INTRODUCTION

Management generally means that individuals make cooperation

for a certain goal. In this sense, the management brings all kinds of

administrative activities and resources together which ensure the

functioning of the organization, it provides coordination and it

includes traceable methods and supervisions.

One of an important factor forcing the educational institutes into

change is administration in general, and the developments in the field

of educational administration in particular . As well as administrative

actions force the principals to change, supervision actions have an

active role for the principals to improve and modify themselves and

they also help principals be aware of their inefficiency. Supervision

definitions can be defined from different perspectives such as human

relations, teaching process or leadership. According to Jaffer (2010),

supervision system makes contribution to the transformation and

reforms of the organizations in many countries. It is possible to see

the necessity of the development of school systems and the

supervision has a key role to improve the quality of school education .

Supervision is required for the teachers’ professional development

qualities. It can be said that educational supervision has the task of

putting the current situation of educational administration forward,

providing feedback on the operation of the system, proving assistance

to schools and help for personal development to achieve the objects.

This situation requires new measures to be taken for preventing the

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potential problems and identifying the existing problems. Supervision

transmits the necessary information for the innovation to

management systems.

Need and Importance

In different researches, administrative problems were dealt with at

institutional and individual levels. Olgun (2005) emphasized that 186

Current Problems in Terms of administration of School’ and found

that views administrative affairs are at adequate level. Aministration

in terms of teaching learning process is realized at a lower level and he

highlights the administrative problems of schools activities. According

to Renklier (2005), in the supervisioning process of the primary

education, it is determined that the supervisors’ guidance and

educational dimension is at the lowest level .

Identification of the effects of the problems related with the

supervision process will contribute to the development of

administrative and supervision process and the effects of the problems

on supervision structure and functioning can be carried to a healthier

manner. For these reasons, this study aims to identify the problems of

the supervision process at secondary education level. For this, current

problems will be determined by referring to the views of school

principals and assistant principals of Jabalpur schools.

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 Statement of the problem

A Study of problems in Administration and Supervision in Secondary

Schools of Jabalpur

Operational definition

School administration

Administration generally means that individuals make cooperation for a

certain goal. In brings Administrative activities and resources together

which ensure the healthy functioning of the organization, it provides

coordination and it includes traceable methods

School supervision

It refers to as an organized, planned process aiming at improving the

teaching product through the introduction of suitable experiences to the

teachers of the schools, so as to release their energies and abilities, and

avail the capabilities and condition that most fit good teaching, which in

turn will lead to student's development, achievement, intellectually,

practically and socially.

Objectives

 To study the problems in administration faced by schools in

Jabalpur.

 To study the problems in supervision faced by schools in Jabalpur.

 To compare the administration and supervision problems among

private and government schools of Jabalpur.

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Review of Literature

Studies related to administration and supervision at educational

institutes

A. National Studies related to administration and supervision

at education institutes

Nakpodia (2010) examined Human Resource Management in School

Administration in Delta State Nigeria, Variables: in the present study

Nigerian schools. Survey method was adopted with 278 public

schools, consisting of 5,315 human resources in the state, out of

which 3,904 were trained staff while 1411 were untrained staff. 56

schools, representing 20% of the total of 278 public schools, and

1,063 staff, representing 20% of the total of 5,315 human resources in

the schools were selected through stratified random sampling

technique. Questionnaire was used for collection of information. The

responses to the items in the questionnaire are structured on a Likert

type 4 point rating scale. The percentage analysis was used for the

analysis of demographic variables and z-test was used to test the

hypotheses. Testing null hypotheses, it was found that there was

significant difference between the performances of human resources

in Nigerian schools when training approach was taken as independent

variable. The Z-calculated value of 2.90 was found to be higher than

the Z-critical value of 1.96 at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore the

null hypothesis is rejected. This implies that there is a significant

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difference in the human resources as a result of training. The findings

indicate that both staff passed through different training. Thus, the

trained staff learnt education course in addition to the teaching

subjects. The findings revealed that the performance of trained

personnel in Nigerian schools affect the students’ academic

performance positively because of multifaceted ways in which teaching

is imparted and the untrained staff are not exposed to this method.

