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Manufacturing Technology - II
For 4th Semester B.E. Mechanical Engineering
As per the Latest Syllabus of ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

Dr. G.K. VIJAYARAGHAVAN, B.E., M.Tech., Ph.D.

Adviser,
Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering,
Padappai, Chennai, Tamilnadu.
E-mail: haigkv@yahoo.com
Website: wwww. gkvbooks.comm

LAKSHMI PUBLICATIONS
Plot No.73, Gokula Nagar, 2nd Main Road (40 Feet Road),
Perumbakkam, Medavakkam (P.O),
Chennai – 600 100, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Phone: 044 - 49523977, 98945 98598, 96772 21371.
E-mail: lakshmipublication@gmail.com, suchitrapublications@gmail.com
Manufacturing Technology - II
by Dr. G.K. Vijayaraghavan

First Edition: Nov. 2016

© All rights are exclusively reserved by the author(s)

No part of this publication can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the author.

Price: Rs. 275/-

ISBN: 978-93-83103-94-2

Published by and copies can be had from:

LAKSHMI PUBLICATIONS
Plot No.73, VGP Gokul Nagar,
2nd Main Road (40 Feet Road),
Perumbakkam, Medavakkam P.O,
Chennai - 600 100, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Phone: 044 - 49523977
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620 005. Ph. no: 9790801417.Email: haigkv@yahoo.com
 Dedicated to
My
Beloved Students
 PREFACE

I am pleased to bring out the first edition of “Manufacturing Technology - II”

book for Engineering and Technology studies. This book is written to serve the needs
of undergraduate students embarking introductory course in Manufacturing
Technology. This book is based on the latest syllabi prescribed by the Anna
University Chennai, Trichy, Coimbatore & Tirunelveli for 4h Semester Mechanical
engineering students of its affiliated colleges.
This book consists of 5 units.

 Unit 1 deals with the material removal processes, orthogonal metal cutting,
nomenclature of single point cutting tool, mechanics of chip formation, types
of chips, forces in machining, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool
wear, tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and machinability.

 Unit 2 describes in detail about centre lathe with its constructional features,
cutting tools, lathe operations, taper turning methods, thread cutting
methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation.
Capstan and turret lathes, single spindle and multi spindle semi-automatic
and automatic lathes are also discussed.

 Unit 3 has an in-depth dealing of types, construction, and working principle

of various machine tools such as shaper, drilling, reaming, boring, tapping
and milling machines and operations to be performed on these machines.
This unit also contains gear cutting, and gear generation principles and
finishing of gears.

 Unit 4 elaborately discusses with two topics such as abrasive processes and
broaching machines. Grinding wheel specifications and selection, types of
grinding process such as cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, centreless
grinding and internal grinding with typical applications and concepts of
surface integrity are dealt under abrasive processes. The broaching machines
elaborates construction and working of broach tool, push, pull, surface and
continuous broaching machines.
  Unit 5 deals with the basic principle, construction, special features and
working of numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC)
machine tools with its application, advantages and disadvantages. Part
programming fundamentals, manual programming, computer assisted part
programming with number of examples, micromachining and wafer machining
are also discussed in detail.
Important solved University questions, and two mark questions and answers have
been added at the tail end of each unit which will enable the students to score high
marks in the University examinations. Recent Solved Anna University Question
Papers have been added at the end of this book.
With these features, I sincerely hope that this book would serve as a valuable text
for the students.
Though efforts have been taken aiming at a ‘zero flaw’ content, I do recognize
that mistakes may have inadvertently crept in. I welcome constructive criticisms on
any specific topics of this book.
My sincere thanks to Mrs. Nirmala Durai, Proprietor of “Lakshmi
Publications” and Publishing Advisor Mr. A. DURAI, B.E. for their involvement to
make this publication successful.

