Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Prepared by Approved by
Engr. Samir zamzam Engr. Nasser M. Al-Enazi
Senior Protection Engineer Manager, Protection Division, Riyadh
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Table of contents
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2
Voltage & Current Relations for Different Electric Elements ........................................ 2
What is Power Factor? ........................................................................................................ 4
Introduction: .................................................................................................................... 4
Power Factor Definition .................................................................................................. 4
Power Triangle ................................................................................................................ 4
What we will learn: ......................................................................................................... 5
Why apply Power Factor Correction?................................................................................. 9
1. Reduction of apparent power demand ...................................................................... 10
2. Line current reduction ............................................................................................... 11
3. Voltage rise ............................................................................................................... 12
4. Gaining active power ................................................................................................ 13
5. Power losses reduction .............................................................................................. 14
Practical effect of power factor correction capacitors ...................................................... 15
Capacitors in the electric circuits ...................................................................................... 16
Capacitors in the electric circuits ...................................................................................... 17
1. Normal circuit (not compensated) ............................................................................ 17
2. Parallel capacitor compensated circuit...................................................................... 17
3. Series capacitor compensated circuit ........................................................................ 18
4. Affect of Parallel capacitor modified circuit ............................................................ 20
Calculation of the Required Reactive Power Compensation ............................................ 24
Optimal Capacitor bank location ...................................................................................... 29
Automatic capacitor control system (ACCS) ................................................................... 31
Automatic capacitor control system (ACCS) operational logic ................................... 31
Automatic capacitor control system (ACCS) inputs & outputs .................................... 38
Capacitor bank protection ................................................................................................. 42
SEC Specifications for capacitor protection & control..................................................... 48
Capacitor Fusing ............................................................................................................... 53
Capacitor Unbalance Protection Schemes ........................................................................ 55
Case study: capacitor wrong tripping analysis.................................................................. 65
References ......................................................................................................................... 79
1
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Introduction
Voltage & Current Relations for Different Electric Elements
CAPACITOR
AC SUPPLY
INDUCTOR
load can be represented by
RESISTOR
any one of them or by a
IR IL IC combination of more than one
of them.
Figure 1: AC supply feeding Resistor, Inductor & Capacitor
1.1
1
V
0.9
0.8
IR
0.7 P
0.6
0.5
0.4
v(t ) R i (t )
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 i.e. voltage and current are in-phase
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5 ω
-0.6
-0.7
IR V
-0.8 Unity Power Factor Load
-0.9
(Pure Resistive Load)
(Φ=ZERO°)
-1
-1.1
1.1
1
V
0.9
di(t )
0.8
IL
v(t ) L
0.7
0.6
dt
0.5
i.e. current lags voltage by 90°
0.4 P
0.3
if the AC supply is sine wave
0.2
0.1
ω
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
Φ=-90° V
-0.4
-0.5
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Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
1.1
1
V
0.9
0.8
1
C
0.7
0.6
IC v(t ) i (t ).dt
0.5
0.4 P
0.3 i.e. current leads voltage by 90°
0.2 if the AC supply is sine wave
0.1
0
-0.1
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 IC
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4 Leading Power Factor
-0.5 (Pure Capacitive Load)
-0.6 (Φ=+90°)
-0.7
Φ=+90°
ω
-0.8
-0.9
-1 V
-1.1
Note:
Q C V
q (t ) C v (t )
dC v ( t )
i (t )
dt
dv ( t )
i (t ) C
dt
dv ( t )
i ( t ) dt C dt
dt
1
v (t )
C
i ( t ) dt
3
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Power Triangle
The power triangle shown in figure (5) indicates that the power
factor is the cosine value of the angular displacement between the
KW vector & the KVA vector (the angle φ). The power factor
ranges from zero to one.