Anjaiah (1996) investigated the Physical Education Programs,

Facilities Available, Teachers’ Attitude, Students’ Level of Participation

and Academic Achievement in the Secondary Schools of Warangal

District of Andhra Pradesh. In the present research survey method

was used with sample of 43 schools, 50 physical education teachers,

and 446 students. They were selected by adopting simple random

sampling technique. Questionnaires were used for data collection; one

questionnaire for the students and the other for physical education

teachers. The ratios, proportions, percentage, ranks, chi-square

techniques were used for data analysis. The outcomes of the study

were: i) for about 83.3% of selected schools, the special fund was the

only source for games and sports. Further it was the only source for

all government, aided and private schools; ii) the teachers of Navodaya

schools stated that they had another source of income other than

special fee to organize games and sports; iii) none of the selected

schools stated that they incurred expenditure on recurring items and

refreshments.

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 Reddy (1996) studied the Privatization of School Education in

Andhra Pradesh. Study the relative performance of the students of

Private unaided schools, Private aided schools, Government schools,

Z.P. schools and Christian schools (i.e. different management schools)

The aim of the study was to to study the relative performance of the

students of Private unaided schools, Private aided schools,

Government schools, Z.P. schools and Christian schools (i.e. different

management schools). (2) To conduct an evaluative study of the

present position of private, government, and local bodies schools in

Andhra Pradesh in respect of: (a) Purpose of the school, (b)

Administration in organization of school, (c) Curricular programme of

the schools, (d) Students’ performance, (e) Cost effectiveness, and (f)

Socio-economic and educational status of the parents. Total 95

schools were selected as sample of the study from a population of 950

secondary schools under different management of Nalgonda and

Hyderabad district. Cluster random sampling technique was used.

Results of the study revealed that on the whole the opinions of the

students who are the direct beneficiaries of the education system

shows that they are dissatisfied with Government, Z.P. and aided

schools and feel that private un-aided and Christian schools are better

than the government, Z.P. and aided schools. It 34 was found that the

situation was in favor of the spread of private education. In terms of

parents’ response, it was revealed that the private un-aided and

Christian schools are better in terms of standard of education and

general facilities; accommodation, teaching facilities, and functioning

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of school etc., provided in the schools. Nakpodia (2010) examined

Human Resource.

Joash (2011) studied the Impact of the School Based Teacher

Recruitment Policy on the Distribution and Retention of Teachers in

Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. This was a case study of Nyando

District of Kenya. The objective of the study was to estimate the

impact of school based teacher recruitment policy on the distribution

of teachers in public secondary schools in Nyando District? (ii) To

what extent has the school based teacher recruitment policy

contributed to retention of teachers in public secondary schools in

Nyando District? (iii) To what extent has the school-based teacher

recruitment policy influenced efficiency in teachers’ recruitment

exercise in public secondary schools in Nyando District? A total of 49

head teachers of public secondary schools and the Provincial Director

of Education (Nyanza province) was the population of this study.

Stratified random sampling technique was used to sample 26 head

teachers from 39 gazetted hardship schools and 5 head teachers from

10 non- hardship schools and thus a sample size of 31 head teachers

was used in this study. Saturated sampling technique was used to

select Provincial Director of Education. Self administered

questionnaires were used to collect data from both Provincial Director

of Education and head teachers. In addition, in-depth interview was

used to collect more information from the Provincial Director of

Education. Finding of the study state that there is a need for

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Teachers Service Commission to intensify staff balancing of teachers

from hardship gazetted schools to non-hardship schools in order to

enhance equity in teacher distribution. According to the another

finding of the study the Teachers Service Commission should

computerize staffing records to alleviate the problem of double

recruitment of some subject teachers in some schools at the expense

of it hers due to poor manual record keeping. The Teachers Service

Commission should involve the District Education Office and head

teachers to ensure that the exercise of declaring teacher vacancies in

schools is transparent. The Teachers Service Commission should post

newly recruited teachers immediately after selection, delays have been

there due to bureaucracies.

