FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND GEOMATIC

GEOMATIC LAB

FULL REPORT
Subject Code BFC 20703
Code & Experiment Title LEVELLING ( TWO PEG TEST)
Course Code BFC20703
Date 23.4.2018
Seksyen / Group GROUP 3
Name NUR AMIRA NATASHA BINTI ISMAIL (DF150084) Leader
Members of Group 1. MOHD FITRI BIN ZAINAL ABDIN (CF170141)
2. AHMAD SYAKIRIN BIN ABDULLAH (CF170119)
3. AMIRUL NAZWAN BIN ZAKIRUDDIN (AF160121)
4. NURHASYIMA BINTI ISMAIL (CF170104)
5.
Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor PROF. MADYA Sr. Dr. MUSTAFFA BIN ANJANG AHMAD
Received Date

Comment by examiner Received

TWO PEG TEST
 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. TITLE PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 OBJECTIVE 1

3.0 EQUIPMENTS 2

4.0 PROCEDURE 3

5.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS DATA 4

6.0 DISCUSSION 5

7.0 CONCLUSION 5

8.0 REFERENCES 6
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Two peg tests is a surveying operation carried out to determine whether the levelling
bubble and telescope line of sight are parallel.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

1. To determine if the levelling bubble (bubble axis) and telescope line-of-sight (line of
collimation) are parallel.
2. To make sure the dumpy level are in good conditions.
3. To compute the collimation error and eliminate the error of level instrument.

1
3.0 EQUIPMENTS

• Dumpy level • Tripod stand

• staff • staff bubble

• Measuring tape

2
4.0 PROCEDURE

1. A peg test was performed by each group to check the instrument.

2. The result of the peg test was recorded by each person in the group in their own
field book.
3. The ground was set out and marked two points some 30m apart.
4. The instrument was set up in the middle between two pegs.
5. Staff on each peg (back and foresight) was read and height difference was
calculated.
6. The instrument was moved about L/10=3m beyond one of the pegs normally for
staff position).
7. Staff on each peg was read again and height difference was calculated.

3
5.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS DATA

L=30meter Reading staff B(S1) Reading staff A(S2) Height difference (m)

First set up 1.267 1.289 0.022

Reading staff B(S1’) Reading staff A(S2’) Height difference (m’)

Second set up 1.288 1.262 0.026

L=60meter Reading staff B(S1) Reading staff A(S2) Height difference (m)

First set up 1.231 1.232 0.002

Reading staff B(S1’) Reading staff A(S2’) Height difference (m’)

Second set up 1.267 1.258 0.010

Difference (m-m’) 30m 60m

0.004 0.008

For length 30m, the reading must less than or equal to 0.005,
Height difference (m) :
1) 1.267 – 1.289 = 0.022
2) 1.288 – 1.262 = 0.026

Thus, 0.026 – 0.022 = 0.004 (acceptable!)

For length 60m, the reading must less than or equal to 0.005,

Height difference (m) :

1) 1.231 – 1.232 = 0.002

2) 1.285 – 1.258 = 0.010

Thus, 0.010– 0.002 = 0.008 (not acceptable!)

4
6.0 DISCUSSION

There were some error occur during this two peg test. The first one is when the
position of the leveling instrument was changed from its original position, it will affect the
height of the leveling instruments because there will be changes to the tripod stand length.
Moreover, the reading of the staff is different height of the tripod stand when the setting up
process. Furthermore, an error also happens because the staff didn’t remain still and this
affect the distance between the staff and the leveling instrument. During this peg test, two peg
test were tested at the same place along 60m in a straight line. Basically, there should be no
error if the leveling bubble and the telescope line-of-sight are parallel but the error that occur
are different for each distance and it is bigger than the allowable error. The allowable error
for this peg test is 1mm per 20m or 20√𝐷𝐷. If more than that, it is advised to do instrument
calibration.

7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, two peg test is the most important part of a levelling survey, as well as
it needs to be carried out before we start the levelling job to ensure the instrument is in a good
condition. Checking of instruments are important and needed, because they may subject
to errors. The main error is where the line of sight is not parallel to the horizontal line of
collimation. A test for checking the level is known as the two peg test. This test determines
the amount of error. The entire process should be repeated as a check. It is practically
impossible to adjust the instrument so that no collimation error exists - the purpose of the
adjustment is to reduce the size of the error. If the discrepancy (S2- S1) can be reduced to
around 2mm, this is perfectly adequate, provided sight lengths are thereafter kept reasonably
similar. Moreover, the dumpy level must be calibrate to make sure the all the surveying
works accurate. Therefore, based on our two peg test result, the length that we should use for
levelling works must be equal or less than to 30 meter.

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8.0 REFERENCES

[1] Masiri Kaamin and Abd. Shukor Sarif. (cetakan keempat, 2017). Modul
Pembelajaran Kejuruteraan Geomatik, Penel Kejuruteraan Geomatik , Jabatan
Kejuruteraan Infrastruktur dan Geomatik, Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam dan Alam
Sekitar, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia.

[2] Modul Ukur Kejuruteraan 1 dan 2, Kementerian Pengajian Politeknik Malaysia.

[3] Building Site Survey And Set Out. [online]

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/ss&so/survey1/level/test-gridvol.htm (Accessed
22 April 2018).

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LEVELLING
 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. TITLE PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 OBJECTIVE 1

3.0 THEORY 2

4.0 EQUIPMENT 3

5.0 PROCEDURE 4

6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS DATA 5-7

7.0 DISCUSSION 8

8.0 CONCLUSION 9

9.0 REFERENCES 10
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The definition of levelling is measurement process to determine the difference

between high points on the earth referred to the datum level by using staff. Surveying based
on measuring two quantities, height and distance. Measured of the linear distance horizontal
and vertical distance. Levelling is the procedure for determining differences in elevation
points that are some distance from each other. An elevation is the vertical distance above or
below a reference datum. Elevation can be determined using the levelling techniques.
Vertical distance measurement is called “levelling” includes procedures that determine.