- Dr. G.K. VIJAYARAGHAVAN

 ME6402 MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY - II

UNIT I THEORY OF METAL CUTTING

Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, types of chip,
cutting tools – nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool
materials, tool wear, tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and machinability.

UNIT II TURNING MACHINES

Centre lathe, constructional features, specification, operations – taper turning methods,
thread cutting methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation.
Capstan and turret lathes – tool layout – automatic lathes: semi-automatic – single
spindle: Swiss type, automatic screw type – multi spindle.

UNITIII SHAPER, MILLING AND GEAR CUTTING MACHINES

Shaper – types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, tapping. Milling operations – types
of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear
milling, hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.

UNIT IV ABRASIVE PROCESS AND BROACHING

Abrasive processes: grinding wheel – specifications and selection, types of grinding
process – cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, centreless grinding and internal grinding –
typical applications – concepts of surface integrity. Broaching machines: broach
construction – push, pull, surface and continuous broaching machines.

UNIT V CNC MACHINING

Numerical Control (NC) machine tools – CNC types, constructional details, special
features, machining centre, part programming fundamentals, CNC – manual part
programming – micromachining – wafer machining.
Contents C-1

UNIT 1 THEORY OF METAL CUTTING

1.1. Introduction 1.1

1.2. Metal removing processes 1.2
1.3. Types of metal cutting process 1.3
1.3.1. Orthogonal cutting process 1.3
1.3.2. Oblique cutting process 1.3
1.3.3. Comparison of orthogonal and oblique cutting 1.4
1.4. Cutting tools 1.4
1.5. Single point cutting tool 1.5
1.5.1. Classification of single point cutting tools 1.5
1.5.1.1. According to the method of manufacturing the tool 1.6
1.5.1.2. According to the method of holding the tool 1.7
1.5.2. Nomenclature of a single point cutting tool 1.8
1.5.3. Influence of tool angles 1.11
1.5.4. Tool signature 1.15
1.6. Mechanics of chip formation 1.16
1.7. Types of chips 1.18
1.7.1. Continuous chip 1.18
1.7.2. Discontinuous or segmental chip 1.19
1.7.3. Continuous chip with built-up edge 1.20
1.7.4. Geometry of chip formation 1.21
1.8. Chip breakers 1.24
1.9. Forces in machining 1.25
1.10. Merchant circle diagram of forces 1.26
1.11. Shear stress in shear plane 1.29
1.12. Shear strain 1.29
1.13. Work done and power required in cutting 1.31
C-2 Manufacturing Technology-II

1.14. Metal removal rate (MRR) 1.32

1.15. Modified Merchant theory 1.33
1.16. Lee and Shaffer’s theory 1.34
1.17. Velocity relationship 1.35
1.18. Power and energy relation 1.36
1.19. Solved problems on cutting force 1.37
1.20. Thermal aspects 1.53
1.21. Measurement of cutting tool temperature 1.54
1.21.1. Methods of measuring cutting tool temperature 1.55
1.22. Cutting tool materials 1.56
1.22.1. Properties/characteristics of cutting tool material 1.56
1.22.2. Classification of tool materials 1.57
1.23. Tool wear 1.61
1.23.1. Mechanism/forms of tool wear 1.62
1.23.2. Classification of tool wear 1.63
1.24. Tool life 1.64
1.24.1. Factors affecting tool life 1.64
1.24.2. Tool life measurement in terms of metal removal 1.68
1.25. Surface finish 1.69
1.26. Cutting fluids 1.69
1.26.1. Functions of cutting fluids 1.69
1.26.2. Properties of cutting fluids 1.70
1.26.3. Types of cutting fluids 1.71
1.26.4. Methods of applying cutting fluids 1.73
1.27. Machinability 1.73
1.27.1. Variables affecting machinability 1.73
1.27.2. Evaluation of machinability 1.74
1.27.3. Advantages of high machinability 1.75
1.27.4. Machinability index 1.75
1.28. Solved problems on tool life 1.75
Contents C-3