Bert (2011) examined the Impact of School Facilities on the

Learning Environment, with these questions in the study:The setting

of this research study was in high schools, grades 9-12, located in

school districts in northeast Texas. The participants were the

principals, assistant principals, or designees, and teachers. The

principals and the assistant principals could evaluate the physical

plant of the high school in regards to how the school facilities impact

student performance and achievement, the school climate and school

culture, and teacher retention and teacher turnover. The teachers

could evaluate the school climate in regard to how the school climate

affected the physical structure of the school building and the

interactions between students, administrators, and teachers. The

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principal, assistant principals, and teachers were asked to participate

in the research study. The researcher used questionnaires for this

research study to collect data. The researcher used questionnaires for

this research study to collect data. The results from the

questionnaires, Total Learning Environment Assessment High School

Version (TLEA) and the Organizational Climate Description

Questionnaire for Secondary Schools (OCDQ-RS) were entered into a

Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The results of the study were reported

using numerical and graphic techniques to report descriptive

statistics (e.g., Means, frequencies, percentages, and standard

deviation, etc.). This research study was significant in exploring the

relationship of the school learning environment and school facilities.

Student achievement and teacher turnover rate was 50 determined

based on archival data. The results indicated that while teacher

turnover decreased after the establishment of the new facility, the

decrease was not statistically significant and therefore the quality and

educational adequacy of educational facilities were non-significantly

associated with teacher turnover rates.

B. International Studies related to administration and

supervision at

education institutes

Dobbins, Robeson, Husson and Tirilis (2009)4 conducted a

study on the topic “School-based physical activity programs for

promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents

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aged 6-18.” The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize

the evidence of the effectiveness of school-based interventions in

promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents.

Search Strategy: The search strategy included searching several

databases. In addition, reference lists of included articles and

background papers were reviewed for potentially relevant studies, as

well as references from relevant Cochrane reviews. Standardized tools

were used by two independent reviewers to rate each study's

methodological quality and for data extraction. Results: 13,841 titles

were identified and screened and 482 articles were retrieved. Multiple

publications on the same project were combined and counted as one

project, resulting in 395 distinct project accounts studies. Of the 395

studies 104 were deemed relevant and of those, four were assessed as

4 M. Dobbins, K. Corby, P. Robeson, H. Husson, and D. Tirilis,

“School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical

activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6-18,” Cochrane

Database Systematic Review online,21,(1) (2009),Retrieved from

http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/19160341. 18 having strong

methodological quality, 22 were of moderate quality and 78 were

considered weak. In total 26 studies were included in the review.

Given that there are no harmful effects and that there is some

evidence of positive effects on lifestyle behaviours and physical health

status measures, ongoing physical activity promotion in schools is

recommended at this time.

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 Huang, Hung, Sharpe and Wai (2010) conducted a study on

the topic “Neighborhood environment and physical activity among

urban and rural schoolchildren in Taiwan”. Five hundred and twenty

three children of grades five and six selected from ten primary schools

in urban and rural areas participated in the study. The purpose of

this study is to investigate the influence of perceived neighborhood

environment on physical activity among schoolchildren in urban and

rural areas in Taiwan. In conclusion, accessibility to facilities had a

significant impact on the children's physical activity.

Naylor PJ, Macdonald, Warburton, Reed and McKay (2008)

conducted a study “An active school model to promote physical

activity in elementary schools: action schools! BC”.

The major objective of the study was to assess the impact of an active

school model on children's physical activity (PA). Outcomes were

compared with usual practice (UP) schools (three schools). Main

Outcome Measurements: PA was measured four times during the

study using pedometers (step count, steps/day. Results indicated that

Boys in the LS group took 1175 more steps per day, on average, than

boys in the UP group (95% CI: 97 to 2253). Boys in the CS group also

tended to have a higher step count than boys in the UP group (+804

steps/day; 95% CI: -341 to 1949). There was no difference in girls'

step counts across groups. The conclusion of the present study

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revealed that the positive effect of the AS! BC model on boys' PA is

important in light of the current global trend of decreased PA.

Everett, Brenner and McManus (2003) conducted a study on

the topic “Prevalence of school policies, programs, and facilities that

promote a healthy physical school environment”. The authors

analyzed data from the School Health Policies and Programs Study

2000. The aim of the study was to find out the extent to which schools

in the United States have health-promoting policies, programs, and

facilities. Public schools (vs. private and Catholic schools), urban

schools (vs. rural and suburban schools. Sample of the study consist

of “Prevalence of school policies, programs, and facilities that promote

a healthy physical school environment”. Although some schools had

many healthy physical environment features, room for improvement

exists. Resources are available to help schools improve their health-

promoting policies, programs, and facilities.

