Protein 7.34 6.26 2.91
Lipid 1.68 0.62 3.25
Ash 4.02 3.43 NT
Fiber 4.33 41.15 0
Citrate NT NT 8.82
N.T.: not tested.

TYPES OF ENZYMES IN ANNONA MURICATA’S FRUIT:

The enzymes pectinase, catalase, and peroxidase have been detected in soursop pulp. Pectinesterase
(PE) is one of the most heat-resistant enzymes present in soursop fruit which could lead to gelation
and precipitation of pectin in puree and juice with subsequent loss of cloud. Amylase was detected
during ripening and its activity increases 18-fold as the fruit ethylene increases [8].
COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOURSOP SEEDS:
The seeds of soursop fruit are rich in oil and protein and low in toxicants (tannins, phytate, and
cyanide) and therefore could be harnessed in human and animal nutrition. Soursop seeds contained
22.10% pale-yellow oil and 21.43% protein. The oil was bland in taste and possessed an acid value
of 0.93, a saponification value of 227.48, an iodine value of 111.07, and an acetyl value of 66.77.
The oil consisted of 28.07% saturated and 71.93% unsaturated fatty acids. The seeds yield a
yellowish-brown 70% unsaturated oil which consisted of 12–33% linoleic, 41–58% oleic, 16%
palmitic, and 5% stearic with a trace of myristic. This oil may have economic value as edible oil, if
some possibly toxic components can be removed. Table C shows some toxicants in the seed and seed
coat of soursop. The seed has a higher content of magnesium and zinc than the pulp, and the pulp has
a higher content of potassium and calcium than the peel or seeds. The seeds also contained 0.2%
water-soluble ash, 0.79% titratable acidity, and 17.0 mg calcium/100 g.
Figure 9: Seeds of Soursop

Chemical components of the seeds of Annona Muricata:
Lactones
Annomonicina
Annomontacina
Annonacina
Annomuricatina
Annonacinona
Javoricina
It also contains:
Annomuricatina (protein)
Linoleic acid (lipid)
Bullatacin

Bullatacinone
Muricoreacin
Muihexocin C
Annom uricin A
Annom uricin B
Muricatocin A
Muricatocin C
Muricapentocin [4]
TABLE 5: Some Toxicants in the Seed and Seed Coat of Soursop [8]
Parameter Seed Seed Coat

Tannin (mg/100 g) 2.6 4.9
Phytate (mg/100 g) 620.5 188.0
Cyanide (mg/kg) 3.7 10.8
PLANT CHEMICALS/PHYTOCHEMICALS:
Many active compounds and chemicals have been found in graviola, as scientists have been studying
its properties since the 1940s. Most of the research on graviola focuses on a novel set of chemicals
called Annonaceous acetogenins. Graviola produces these natural compounds in its leaf and stem,
bark, and fruit seeds. Three separate research groups have confirmed that these chemicals have
significant antitumorous properties and selective toxicity against various types of cancer cells
(without harming healthy cells) publishing eight clinical studies on their findings. Many of the
acetogenins have demonstrated selective toxicity to tumour cells at very low dosages—as little as 1
part per million. Four studies were published in 1998 which further specify the chemicals and
acetogenins in graviola which are demonstrating the strongest anticancerous, antitumorous, and
antiviral properties. In a 1997 clinical study, novel alkaloids found in graviola fruit exhibited
antidepressive effects in animals. Annonaceous acetogenins are only found in the Annonaceae family
(to which graviola belongs). These chemicals in general have been documented with antitumorous,
antiparasitic, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities. Mode of action studies in three separate
laboratories have recently determined that these acetogenins are superb inhibitors of enzyme
processes that are only found in the membranes of cancerous tumour cells. This is why they are toxic
to cancer cells but have no toxicity to healthy cells. In 1997, Purdue University published
information with promising news that several of the Annonaceous acetogenins were " not only are
effective in killing tumours that have proven resistant to anti-cancer agents, but also seem to have a
special affinity for such resistant cells." [10].
The Annonaceous acetogenins discovered in graviola include:

Annocatalin, annohexocin, annomonicin, annomontacin, annomuricatin A & B, annomuricin A thru