1.29. Solved Anna University problems 1.88

1.30. Solved other University problems 1.93
1.31. Two mark questions and answers 1.98
1.32. Solved Anna University questions 1.113
1.33. Solved questions 1.116
1.34. Problems for practice 1.116

UNIT 2 TURNING MACHINES

2.1. Centre lathe 2.1

2.2. Constructional features of a lathe 2.1
2.3. Specification of a lathe 2.7
2.4. Types of lathe 2.8
2.4.1. Speed lathe 2.9
2.4.2. Engine lathe or centre lathe 2.9
2.4.3. Bench lathe 2.9
2.4.4. Tool room lathe 2.9
2.4.5. Semiautomatic lathe 2.9
2.4.6. Automatic lathe 2.10
2.4.7. Special purpose lathes 2.10
2.4.8. Copying lathe 2.10
2.5. Head stock mechanisms 2.11
2.5.1. Back geared headstock 2.11
2.5.2. All geared head stock 2.12
2.6. Feed mechanism 2.14
2.6.1. Tumbler gear reversing mechanism 2.14
2.6.2. Quick change gearbox 2.15
C-4 Manufacturing Technology-II

2.6.3. Tumbler gear-quick change gearbox 2.16

2.6.4. Apron mechanism 2.16
2.7. Work holding devices 2.18
2.7.1. Chucks 2.18
2.7.2. Centres 2.20
2.7.3. Faceplate 2.21
2.7.4. Angle plate 2.22
2.7.5. Mandrels 2.23
2.7.6. Steady and follower rest 2.24
2.8. Lathe operations 2.25
2.8.1. Centering 2.25
2.8.2. Straight turning 2.26
2.8.3. Shoulder turning 2.27
2.8.4. Facing 2.27
2.8.5. Chamfering 2.28
2.8.6. Knurling 2.28
2.8.7. Filing 2.29
2.8.8. Forming 2.29
2.8.9. Grooving 2.29
2.8.10. Parting-off 2.30
2.8.11. Eccentric turning 2.30
2.8.12. Drilling 2.31
2.8.13. Reaming 2.32
2.8.14. Boring 2.32
2.8.15. Milling 2.33
2.8.16. Grinding 2.33
2.8.17. Tapping 2.33
2.8.18. Taper turning 2.33
2.8.19. Thread cutting 2.34
2.9. Taper turning methods 2.40
Contents C-5

2.9.1. Form tool method 2.40

2.9.2. Tailstock set over method 2.40
2.9.3. Compound rest method 2.42
2.9.4. Taper turning attachment method 2.42
2.10. Solved problems on taper turning methods 2.44
2.11. Thread cutting methods 2.48
2.11.1. Reversing the machine 2.42
2.11.2. Using a chasing dial or thread indicator 2.42
2.11.3. Solved problems on thread cutting 2.49
2.12. Special attachments 2.53
2.12.1. Milling attachment 2.53
2.12.2. Grinding attachment 2.54
2.12.3. Copy turning attachment 2.54
2.12.4. Spherical turning attachments 2.56
2.13. Machining time and power estimation 2.57
2.13.1. Metal Removal Rate (MRR) 2.58
2.13.2. Estimation of machining time (Tm) 2.59
2.13.3. Estimation of power 2.60
2.14. Solved problems on machining time calculations 2.61
2.15. Solved Anna University problems on machining time 2.68
2.16. Semi-automatic and automatic lathes 2.68
2.17. Capstan and turret lathes 2.69
2.17.1. Principal parts of capstan and turret lathes 2.70
2.17.2. Geneva mechanism or indexing mechanism 2.74
2.17.3. Bar feeding mechanism 2.75
2.17.4. Working principle of capstan and turret lathes 2.76
2.17.5. Specification of capstan or turret lathe 2.76
2.17.6. Advantages of turret lathes 2.77
2.17.7. Difference between capstan and turret lathe 2.77
2.17.8. Work holding devices 2.78
C-6 Manufacturing Technology-II

