Sunteți pe pagina 1din 22

1

2
3
4
To Be - Potvrdni oblik
Subjekat To Be Primer
I am I am from Germany.
You are</span > You are Chinese.
He is He is twenty years old.
She is She is a nurse.
It is It is a black dog.
We are We are intelligent.
You are You are students.
They are They are married.

To Be - Skraćeni oblici
Skraćeni oblici glagola "to be" su vrlo učestali, posebno u govoru. Pogledaćemo to kroz primere:

To Be Skraćenica Primer
I am I'm I'm from Germany.
You are You're You're Chinese.
He is He's He's twenty years old.
She is She's She's a nurse.
It is It's It's a black dog.
We are We're We're intelligent.
You are You're You're students.
They are They're They're married.

To Be - Odrični oblik
Odrični oblik se gradi tako što se na "am, is, are" doda rečca "not", što se da videti u sledećim
primerima:

Subjekat To Be Primer
I am not I am not from Spain.
You are not You are not Australian.
He is not He is not thirty years old.
She is not She is not a secretary.
It is not It is not a white cat.
We are not We are not stupid.
You are not You are not teachers.
They are not They are not single.

5
To Be - Odrične skraćenice
Postoje dva načina građenja skraćenica u odričnim rečenicama. Jedan način je da spojimo
subjekat I glagol (npr. You are not = You're not), a drugi način je da spojimo glagol I rečcu "not"
(npr. You are not = You aren't). Kao u primerima:

Subjekat + glagol ili Glagol + rečca


I'm not from Spain. / NEMA
You're not Australian. / You aren't Australian.
He's not thirty years old. / He isn't thirty years old.
She's not ta secretary. / She isn't a secretary.
It's not a white cat. It's It isn't a white cat.
We're not stupid. / We aren't stupid.
You're not teachers. / You aren't teachers.
They're not single. / They aren't single.

Vidimo da je jedini mogući skraćeni oblik za "I am not" upravo "I'm not" tj. da je oblik "I amn't"
nemoguć, odnosno neispravan.

To Be - Upitni oblik
Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom subjekta I predikata, odnosno njihovom zamenom mesta. Da bismo
napravili pitanje sa glagolom "to be" moramo prvo upotrebiti glagol, pa tek onda subjekat.
Potvrdni oblik - You are happy. U ovoj rečenici you je subjekat, a are je predikat. Zamenom
njihovih mesta dobijamo: Upitni oblik - Are you happy? U narednoj tabeli možemo da vidimo
glagol "to be" u upitnim oblicima.

Potvrdni oblik Upitni oblik


I am intelligent. Am I intelligent?
You are a student. Are you a student?
He is a pilot. Is he a pilot?
She is from Spain. Is she from Spain?
It is a big house. Is it a big house?
We are ready. Are we ready?
You are doctors. Are you doctors?
They are rich. Are they rich?

6
HAVE/HAS GOT

U engleskom jeziku glagoli "have" I "have got" imaju jednako značenje. Ipak, postoje
pravila koja moramo da poštujemo kada ih koristimo, I situacije kada ih upotrebljavamo.
Kada želimo da iskažemo da nešto posedujemo ili imamo, možemo koristiti I "have got" i
"have". Rečenica sa have glasila bi:

He has a cat.

Dok bi sa have got rečenica mogla da glasi:

He has got a cat.

ili u drugom obliku:

He's got a cat.

Takođe, kada govorimo o porodici I prijateljima, jednako možemo da koristimo oba glagola,
pa će oblik sa have biti:

I do not have a brother.

Dok će sa have got rečenica glasiti:

I have not got a brother.

ili

I haven't got a brother.

Na isti način, ako želimo fizički da opišemo nekoga pa čak I kada govorimo o bolestima, oba
oblika mogu da se upotrebe bez razlike u značenju:

HAVE HAVE GOT


Carol has brown eyes. Carol has got brown eyes.
Carol's got brown eyes.
I have a bad cold. I have got a bad cold.
I've got a bad cold.
Međutim, "have got" ne može da se upotrebi umesto "have" kada govorimo o bilo čemu
drugom, kao što su iskustva, aktivnosti I slično:

Pravilno Pogrešno
I had an accident. I had got an accident.
We had lunch. We had got lunch.

7
Pravilno Pogrešno

Bitno je zapamtiti da "have got" ne postoji ni u jednom drugom vremenu OSIM prostog
sadašnjeg, odnosno Present Simple vremena. Ispravno: I had a bad cold last week.
Pogrešno: I had got a bad cold last week. Skraćene verzije 've I 's postoje samo u formi
"have got" i nikako se ne koriste sa samim glagolom "have".

Pravilno Pogrešno
I've got a new mobile phone. I've a new mobile phone
He's got a new car. He's a new car.

