Compaction Test

FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: COMPACTION EFFECTIVE DATE: OCT. 2019
AMENDMENT DATE: OCT. 2019
1.0 OBJECTIVES
 To determine the optimal moisture content (OMC) at which the soil sample can reach
its maximum dry density (MDD) in accordance.
 Determine the relationship between dry density and moisture content.
 Determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Soil compaction is the process that particles are mechanically compacted to increase density.
For each soil type, amount and type of compaction is given, there is an optimum moisture will
produce soil particle that are once and the maximum dry density.
In the construction of high load structures such as dams, paved roadways and construction
projects that rely on the stability of embankments; soil compaction is used to increase soil
strength. Loose soil can be compacted by using mechanical equipment to remove air-voids,
thereby densifying the soil and increasing its dry unit weight.
There are variety of different benefits to soil compaction, including prevention of soil
settlement and frost damage, increased ground stability, reduced hydraulic conductivity and
mitigating undesirable settlement of structures, such as paved roads, foundations and piping.
Figure 1, all material behaves slightly different and each material will have different MDD and
OMC values, depending on their particle size distribution, particle density and plasticity
1
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
The three points shown in Figure 1 on the compaction curve are the individual points
compacted in the laboratory. A minimum of three points are required to produce a viable curve
and these points must straddle the peak of the curve.
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
3.0 EQUIPMENT
Apparatus and Instrument Figure
Rammer
Mold body, extension collar and base plate
C-Spanner
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
Straight edge
Base plate
Measuring cylinder
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
Can
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
4.0 PROCEDURE
1. The mould was weight with base plate.
Figure 4.1
2. The representative crushed aggregate/soil sample was sieve by used 20mm sieve. About
12 kg of soil were weighted and poured on the metal tray.
3. The sample was mix with 6% and 7% of moisture content, then dived the sample into
3 part.
Figure 4.2
4. The mould was prepared with extension collar, placed the sample into the mould and
compact it with 65 blows for each layer (3 layer).
Figure 4.3
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
5. The extension was removed and by used straight edge carefully trim the compacted
crushed aggregate and weight the mould and wet soil.
Figure 4.4
6. After that, sample was removed from the mould and take the representative sample (not
less than 100g), weight the sample with can and put into the oven (24 hour) it is for
determine the moisture content.
Figure 4.5
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
5.0 CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS
A. TEST CRITERIA
No. of layer :3 Rammer mass: 5.0 kg Soil Description:
Blows per layer: 65 Sample preparation: Sample No.:

Air dried and riffled
B. DENSITY, γ CALCULATION
Can No. Z 1 2 3 4
Weight of 4312.2 4649.8 4681.6 4589.9 4742.0

empty mould,
W1 (g)
Weight of 7630.8 9977.5 10115.3 9953.8 10065.6
mould + wet
sample, W2 (g)
Volume of 2292.2 2109.0 2109.0 2334.9 2322.7
mould, V
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉
(cm3)
Wet density, γ 1.448 2.526 2.576 2.297 2.292
(g/cm3)
𝑾𝟐−𝑾𝟏
𝜸= 𝑽
Dry density, γd 1.383 2.385 2.419 2.133 2.107
(g/cm3)
𝜸
𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏+𝒘
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
C. MOISTURE CONTENT, w
Can No. Z 1 2 3 4
Weight of 39.8 44.7 46.7 44.9 46.4

empty can, A
(g)
Weight of can 136.1 162.1 179.5 139.0 200.3
+ wet sample, B
(g)
Weight of can 131.8 155.6 171.4 132.3 187.9
+ dry sample,
C (g)
Moisture 4.7 5.9 6.5 7.7 8.8
content, w (%)
D. CALCULATION: SAMPLE Z
Wet Density, γ
Weight of empty mould, W1 = 4312.2g
Weight of mould + wet sample, W2 = 7630.8g
Volume of mould, V = 2292.2cm3
(W2−W1)
γ= V
(7630.8−4312.2)
γ= 2292.2
γ = 1.448 g/cm3
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
Water Content, w
Weight of empty can, A = 39.8g
Weight of can + wet sample, B = 136.1g
Weight of can + dry sample, C = 131.8g
(𝐵−𝐶)
𝑊 = ((𝐶−𝐴)) × 100
(136.1−131.8)
𝑊 = ( (131.8−39.8) ) × 100
𝑊 = 4.7%
Dry Density, γd
γ
γd = 1+w
1.448
γd = 1+0.047
γd = 1.383g/𝑐𝑚3
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
Dry density, γd
(g/cm3) vs. water content (%) graph
2.5 yd max=2.450g/cm3 2.385 2.419
2.133 2.107
2
Dry density, γd (g/cm3)
1.5 1.383
0.5
OMC= 6.2%
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Water content (%)
Figure 6.0: Plot of dry density versus water content graph.
Based on the plotted graph above, the maximum peak point of the obtained soil compaction
curve which is called as the maximum value of dry density is 2.450g/cm3. The correspond to
this point is the optimum moisture content value which is 6.2%.
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
6.0 DISCUSSION
Compaction is the process of mechanically densifying a soil. Densification is