Φ
AP
P AR
(KVAR)
EN
TP
S P jQ OW
ER
S 2 P2 Q2 (KV
A) Q
S (P 2 Q 2 ) S
4
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
REACTIVE POWER
Φ P
AP
PA
RE
(KVAR)
Wh NT P
at O
is p WE
aid R (
for KVA Q
) S
5
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Example 2:
S2 S3
S1
Q Q Q
Φ2 Φ1
Φ3
P1
P2
P3
PF1 = COS Φ1 = P1 / S1
PF3 = COS Φ3 = P3 / S3
6
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
7
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Billing Generation
Equipment P.F.
for needed
1 60 Watts incandescent lamp 60W 1.0 60VA
15 Watts fluorescent lamp electronic ballast normal
2 15W 0.6 25VA
power factor
15 Watts fluorescent lamp electronic ballast high power
3 15W 0.95 15.8VA
factor
4 16 Watts magnetic adaptor unit 16W 0.25 64VA
From the above table, the utility generates certain amount of power
and can refund easily the costs if the load power factor is high (as
near as to the unity (1.0)). For the low power factor loads, the
utility has to introduce certain rules to increase the energy unit
price as a function of power factor.
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Active Power
It is clear that, the amount of the froth is blocking the usage of the
whole available space for Pepsi.
8
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Example
Since P S cos
Then, for an installation (Load) which requires 800KW (P), the
transformer apparent Power (S) should be:
800KVA for power factor = 100%
1000 KVA for power factor = 80%
1600 KVA for power factor = 50%
P, S1
φ2
φ3
S2
Q2
S
Q3
S3 > S2 > S1
Figure 11: Apparent power increases as the power factor decreases for constant active power
9
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
BD=Corrected reactive
power (Q2) , VAR
Φ1 AD=
DC=Capacitive reactive
ow
Where
KW : is the load active power,
KVAR inductive : is the load reactive power,
KVAR capacitive : is the added capacitor reactive power.
10
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Figure 14: Conductor cross section decreases as the power factor increases
11
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Note:
P1 P1
PF 1 Cos 1 , PF 2
Cos 2
S1 S2
S1 P1 S2 P1
I1 , I2
V1 V 1 PF 1 V2 V 1 PF 2
P1 P1 P1 1 1 P1 PF 2 PF 1
I1 I 2
V 1 PF 1 V 1 PF 2
V 1 PF 1 PF 2 V 1 PF 1 PF 2
P1 PF 2 PF 1
I1 I 2 V 1 PF 1 PF 2 PF PF 1 PF 1
I % 100 100 100 1 100
2
I1 P1 1 PF PF 2
2
V1 PF 1
3. Voltage rise
Where
% Z transformer : is the percentage impedance of the
transformer,
KVA transformer: is the nominal rating of the transformer.
12
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Q1
S
Q2
Φ1 Φ2
13
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Note:
Reduction in current magnitude and losses is realized only
upstream from the capacitor connection point up to the utility side.
While, Current magnitude & losses remain unchanged between
capacitor connection point & the load.
Note:
2 2
Plosses I1 R Plosses I2 R
1
, 2
I2
2 2 2 2 2
P losses P losses I1 R I 2 R I1 I 2
P losses % 100 100 100 1 100
1 2
2 2 2
P losses 1 I1 R I1 I1
2
PF
2
PF 1
Plosses % 1 1
100 1 100
2
PF 2 PF 2
14
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
S/S 8119 GT2 Before energizing the capacitor After energizing the capacitor
132 KV current 165 A 155 A
13.8 KV current 1550 A 1470 A
MW reading 38 MW 38 MW
MVAR reading 18.0 MVAR 11.0 MVAR
13.8 KV reading 13.42 KV 13.91 KV
Tap # 10 10
Table 2: different values measured before and after energizing the capacitor for GT2
S/S 8119 GT3 Before energizing the capacitor After energizing the capacitor
132 KV current 190 A 180 A
13.8 KV current 1820 A 1720 A
MW reading 41 MW 41 MW
MVAR reading 22.5 MVAR 16.0 MVAR
13.8 KV reading 13.25 KV 13.62 KV
Tap # 10 10
Table 3: different values measured before and after energizing the capacitor for GT3
15
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
VS VS R R XLXL LL
VRVR
O
AO
I DA
I D
VS
IXL
VS
ΔV
IXL
ΔV
Φ VR
IR
Φ I I
VR
IR
Figure 19: Phasor diagram before improving the power factor
I I
VS R XL VR
L
O
CAPACITOR
A
D
IL
IC
ΔV1
VS
VR2
VR1
Figure 20: Circuit diagram after improving the power factor with a parallel capacitor
17
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
ΔV1
VS
VR2
VR1
Figure 21: Voltage drop across the transmission line decreases as the load power factor increases
ICXL
VS2
ΔV ICR
C
ΔVT
VS1
L
IL X
L
ΔV
Φ1 Φ2 VR
IT
IL R
IC
IL IL
Figure 22: Phasor diagram after improving the power factor with a parallel capacitor
It can be noticed from figure (22) that │VS1│ > │VS2│
Then, for the same │VS1│, receiving voltage can be higher.
