NCM 100: THEORETICA FOUNDATION OF NURSING

The Theorists’ Autobiography

Name of Date of Date of Place of Family History Educational background Expertise Career/work experience
Theorist birth death birth
Florence May 12, August 13, Florence, Nightingale’s affluent British Nightingale enrolled as a She was an expert A British social reformer
Nightingale 1820 1910 Italy family belonged to elite nursing student at the clinician working in who founded modern
social circles. Lutheran Hospital of Pastor hospitals in Europe and nursing. Her biggest
Fliedner in Kaiserwerth, London and caring for contribution to humanity
Germany soldiers in military hospitals was when she
during the Crimean War. volunteered to help in the
Crimean War to tend to
wounded sold3iers. She
tried to bring about
reforms regarding the
hygiene problems of the
Army Hospitals.
Ernestine August 18, March 8, Hamburg, Her family moved to New B.A. from Wellesley College in According to Instructor in Maternity
Weidenbach 1900 1998 Germany York in 1909. 1922. Wiedenbach, the Nursing.
R.N. from Johns Hopkins practice of clinical Assistant professor.
School of Nursing in 1925. nursing is an “Overt She wrote Family
M.A. from Teachers College, action, directed by Centered Maternity
Columbia University in 1934. disciplined thoughts and Nursing.
Certificate in nurse-midwifery feelings toward meeting She was influenced in her
from the Maternity Center the patient. works on the framework.
Association School for Nurse-
Midwives in New York in 1946.

Virginia November March 19, Kansas City Her father was an attorney Began schooling at Bellevue, She categorized nursing Henderson’s career in
Henderson 30, 1897 1996 Missouri, for native American Indians. a preparatory school owned activities into 14 public health nursing in
United by her grandfather. components, based on 1921 at the Henry Street
States Patriotic Fervor stimulated her human needs. Settlement in Manhattan,
enlistment in the Army School New York. She worked for
of Nursing in Washington, DC the Visiting Nurse
Associatiion of
Washington, D.C.
Faye Glenn March February New York her family subsequently Went to earn three degrees First nurse and woman to Professor of Nursing
Abdellah 13,1919 24, 2017 to a Father moved to New Jersey where from Columbia University serve as Deputy to the And Deputy Surgeon
of Algerian she attened highschool. BS in Nursing Surgeon General; Led the General.
heritage Master arts degree in formation of the national
physiology institute of nursing at the
Doctor of education degree. NIH; founder and first
 dean of the graduate
school of nursing at USUHS
Jean Watson June Williamson, Grew up in a small town of Bachelor degree in Nursing She is the author of Serve in both faculty and
10,1940 West welch, West Virginia . She Master of science in nursing numerous texts, including administrative positions in
Virginia, was the youngest of eight in psychiatric and mental Nursing: The Philosophy the School of Nursing
United children . health nursing and Science of Caring. Serve as chairperson and
State Ph.D. in educational assistant dean
psychology and counseling, Serve as member of the
all from the University of Executive Committee
Colorado at Boulder. and the Government
Board
Dorothea July 15 June Baltimore, her father is a construction Attended Seton High School Was one such influential OR nurse
Orem 1914 22,2007 Maryland worker and her mother is a in Baltimore. She received thinker, creator of the self- Hospital stuff nurse
housemaker. She was the diploma from the Providence care deficit nursing Private duty nurse
youngest among two Hospital School of Nursing theory. Night supervisor in the ER
daughters went on to the Catholic Biological Science
University of America to earn teacher
a BS in Nursing Education. Professor of nursing
education
Myra Estrine Missing March Chicago She was the oldest of three She earned diploma in She was creative and Civilian nurse
Levine 20,1996 children nursing from the Cook knowledgeable, Director of Nursing
She had one sister and one County of Nursing, then went opinionated , and global Clinical Instructor
brother on to complete her bachelor in her concept of nursing. Nebraska and
of Science in Nursing from administrative supervisor
the University of Chicago in Chairperson of Clinical
1949 nursing
Martha Rogers May 12, March 13, Dallas, The oldest of four children of Began college at the Develop the Science of American nurse
1914 1994 Texas Bruce Taylor Rogers and Lucy University of Tennessee. Unitary Human Beings, a Researcher
Mulholland Keener Rogers Receive a diploma from the body of ideas that she Theorist
Knoxville General Hospital described in her book an Author
School of Nursing. introduction to the Professor of nursing at
Undergraduate degree in theoretical basis of New York University
Public Health Nursing at nursing.
George Peabody College.
Dorothy September November Savanna Her father was the super Graduated from Beechurst Defined nursing as an Professional experiences
Johnson 20, 1910 10, 2008 Georgia intendent of a shrimp and High School and receive a external regulatory force involved mostly teaching,
oyster factory and her bachelor of science degree which acts to preserve stuff nurse, health council.
mother was very involved from Wilberforce University. the organization and She was an instructor and
and enjoyed reading. integration of the patients an assistant professor in
behavior at an optimum Pediatric nursing.
level under those
conditions in which the
behavior constitutes a
 threat to the physical or
social health or in which
illness found.
Callista Roy October Los Angeles Callista was the second child Earned an undergraduate Known for creating American nun
14, 1939 California, in a family of seven boys and degree in nursing from Mount adaptation model of Nursing theorist
United seven girls. Saint Mary’s College. Enter nursing. Designated as a Professor and author
States master degree in nursing 2007 living legend by the
from the University of American Academy of
California Los Angeles nursing.