E, annomutacin, annonacin, annonacinone, annopentocin A thru C, cis-annonacin, cis-corossolone,
cohibin A thru D, corepoxylone, coronin, corossolin, corossolone, donhexocin, epomuricenin A & B,
gigantetrocin, gigantetrocin A & B, gigantetrocinone, gigantetronenin, goniothalamicin, iso-
annonacin, javoricin, montanacin, montecristin, muracin A thru G, muricapentocin, muricatalicin,
muricatalin, muri-catenol, uricatetrocin A & B muricatin D, muricatocin A thru C muricin H,
muricin I, muricoreacin, murihexocin 3, murihexocin A thru C, murihexol, murisolin, robustocin,
rolliniastatin 1 & 2, saba-delin, solamin, uvariamicin I & IV, xylomaticin [10].
MOLECULAR MECHANISM of ANNONA MURICATA’S FRUIT:
Annonaceous acetogenins, phytochemicals isolated from the leaves, bark and twigs of graviola, are
thought to be the active ingredients. The ethanolic extract of Annona muricata was found to inhibit
the Herpes simplex virus and effective against many cancer cell lines.
Alkaloids from graviola are detrimental to the survival of dopaminergic nerve cells in vitro. This
may result in neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Graviola-induced cell death was inhibited by
the supplementation of glucose suggesting that cell death was caused by energy depletion [11].
TRADITIONAL USES OF ANNONA MURICATA:
According to world health organization (WHO), greater than 80% of the total world‘s population
depends on the traditional medicines in order to satisfy their primary health care needs. It also
suggested in improving the technologies for cultivation of medicinal plants6. The chemical
substances of the medicinal plants which have the capacity of exerting a physiologic action on the
human body were the primary features. The bioactive compounds of plants such as alkaloids,
flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds were considered to be most important. The
phytochemical research that has been done based on the ethno-pharmacological information forms
the effective approach in the discovery of new anti-infective agents from higher plants.
Annona muricata fruit juice is widely consumed either raw or after processing in tropical countries
because of its very juicy, creamy and sweet character including its medicinal importance. All parts of
the graviola tree are used in natural medicine in the tropics, including the bark, leaves, roots, fruit,
and fruit seeds. Different properties and uses are attributed to the different parts of the tree.
Generally, the fruit and fruit juice are taken for worms and parasites, to cool fevers, to increase
mother's milk after childbirth, and as an astringent for diarrhoea and dysentery. The crushed seeds
are used against internal and external parasites, head lice, and worms. The bark, leaves, and roots are
considered sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine, and a tea is made for various disorders
toward those effects [3].

TABLE 6: Worldwide Ethnomedical uses of Annona muricata [10]

WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USES
Brazil for abscesses, bronchitis, chest problems, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea,
dysentery, edema, fever, intestinal colic, intestinal parasites, liver
problems, neuralgia, nervousness, pain, parasites, rheumatism, spasms,
worms
Caribbean for chills, fever, flu, indigestion, nervousness, palpitations, rash, spasms,
skin disease, and as a sedative
Curaçao for childbirth, gallbladder problems, nervousness, and as a sedative and
tranquilizer
Haiti for digestive sluggishness, coughs, diarrhoea, fever, flu, heart conditions,
lactation aid, lice, nerves, parasites, pain, pellagra, sores, spasms,
weakness, wounds, and as a sedative
Jamaica for asthma, fevers, heart conditions, hypertension, lactation aid,
nervousness, parasites, spasms, water retention, weakness, worms, and as a
sedative
Malaysia for boils, coughs, diarrhoea, dermatosis, hypertension, rheumatism, and to
reduce bleeding
Mexico for diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, chest colds, ringworm, scurvy, and to
reduce bleeding
Panama for diarrhoea, dyspepsia, kidney, stomach ulcers, worms
Peru for diabetes, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, hypertension, indigestion,
inflammation, lice, liver disorders, parasites, spasms, tumours, ulcers
(internal), and as a sedative
Trinidad for blood cleansing, fainting, flu, high blood pressure, insomnia, lactation
aid, palpitations, ringworms
U.S.A. for cancer, depression, fungal infections, hypertension, intestinal parasites,
tumours
West for asthma, childbirth, diarrhoea, hypertension, lactation aid, parasites,
Indies worms
Elsewhere for arthritis, asthma, bile insufficiency, childbirth, cancer, diarrhoea,
dysentery, fever, heart problems, kidney problems, lactation aid, lice, liver
disorders, malaria, pain, ringworm, scurvy, stomach problems, and as a
sedative
SOURSOP AS AN ANTI CANCER AGENT:

Graviola is used extensively in alternative cancer treatment and prevention; it has a high success rate.
There are phytochemicals in the leaves, seeds and stem of the guanabana which are cytotoxic against
various types of cancer cells. There is ongoing cancer-research on this plant concerning the specific
phytochemicals (Annonaceous acetogenins) that are demonstrating the strongest anticancer and
antiviral properties. It seems that in contrast with chemotherapy, that indiscriminately seeks and
destroys all actively reproducing cells, graviola selectively target enemy cells. It leaves all healthy
and normal cells undisturbed.

Research has indicated that the Annonaceous acetogenins kill malignant cells of 12 different types of
cancer including breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, liver, lung, pancreatic and lymphoma. Sour-Sop or
the fruit from the graviola tree is a miraculous natural cancer cell killer - 10,000 times stronger than
Chemo. A study published in the Journal of Natural Products, following a recent study conducted at
Catholic University of South Korea stated that one chemical in Graviola was found to selectively kill
colon cancer cells at ―10,000 times the potency of (the commonly used chemotherapy drug)
Adriamycin…‖ Research shows that with extracts from this miraculous tree it now may be possible
to: Attack cancer safely and effectively with an all-natural therapy that does not cause extreme
nausea, weight loss and hair loss, Protect your immune system and avoid deadly infections, Feel
stronger and healthier throughout the course of the treatment, Boost your energy and improve your
outlook on life. The source of this information is just as stunning: It comes from one of America's
largest drug manufacturers, the fruit of over 20 laboratory tests conducted since the 1970! What
those tests revealed was nothing short of mind numbing… Extracts from the tree were shown to:
Effectively target and kill malignant cells in 12 types of cancer, including colon, breast, prostate,
lung and pancreatic cancer. The tree compounds proved to be up to 10,000 times stronger in slowing
the growth of cancer cells than Adriamycin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug! What's more,
unlike chemotherapy, the compound extracted from the Graviola tree selectively hunts down and
kills only cancer cells. It does not harm healthy cells [12].
HEALTH BENEFITS OF SOURSOP:
1. Curing Cancer
By eating the fruit soursop we can help to attack the cancer cells safely and naturally, without side
effects such as nausea, weight loss, or hair loss.
2. Increase Immune System
Substances contained in soursop fruit such as acetogenins, annocatacin, annocatalin, annohexocin,
annonacin, annomuricin, anomurine, anonol, caclourine, gentisic acid, gigantetronin, linoleic acid,
muricapentocin. It makes our body stay fit and improved. Help us against disease
3. Kill malignant cancer cells
Soursop leaf has an effective target and kills malignant cells for 12 types of cancer, including colon,
breast, prostate, lung and pancreatic cancer. Power works 10,000 times stronger in slowing the
growth of cancer cells compared with Adriamycin and chemo therapy is commonly used.
4. High Vitamin C
Vitamins are the most dominant in soursop fruit is vitamin C, which is around 20 mg per 100 grams
of fruit flesh. Requirement of vitamin C per person per day (i.e. 60 mg), have been met only by