Or For the same │VR│, Sending voltage can be lower.
Where δ is the angle between the sending end voltage VS and the
receiving end voltage VR. While XL is the transmission line series
reactance.
If the transmission line is series compensated by a capacitor, the
power transfer equation will be as follows:
V S V R Sin
P
X L
X C
18
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
ΔV
Series capacitor
TRANSMISSION LINE
VS R XL XC L
VR
O
A
I D
ΔV1
VS VR2 VR3
VR1
VS
δ ΔV IXL
VR
Φ
IR
I I
C
IX
19
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Figure 26: Active & Reacive power flow with a capacitor added
Figure 27: Another presentation for the active and reactive power flow before and after addind a
power factor correction capacitor
20
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
ACTIVE POWER
REACTIVE POWER
M
MOTOR
TRANSFORMER
ACTIVE POWER
M REACTIVE POWER
MOTOR CAPACITOR
TRANSFORMER
M REACTIVE POWER
CAPACITOR
TRANSFORMER
M REACTIVE POWER
CAPACITOR
Figure 28: Another motor can be added to the same transformer without overloading it , if the
reacive power is compensated locally
Power
supply
Power
supply
Capacitor
For driving
reactive
power
Figure 30: Saving in the supply and transformer in case of reacive power compensation locally
21
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Figure 31: Voltage, Current & Power in case of unity power factor load
Figure 32: Voltage, Current & Power for pure inductive load
Figure 33: Voltage, Current & Power for load of 0.707 power factor (load angle 45°)
22
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
P+Q
P
Q
P+Q
P+Q
capacitor
motor motor
Figure 34: Active and Reactive power flow before and after capacitor adding
· UTILITY SUPPLIES ACTIVE & REACTIVE · UTILITY SUPPLIES ONLY ACTIVE POWER.
POWER. · GREATLY REDUCED KVA & KVAR
· PAYMENT FOR HIGHER CONSUMED KVA DEMAND.
& KVAR DEMAND. · POWER FACTOR PENALTY REDUCED OR
· POWER FACTOR PENALTY IS PAYED. ELIMINATED.
Q
1333 KVA
1333 KVA
1604 A
1604 A
P+Q
P+Q
Capacitor
590 KVAR
MOTOR MOTOR
· POWER FACTOR AND CURRENT
1000 KW 1000 KW
MAGNITUDE REMAIN UNCHANGED
PF=0.75 PF=0.75
Figure 35: Numerical example for the capacitor adding effect on the network
23
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Corrected reactive
Φ2
Capacitive reactive
power (QC) , VAR
PF1 = cos Φ1 fo
re
co
rre
PF2 = cos Φ2 c tio
n
(S
QC = P tan Φ1 – P tan Φ2 1)
,V
A
QC = P (tan Φ1 – tan Φ2)
The next table is filled up from this equation and it is used always
in the reactive power compensation calculations everywhere.
24
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
For example:
1. For a load of 0.65 power factor, a reactive power of 0.685 of
its active power is requires to improve the power factor to be
0.90 as it is indicated on the table below.
2. For a 100 MW load and power factor 0.77, 0.5 of the 100
MW (50 MVAR) is required to improve the power factor to
0.95 as given by the tables below.
25
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
26
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Table 5 : Calculation of the reactive power required for improving the power factor.
To calculate the required capacitive MVAR for improving the power factor of certain
load from old value Cos φ1 to new value Cos φ2, follow the next steps:
1. Determine the existing active power P in KW or MW and the existing power
factor.
2. On the above table start from the most left column with the existing power factor
and move horizontally up to the column corresponding to the desired power
factor.
3. The value picked from this location is the factor (multiplier) which should be
multiplied into the existing active power to obtain the required reactive power Q
in KVAR or MVAR.
