M53 Lec1.2 One-Sided2 Infinite Limits PDF

One-sided limits and
Infinite Limits
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) One-sided limits and Infinite Limits Mathematics 53 1 / 42
For today
1 One-Sided Limits (continuation)
2 Infinite Limits
Recall
Intuitive Definition
The
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L
[limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L]
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are less [greater] than a.
Notation:
lim f ( x ) = L lim f ( x ) = L
x → a− x → a+
Recall
Let n be an even positive integer.
p
n
√
n
1 lim f ( x ) = L > 0 ⇒ lim f (x) = L
x→a x→a
p
n
2 lim f ( x ) = L < 0 ⇒ lim f ( x ) dne
x→a x→a
p
n
Question: lim f ( x ) = 0 ⇒ lim f ( x ) =?
x→a x→a
Consider: f ( x ) = 9 − x2
lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 0

x →−3 x →3
(−∞, −3) (−3, 3) (3, +∞)

(3 + x )(3 − x ) − + −
As x → −3− , f ( x ) → 0, passing through negative values as it approaches 0.
As x → −3+ , f ( x ) → 0, passing through positive values as it approaches 0.
As x → 3− , f ( x ) → 0, passing through positive values as it approaches 0.
As x → 3+ , f ( x ) → 0, passing through negative values as it approaches 0.
Approaching 0 through positive/negative values
Notation
Suppose lim f ( x ) = 0.
x→a
If f ( x ) approaches 0 through positive [negative] values,
we write
f ( x ) −→ 0+ [ f ( x ) −→ 0− ]
Consider: f ( x ) = 9 − x2
lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 0

x →−3 x →3
(−∞, −3) (−3, 3) (3, +∞)

(3 + x )(3 − x ) − + −
As x → −3− , f ( x ) → 0−
As x → −3+ , f ( x ) → 0+
As x → 3− , f ( x ) → 0+
As x → 3+ , f ( x ) → 0−
Example
Consider: f ( x ) = 2 − x.
As x → 2− , f ( x ) → 0+
As x → 2+ , f ( x ) → 0−
Consider: g( x ) = (2 − x )2 .
As x → 2, g ( x ) → 0+
Note
Let n be an even positive integer.
f ( x ) → 0+
p
n
1 If as x → a, ⇒ lim f (x) = 0
x→a
f ( x ) → 0−
p
n
2 If as x → a, ⇒ lim f ( x ) dne
x→a
Example
√
lim 2x2 + x − 1
x →−1−
p p √
(−3)(0− )

= lim (2x − 1)( x + 1) 0+
x →−1−
=0
√
lim 2x2 + x − 1
x →−1+
p p √
0−

= lim (2x − 1)( x + 1) (−3)(0+ )
x →−1+
dne
p
lim 2x2 + x − 1 dne
x →−1
Example

x2 − x − 2
, x<0



 x+1



√
f (x) = 4 − x, 0≤x≤4 lim f ( x ) = ? dne

 x →0



 x2 − 5x + 4, x > 4

x2 − x − 2
lim f ( x ) = lim = −2
x →0− x →0− x+1
√
lim f ( x ) = lim 4−x = 2
x →0+ x →0+
Example

x2 − x − 2
, x<0



 x+1



√
f (x) = 4 − x, 0≤x≤4 lim f ( x ) = ?0

 x →4



 x2 − 5x + 4, x > 4

√ √
lim f ( x ) = lim 4−x = 0 0+
x →4− x →4−
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x2 − 5x + 4) = 0
x →4+ x →4+
Example

x2 − x − 2
, x<0



 x+1



√
f (x) = 4 − x, 0≤x≤4 lim f ( x ) = ? − 3

 x →−1



 x2 − 5x + 4, x > 4

x2 − x − 2 ( x − 2)( x + 1)
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim ( x − 2) = −3
x →−1 x →−1 x+1 x →−1 x+1 x →−1
Example
t+4
Evaluate lim .
t→−4 | t + 4|
Solution: 
t + 4,
 t + 4 ≥ 0t ≥ −4
| t + 4| =
−(t + 4), t + 4 < 0t < −4

t+4 t+4
lim = lim = lim (−1) = −1
t→−4− |t + 4| t→−4− −(t + 4) t→−4−
t+4 t+4
lim = lim = lim (1) = 1
t→−4+ |t + 4| t→−4+ (t + 4) t→−4+
t+4
∴ lim dne
t→−4 | t + 4|
The Greatest Integer Function
Recall
[[ x ]] = n for n ≤ x < n + 1, n ∈ Z
 ..