Kada formiramo upitni I odrični oblik, pomoćne glagole koristimo samo sa oblikom "have",
koristiti ih uz oblik "have got" je neispravno:

Pravilno Pogrešno
Have you got a garden? Do you have got a garden?
Do you have a pet? Have you a pet?
They haven't got a brother. They haven't a brother.

U britanskom engleskom češće se koristi "have got", dok je "have" tipičniji za američki
engleski. Ali u američkom engleskom možemo naići I na drugačiju formu oblika "have got",
posebno u neformalnom jeziku, gde se koristi samo skraćeni oblik "got".

We've got a problem. → We got a problem.

8
Auxiliary Verbs – Pomoćni glagoli – Short answers – Kratki odgovori - Tekstualno
objašnjenje
Kada pitanja počinju sa "Wh" rečima (pogledati članak o njima), ona zahtevaju detaljniji i
duži odgovor, na koji je teško ili nemoguće dati kratke odgovore;

What did you do on the weekend?

I went to a party with my friends.

U ovom slučaju, nije moguće odgovoriti sa prostim: "Yes, I did." Međutim, ako je reč o
"Da li..." pitanju (odnosno Yes/No pitanju), po pravilu je na njih moguće odgovoriti kratkim
odgovorom:

Are you from Chile?

Yes, I am. (= Yes, I am from Chile)

No, I'm not. (= No, I am not from Chile)

Ako pažljivo pogledamo dati primer, videćemo da se u odgovoru koristi prvi glagol upitne
rečenice (bio on modalni ili pomoćni). Na taj način I formiramo kratke odgovore, uz pomoć
"yes" ili "no" odgovora, subjekta I prvog glagola iz datog pitanja u određenom licu I
vremenu. Primere većine kratkih odgovora možete naći u tabeli ispod:

Yes / No pitanja Kratak odgovor


Is he from London? Yes, No, he is. isn't.* <
Are the boys at your school? Yes, No, they are. aren't.* <
Was he late? Yes, No, he was. wasn't. <
Were they hungry? Yes, No, they were. weren't. <
Can you play ice-hockey? Yes, No, I can. can't.* <
Have we got ketchup? Yes, No, we have. haven't.* <
Has she got a mobile phone? Yes, No, she has. hasn't.* <
Do they live in a flat? Yes, No, they do. don't.* <
Does he work in an office? Yes, No, he does. doesn't.* <
Did it rain yesterday? Yes, No, it did. didn't.* <
Are they writing a test now? Yes, No, they are. aren't.* <
Have you been to Scotland? Yes, No, I have. haven't.* <
Has she done her homework? Yes, No, she has. hasn't.* <
Is he meeting his sister? Yes, No, he is. isn't.* <
Will we arrive on time? Yes, No, we will. won't.* <

9
* U odričnim oblicima možemo da koristimo dugačke forme umesto skraćenica kada želimo
da naglasimo svoj odgovor. (No, we will not. No, he is not.) Kada odgovaramo na pitanje u
engleskom jeziku, reći samo "da" ili "ne" se smatra nepristojnim. Zato se koriste kratki
odgovori, koji se ne sastoje od samo jedne reči, a opet nisu ni pune rečenice koje mogu
zvučati loše zbog ponavljanja svih reči iz postavljenog pitanja. To vidimo u primeru:

Is there a hotel in this street?

Yes, there is a hotel at the end of this street.

Potpuno je nepotrebno dati dugačak odgovor na ovo pitanje, a složićete se, mnogo je i lepše
odgovoriti samo sa "Yes, there is.". Naravno, i ovo pravilo ima svoje izuzetke, pogotovo
kada prihvatamo ili odbijamo ponudu. Tada možemo dati I drugačije kratke odgovore poput
"yes, please" ili "no, thank you".
Would you like a beer? Yes, please.
Do you need any help? No, thank you.
Za kraj, ako ste u dilemi na koji način možete da date kratak odgovor na postavljeno pitanje,
samo upotrebite prvi glagol iz pitanja i tako završite vaš odgovor.

10
Modalni glagoli "can" i "could" su oblici za sadašnjost, gde je "could" više stanje verovatnoće i
mogućnosti nego vremenski pokazatelj prošle radnje, ali se koristi i za jednostavno konstatovanje
nečega što smo umeli da radimo u prošlosti, kao i mogućnost u budućnosti. Za iskazivanje
prošlosti i budućnosti ipak najčešće koristimo izraz "be able to".

CAN
"Can" je glagol kojim izražavamo nešto od navedenog: mogućnost, molbu, sposobnost, znanje ili
umeće da nešto uradimo. Ovaj glagol, preveden na srpski, ima tri značenja: moći, znati i umeti.