27
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
The following graph can be used also to determine the factor (multiplier) which
should be multiplied into the existing active power to obtain the required reactive
power Q in KVAR or MVAR.
Figure 37: The capacitive power needed to improve the power factor from certain value Cos φ1 to a
better one Cos φ2
28
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
M M M M
M M M M
29
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
M M M M
Figure 40: Reactive power flow with a down stream capacitor installed
Equipment
Figure
Capacitor Location that reactive power is passing Remarks
Number
through
Not
38 No Capacitor All system equipment up to load
recommended
30
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
31
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
32
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
33
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
34
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Figure 45: Case 4 operational single line diagram with GT3 in hot standby mode
35
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Figure 46: Case 4 operational single line diagram with GT2 in hot standby mode
Figure 47: Case 4 operational single line diagram with GT1 in hot standby mode
36
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
37
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Controller inputs
Analogue inputs
1. The incomers’ currents on the three phases.
2. The 13.8 KV bus bar voltages.
Digital inputs
1. The status of the incomers & bus sections circuit breakers.
Controller outputs
1. ON & OFF Commands to the capacitors circuit breakers.
2. Back indications to the HMI unit, to the mimic panel & to
ECC.
3. Readings to the HMI unit, to the mimic panel & to ECC.
4. Alarms to local control panel & to ECC.
38
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
ACCS
ACCS
39
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
ACCS
FMK Off
Close ACCS READY TO On C.B. CLOSE COMMAND
SCADA CLOSE Test
+VE Open
LOCAL
Close
MANUAL Off
Open ACCS READY TO On C.B. OPEN COMMAND
OPEN Test
1: Incomer’s Currents AUTO
2: 13.8 KV Bus voltages
DIODE
3: Capacitor E/SW OFF
4: 86 C1 & 86C2 lock out relays reset DIODE
40
FMK
close CLOSE -VE
SCADA
+VE open OPEN
LOCAL
manual MANUAL
auto AUTO
on ON
off OFF
CAPACITOR
C.B. CLOSE COMMAND
on ACCS
READY TO
41
off CLOSE
test
close CAPACITOR
+VE C.B. OPEN COMMAND
manual
ACCS
open READY TO
auto OPEN
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications
Figure 53: Over current relays connection for the capacitor bank
42
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
NEUTRAL CT
Y phase
B phase
CURRENT UNBALANCE
DETECTION RELAY
43
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
44
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
NEUTRAL VT
Y phase
B phase
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
DETECTION RELAY
Figure 50: Connection of the Voltage unbalance detection relay to the neutral point of the capacitors
45
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
NEUTRAL CT
Figure 51: Connections of the Multifunction relay and the current unbalance detection relay
NEUTRAL VT
Figure 52: Connection of the multifunction relay and the voltage unbalance detection relay
46
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
NEUTRAL VT
NEUTRAL CT
CURRENT
UNBALANCE
3 PHASES VT DETECTION
RELAY
3 PHASE O/C & E/ F PROTECTION
OVERLOAD VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
UNDERCURRENT PROTECTION DETECTION RELAY
U/V PROTECTION
O/V PROTECTION
FUSE FAILURE
-VE PH. SEQ. DIR. PROTECTION
DIRECTIONAL O/C PROTECTION
Figure 53: connections of the multifunction relay, voltage unbalance relay and current unbalance
relay
47
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
48
13.8 KV Bus Bar
Close command
Close &
86C1, 86C2 & 86B reset
coil gate
Bus E/Sw OFF
CB Trip Trip
coil1 coil 2
Trip coil 2
Trip coil 1
VT M
43 L/S SCADA
Stage1 52 CS
Neutral VT
Stage2
86C2
St Stage1
ag
e2 Stage2
Neutral CT
49
94-2
Relevent bus voltage
Relevent transformer current
CT 3
AS, A, VS, V, VAR,
P1
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications
Harmonic
Filtering
Reactor
Legend:
VT : Voltage Transformer 13800/√3: 120/√3: 120/3 volts
Capacitor Surge Capacitor Class: 0.5 / 3P , burden: 50 VA / 50 VA
String 1 Arrestor String 2
CT 1, CT 2 : 400-800/1 A Class: 5P20, Burden: 15-30 VA
Figure 54: SEC specification for 13.8 KV power factor correction capacitors
CT 3 : 400-800/1 A Class: 0.5, Burden: 15-30 VA
NVT : 5600/110 volts, Class: 3P, Burden: 30 VA
NCT
Figure (54) reflects the specification details mentioned above.
