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Self is an individual person as the object of one’s own reflective consciousness. This reference is
necessarily subjective; thus, self is a reference by a subject to the same subject. Aristotle quotes
“knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom”. Basically, that getting to know yourself than others
is the best thing that you can do for yourself since our self is the real wisdom other than GOD. Self also
describe by some philosophers who gave their own perspective about self.
What is Philosophy?
The word PHILOSOPHY is from the word Greek roots means PHILO means LOVE and
SOPHOS means WISDOM. Basically, philosophy means love of wisdom which studies the proper
behavior or in short philosophy wants to know the meaning of LIFE. Philosophy is concern about the
fundamental of nature self. Greeks were the people who actually questioned myths and get away from
them and then try to question what is self. In this report we will know some of the philosophers gave
their own perspective about the self.
The 9 Philosophers:
Socrates:
He was the student of Socrates and he support his believe and added
that the soul has three components which are: rational soul, spirited soul
and the appetitive soul. The first component is the rational soul which lies
the reason and intellect in short that the first component pointing our mind
which has our intellect and the power to make rational thinking and also in
our minds where our intellect came from. The second component will be
the spirited soul says that emotions should kept at the bay, spirited soul points out that our emotions
should be controlled to prevent it from causing problems. The third one will be the appetitive soul it says
that it our base desires (food, drink, sleep, sexual need, and etc.), appetitive soul points that self also had
desires which are the primary needs, secondary needs and other needs that human need every day for us
to be able to live. In Plato perspective self is just and virtuous.
Augustine:
Thomas Aquinas:
Rene Descartes:
David Hume:
Immanuel Kant:
He was best known for his criticism of what he called the “official
doctrine” of “Cartesian Dualism” as a theory of mind. He said that the self
is like entering LU and looking for the university because he said that the
self is not an entity one can locate and analyze but simply the convenient
name that we use to refer to the behaviors that we make. What truly matters
is the behavior that a human manifest in his day to day life.
Merleau Ponty:
What is Sociology?
The word sociology derived from Latin and Greek origins. Where –logy means “the study of”
from Greek and the word –socius means “companion” from Latin. Sociology is the study of
development, structure, and functioning of human society. Explain the outcomes of individuals and their
personal attributes, opinions, tastes, and characteristics in terms of their social environment. More
specifically, it is an application of statistical analysis and the search for cause and effect relationships
between identifiable social variables like race, religion, income, earnings, education, gender, etc.
Lawrence Kohlberg:
Level 1: Pre-conventional
Where the child sense of morality is externally controlled. Children under this stage are
not yet adopted or internalized the society’s convention on what is right and wrong.
Focuses on the child’s desire and avoid on being punished. Example instead of punishing
your child you will just give his/her desire for you to avoid hurting his/her.
It expresses the word “what is it for me?” In stage 2 is not about loyalty or respect it’s
about “you’ll scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours” mentality. It’s like doing your
child’s favor with the exchange of household chores.
Level 2: Conventional
The child sense of morality is tied to personal and societal relationships. In this stage
children tend to accept the rules of authority figures, but this is for their belief to ensure the
positive relationships and societal order.
In this stage children want the approval of others and act in good ways to avoid
disapproval. Children in this stage tend to act “nice” to others.
In this stage child blindly accepts rules and convention because of their importance in
maintaining a functioning society. Rules are seen and being obeyed by doing what is
supposed to do. Example if a child tends to violate a house rule he/she tend to obey the
consequences which is the house law.
Level 3: Post conventional
In this stage morality is independent because people now believe that some laws are
unjust and should be change or eliminated. In this stage people tend to know how to disobey and
do not like to follow on some rules and law.
In this stage, the world views are holding different opinions, rights and values. And such
perspective should be mutually respected as unique to each person.
The moral reasoning is now based on abstract using universal ethical principles. People
are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with an obligation to disobey
unjust law.
Carol Gilligan:
Pre-conventional
In Gilligan’s theory morality is based on needs to survive. Woman in this stage is focused
on meeting her own basic needs, always meeting her own needs before meeting the need of
others.
Conventional
In Gilligan’s theory morality based on the need of sacrifice. Women in this stage are
satisfied on viewing themselves as well when they help others needs than to meet their own
needs.
Post conventional
In Gilligan’s theory morality based for non-violence. Women tend to find ways to get
their needs without hurting each other.
What is Psychology?
Psychology is the science of behavior and mind. The word Psychology derives from Greek word:
psyche meaning “breath, spirit, and soul” and the word logos means “study of”.
Erik-Erikson
He was born on June 15, 1902 and died on May 12, 1994. Hus
full name was Erik Salomonsen. He was a German-American
developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst. He was known for his
theory of Psychosocial Development. He made eight stages of
development and it was based on theory of Freud “Psychosexual
Theory”.
Infant birth 12 months of age should learn how to trust adults. They should develop the
virtue of hope.
Ages 1-3 years old should begin to explore their world and know how to control their
actions and act on environment. They should develop the virtue of will.
Ages 3-6 years old they are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their
world through social interactions and play. They should develop the virtue of purpose.
Ages 6-12 years old they tecd to compare themselves to others to measure it up. They
should develop the virtue of competency.
Ages 12-18 years old they started to get curious about the essince of life and their
importance as a man/woman. They should develop the virtue of fidelity.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Ages 20-early 40 years old they are curious about having serious relationship and to have
someone to keep for a lifetime. They develop the virtue of love.
People who reach 40 years old they begin to contribute to the next generation and they
also focus on raising children. They should develop the virtue care.
People reach the age of mid-60’s they tend to enjoy their life to the fullest and celebrate
their achievements through the years. They should develop the virtue of wisdom.
References:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/teachereducationx92x1/chapter/eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-
development/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theories-of-self-development/
http://oer2go.org/mods/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-
textbook/socialization-4/the-self-and-socialization-43/sociological-theories-of-the-self-271-10195/index.html
https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/psychologists/carol-gilligan-theory-how-women-develop-their-sense-of-
self/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/teachereducationx92x1/chapter/kohlbergs-stages-of-moral-development/
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-sociology
http://informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/ryle/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Immanuel-Kant
https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Hume
https://www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_aquinas.html
https://www.iep.utm.edu/augustin/
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-self-according-augustine-378193
http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Socrates/
https://www.slideshare.net/shinpaiwa/understanding-the-self-lecture-1-philosophical-perspectives
https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH811PH827&q=a%20man%20with%20a%20question%20
mark&tbm=isch&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8l52b0PDkAhWB7WEKHWBZBAwQsAR6BAgFEAE&biw=160
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