2.17.9. Tool holding devices 2.81

2.17.10. Bar stop 2.88
2.18. Tool layout 2.89
2.18.1. Rules for preparing tool layout of turret and capstan lathe 2.89
2.18.2. Step by step procedure for preparing tool layout of turret and
capstan lathe 2.90
2.18.3. Solved examples on tool layout 2.91
2.19. Automatic lathes 2.104
2.19.1. Advantages of automatic lathes over conventional lathes 2.105
2.19.2. Classification of automatic lathes 2.105
2.20. Single spindle automatic lathes 2.107
2.20.1. Automatic cutting off machine 2.109
2.20.2. Swiss type automatic lathes (sliding head automatic lathes) 2.110
2.20.3. Single spindle automatic screw cutting machine 2.113
2.21. Multiple spindle automatic lathes 2.115
2.22. Classification of multi-spindle automatic lathes 2.116
2.22.1. Bar-type automatic machine 2.116
2.22.2. Magazine-loading type or chucking type machine 2.116
2.22.3. Parallel action multi spindle automats 2.117
2.22.4. Progressive action multi spindle automats or
cutting off machine 2.118
2.22.5. Comparison of parallel action and progressive action
multi-spindle automatic lathes 2.119
2.22.6. Comparison of single spindle and
multi spindle automatic lathes 2.120
2.23. Two mark questions and answers 2.120
2.24. Solved Anna University questions 2.138
2.25. Solved review questions 2.141
Contents C-7

UNIT 3 SHAPER, DRILLING, MILLING AND GEAR

CUTTING MACHINES

3.1. Shaper 3.1

3.1.1. Classification of shaper 3.2
3.1.2. Principle parts of a shaper 3.2
3.1.3. Types of shaper 3.5
3.1.4. Specifications of shaper 3.5
3.1.5. Quick return mechanism 3.6
3.1.5.1. Hydraulic drive 3.6
3.1.5.2. Crank and slotted link mechanism 3.7
3.1.5.3. Whitworth quick return mechanism 3.8
3.1.6. Feed mechanisms in shaper 3.11
3.1.6.1. Hand feed 3.12
3.1.6.2. Automatic table feed 3.12
3.1.7. Work holding devices for shaper 3.13
3.1.8. Types of tool used in shaper 3.16
3.1.9. Shaping operations 3.17
3.1.10. Machining calculations for shaper 3.20
3.1.11. Solved problems on shapers 3.21
3.2. Drilling machine 3.26
3.2.1. Classification of drilling machine 3.27
3.2.2. Portable drilling machine 3.27
3.2.3. Sensitive drilling machine 3.28
3.2.4. Upright or pillar drilling machine 3.29
3.2.5. Radial drilling machine 3.30
3.2.6. Multi-spindle drilling machine 3.32
3.2.7. Gang drilling machine 3.33
3.2.8. Automatic drilling machine 3.33
C-8 Manufacturing Technology-II

3.2.9. Deep hole drilling machine 3.34

3.2.10. Specification of drilling machine 3.35
3.2.11. Feed mechanism of drilling machine 3.35
3.2.12. Drilling operations 3.36
3.2.13. Drill tool nomenclature 3.39
3.2.14. Mounting the drill tool 3.42
3.2.15. Reaming tool 3.44
3.2.16. Tapping tool 3.45
3.2.17. Drilling calculations 3.46
3.2.18. Solved problems on drilling machine calculations 3.48
3.3. Boring machine 3.51
3.3.1. Types of boring machine 3.52
3.3.2. Horizontal boring machine 3.52
3.3.2.1. Table type horizontal boring machine 3.53
3.3.2.2. Floor type horizontal boring machine 3.53
3.3.2.3. Planer type horizontal boring machine 3.54
3.3.2.4. Multi-spindle horizontal boring machine 3.55
3.3.3. Specifications of a horizontal boring machine 3.55
3.3.4. Vertical boring machine 3.56
3.3.4.1. Vertical boring mill 3.56
3.3.4.2. Vertical turret lathe boring machine 3.57
3.3.5. Horizontal boring machine operations 3.58
3.3.6. Vertical boring machine operations 3.59
3.3.7. Boring tools 3.61
3.3.8. Jig boring machine 3.63
3.4. Milling machine 3.65
3.4.1. Principle of operation 3.65
3.4.2. Specification of milling machine 3.65
3.4.3. Classification of milling machine 3.66
3.4.4. Column and knee type milling machines 3.66
Contents C-9