VT to protection #1
VT to metering
VT to protection #2
CT to protection #1
CT to protection #2
CT to metering
Neutral VT
Neutral CT
Figure 55: Capacitor, filtering reactor and the CT& VT for its protection & measuring purposes
50
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Close command
3 phase VT
Neutral VT
3 phase CT core #1
3 phase VT
3 phase CT core #2
Neutral CT
Figure 56: Protection set 1 & set 2 connections along with the tripping & lockout relays
51
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Closing command
Figure 57: Local & remote commands for the capacitor circuit breaker
3 phase VT
3 phase CT
52
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Capacitor Fusing
1. Internal fusing:
Have one fuse on every element inside the capacitor unit.
It is current limiting fuse and will effectively disconnect the
element in the event of the failure. Thus, only a small part
of the total capacity is lost and the rest of the capacitor
remains in service which increases the capacitor
availability.
53
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
2. External fusing:
Have one fuse for the complete capacitor unit.
It is applicable for high voltage and low power rating cases.
The fuse will also operate during external flashover.
3. Fuseless:
Have no fuse at all for the complete capacitor unit.
The capacitor bank is connected in strings of series units.
In the event of a puncture, the group is still connected and
the resulting over voltage is divided among the remaining
healthy elements in the string.
54
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
FUSE
FUSE
FUSE
BLOWN
FUSE 2V/3
V/2
c c c c
V
V
V/3
V/2
c c c c
Figure 62: Voltage distribution along the capacitor units for both healthy and blown fuse cases
55
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
R phase
C C
Y phase CT
NEUTRAL CURRENT
DETECTION RELAY
B phase
56
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
C VT
VT
C C
C C
VT
Y phase
B phase
57
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
C
C
C C
C C
CT CT
B phase
58
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
VT
1N 1R
1N 2N
1Y
C VT
VT 2Y 2R
VT VT
N 2N
1N 1B C C
C C
VT
Y phase
2N 2B
B phase
1R Voltage 2R
1Y differential 2Y
1B relay 2B
Disadvantages of scheme 4:
1. The number of needed VT's are six (big number compared
to other schemes).
2. Extensive connections are also required.
59
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
R phase
C C
Y phase VT
NEUTRAL VOLTAGE
UNBALANCE RELAY
B phase
60
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
C C
C1
Y phase C2
NEUTRAL VOLTAGE
UNBALANCE RELAY
B phase
61
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
R phase
Capacitor
VT
VT
Ca
pa
cit
o r
or
cit
pa
Ca
Y phase VT
B phase
62
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
R phase
C
C
CT
C C
C C
Y phase
B phase
NEUTRAL CURRENT
SENSING RELAY
63
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
R phase
C
C
VT
C C
C C
Y phase
B phase
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
SENSING RELAY
R phase
C
C
C VT C
C C
Y phase
B phase
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
SENSING RELAY
64
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Background:
The 451‐2 has been employed as Group‐1 protection with 51, 51G, 67Q (definite time,
directional), 37, 27, 59, and 51‐OL (Overload) protection functions for 13.8Kv capacitor
bank along with REC670 as duplicated Group‐2 (with additional 46N‐ neutral current
unbalance) protection.
Trip Incidence:
Both Group ‐1 and Group‐2 relays tripped with 67Q (definite time delayed directional
negative sequence over current) in capacitor that connected on Section C (H46 panel),
when another outgoing feeder (H38 panel), connected on same Section “c” bus had
fault. The faulted feeder’s fault current information not available as it is a static relay
and indication has been reset by operator with recording them.
Analysis:
The schematic connection diagram and on load test are showing the CT /VT polarity
connections the 451‐2 relays are okay. The Event report has been down loaded from
relay and analyzed as below.
65
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Figure 1
Note: In fig.2, fist phasor diagram shows phase components, second phasor diagram
shows sequence components and the table shows all the quantities magnitude in
primary (A, KV) and angle referred to positive sequence voltage. Note that in fig.2
sequence components are referred to phase ‘A’.