 . 1 lim [[ x ]] = lim −3 = −3
x →−2− x →−2−


−3, −3 ≤ x < −2




lim [[ x ]] = lim −2 = −2

 2

−2, −2 ≤ x < −1 x →−2+ x →−2+






[[ x ]] = −1, −1 ≤ x < 0 3 lim [[ x ]] = lim 0 = 0

 x → 12 x → 12

0, 0≤x<1







1, 1≤x<2




..



.
The Greatest Integer Function
f ( x ) = [[2x − 1]] = n for

n ≤ 2x − 1 < n + 1, n ∈ Z
n + 1 ≤ 2x < n + 2, n ∈ Z
2 ≤ x < 2 , n∈Z
n +1 n +2
1 lim [[2x − 1]] = lim −1 = −1
− −
x → 21 x → 12

..
2 lim [[2x − 1]] = lim 0 = 0
+ +
x → 21 x → 12



 .

1
−1, 0 ≤ x <


2 lim [[2x − 1]] = lim −1 = −1

 3

x → 14 x → 41


1
[[2x − 1]] = 0, 2 ≤x<1

3

1, 1≤x<




 2

..



 .
.. ..
 
. .

 


 

1
 
−2, −2 ≤ x < −1 −1, 0≤x<

 






 2
1
 
−1, −1 ≤ x < 0 0, ≤x<1

 

2
[[ x ]] = [[2x − 1]] =
3


 0, 0≤x<1 

 1, 1≤x< 2

 

3
1, 1≤x<2 2, ≤x<2

 

2

 

 


 .. 

 ..
. .
Observe:
[[ f ( x )]] “splits” at the points which make f ( x ) an integer.
Suppose f ( x ) → n as x approaches a in some direction, where n ∈ Z.
If f ( x ) → n+ , then as x approaches a in the given direction, [[ f ( x )]] takes on a
constant value of n.
If f ( x ) → n− , then as x approaches a in the given direction, [[ f ( x )]] takes on a
constant value of n − 1.
If lim f ( x ) ∈
x→a
/ Z, then [[ f (x)]] is constant near a (that is, from both directions)
hh ii
and the constant value is lim f ( x ) .
x→a
Thus, to evaluate limits involving [[ f ( x )]], one may do the following:
Z, replace [[ f (x)]] by

1 If lim f (x) ∈
/ lim f (x) .
x → a+/− x → a+/−
2 If lim f ( x ) = n ∈ Z,
x → a+/−
1 replace [[ f ( x )]] by n if f ( x ) → n+ as x → a+/− .
2 replace [[ f ( x )]] by n − 1 if f ( x ) → n− as x → a+/− .
Examples
− 5x .

1 Find lim
x →5+
Note that as x → 5+ , − 5x → − 1− . Thus,

− 5x

lim = lim (−1 − 1) = −2.
x →5+ x →5+
− 5x .

2 Find lim
x →5−
Note that as x → 5− , − 5x → − 1+ . Thus, lim − 5x

= lim −1 = −1.
x →5− x →5−
x
3 The previous computations show that lim − 5 does not exist.
x →5
x

4 Find lim −5 .
x →−2+
Note that as x → −2+ , − 5x → 25 ∈

/ Z. Thus,
− 5x 2

lim = lim 5= lim 0 = 0.
x →−2+ x →−2+ x →−2+
x
x
5 lim −5 = 0 and lim − 5 = 0
x →−2− x →−2
Examples
1 lim [[3x − 1]] = lim (−2) = −2 ([[(−2)+ ]])

+ +
x →− 13 x →− 13
2 lim [[3x − 1]] = lim (4) = 4 ([[(5)− ]])
x →2− x →2−
( 27 )

3 lim [[3x − 1]] = lim (3) = 3
x → 23 x → 32
4 lim [[5 − x ]] = lim (4) = 4
x →1− x →1−
5 lim [[3 − 2x ]] = lim (−1) = −1
+ +
x → 23 x → 32
[[3x − 1]] − x2 4 − x2
lim = lim
x →2− x + [[− x ]] x →2− x − 2
= lim −( x + 2)
x →2−
= −4
Illustration
1
Consider f ( x ) = . What happens as x → 0?
x2
x f (x) x f (x)
1 1 −1 1
0.5 4 −0.5 4
0.1 100 −0.1 100
0.001 1000000 −0.001 1000000
0.00001 10000000000 −0.00001 10000000000
As x → 0+ , f ( x ) increases, and there is no bound to its growth.
Similarly, as x → 0− , f ( x ) increases indefinitely.
6
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1
Intuitive Definition
We say that the
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is positive infinity
[limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is negative infinity]
if the value of f ( x ) increases [decreases] without bound whenever the values of x

get closer and closer to a.
Notation:
lim f ( x ) = +∞ [ lim f ( x ) = −∞]
x→a x→a
Remark: In the definition above, “ x → a” may be replaced by “ x → a− ” or