3.4.5. Bed type milling machines 3.71

3.4.6. Plano-type milling machine 3.73
3.4.7. Special purpose milling machines 3.74
3.4.8. Work holding devices 3.77
3.4.9. Tool or cutter holding devices 3.79
3.4.10. Milling machine attachments 3.81
3.4.11. Milling cutters 3.83
3.4.11.1. Classification of milling cutters 3.83
3.4.11.2. Nomenclature of plain milling cutter 3.89
3.4.12. Milling processes 3.92
3.4.13. Milling operations 3.95
3.4.14. Indexing or dividing heads 3.99
3.4.14.1. Plain or simple dividing head 3.99
3.4.14.2. Universal dividing head 3.100
3.4.15. Indexing methods 3.102
3.4.15.1. Direct or rapid indexing 3.102
3.4.15.2. Plain or simple indexing 3.103
3.4.15.3. Compound indexing 3.104
3.4.15.4. Differential indexing 3.105
3.4.15.5. Angular indexing 3.107
3.4.16. Solved problems on indexing methods 3.108
3.5. Gear cutting by forming methods 3.114
3.5.1. Gear cutting by a single point formed tool 3.114
3.5.2. Gear cutting by speed shaping process 3.115
3.5.3. Gear milling using a form end mill 3.115
3.5.4. Gear broaching 3.116
3.5.5. Template method 3.117
3.6. Gear generation principle and methods 3.117
3.6.1. Gear shaping 3.118
3.6.2. Gear planing 3.121
C-10 Manufacturing Technology-II

3.6.3. Gear hobbing 3.122

3.7. Finishing of gears 3.126
3.7.1. Gear shaving 3.126
3.7.2. Roll finishing of gear tooth 3.128
3.7.3. Gear burnishing 3.128
3.7.4. Gear grinding 3.130
3.7.5. Gear lapping 3.132
3.7.6. Gear honing 3.134
3.8. Two mark questions and answers 3.137
3.9. Solved Anna University questions 3.158
3.10. Solved questions 3.162
3.11. Problems for practice 3.163

UNIT 4 ABRASIVE PROCESS AND BROACHING

4.1. Abrasive processes 4.1

4.2. Grinding wheel 4.2
4.2.1. Grinding wheel abrasives 4.2
4.3. Types of bonds 4.4
4.4. Specification of grinding wheel 4.7
4.4.1. Grit or grain size 4.7
4.4.2. Grade 4.7
4.4.3. Structure of wheels 4.8
4.5. Designation of grinding wheel 4.8
4.6. Selection of grinding wheel 4.9
4.6.1. Constant factors 4.10
4.6.2. Variable factors 4.10
4.7. Reconditioning of grinding wheel 4.11
Contents C-11

