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ASSIGNMENT OF TECHNIQUES AND PRINCIPLE

IN LANGUAGE TEACHING

" PROGRESSIVISM "

AFDHALIYA MAWADDAH N1D2 17 001


APRILIANA SURIYANTI N1D2 17 003
ASROFIL N1D2 17 005
DARMIAH N1D2 17 007
ENI CANTIKA N1D2 17 011
FIRDAYANTI KAMARUDDIN N1D2 17 013

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM


FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
HALU OLEO UNIVERSITY
KENDARI
2019
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Education is impotant for everyone. It is related with knowledge to build our


point of view and our character. The definition of education base on etymology in
Latin called educatum, educatum is consists of two words, E and duco. E means a
development from a little to more, and duco means developing. So, in other words
education means the process of developing self abilities and individual strengths.
Meanwhile, base on Indonesia Dictionary, education means the process of
changing mindset and attitudes, and also as a process to mature of humans
through teaching and training.

Education means having a relationship with teaching activities. Teaching is


a task and activity carried out by the teacher towards his students. It is designed
systematically by teachers with appropriate techniques and principles which
motivate students to take the initiative in learning, to gain knowledge and master
the necessary skills. In providing education and teaching materials by teachers,
there are several kinds of techniques and methods. In this paper, we will discuss
one of the theories in presenting material, it is progressivism.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Progressivism
Progressivism is an educational theory that focuses on the importance of
education as a means of 'progress' in students. The progress means that progress in
the sense is changing from the traditional education which always emphasizes the
authority of educators and the authority of excessive text. According to
progressivism, "authoritarian" education has many weaknesses because
ontologically, this view is indeed wrong. For progressivism, humans are naturally
endowed with various abilities so they can face and solve the problems that are
considered to be harmful to and threaten themselves (Barnadib in Reno
Wikandari, 2012: 147).
Progressivism develops and offers new perspectives, new ways and new
methods in the learning system. The main assumption of this ism is that by giving
freedom to students in the learning process, students will be able to make
progress, because with freedom, human potential to progress and develop can run
optimally. In accordance with these assumptions, as stated by Ornstein and
Levine, educational progressivism formulates several general principles relating to
learning methods, there are: (1) students should have the freedom to develop
naturally; (2) interest is the best stimulus for the learning process; (3) educators
must be a role as guides the learning process; (4) there must be good cooperation
between the parents and the school; and (5) educational institutions must also act
as laboratories for educational reform and experimentation (Ornstein in Reno
Wikandari, 2012: 148).
Based on some of the main principles outlined above, it appears that this
progressivism bases its educational theory on the philosophy of pragmatism
education which emphasizes the importance of aspects of experience in the
learning process (learning by doing). Therefore, as can be found in pragmatism,
the theory of progressivism education also carries alternative educational methods
that utilize student activities, and bases the learning process on experience and
problem solving (Ornstein in Reno Wikandari, 2012: 148). Students, by
progressivism are not placed as subjects of education, but as "learners" (learners).
The assumptions about students carry their own implications because for
educational progressivism, education is placed more as an activity and experience
rather than as verbal and literal learning, which in the end will only apply to
individual and competitive educational processes (Ornstein in Reno Wikandari,
2012: 148).
Progressivism puts the school or educational institution as a place that gives
students full freedom to experiment, which is to enrich their experience. In
accordance with the basic philosophy of education, namely pragmatism,
educational progressivism also emphasizes the importance of the learning process
as learning about problem solving. Therefore, in order to equip students with the
ability to solve the problem, the school also becomes a place that provides a kind
of "simulation" to students about the reality commonly faced in real life, and then
gives freedom to students to solve the proposed problem.
The point is that in progressivism, experience becomes a very important
medium for the success of the learning process. "Experience is the most valuable
teacher", therefore in the implementation of the educational process,
progressivism try to present an experience in the learning process so that when
students later live in the realities of society, they already have sufficient
experience in how to solve various problems . In other words, through this way,
progress as the goal of progressivism can actually be achieved because the
liberation of human beings that they aspire to can also be realized in the
educational process.
In general the role of educators is as a facilitator who will help students in
finding new ways of completing their respective projects, in terms of their interest
or interest in a problem (Barnadib in Reno Wikandari, 2012: 150).
B. Pioneers of Progressivism

