Physics

Pressure:
P=F/A When F increase A decrease P increase & vice versa
In Water:
F/A//P=phg p=density of water h=height/depth of container
g=gravitational force
*can’t affect by surface area & shape of container
*when at the same level &liquid the pressure is the same
*the deeper the depth the greater the pressure
*pressure in liquid act in all direction
Application:
*Public water supply system
*Construction of dam
Gas Pressure:

Pascal Principle:
-pressure exert in an enclosed liquid is transmitted equally throughout
the liquid
-also known as principle of transmission of pressure in a liquid.
F2/F1=A2/A1(applied in Hydraulic system)
-Large force can be produce by the small force
Application:
*Hydraulic jack,brakes,and pumps
Archimedes Principle:
-an object that is partially/completely submerge in water is acted on by a
buoyant force,which is equal to the fluid displaced
buoyant force is equal to the weight liquid displaced :
buoyant force = mg=h1pgA-h2pgA=pgV
object will sink until buoyant force is equal to its weight
Bernoulli’s Principle :
-A steady flow of fluid, the pressure of the fluid decreased when
velocity of fluid increase

Heat:
Thermal Equilibrium:
-rates of heat transfer from A to B & vice versa are equal ,means there’s
0 net rate of heat transfer.(no net flow of heat)
 -2 bodies in thermal equilibrium, are in the same temperature.(both
object are in same temperature)
Heat contact – two object are in heat contact when heat can flow
between them.
Dynamic equilibrium is when 2 object is still exchanging heat
Understanding Specific heat capacity:
Increase in temperature depends on:
-quantity of heat absorbed
-mass of object
-what is the object made of
Heat Capacity:
-amount of heat energy needed to increase temperature of an object
by 1C
-Larger the mass ,higher the heat capacity
Q=Cɵ C=heat capacity
Specific Heat Capacity:
-quantity of heat energy is required to increase the temperature of 1kg
of substance by 1C/1K
Q=mcɵ Q=heat energy c=specific heat m=mass ɵ=change in heat
C=mc
When mass of heat increase heat content would also increase.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY:Q=Pt
KINETIC ENERGY:E=½mv²
HEAT ENERGY:Q=mcɵ
POTENTIAL ENERGY:E=mgh
THEREFORE: Pt=mcɵ
½mv²=mcɵ
mgh=mcɵ
P=power of heating(W), t= time of heating(s)
Latent Heat:
-Amount of heat required to change the phase of 1kg of the substance at
a constant temperature(without change in temperature).
l=Q/m Q=latent heat absorbed or released m=mass of substance //
Q=ml // Pt=ml
Latent heat of fusion
occurs only in solid and liquid
Latent heat of vaporisation
occurs only in liquid and gas
Gas law
 BOYLE’S LAW-relationship between pressure and volume
(inversely propotional )PV=P2V2
Volume ↓ Pressure ↑
CHARLE’S LAW-temperature and volume
(directly)P/T=P2/T2
PRESSURE LAW-pressure and temperature
(directly)V/T=V2/T2
Electricity
Current,voltage,power:
electric field-a region within which electric force act on a particles with
an electric charge.
Electric potential-the amount of work needed to move a unit of
positive charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the
field without producing an acceleration.
Potential difference,V-work done in moving a charge from B to A in an
electric field
V=W/Q W=work done Q=charge
Analysis Series & parallel circuit:
Circuit-a complete path along with electric current can flow.
R=IV I=Current V=voltage R=resistor
Electrical Energy:
Power-rate of transfer of electrical energy
P=VI // E=VIt // E=Pt
Power rating- appliance denotes the rate at which it consume electrical
energy