 You can fix it. – Apsolutno si sposoban, odnosno imaš znanje i umeće da to popraviš
(umeš).
 Can I smoke here? – U ovom slučaju "can" ima značenje pristojnog pitanja za dozvolu, (da
li smem?).
 You can’t be serious! - Značenje ove rečenice je da ne postoji mogućnost da to što si
rekao, bude istina (nemoguće je, šališ se).

Potvrdni oblik se gradi tako što ispred glavnog glagola dodajemo modalni glagol "can". Bitna stvar
je da, kao I kod drugih modalnih glagola, ni sa "can" ne smemo koristiti ,,to’’ uz glavni glagol.

John can ride a bicycle.

Kao što vidimo, ova rečenica ne može da glasi "John cans rides a bicycle". Nema nastavka -s u 3.
licu jednine. Nema ni Continuous, ni Perfect vremena. Ne može da se kaže ni "He is caning", ni
"He has caned". Odrični oblik se gradi dodavanjem reči "not", pa dobijamo cannot ili u skraćenom
obliku can't. Kada ste videli da je "cannot" napisano spojeno, verovatno ste prvo pomislili da je u
pitanju greška u kucanju. Međutim, jedino se glagol "can" piše spojeno sa odrečnom rečcom "not".
Svi drugi glagoli u engleskom jeziku pišu se odvojeno od "not".
She cannot leave early today. She can't leave early today.
Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom, odnosno zamenom mesta subjekta i modalnog glagola kao u
primeru:

Can he fly a plane?

11
U neformalnom svakodnevnom govoru u engleskom jeziku, cesto koristimo have got i has got kada
pricamo o pripadnosti necega. Have got i has got imaju isto znacenje kao i glagol have/has.

npr. I have got a dog. znaci potpuno isto kao i I have a dog. (Ja imam psa.)

He has got a sister. znaci potpuno isto kao i He has a sister. (On ima sestru.)

Ovaj domaci uradite za sutra 13. septembar (V2) i petak 14. septembar (V1).

Slobodno postavite pitanja ako ih budete imali.

I Write have got (‘ve got) or has got (‘s got). (Napisi have got ili has got).

1. Susan __________ a fast car.


2. They like animals. They ___________ three dogs and two cats.
3. „What’s wrong?“ „I __________something in my eye.“
4. An insect ___________ six legs.
5. Tina __________ a new school bag.

II Write about John’s possessions. (Pisi o stvarima koje Dzon ima)

+ a bike John’s got a bike.

– a car John hasn’t got a car.

1. + a new book _____________________________


2. – long hair ______________________________
3. + a big garden _______________________________
4. – a small house _______________________________

III Write questions. (Napisi pitanja)

(you/ a brother?) Have you got a brother?

(she/ short hair?) Has she got short hair?

1. (they / good jobs?) ______________________________


2. (she/ a horse? _________________________________
3. (you / many books?) ______________________________
4. (he / a blue jacket?) _______________________________

12
IX Write how much or how many

1. ___________ bread do you eat a day?


2. ___________ slices of bread do you eat a day?
3. ___________water do you drink?
4. ___________cheese do we need?
5. ___________ bags of apples did you buy?
6. ___________ chocolate did she eat?
7. ___________ bars of chocolate did she eat?
8. ___________ oranges do we need?
9. ___________sugar do we need?
10. ___________ potatoes are there?
11. ___________ soup did she eat?
12. ___________ lemons are there?

Question Words in English


The most common question words in English are the following:

WHO

WHO is only used when referring to people. (= I want to know the person)

 Who is the best football player in the world?


 Who are your best friends?
 Who is that strange guy over there?

WHERE

WHERE is used when referring to a place or location. (= I want to know the place)

 Where is the library?


 Where do you live?
 Where are my shoes?

WHEN

WHEN is used to refer to a time or an occasion. (= I want to know the time)

 When do the shops open?


 When is his birthday?
 When are we going to finish?

WHY

WHY is used to obtain an explanation or a reason. (= I want to know the reason)

 Why do we need a nanny?


 Why are they always late?
 Why does he complain all the time?

Normally the response begins with "Because..."


13
WHAT

WHAT is used to refer to specific information. (= I want to know the thing)

 What is your name?


 What is her favourite colour?
 What is the time?

WHICH

WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing between
alternatives)

 Which dish did you order – the pizza or the pasta?


 Which day do you prefer for a meeting – today or tomorrow?
 Which is better - this one or that one?

HOW

HOW is used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to know the way)

 How do you cook lasagna?


 How does he know the answer?
 How can I learn English quickly?

With HOW there are a number of other expressions that are used in questions:

How much – refers to a quantity or a price (uncountable nouns)

 How much time do you have to finish the test?


 How much is the jacket on display in the window?
 How much money will I need?