66
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
67
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Observation:
68
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Fig.5 shows the sequence network of 13.8KV with B‐C‐G fault on one of the outgoing
feeder and unfaulted capacitor bank feeder. The V1, V2 and V0 are positive, negative
and zero seq voltages measured by the relay from the connected Incomer VT.
To understand the relay’s behavior, at first we should analyse the negative sequence
quantities available at various fault conditions. Let us focus on negative sequence
network at various fault conditions.
69
Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Fig.6
Phase to phase Reverse fault
In general, the negative sequence quantities are injected to negative sequence network from
the fault point. This quantity is available only during unbalance faults (P‐P, P‐G, and P‐P‐G).
In fig.7, we consider a phase to phase fault on capacitor bank feeder. There is negative sequence
current I2‐1 flows on capacitor feeder towards bus, which is measured by 451‐2. Here the
negative sequence current injected from capacitor bank feeder, out of this current I2‐1, small
part is flowing through adjacent unfaulted feeder (s), which is negligible compare to current
flowing through source impedance. At this time the relay measured negative sequence voltage
V2 related I2‐1 is the voltage drop across ZS2 and ZT2.
So, V2 = ‐ (I2‐1) x (ZS2 + ZT2) note: ‐ve sign because of reverse current flow.
ZS2 and ZT2, all together, it is negative sequence source impedance behind the 13.8KV bus,
would be called as Z2source. This is an inductive reactance.
z2 measured by relay = V2/‐(I2‐1) = ‐ Z2source = ‐ (jXLs) = ‐jXLs‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ eq2
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Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
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Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Fig.9
Ground Forward fault
Now we put all above explanations into our system available data.
System details:
By considering 21KA maximum, 10KA minimum fault current at 13.8KV bus.
Minimum source impedance Z2source= 8000/21000 = 0.38 ohms @ 13.8KV
Maximum source impedance Z2source = 8000/10000 = 0.8 ohms @ 13.8KV
Capacitor details:
Rating: 7000KVAR, 13.8KV, 292A
CTR: 800/5A =160, VTR =13800/120V = 115
CTR/VTR = 160/115 =1.39
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Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
Impedance calculation:
Source impedance in secondary value = 0.8 x 1.39 = 1.1 ohms
Capacitor bank impedance Xc= V/Ic = 13800/1.732 x 292 = 27.28 ohms
Capacitor bank impedance in secondary value = 27.28 x 1.39 = 37.92 ohms
Impedance in complex form:
Source impedance = j1.1 ohms
Capacitor bank impedance = ‐j37.92 ohms
By considering Z1ANG setting in the relay is equal to 90 deg, Apply the same sequence
quantities available at the actual fault incidence in our case with Eq (A).
V2 =3.1<9.4 KV (primary) = 26.95<9.4 V (secondary)
I2 = 113.8 <99.6 A (primary) = 0.71<99.6 A (secondary)
Z1ANG setting = 70deg
Relay measured z2 = (V2/I2)* cos (<V1 ‐ <I2 ‐ <Z1ANG) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ eq (A)
= (26.95/0.71)* cos (9.4 – 99.6 – 90)
= ~ ‐37.96 ohms (which is not thing but capacitor bank impedance)
Conclusion:
Since the directional element is applied on Capacitor bank feeder, there is a real
challenge for the directional element to determine the fault direction. We should
understand that the angle between negative sequence voltage V2 and current I2 seen
by the relay would be same (<V2 ‐<I2 = around ‐90 deg) during reverse or
forward fault. But the type of fault could only be identified by negative sequence
impedance seen by the relay.
With the present setting, and with available sequence quantities at relay during reverse
fault, the relay would see capacitor bank impedance projected to Z1ANG =70deg, as
negative value, which lesser than z2F =
‐0.1ohm and declares forward fault (which actually negative sequence current of
capacitor load). So, The directional setting shall be recommended to change as below.
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Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
SEL SOLUTION:
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Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
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Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
All the relevant output contacts shall be programmed for 67Q3T, instead of 67Q1T.
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Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
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Power Factor Correction Capacitors, Theory & Applications By: Samir Zamzam
References
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