NCM 100: THEORETICA FOUNDATION OF NURSING

The Theorists’ Theory

 Name of Theorist Title of theory Nursing
Florence Environmental Nightingale stated that nursing
Nightingale Theory “ought to signify the proper use of
fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness,
quiet and the proper selection and
administration of diet.
Ernestine Prescriptive Theory For the nurse whose action is
Wiedenbach directed toward achievement of a
specific purpose, thoughts and
feelings have a disciplined role to
play.
Virginia Henderson Need Theory She defined nursing as “The unique
function of the nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities
contributing to health or its
recovery that he would perform
unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge and to
do this in such a way as to help him
gain independence as rapidly as
possible.”
Faye Glenn 21 Nursing The client’s health needs can be
Abdellah Problems Theory viewed as problems, which may be
overt as an apparent condition, or
covert as a hidden or concealed
one.
Jean Watson Theory of Human Nursing is a human science of
Caring persons and human health-illness
experiences that are meditated by
professionals, personal, scientific,
esthetic, and ethical human care
transactions.
Person
Human beings are not defined
by nightingale physically. They
are defined in relation to their
environment and the impact of
the environment upon them.
Each person is endowed with
the unique potential to
develop self -sustaining
resources.
She defined the patient as
someone who needs nursing
care but did not limit nursing to
illness care. Her theory
presented the patient as a sum
of parts with biopsychosocial
needs and the mind and body
are inseparable and
interrelated.
She describes the recipients of
nursing as individuals and
families, although she does not
delineate her beliefs or
assumptions about the nature
of human beings.
Human being is a valued
person to be cared for,
respected, nurtured,
understood, and assisted; in
general, a philosophical view
of a person as a fully functional
integrated self. Human is
Health
Nightingale did not defined
health specifically. She
stated, “We know nothing of
health, the positive of which
pathology is negative,
except for the observation
and experience.
Not defined nor discussed in
Wiedenbach’s model.
Health was taken to mean
balance in all realms of
human life. It is equated with
the independence or ability
to perform activities without
any aid in the 14
components or basic human
needs.
Health, or the achieving of it,
is the purpose of nursing
services although Abdellah
does not give definition of
health, she speaks to “total
health needs” and “a
healthy state of mind and
body.”
Health is the unity and
harmony within the mind,
body, and soul; health is
associated with the degree
of congruence between the
self as perceived and the self
as experienced.
Environment
The physical environment is
stressed by Nightingale in her
writing. In her theory,
Nightingales writing reflect a
community health model in
which all that surrounds
human beings is considered
in relation to their state of
health.
Wiedenbach does not
specifically address the
concept of environment. She
recognize the potential
effects of environment,
however.
Although the Need Theory
did not explicitly define the
environment, Henderson
stated that maintaining a
supportive environment
conducive for health is one
of the elements of her 14
activities for client assistance.
Society is included in
“planning for optimum health
on local, state, and
international levels.”
However, as Abdellah further
delineates her ideas, the
focus of nursing service is
clearly the individual.
Society provides the values
that determine how one
should behave and what
goals one should strive
toward.