consuming 300 grams of meat soursop fruit. The content of vitamin C is high enough on soursop is
an excellent antioxidant to increase endurance and slow the aging process (stay young) and is one of
the benefits of soursop fruit that we can take.
5. Medicine for haemorrhoids and pain reliever
In addition to juice drinks are also good to cure haemorrhoids, waist pain, and help your appetite so
our appetite good.
6. Rich in Fiber
In addition to nutritional components, soursop fruit is also very rich in non-nutritional components.
One of them is to contain a lot of fiber (dietary fiber); fiber is very good for digestive health.
7. Preventing Osteoporosis
Soursop fruit contains phosphorus and calcium is high enough - very good for strong bones and to
prevent osteoporosis.
8. Increase Energy
The content of fructose in soursop can keep you fresh, and can drain energy. This is because fructose
is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many fruits. This could be a good natural source of
carbohydrates for the body.
9. Help cure many diseases
Soursop fruit juice, taken twice daily, can help overcome kidney disease, liver problems, urinary
tract infection (also known as urethritis) and hematuria (blood in the urine or)
10. Preventing Bacterial infections
The fleshy part of the fruit, if applied to any cuts will accelerate the healing process and also prevent
bacterial infection.
11. Prevent nerve damage and maintain a healthy heart
The content of vitamin B1 able to accelerate metabolism, blood circulation, prevents nerve damage,
restoring the edges and central nervous disorders. The content of vitamin B2 is required for the
body's energy production, fat storage, nervous system function, and maintenance of the heart muscle
[13].
CONTRAINDICATIONS ABOUT ANNONA MURICATA:
Graviola has demonstrated uterine stimulant activity in an animal study (rats) and should therefore
not be used during pregnancy. Graviola has demonstrated hypotensive, vasodilator, and cardio
depressant activities in animal studies and is contraindicated for people with low blood pressure.
People taking antihypertensive drugs should check with their doctors before taking graviola and
monitor their blood pressure accordingly (as medications may need adjusting). Graviola has

demonstrated significant in vitro antimicrobial properties. Chronic, long-term use of this plant may
lead to die-off of friendly bacteria in the digestive tract due to its antimicrobial properties.
Supplementing the diet with probiotics and digestive enzymes is advisable if this plant is used for
longer than 30 days [10].
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS FRUITS OF ANNONACEAE FAMILY WITH
ANNONA MURICATA:
TABLE 7: Comparative analysis of various fruits of Annonaceae family with Annona Muricata
Annona Annona Annona Annona

Medicinal Activities Muricata Squamosa Cherimola Senegalensis
Antibacterial Activity Yes Yes - -
Anti-diabetic Activity Yes Yes Yes -
Anti Genotoxic Agent Yes Yes - -
Antimicrobial activity Yes Yes Yes Yes
Antihyperlipidemic Activity Yes Yes - -
Antioxidant – Activity Yes Yes Yes -
Anti-Head lice effect Yes Yes - -
Antitumour Activity Yes Yes Yes -
Cytotoxic Activity Yes Yes - Yes
Antiparasitic activity Yes - - Yes
Anti-inflammatory activity Yes Yes - Yes
Antiviral activity Yes Yes - -
Antianxiety activity Yes - Yes -
Antidiarrhoeal Activity Yes - - Yes
Antimalarial Activity Yes - - Yes
Anticonvulsant Activity - - - Yes
Wound Healing Activity Yes - - -
Anticarcinogenic Activity Yes - - -
Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activity Yes - - -
Chemopreventive / Skin
Papillomagenesis Activity Yes - - -
It has been found that Annona Muricata exhibits its effectiveness in majority of medicinal activities.
Extracts from Graviola (Annona muricata), have been shown in research to inhibit the Herpes
Simplex virus, and to have anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-rhumatic and cytoxic effects. The
antinociceptive activity of orally administered ethanol extract of Annona muricata leaf was