According to history the emergence of progressivism was strongly


influenced by pragmatism philosophers, such as Charles S. Peirce, William James
and John Dewey, and Francis Bacom's flow of experimentalism. In addition, it is
John Locke who is a figure of philosophy of political freedom and J.J. Rousseu
with his teachings about human kindness has been brought since birth
(Muhmidayeli in M. Fadillah, 2017: 19).
The thoughts that influence the development of progressivism are the
thoughts of Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, Sigmund Freud, and John Dewey (Gutek
in M. Fadillah, 2017: 19). The thoughts of these three figures are the inspiration
for progressivism.
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, a Swiss education reformer in the 19th century,
stated that education should be more than book learning, which embraces the
whole part of children's emotions, intelligence, and body. Old education,
according to Pestalozzi, should be done in an environment that is emotionally
attached to the child and provides security for the child. Education should also
begin in the environment of children from an early age and involve the child's
senses in the objects around him.
The influence of Sigmund Freud's thought on progressive educators was
through the study of Hysteria (a disorder of the nerves), Freud investigated the
origin of this mental illness from childhood. Authoritarian parents and the child's
home environment greatly influenced the case. Violence / oppression, especially
in sexual problems can be a cause of neurological disease that can interfere with
the development of children even until they are adults.
The influence of the thoughts of John Dewey and his followers is based on
his explanation which states that progressive education is an appropriate
movement as a gathering of opponents of traditionalism. Most of them were
inspired by European naturalists such as Rousseau and Pestalozzi, from the
theories of Freudian psychoanalysis and neoFreudianism, and adherents of
American socio-political flow and also John Dewey's understanding of pragmatic
instrumentalism.
C. An Application of Progressivism
In this progressivism, the teaching and learning process in class is
characterized by several things, that are:
 The teacher plans lessons that foster students' interest and curiosity.
 Besides reading books, students are also required to interact with nature, for
example through fieldwork.
 The teacher generates student interest through games that challenge students
to think.
 Students are encouraged to interact with each other to build social
understanding.
 The curriculum emphasizes alarm studies and students are exposed to new
developments in scientific and social.
 Education as a process that continuously enriches students to grow, not just
prepares students for adult life.

In addition, the concept of learning by doing which is promoted by


progressivism, needs to be tried to be applied in the learning system. The way is
by presenting a kind of case example (problem) to students, then the educator or
teacher facilitates students in relation to how (for example) a literature study looks
at the case ?; or how students apply literary theories in solving these problems. It
should be remembered that progressivism emphasizes the importance of
experience in educational success, and the experience here, of course, is the
experience experienced when students are in a real social environment. Therefore,
if educators want to present a case, that case is a case that can really be
experienced by students, in the sense of being experienced empirically, for
example in the form of scenes. This is important because it presents an abstract
experience or as an illustration, it will still be different because students in that
sense do not "experience", but rather imagine. Of course the results will be
different if these cases are truly presented empirically, in the sense of being a
scene: students will understand better because by experiencing, students will
better understand the situation so that the learning process will be more
successful.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

Progressivism is an educational theory that focuses on the importance of


education as a means of 'progress' in students. Progressivism bases its educational
theory on the philosophy of pragmatism education which emphasizes the
importance of aspects of experience in the learning process (learning by doing).
Therefore, as can be found in pragmatism, the theory of progressivism education
also carries alternative educational methods that utilize student activities, and
bases the learning process on experience and problem solving.

Progressivism was strongly influenced by pragmatism philosophers, such as


Charles S. Peirce, William James and John Dewey, and Francis Bacom's flow of
experimentalism. In addition, it is John Locke who is a figure of philosophy of
political freedom and J.J. Rousseu. John Dewey and his followers is based on his
explanation which states that progressive education is an appropriate movement as
a gathering of opponents of traditionalism.

Progressivism emphasizes the importance of experience this is important


because it presents an abstract experience or as an illustration, it will still be
different because students in that sense do not "experience", but rather imagine.
Of course the results will be different if these cases are truly presented
empirically, in the sense of being a scene: students will understand better because
by experiencing, students will better understand the situation so that the learning
process will be more successful.
REFERENCES

Fadillah, M. 2017. Aliran Progresivisme dalam Pendidikan di Indonesia.


Universitas Muhammadiyah Diponegoro.

Wikandaru, Reno. 2012. Aliran Pendidikan Progresivisme dan Kontribusinya


dalam Pengembangan Pendidikan Pancasila di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah
CIVIS , Volume 2, No. 1.

https://www.scribd.com/doc/304771203/Definisi-Pengajaran-Dan-Pembelajaran

https://silabus.org/pengertian-pendidikan/

https://www.kompasiana.com/henyharyati/552e374c6ea834cb238b457d/5-alasan-
pentingnya-pendidikan

http://ansharbrengos-balter-jaya.blogspot.com/2015/02/teori-pendidikan-
progresivisme.html?m=1

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