4.7.1. Dressing 4.11

4.7.2. Truing 4.13
4.8. Shapes of grinding wheel 4.13
4.9. Wheel balancing 4.15
4.10. Types of grinding machines 4.15
4.11. Rough grinders 4.17
4.11.1. Floor stand grinder 4.17
4.11.2. Bench grinder 4.17
4.11.3. Portable grinder 4.18
4.11.4. Abrasive belt grinder 4.18
4.11.5. Swing frame grinder 4.19
4.12. Precision grinders 4.20
4.12.1. Cylindrical grinders 4.20
4.13. Surface grinders 4.24
4.13.1. Horizontal spindle reciprocating table surface grinder 4.25
4.13.2. Horizontal spindle rotary table surface grinder 4.26
4.13.3. Vertical spindle reciprocating table surface grinder 4.26
4.13.4. Vertical spindle rotary table surface grinder 4.27
4.14. Centreless grinders 4.28
4.14.1. Methods of external centreless grinding 4.29
4.15. Internal grinders 4.31
4.15.1. Chucking type internal grinders 4.31
4.15.2. Planetary type internal grinders 4.32
4.15.3. Centreless grinding 4.32
4.16. Typical applications of grinding machines 4.33
4.16.1. Form grinders 4.33
4.16.2. Gear teeth grinding 4.33
4.16.3. Thread grinding 4.34
4.16.4. Cam grinders 4.34
4.16.5. Tool post grinder 4.35
C-12 Manufacturing Technology-II

4.16.6. Disc grinder 4.35

4.16.7 Tool and cutter grinder 4.35
4.17. Cutting fluids in grinding 4.37
4.18. Concepts of surface integrity 4.38
4.19. Broaching 4.41
4.19.1. Specification of a broaching machine 4.42
4.19.2. Advantages and limitations of broaching 4.42
4.19.3. Types of broaching machine 4.43
4.20. Horizontal broaching machine 4.44
4.20.1. Horizontal type internal broaching machine 4.44
4.20.2. Horizontal type surface broaching machine 4.45
4.21. Vertical broaching machine 4.46
4.21.1. Push down type vertical broaching machine 4.46
4.21.2. Pull down type vertical broaching machine 4.47
4.21.3. Pull up type vertical broaching machine 4.48
4.22. Continuous broaching machine 4.48
4.22.1. Horizontal type continuous broaching machine 4.48
4.22.2. Vertical continuous broaching machine 4.49
4.22.3. Rotary type continuous broaching machine 4.49
4.23. Broach nomenclature 4.49
4.24. Types of broaching tools 4.51
4.25. Broaching tool materials 4.53
4.26. Broaching operations 4.53
4.27. Two mark questions and answers 4.55
4.28. Solved Anna University questions 4.67
4.29. Solved questions 4.70
Contents C-13

UNIT 5 CNC MACHINING

5.1. Introduction 5.1

5.1.1. Problems with conventional NC machines 5.2
5.2. Numerical control system 5.3
5.2.1. Basic principle of NC machines 5.4
5.2.2. Comparing NC with conventional system 5.6
5.2.3. Coordinates of NC machine tool 5.6
5.2.3.1. Fixed zero and floating zero positioning 5.9
5.2.3.2. Absolute positioning and incremental positioning 5.10
5.2.4. Elements of NC system 5.11
5.2.5. Types of NC systems based on the type of machine control 5.14
5.2.6. Classification NC machines based on the type of
control system 5.15
5.2.6.1. Open-loop system 5.15
5.2.6.2. Closed-loop system 5.16
5.2.7. Classification NC machines based on type of motion control 5.16
5.2.7.1. Point-to-point system 5.17
5.2.7.2. Continuous path NC system 5.18
5.2.8. Applications of NC machines 5.19
5.2.9. Advantages and disadvantages of NC machines 5.21
5.3. Computer numerical control system (CNC) 5.23
5.3.1. Features of CNC 5.24
5.3.2. Classifications of CNC systems 5.26
5.3.3. Functions of CNC systems in machine tool 5.27
5.3.4. Elements of CNC systems 5.29
5.3.5. Constructional features of CNC machine tool 5.32
C-14 Manufacturing Technology-II

