3/10/2019

GENETICS
GENETICS Study of heredity and variation
Heredity = transfer of traits from one
generation to another
Variation = differences among
individuals
Prepared by: Ms. Mariane T. Basallo

GENETICS
GENETICS
Gene: a piece of DNA that carries the
Gregor Mendel = information
Father of Genetics Trait: physical characteristic of a living
organism

1

GENETICS
Locus: location of gene or DNA
sequence on a chromosome (plural: loci)
Gamete: male or female reproductive
organs
GENETICS
Allele: variant form a given gene
Dominant Allele: produces dominant
phenotype Ex. R
Recessive Allele: produces recessive
phenotype Ex. r
3/10/2019
GENETICS
Punnett Square: may be used to predict the
possible genetic outcomes
Genotype: set of genes the organism carries
Phenotype: organism’s observable
characteristics (morphology or physical
form)
GENETICS
Homozygous: possesses two identical
alleles Ex. RR, rr
Heterozygous: has two different alleles
Ex. Rr
2
 3/10/2019

GENETICS MONOHYBRID
CROSS
Monohybrid Cross Based on the first law of
Dihybrid Cross Genetics: “Law of
Segregation”

MONOHYBRID DIHYBRID
CROSS CROSS
Cross between two Cross between two
parents with a pair of different lines/genes that
contrasting characters differ in two observed traits

3
 3/10/2019

LAW OF DOMINANCE
PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
Mendelian Pattern of Non - Mendelian Pattern of If one parent has two copies of dominant
Inheritance Inheritance
allele and the second parent has two
Law of Dominance Codominance
copies of recessive allele, then the
Law of Segregation Incomplete Dominance offspring will inherit a heterozygous
Law of Independent Multiple Alleles genotype.
Assortment
Ex. AA x aa = Aa

LAW OF SEGREGATION LAW OF INDEPENDENT

ASSORTMENT
Two alleles for a particular gene Genes don’t come linked to other
segregate or separate from each other genes; The inheritance of one trait is
during gamete formation not affected by the inheritance of
Monohybrid another trait.
Dihybrid

4
 3/10/2019

CODOMINANCE
Form of dominance wherein the
alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote
are fully expressed.
INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
Form of dominance wherein the
phenotype of offspring is neither
dominant nor recessive

MULTIPLE ALLELES MULTIPLE ALLELES

Phenotype Genotype
Instances in which a
A IA IA ; IA IO ; IA i
particular gene may exist in B IB IB ; IB IO ; IB i
three or more allelic forms AB IA IB
Ex. ABO bood group
O IO IO ; ii

5
 3/10/2019

SEAT WORK SEAT WORK

1. Consider Fur Color for Cats, given the allele:
A- orange
a – white
If a homozygous dominant is crossed with heterozygous,
(A)what is the probability of having a cat with orange and
white fur?
(B) What type of non Mendelian pattern is exhibited by the
cat with orange and white fur?
2. Consider the alleles of ABO blood group,
Can a mother with blood type B and a father with blood
type O produce a child with blood type A?
Prove through Punnett squares.
What type of non Mendelian pattern is exhibited by the
ABO blood group?

SEAT WORK
2. Consider Flower color, given the allele: SEX-LINKAGE
D- red
d – white
deals with the role of sex
If a homozygous recessive is crossed with heterozygous,
(A) What is the probability of having a heterozygous chromosomes to some
offspring?
(B) What is the flower color exhibited if the law of disorders or diseases
incomplete dominance is followed?

6
 3/10/2019

X-LINKED TRAITS
SEX
When a gene being examined is present on
Male: XY the X chromosome and not on Y
Ex. Eye color in Drosophila (studied by
Female: XX Thomas Hunt Morgan, 1910)
Determined by sex chromosomes The wild type red eye color for Drosophila is
dominant over the white eye color.

X-LINKED DOMINANT

Offspring whose parents are affected with an X-linked

dominant trait has a 50% chance of inheriting the
trait/mutation/disorder.
If only the father is affected, all of the females will be
affected, since they inherit their father’s X-chromosome, and
none of the male sons will be affected.
When the mother is affected, then there is a 50% chance
that the son or daughter is affected.

7
 3/10/2019

X-LINKED RECESSIVE Y-LINKED

A female parent possessing one X-linked recessive mutation

Y-linkage (holandric inheritance) is the manifestation of a
is considered a carrier, meaning she will not manifest clinical
phenotypic trait by an allele (or gene) on the Y chromosome.
symptoms of the disorder but will pass on this trait to the
next generation.
Since the Y chromosome is smaller compared to the X
All males possessing an X-linked recessive mutation will be
chromosome, few traits are Y-linked. Y-linked traits are
affected.
passed only from father to son, with no genetic
Examples of these disorders are Duchenne muscular
recombination occurring.
dystrophy, haemophilia, and color blindness.