How many – refers to a quantity (countable nouns)

 How many days are there in April?


 How many people live in this city?
 How many brothers and sister do you have?

How often – refers to frequency

 How often do you visit your grandmother?


 How often does she study?
 How often are you sick?

How far – refers to distance

 How far is the university from your house?


 How far is the bus stop from here?

14
When we want to know the quantity or amount of something, we ask questions starting with How much and
How many.

HOW MUCH ...? - (Quantity)

How much is used with uncountable nouns.

HOW MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

 How much time do we have to finish the test?


 How much money did you spend?
 How much sugar would you like in your coffee?
 How much paper will I need?
 How much milk is in the fridge?
 How much traffic was there on the way to work?

If the verb To Be is used with an uncountable noun, it is in singular form (= IS or WAS etc.)

HOW MUCH ...? - (Price)

How much can also be used when we want to know the PRICE of something.

In this case, we can use How much with countable nouns (both singular and plural nouns).

 How much is that painting?


 How much are those shoes?
 How much did your jacket cost?
 How much is the dress on display in the window?
 How much will it cost me?
 How much does it cost ?

HOW MANY ...? - (Quantity)

How many is used when we want to know the QUANTITY of something.

It is only used with plural countable nouns.

HOW MANY + PLURAL NOUN

 How many days are there in January?


 How many people work in your company?
 How many cousins do you have?
 How many books did you buy?
 How many countries are there in the world?
 How many students are in the class right now?
 How many chairs are there in this room?
 How many pieces of chocolate would you like?

Omitting the noun

Often the noun is omitted in the question when it is obvious what we are talking about.

A: I would like to buy some cheese. B: How much (cheese) would you like?

15
The noun cheese is not necessary after how much since we already know we are talking about cheese. In
fact, it is normally omitted to avoid sounding repetitive.

More examples:

 A: I need some coins. - B: How many do you need?


 A: I need some sugar. - B: How much do you need?

Summary Chart

16
We use there is and there are to say that something exists.

Positive Sentences

We use there is for singular and there are for plural.

 There is one table in the classroom.


 There are three chairs in the classroom.
 There is a spider in the bath.
 There are many people at the bus stop.

We also use There is with uncountable nouns:

 There is milk in the fridge.


 There is some sugar on the table.
 There is ice cream on your shirt.

Contractions

The contraction of there is is there's.

 There's a good song on the radio.


 There's only one chocolate left in the box.

You cannot contract there are.

 There are nine cats on the roof.


 There are only five weeks until my birthday.

Negative Form

The negative is formed by putting not after is or are:

 There is not a horse in the field.


 There are not eight children in the school.
 There is not a tree in the garden.
 There are not two elephants in the zoo.

We almost always use contractions when speaking.

The Negative contractions are:

 There's not = There isn't


 There are not = There aren't

There aren't with ANY

When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we use there aren't any.

 There aren't any people at the party.


 There aren't any trees in my street.

We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:

 There isn't any water in the swimming pool.


 There isn't any sugar in my coffee.

17
Questions

To form a question we place is / are in front of there.

Again we use any with plural questions or those which use uncountable nouns.

We also use there is / are in short answers.

 Is there a dog in the supermarket? - No, there isn't.


 Are there any dogs in the park? - Yes, there are.
 Is there a security guard in the shop? - Yes, there is.
 Are there any polar bears in Antarctica? - No, there aren't.
 Is there any ice-cream in the freezer? - Yes, there is.

How Many with Are There

If we want to find out the number of objects that exist we use How many in the following form:

How many + plural noun + are there (+ complement).

 How many dogs are there in the park?


 How many students are there in your class?
 How many countries are there in South America?
 How many Star Wars films are there?

18
19
20
Can is a modal verb.
Can is used to express ability or to say that something is possible.

Can is the same for all subjects. We don't add an 'S' in the third person (like other verbs)

The verb that comes after Can is in the infinitive without to:

 I can speak Spanish. (= it is possible for me to speak Spanish = I have the ability to speak Spanish)
 He can swim well.
 We can see our neighbour in the garden.
 They can play the guitar.

For more uses of Can see: Modal Verbs: Can - Could

Negative

To form the negative we add "not" after can to form one word: cannot.

We can also contract the negative to form can't. (can't = cannot)

 I cannot play the piano. We can't go to the cinema tonight.


 She cannot speak French very well. He can't drive a car.

Questions

To from the question we change the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb.

The main verb is still in the infinitive without to.

 Where can I buy an ice-cream?


 Can I go to the party, please?
 Can you speak Japanese?
 What can we do on Saturday?

Remember that you can use short answers:

 Can I sit here please? Yes, you can.


 Can you speak Chinese? No, I can't.

21
22

S-ar putea să vă placă și