“ x → a+ ”.
Example
1
Let f ( x ) = .
x2
x f (x) x f (x)
1 1 −1 1
0.5 4 −0.5 4
0.1 100 −0.1 100
0.001 1000000 −0.001 1000000
0.00001 10000000000 −0.00001 10000000000
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
0+ +∞ 0− +∞
We now write:
1
lim = +∞
x →0 x2
Remark
Note that ∞ is NOT a number. So, lim f ( x ) = +∞ or −∞ does not mean that the
x→a
limit exists.
BUT... the symbol is IMPORTANT.
Vertical Asymptotes
The line with equation x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of f if at least

one of the following is true:
lim f ( x ) = +∞ lim f ( x ) = −∞ lim f ( x ) = +∞ lim f ( x ) = −∞

x → a− x → a− x → a+ x → a+
x=a x=a x=a x=a
10
3x
f (x) = 8
x−1
6

3x 3
lim = −∞ 4
x →1− x − 1 0−
2

3x 3
lim = +∞ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
x →1+ x−1 0+ −2
In general:
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = c and lim g( x ) = 0.
x→a x→a
1 If c > 0
f (x)
1 and g( x ) → 0+ as x → a, then lim = +∞
g( x ) x→a
f (x)
2 and g( x ) → 0− as x → a, then lim = −∞
x→a g( x )
2 If c < 0
f (x)
1 and g( x ) → 0+ as x → a, then lim = −∞
g( x )
x→a
f (x)
2 and g( x ) → 0− as x → a, then lim = +∞
x→a g( x )
Example
5x 5x
lim lim
x →−2− 4 − x2 x →−2+ 4 − x2
5x 5x
= lim = lim
x →−2− (2 + x )(2 − x ) x →−2+ (2 + x )(2 − x )
−10 −10

= +∞ = −∞
(0− )(4) (0+ )(4)
Theorem
1 If lim f ( x ) exists and lim g( x ) = ±∞, then lim ( f ( x ) + g( x )) = ± ∞.
x→a x→a x→a
2 If lim f ( x ) exists and lim g( x ) = ±∞, then lim ( f ( x ) − g( x )) = ∓∞.
x→a x→a x→a
3 If lim f ( x ) = +∞ and lim g( x ) = +∞, then lim ( f ( x ) + g( x )) = +∞.
x→a x→a x→a
4 If lim f ( x ) = +∞ and lim g( x ) = −∞, then lim ( f ( x ) − g( x )) = +∞, and
x→a x→a x→a
lim ( g( x ) − f ( x )) = −∞.
x→a
lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) lim [ f ( x ) + g( x )] lim [ f ( x ) − g( x )]

x→a x→a x→a x→a
c +∞ +∞ −∞
c −∞ −∞ +∞
+∞ +∞ +∞ ?
+∞ −∞ ? +∞
Theorem
1 Let c ∈ R \ {0}. Suppose xlim
→a
f ( x ) = c and lim g( x ) = ±∞.
x→a
1 If c > 0, then lim f ( x ) g( x ) = ± ∞.
x→a
2 If c < 0, then lim f ( x ) g( x ) = ∓∞.
x→a
2 If lim f ( x ) = +∞ and lim g( x ) = +∞, then lim f ( x ) g( x ) = +∞.

x→a x→a x→a
3 If lim f ( x ) = +∞ and lim g( x ) = −∞, then lim f ( x ) g( x ) = −∞.
x→a x→a x→a
lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]

x→a x→a x→a
c>0 ±∞ ±∞
c<0 ±∞ ∓∞
+∞ +∞ +∞
+∞ −∞ −∞
0 ±∞ ?
Example

2
Evaluate lim x2 − .
x →1− x−1
lim x2 = 1
x →1−

2 2
lim = −∞
x →1− x − 1 0−

2 2
lim x − = +∞
x →1− x−1
Example

1 2x
Evaluate lim + .
x →−3− x2 − 9 x + 3

1 2x
lim +
x →−3− x2 − 9 x+3
−6

1 2x 1
= lim + +
x →−3− ( x + 3)( x − 3) x+3 (0− )(−6) 0−
= +∞
Recall
lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) lim [ f ( x ) + g( x )] lim [ f ( x ) − g( x )]