Dorothea Orem Self-care Deficit Nursing is an art through which the
Theory practitioner of nursing gives
specialized assistance to persons
with disabilities which makes more
than ordinary assistance necessary
to meet needs for self-care.
Myra Estrine Conservation Nursing is the human interaction
Levine Theory relying on communication, rooted
in the organic dependency of the
organism in which the individual
retains integrity or wholeness. It is
possible to have degrees of
adaptation.
Martha Rogers Science of Unitary It is the study of unitary, irreducible,
Human Being indivisible human and
environmental fields: people and
their world. Rogers claims that
nursing exists to serve people, and
the safe practice of nursing
depends on the nature and
amount of scientific nursing
knowledge the nurse brings to his
or her practice
Dorothy Johnson Behavioral System Nursing is seen as “an external
Model regulatory force which acts to
preserve the organization and
integration of the patient’s
viewed as greater than and
different from the sum of his or
her parts.
Humans are defined as “men,
women, and children cared for
either singly or as social units,
and are the material object” of
nurses and others who provide
direct care.
Is the unique individual in unity
and integrity, feeling, believing,
thinking and whole.
A person is defined as an
indivisible, pan-dimensional
energy field identified by a
pattern, and manifesting
characteristics specific to the
whole, and that can’t be
predicted from knowledge of
the parts. A person is also a
unified whole, having its own
distinct characteristics that
can’t be viewed by looking at,
describing, or summarizing the
parts.
Johnson views human beings
as having two major systems:
the biological system and the
behavioral system. It is the role
Health is “being structurally The environment has
and functionally whole or physical, chemical, and
sound.” Also, health is a state biological features. It
that encompasses both the includes the family, culture
health of individuals and of and community.
groups, and human health is
the ability to reflect on one’s
self, to symbolize experience,
and to communicate with
others.
Is the pattern of adaptive Includes both the internal
change of the whole being. and external environment.
Rogers defines health as an “An irreducible, indivisible,
expression of the life process. pandimensional energy field
It is the characteristics and identified by pattern and
behavior coming from the integral with the human
mutual, simultaneous field.”
interaction of the human and
environmental fields, and
health and illness are part of
the same continuum. The
multiple events occurring
during the life process show
the extent to which a person
is achieving his or her
maximum health potential.
The events vary in their
expressions from greatest
health to those conditions
that are incompatible with
the maintaining life process.
Health is seen as the opposite Environment is not directly
of illness, and Johnson defined, but it is implied to
defines it as “some degree of include all elements of the
regularity and constancy in surroundings of the human
 behavior at an optimal level under
those conditions in which the
behavior constitutes a threat to
physical or social health, or in
which illness is found.”
Callista Roy Adaptation Model In Adaptation Model, nurses are
of Nursing facilitators of adaptation. They
assess the patient’s behaviors for
adaptation, promote positive
adaptation by enhancing
environment interactions and
helping patients react positively to
stimuli. Nurses eliminate ineffective
coping mechanisms and
eventually lead to better
outcomes.
of medicine to focus on the
biological system, whereas
nursing’s focus is the behavioral
system.
Based on Roy, humans are
holistic beings that are in
constant interaction with their
environment. Humans use a
system of adaptation, both
innate and acquired, to
respond to the environmental
stimuli they experience. Human
systems can be individuals or
groups, such as families,
organizations, and the whole
global community.
behavior, the behavioral system and includes interior
system reflects adjustments stressors.
and adaptations that are
successful in some way and
to some degree…
adaptation is functionally
efficient and effective.”
Health is defined as the state The environment is defined as
where humans can conditions, circumstances,
continually adapt to stimuli. and influences that affect
Because illness is a part of the development and
life, health is the result of a behavior of humans as an
process where health and adaptive system. The
illness can coexist. If a human environment is a stimulus or
can continue to adapt input that requires a person
holistically, they will be able to adapt. These stimuli can
to maintain health to reach be positive or negative.
completeness and unity
within themselves. If they
cannot adapt accordingly,
the integrity of the person
can be affected negatively.