accomplished by pressing the soil particles together into a close state of contact with air being
expelled from the soil mass in the process. Mechanical compaction is one of the most common
and cost-effective means of stabilizing soils. Mechanical compaction implies dynamic
compaction or densification by the application of moving loads to the soil mass.
Soil compaction is one of the most critical components in the construction of roads,
airfields, embankments, and foundations. The durability and stability of a structure are related
to the achievement of proper soil compaction.
Principal soil properties affected by compaction include
 Strength
 Resistance to shrinkage
 Settlement.
 Shearing resistance.
 Movement of water.
 Volume change.
Normal soils consist with a large portion of air pockets. That’s the reason why it’s
capable to compact soil. While compaction air is taken out hence the density of soil is increased.
But due to the various shapes of soil particles it is impossible to take out all the air inside.
Therefore, we introduce moisture to the system. Moisture can go through the air pockets and
fill the voids. And in the meanwhile, it allows soil particles to move more flexibly. So a good
compaction level can be achieved.
If we add moisture little by little and check the dry density, we can see a decreasing
increment. On one occasion all the voids fill with moisture. If we keep adding moisture after
that also what happen is moisture try to displace soil particles. But soil particles are far denser
than water particles. Therefore, with adding excessive water amount we can see a gradual
decrement of dry density. So, at particular moisture content we can obtain the maximum dry
density.
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
The optimum water content is the water content that results in the greatest density for a
specified compactive effort. Based on the plotted graph above, the maximum peak point of
the obtained soil compaction curve which is called as the maximum value of dry density is
2.450g/cm3. The correspond to this point is the optimum moisture content value which is 6.2%
Compacting at water contents higher than the optimum water content results in a
relatively dispersed soil structure that is weaker, more ductile, less porous, softer, more
susceptible to shrinking, and less susceptible to swelling than soil compacted dry of optimum
to the same density. The soil compacted lower than the optimum water content typically results
in a flocculated soil structure (random particle orientations) that has the opposite characteristics
of the soil compacted wet of the optimum water content to the same density. It is said that the
compaction level achieved by the proctor test is somewhat similar to the compaction levels of
construction sites under medium sized rollers.
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EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
7.0 CONCLUSION
Conclusion, the optimum moisture content (OMC) and the maximum dry density of the
given crushed aggregate sample using modified proctor compaction test are 6.2 % and 2.450
g/cm³ respectively. The compaction of the soil is an important process as it helps to achieve
certain physical properties required for its proper behaviour under loading, such as the proper
compaction of an earthen dam or a highway embankment, reduces the chances of settling,
increases the shear strength of the soil due to its increased density and reduces the permeability
of the soil.
14

Compaction Test

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FACULTY : ENGINEERING

Apparatus and Instrument Figure

Mold body, extension collar and base plate

1. The mould was weight with base plate.

5.0 CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS

No. of layer :3 Rammer mass: 5.0 kg Soil Description:

Blows per layer: 65 Sample preparation: Sample No.:

Weight of 4312.2 4649.8 4681.6 4589.9 4742.0

Dry density, γd 1.383 2.385 2.419 2.133 2.107

Weight of 39.8 44.7 46.7 44.9 46.4

Weight of empty mould, W1 = 4312.2g

Weight of mould + wet sample, W2 = 7630.8g

Volume of mould, V = 2292.2cm3

Weight of empty can, A = 39.8g

Weight of can + wet sample, B = 136.1g

Weight of can + dry sample, C = 131.8g

2.5 yd max=2.450g/cm3 2.385 2.419

Figure 6.0: Plot of dry density versus water content graph.

Compaction is the process of mechanically densifying a soil. Densification is

Principal soil properties affected by compaction include

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