x→a x→a x→a x→a
+∞ +∞ +∞ ?
+∞ −∞ ? +∞
lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]

x→a x→a x→a
0 ±∞ ?
Other Indeterminate Forms
Definition
1 Suppose lim f ( x ) = +∞ and lim g( x ) = +∞. Then
x→a x→a
lim ( f ( x ) − g( x ))
x→a
is called an indeterminate form of type ∞ − ∞.
2 Suppose lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = ±∞.Then

x→a x→a
lim f ( x ) g( x )
x→a
is called an indeterminate form of type 0 · ∞.
Example

1 3
lim + 2
x →−1− x + 1 2x + x − 1

1 3 1 3
= lim + + (∞ − ∞)
x →−1− x + 1 (2x − 1)( x + 1) 0− (−3)(0− )
(2x − 1) + 3
= lim
x →−1−(2x − 1)( x + 1)

2x + 2 0
= lim
x →−1 − ( 2x − 1)( x + 1) 0
2
= lim
x →−1 − 2x −1
2
=−
3
Example

3 2x
lim − 2
x →2+ x − 2 x −4

3 2x 3 4
= lim − − + (∞ − ∞)
x →2+ x − 2 ( x − 2)( x + 2) 0+ (0 )(4)
3x + 6 − 2x
= lim
x →2 + ( x − 2)( x + 2)

x+6 8
= lim
x →2+ ( x − 2)( x + 2) (0+ )(4)
= +∞
Example

1 t 8 1 4 8
lim − − (−∞ · 0)
t →4+ 4−t t−1 t+2 0− 3 6
t ( t + 2) − 8( t − 1)

1
= lim
t →4+ 4 − t (t − 1)(t + 2)
2
t − 6t + 8

0
= lim
t→4 (4 − t )( t − 1)( t + 2)
+ 0
(t − 2)(t − 4)
= lim
(4 − t)(t − 1)(t + 2)
t →4+
−(t − 2)
= lim
t→4+ ( t − 1)( t + 2)
2 1
=− =−
(3)(6) 9
Exercises
Evaluate the following limits:

x2 − 1
1 lim
x → 21
− 1 − 2x
x2 − 2x
2 lim
x →2+ [[ x ]] − x
p
3 lim x2 + 2x − 3
x →−3−

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One-sided limits and

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

1 One-Sided Limits (continuation)

limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L

[limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L]

lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 0

(−∞, −3) (−3, 3) (3, +∞)

As x → −3− , f ( x ) → 0, passing through negative values as it approaches 0.

As x → −3+ , f ( x ) → 0, passing through positive values as it approaches 0.

As x → 3− , f ( x ) → 0, passing through positive values as it approaches 0.

As x → 3+ , f ( x ) → 0, passing through negative values as it approaches 0.

If f ( x ) approaches 0 through positive [negative] values,

lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 0

(−∞, −3) (−3, 3) (3, +∞)

f ( x ) = [[2x − 1]] = n for

Note that as x → 5+ , − 5x → − 1− . Thus,

Note that as x → 5− , − 5x → − 1+ . Thus, lim − 5x

Note that as x → −2+ , − 5x → 25 ∈

1 lim [[3x − 1]] = lim (−2) = −2 ([[(−2)+ ]])

As x → 0+ , f ( x ) increases, and there is no bound to its growth.

Similarly, as x → 0− , f ( x ) increases indefinitely.

limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is positive infinity

[limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is negative infinity]

if the value of f ( x ) increases [decreases] without bound whenever the values of x

Remark: In the definition above, “ x → a” may be replaced by “ x → a− ” or

BUT... the symbol is IMPORTANT.

The line with equation x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of f if at least

lim f ( x ) = +∞ lim f ( x ) = −∞ lim f ( x ) = +∞ lim f ( x ) = −∞

lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) lim [ f ( x ) + g( x )] lim [ f ( x ) − g( x )]

2 If lim f ( x ) = +∞ and lim g( x ) = +∞, then lim f ( x ) g( x ) = +∞.

lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]

lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) lim [ f ( x ) + g( x )] lim [ f ( x ) − g( x )]

lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]

is called an indeterminate form of type ∞ − ∞.

2 Suppose lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = ±∞.Then

is called an indeterminate form of type 0 · ∞.

Evaluate the following limits:

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