Electromagnet
Magnetic field – A region in which a magnetic material experience a force
Electromagnet – A temporary magnet when current is turn on
Coil + Soft iron core = Electromagnet
Soft iron is used bcuz:
-Easily magnetized when current in solenoid is switch on
-Loses all its magnetism when the current is switched off
-If soft iron core is replaced by steel it core become permanent magnet
Application of electromagnet
-Electromagnet lifting machine
-Telephone earpiece
-Circuit breaker
-Electromagnetic relay
 -Electric bell
Catapult Field – Interaction between two magnetic fields produce a force
on conductor
Current-carrying conductor that is flowing in the same direction attract to
each other and vice versa.
Radial field – magnetic field with field lines pointing toward or away from
centre of circle
Application for current-conductor carrying
Moving Cell Loudspeaker
Moving Coil Meter
Electromagnetic Induction:
Production of electric current by changing magnetic field
Produced only when there’s relative motion between conductor/coil and
magnetic field lines/magnetic flux
Produced when:
*Conductor cut across magnetic flux
*Change in magnetic flux linking a coil / a circuit
Emf-required to drive the current in a closed circuit & is produced
between the end of moving conductor or the solenoid.
Law of electromagnetic induction:
Faraday law:
-magnitude of emf is directly proportional to rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage in the solenoid.
-induced emf increase when rate of change of flux increase. Hence,
induced current increase when stringer magnet is used / speed of relative
motion increased
- no.of turn of wire increase , then emf would also increase.
Lenz law:
-refer to success
Application for Electromagnetic Induction
DC and AC Generator
AC – Everytime coil passes through vertical position direction of output
current change

Light :
Reflection of light:
law of reflection – The incident ray, reflected ray and
normal lie in the same plane
– angle of incident == angle of reflection
 virtual image – image which can’t be formed on a screen
– lateral inversion, but image still upright
Uses on principle of reflection:
mirror periscope
kaleidoscope
optical testing
anti-parallax mirror in ammeters
Two type of mirror :
concave (converging) – 凹进去的镜片
convex (diverging)– 凸出来的镜片
focal length = ½ radius of curvature
Application :
Concave:
reflector in car or torch light
magnifying mirror
make up mirror
Convex:
rear-view mirror
wide angle view mirror ; safety mirror
Refraction:
-change in direction or bending of light as It enters other medium
- cause change in velocity as it propagates at other medium
Snail law:
n=

Radioactivity
Isotopes – Atom with same proton number but different nucleon numbers
Radioisotope – Isotopes with unstable nuclei(atomic nucleus)
Radioactivity – Spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus into a
more stable nucleus with the emission of energetic particle or photon
- Nucleus that is too big is unstable which is proton num > 83 and nucleon
>209
3 type of nuclear radiation emitted:
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Radiation cause ionisation by knocking electron off atom
Device that use to detect radiation
 Spark Counter
Gold Leaf Electroscope
Cloud chamber -tracks of charged particles
Geiger-Muller tube(G-M tube)
Photographic Plate of Film
Radioactive Decay
-A process where unstable nucleus become more stable by emitting
radiation
Decay
Spontaneous
Can’t be control,not affected by chemical composition and physical
factors and naturally occur
Random
Can’t be predict it can decay anytime it want
Half life – Time taken for half the atom in a given sample to decay
Radiation - the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving
subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization.
Application of half life
Industry – use as a tracer to trace the leak of pipe(24 11Na 15h half life)
Medicine – prevent over exposure of radiation(59Fe 45d life& 131I 8d)
Atomic mass unit – Used to measure mass of atomic particles
1a.m.u./ 1u = mass of carbon-12 atom / 12 // 1.66*10-27kg
Transmutation – one element changes into another
-Mass of daughter particles produced is less than the parent particles
Mass defect / mass loss – difference in mass
Mass defect = Parent mass – total mass of daughter particle produce
-Mass produce is convert into energy
Principle of mass-energy conservation:
E=mc2
m=change of mass,in kg , c=speed of light,in ms-1, E = energy changed,in J

Nuclear Fission – Process of splitting a heavy nucleus into two or more

nuclei of roughly equal mass with the release of several neutrons
-Seldom occur spontaneously
-Nuclei that undergo fission without initial neutron absorption are
undergoing spontaneous fission (natural fission)
Nuclear Fusion – Two or more small light nuclei come together to form a
heavier nucleus
Nuclear Reactor – Produce large amount of energy through nuclear fission
ELECTRONIC
Thermionic emission
– emission of electron from a hot metal surface
– analogous to evaporation of water
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
– measuring and testing instrument used in the study of electricity
and electronics
– used to:
• Display wave form of voltage
• measure a short duration of time
• test electronic equipment
Semiconductor
–