Types of Communicative Strategy

1. Nomination – You try to open a topic.

2. Restriction – Limitations you may have as a speaker
3. Turn-taking – Give all communicators a chance to speak
4. Topic Control – Collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts.
5. Topic Shifting – Moving from one topic to another (it is one part of a conversation ends and where another begins)
6. Repair – If there is a problem in understanding, the speakers will always try to address and correct it.\
7. Termination – Refers to the conversation participants’ close initiating expressions that ends a topic in a conversation

Avoidance Strategy
Semantic Avoidance -Learners may avoid a problematic word by using a different one, for example substituting the irregular
verb make with the regular verb ask. The regularity of "ask" makes it easier to use correctly
Message Reduction - communication breakdown by reducing an original message, simplifying utterances, or using similar
expressions that can be confidently used
Message Abandonment – Leaving a message unfinished

Achievement Strategy
Coinage - This refers to learners creating new words or phrases for words that they do not know. For example, a learner
might refer to an art gallery as a "picture place"
Borrowing - occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a
single conversation. Multi-linguals, speakers of more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages
when conversing with each other.
Circumlocution - This refers to learners using different words or phrases to express their intended meaning. For example, if
learners do not know the word grandfather they may paraphrase it by saying "my father's father".
Appeal for Assistance – Asking for aid from the interlocutor either directly or indirectly

The Speech Writing Process

 Conducting an audience analysis

 Determining the purpose of the speech
 Selecting a topic
 Narrowing down a topic
 Gathering data

 Selecting a speech pattern

 Editing and/or Revising
 Preparing an outline
 Rehearsing
 Creating the body of the Speech
 Preparing the introduction
 Preparing the conclusion
Components of the Speech Writing Process
 Audience Analysis – Looking into the profile of your target
 Demography – (Age range, male-female ratio, educational background and affiliation or degree program
taken, nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designation)
 Situation – (Time, venue, occasion and size)
 Psychology – (Values, beliefs, attitudes, preference, cultural, and racial ideologies)

Purpose for writing and delivering speech can be classified into three:
 Inform (Informative Speech) – Provides clear understanding of the concept
 Entertain (Entertainment Speech) – provides amusement
 Persuade (Persuasive Speech) – provides well-argued ideas that can influence their beliefs
General Purpose Specific Purpose

To inform grade 11 students about the

To Inform definition and relevance of information
literacy today.

 The Topic is your focal point

 Narrowing down a topic means making your main idea more specific and focused
 Data Gathering is the stage where you collect ideas, information, source and reference
 Writing Patterns, in general, are structures that will help you organize your idea
Pattern Description
Biographical Presents Description
Categorical/Topical Presents related categories relating the
topic

Causal Presents cause-effect relationship

Chronological Presents idea in time order

Comparison/Contrast Presents comparison

Problem-Solution Presents an identified problem, cause and

recommended solution

Outline is a hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas

 Table Format
 List Format (more specific)

The body of speech provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain the
main idea of your topic