Evenson, Wen, Lee, Heinrich, and Eyler (2010) Conducted a

study on the topic “National study of changes in community access to

school physical activity facilities: the school health policies and

programs study”. In 2000 and 2006, the School Health Policies and

Programs Study (SHPPS) were conducted in each state and in

randomly selected districts, schools, and classrooms. The purpose of

this study was to describe the prevalence of indoor and outdoor

facilities at schools and the availability of those facilities to the public

in 2000 and 2006. National study of changes in community access to

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 school physical activity facilities: the school health policies and

programs study. A Healthy People 2010 developmental objective (22-

12) was set to increase the proportion of the nation's public and

private schools that provide access to their physical activity spaces

and facilities for all persons outside of normal school hours. Results

indicated no meaningful changes in the prevalence of access to school

physical activity facilities were found from 2000 to 2006, for youth or

adult community sports teams, classes, or open gym. The study

indicates lack of progress from 2000 and 2006 toward increasing the

proportion of the nation's public and private schools that provide

access to their physical activity facilities for all persons outside of

normal school hours.

Hypotheses

1 : There will be no significant difference in problems in

administration among government and private schools of Jabalpur.

2 : There will be no significant difference in problems in supervision

among government and private schools of Jabalpur.

3 : there will be no significant difference in problems in

administration and supervision among government and private

schools of Jabalpur.

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Methodology

Research Design

The researcher will use the survey method for the current research

work

Sample

Sample consist of 50 principals/vice principals of government and

private school of Jabalpur.

Distribution of samples

Schools Nos
Government 25
Private 25
Total 50

Tools

The tool used in the present study will be self administered

questionnaire developed by the research considering the variables of

the present study. The questionnaire will be divided into three parts

where part A : will reveal the personal details of the sample, Part B

consist of questions related to problems in administration and part C

consist of problems related to supervision in school education.

Data Collection

Data collection will be done through the self administration of

questionnaire developed by the researcher. Prior permission will be

taken from the institutes to conduct the study. Subjects will be asked

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to signed the consent form and thereby the objectives of the study will

be briefed before the subjects.

Statistical applications

Data will be analysed by using both descriptive and inferential

statistics. Mean, SD and mean percentage will be used to identify the

problems in the area of administration and supervision where as t-test

will be computed to find out the significance of difference among

government and private school in context with administration and

supervision in schools.

Educational Implication

Present study exhibits that effective administrative behavior in terms

of better planning, organization, healthy communication and decision

making, is associated with higher school effectiveness. Therefore, the

present study has implications for educators, educational planners,

administrators, supervisors and other entrusted with the task of

improvement of school effectiveness through improving the

administrative behaviour, teacher effectiveness, school climate and

students perception in school education. The study will also help

teachers in better preparation and planning, classroom management,

knowledge of subject matter, teacher characteristics and interpersonal

relationship in terms of effectiveness of administration and

supervision.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Huang, Hung, Sharpe and Wai, “Neighbourhood environment and

physical activity among urban and rural schoolchildren in Taiwan” 2010

2. P.J. Naylor, H.M. Macdonald, D. E. Warburton, K. E. Reed and H. A.

McKay, An active school model to promote physical activity in

elementary schools: action schools. 2008

3. J.S. Everett, N.D.Brener and T.Mc. Manus, “Prevalence of school policies,

programs, and facilities that promote a healthy physical school

environment” American Journal of Public Health.. 2003

4. Evenson, Wen, Lee, Heinrich, and Eyler “National study of changes in

community access to school physical activity facilities: the school health

policies and programs study”. 2010

5. Nakpodia Human Resource Management in School Administration in

Delta State Nigeria 2010

6. Anjaiah “Physical Education Programs, Facilities Available, Teachers’

Attitude, Students’ Level of Participation and Academic Achievement in

the Secondary Schools of Warangal District of Andhra Pradesh. 1996

7. Reddy “Privatization of School Education in Andhra Pradesh. Study the

relative performance of the students of Private unaided schools, Private

aided schools, Government schools, Z.P. schools and Christian schools”

1996

8. Joash “Impact of the School Based Teacher Recruitment Policy on the

Distribution and Retention of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in

Kenya. This was a case study of Nyando District of Kenya”. 2011

9. Bert “Impact of School Facilities on the Learning Environment, with these

questions in the study: in North East Texas” 2011.

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10. M. Dobbins, K. Corby, P. Robeson, H. Husson, and D. Tirilis “School-

based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and

fitness in children and adolescents aged 6-18,” 2009.

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