5.3.6. Slideways used in CNC machine tools 5.35

5.3.7. Spindles used in CNC machine tools 5.39
5.3.8. Elements of the Machine Control Unit (MCU) 5.40
5.3.9. Modes of operation in CNC machine 5.43
5.3.10. Spindle drives in CNC machines 5.45
5.3.10.1. DC motors 5.48
5.3.10.2. AC motors 5.50
5.3.11. Feed drive in CNC machines 5.54
5.3.11.1. Stepper motors 5.55
5.3.11.2. Servomotors 5.59
5.3.11.3. Hydraulic drives 5.62
5.3.11.4. Pneumatic drives 5.64
5.3.11.5. Linear motors 5.65
5.3.12. Compensations for machine accuracy 5.65
5.3.13. Model specifications of CNC system 5.67
5.3.14. Tooling for CNC machine tool 5.69
5.3.14.1. Cutting tools for CNC machines 5.72
5.3.14.2. Automatic Tool Changer (ATC) 5.74
5.4. Machining centres 5.77
5.4.1. Horizontal spindle machining centre 5.79
5.4.2. Vertical spindle machining centre 5.80
5.4.3. Universal machining centre 5.81
5.5. Comparison of NC and CNC with conventional systems 5.81
5.6. Applications of CNC machines 5.83
5.7. Advantages and disadvantages of CNC machines 5.85
5.8. Direct numerical control (DNC) system 5.86
5.8.1. Comparison between CNC and DNC 5.88
5.8.2. Advantages of DNC 5.89
5.9. Part programming fundamentals 5.89
5.9.1. Part program 5.90
Contents C-15

5.9.2. Methods of creating part programming 5.91

5.10. Manual part programming 5.92
5.10.1. Structure of part program 5.93
5.10.2. Important terms used in part programming 5.95
5.10.3. Preparatory functions (G) in part programming 5.97
5.10.4. Miscellaneous function (M) in part programming 5.100
5.10.5. Address characters in part programming 5.101
5.10.6. Steps for CNC part programming 5.103
5.10.7. Data required for part programming 5.104
5.10.8. Work coordinate setting 5.104
5.10.9. Tool information in part programming 5.106
5.10.9.1. Tool offset 5.106
5.10.9.2. Tool length compensation 5.107
5.10.9.3. Cutter radius or diameter compensation 5.107
5.10.10. Rapid positioning in part programming 5.108
5.10.11. Interpolation in part programming 5.109
5.10.11.1. Interpolator 5.109
5.10.11.2. Linear interpolation 5.109
5.10.11.3. Circular interpolation 5.110
5.10.11.4. Cubic/parabolic interpolation 5.111
5.10.12. Fixed cycle or canned cycles 5.111
5.10.13. Subroutines 5.113
5.10.14. Macros 5.114
5.11. Sample part programs for turning, milling and drilling 5.116
5.11.1. Part program for turning process 5.116
5.11.2. Part program for drilling process 5.126
5.11.3. Part program for tapping process 5.129
5.11.4. Part program for boring process 5.133
5.11.5. Part program for milling process 5.135
5.11.6. Part program for turning process using canned cycle 5.143
 C-16 Manufacturing Technology-II

5.11.7. Part program for thread cutting process using canned cycle 5.144
5.12. Solved Anna University problems 5.145
5.13. APT programming 5.159
5.13.1. APT statements 5.159
5.13.2. Sample problem on APT programming 5.160
5.14. Micromachining 5.162
5.14.1. Types of micromachining process 5.163
5.14.1.1. Bulk micromachining 5.163
5.14.1.2. Surface micromachining or wafer machining 5.164
5.14.2. Micromachining processes 5.164
5.14.2.1. Lithography based micromachining 5.165
5.14.2.2. Non-lithography based micromachining 5.168
5.15. Two mark questions and answers 5.170
5.16. Solved Anna University questions 5.186
5.17. Problems for practice 5.190

Solved Anna University Question Papers Q-1

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