demonstrated in mice and rats. Annona muricata leaves have antioxidant effect and this could be one
of the contributory factors in producing its antiulcerogenic effect [11].
Acetic acid injected into peritoneal cavity is believed to be able lead to an increase of
cyclooxygenaseIt has been reported to show activity against multi-drug resistant cancer cells, and it's
cytoxic ability has been shown with a number of cancer cell lines, particularly prostate and
pancreatic cancers [14].The Annonaceous acetogenins found especially in Graviola kill malignant
cells of 12 different types of cancer including breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, liver, lung, pancreatic
and lymphoma as compared to the other fruit species of Annonaceae family [15], [16], [17].
CONCLUSIONS:
Annona muricata fruit offers significantly greater medicinal benefits as compared to the other fruits.
Apart from its various medicinal properties, acetogenins in Annona muricata show potent ―anti-
carcinogenic‖ activity which selectively attack cancerous cells without harming healthy cells.
Annona muricata thus appears to meet the popular definition of a "Miracle Fruit".
COMPETING INTERESTS:
The authors declare that they don‘t have any competing interests.
AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION:
The authors have prepared this review with the detailed perusal of the literature/library work and
information represented have been thoroughly examined and approved in the framing manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The author sincerely thanks for the support given by library of Post Graduate Teaching Department
of Chemistry, R.T.M., Nagpur University, Nagpur- 440033 (MS) India to carry out this
review/literature work.
REFERENCES:
1. FN Mbagwu. The allelopathic effects of crude water extracts of Annona muricata on
common weeds, International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2006, Vol 2, No 4
:341-344
2. <http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=604>, Accessed February 1, 2014.
3. Gajalakshmi S, Vijayalakshmi S, Rajeshwari Devi V. Phytochemical and Pharmacological
Properties of Annona Muricata: A Review, Int J Pharm Sci,2012, Vol 4, Issue 2: 3-6
4. Morton, J. In: Fruits of warm climates, 1987, Soursop: 75–80.
5. <http://cancer.vg/en/annona-muricata-soursop>, Accessed February 1, 2014.
6. Cosme Kossouoh , Mansour Moudachirou , Victor Adjakidje , Jean-Claude Chalchat c&
Gilles Figuérédo. Essential Oil Chemical Composition of Annona muricata L. Leaves from

Benin, Journal of Essential Oil Research(2007),19:4, 307-309,

7. <http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/benefits-of-soursop-leaves-for-skin-hair-and-health/>,
Accessed February 1, 2014.
8. Badrie N. and Schauss A.G. Soursop (Annona muricata L.):Composition, Nutritional Value,
Medicinal Uses, and Toxicology, Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health, 2010, Ch. 39: 621-
641
9. <http://healthofamericans.org/files/Guanabana_-_Soursop.pdf>, Accessed February 1, 2014.
10. Taylor L. Graviola, <http://www.cancerplants.com/medicinal_plants/annona_muricata.html>
, Accessed February 1, 2014.
11. Volpe A. Annona Muricata Phytochemicals, <http://flipper.diff.org/app//items/info/3958>,
12. <http://healthyposts.wordpress.com/2012/12/13/the-sour-sop-annona-muricata-miraculous-
natural-cancer-cell-killer/> ,Accessed February 1, 2014.
13. <http://letsgohealthy.blogspot.in/2013/01/health-benefits-and-nutrition-fact-of_24.html> ,
14. Oberlies NH, Chang CJ, McLaughlin JL. J Med Chem.1997 Jun 20; 40(13):2102-6.
15. Pandey N., Barve D. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences,2011, Vol 2(4):1404-1412
16. Jyothi B.A, Venkatesh K, Chakrapani P, Roja Rani A. International Journal of Phytomedicine
3 (2011) 439-447.
17. Mustapha A.A. International Journal of Science and Technology 2(12), 2013: 862-865.
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BIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF ANNONA MURICATA: A

Article · March 2014

Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre

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BIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF ANNONA MURICATA:

therapy for several years but there is still a dearth of information on

potent compounds that may protect normal cells and selectively

destroy cancerous cells.

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Life cycle habit : Perennial

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Figure 1: Annona muricata tree

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PESTS & DISEASES:

Figure 2: Annona muricata leaves Figure 3: Annona muricata flower

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α-ylangene 1375 tr - α-muurolol 1643 tr -

Figure 4: Some Annona muricata products

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6. Boosts the Immune System and Prevents Infections:

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Figure 5: Annona muricata fruit

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Figure 6: Cross section of Annona muricata Fruit

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF ANNONA MURICATA’S FRUIT:

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Figure 7: A Raw Fruit Figure 8: A Ripe Bruised Fruit

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TYPES OF ENZYMES IN ANNONA MURICATA’S FRUIT:

Figure 9: Seeds of Soursop

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Parameter Seed Seed Coat

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Annocatalin, annohexocin, annomonicin, annomontacin, annomuricatin A & B, annomuricin A thru

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TABLE 6: Worldwide Ethnomedical uses of Annona muricata [10]

SOURSOP AS AN ANTI CANCER AGENT:

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Annona Annona Annona Annona

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Benin, Journal of Essential Oil Research(2007),19:4, 307-309,

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