The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities will not be able to provide
the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and
innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely
problem, ways & means and answers are guided/fully given to the students. However, it is
still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity especially to
first and second year students. In these laboratory activities, reduced level will be obtained at
every specific point to produce ground profile. The ground profile can be used to provide
information for the purpose of construction design, cut and fill, landscape and site
investigation.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

1. To obtain and determining level profile for an existing site location by levelling.
2. To get the different height between two point.
3. To fly reduced level from known point (Benchmark or Temporary Benchmark) to
unknown point.

1
3.0 THEORY

a) Rise and fall method is being used in this report to determine height and elevation of
TBM. The terms that are used in this method are:

• BS: Backsight
• FS: Foresight
• IS: Intermediate Sight
• RL: Reduced Level
• D: Total Distance (meter)

b) The distance between the automatic level and the BS and FS should be equal.

c) The subtraction of the BS and FS was being obtained for the RISE in the positive
value and FALL in negative value.

d) The RL of the TBM 1 is being assumed.

e) The following RL is equal to the sum of the previous RL and the value of RISE or
FALL.

f) Page check is being carried out after we obtained the reading of the measurement.

• ΣBS –ΣFS = ΣRISE – ΣFALL = RL BOTTOM - RL TOP

g) The end closure: RL BOTTOM - RL of TBM 1

√𝐷𝐷

h) The end closure should be in the range of the allowable closure

i) The correction of the RL was being calculated by the sum or subtraction of the end
closure and RL.

2
4.0 EQUIPMENTS

• Tripod stand
• Dumpy level

• staff • staff bubble

• Measuring tape

3
5.0 PROCEDURES

5.1 OBSERVATION PROCEDURE

i. Consider a series of measurements of level loop.
ii. Start at T1, so the first reading measurement from Setup 1 is a back.
iii. sight to T1, and the second reading is a foresight to CP1 known as a Change
Point.
iv. The leveling staff then remains at CP1, while the instrument moves to
Setup 2. Take back sight reading to CP1, and foresight reading to CP2, and
so on.
v. Eventually, a Setup 4, a back sight reading is made to CP3, and foresight
reading to T7.
vi. The traverse is then CLOSED. This allows a check on the levels, since the
sum of all the changes in level should be zero.

5.2 BOOKING PROCEDURES

i. The rise and fall method. The terms that are we use in the rise and fall are,
Backsight, Foresight and Reduced Level.

5.3 CALCULATION PROCEDURES

i. Checks your survey accuracy, and should be within tolerances given below
or suitable for your project. This check should be applied before your leave
the job.
ii. The following check the arithmetic of your level reductions and must be
exact :

∑BS - ∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall

(BS) – (FS) = RL (last BM) – RL (start BM)

iii. Misclosure should be:

(20√D) mm, where D is the length of the traverse in km.

4
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS DATA

• Arithmetic checking backsight and foresight :

∑𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ℎ𝑡𝑡 − ∑𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹ℎ𝑡𝑡
= 37.562 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 37.515 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= 0.047 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

• Arithmetic checking rise and fall :

∑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − ∑𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
= 1.936 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 1.889 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= 0.047 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Thus, the value of ∑BS - ∑FS must be equal to ∑Rise - ∑Fall

0.047 = 0.047 , 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜!

• To calculate true error, the reduced level at last point minus Temporary Bench Mark :
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2.047𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 2.000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 47.0𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

• To calculate permissible error (total length D must in km) :

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 20√𝐷𝐷 = 20√0.59 = 15.4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

• Thus, for checking the misclosure (selisih), true error must be less than to permissible
error,
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 < 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
(47.0𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) > (15.4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) → 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎!

5
 TA

point start, T7
6

point end, T7
 BS IS FS RISE FALL REDUCED LEVEL CORRECTION ADJUSTED DISTANCE (m) REMARKS

1.328 2.000 2.000 TBM = 2.000

1.149 1.258 0.070 2.070 0.002 2.068 20.0 T1
1.435 1.288 -0.139 1.931 0.003 1.928 20.0 CP1
1.329 1.345 0.090 2.021 0.005 2.016 20.0 CP2
1.305 1.322 0.007 2.028 0.006 2.022 20.0 CP3
1.288 1.345 -0.040 1.988 0.008 1.980 20.0 CP4
1.422 1.325 -0.037 1.951 0.009 1.942 20.0 CP5
1.355 1.321 0.101 2.052 0.011 2.041 20.0 CP6
0.950 0.880 0.475 2.527 0.013 2.514 20.0 CP7
0.908 0.959 -0.009 2.518 0.014 2.504 20.0 CP8
1.359 1.224 -0.316 2.202 0.016 2.186 20.0 CP9
1.328 1.398 -0.039 2.163 0.017 2.146 20.0 CP10
1.385 1.392 -0.064 2.099 0.019 2.080 20.0 CP11
1.445 1.445 -0.060 2.039 0.020 2.019 20.0 CP12
1.165 1.198 0.247 2.286 0.022 2.264 20.0 CP13
1.341 1.378 -0.213 2.073 0.024 2.050 15.3 T7
1.064 1.137 0.204 2.277 0.025 2.252 15.3 T7
1.250 1.301 -0.237 2.040 0.027 2.013 20.0 CP14
7

1.279 1.142 0.108 2.148 0.028 2.120 20.0 CP15

1.220 1.221 0.058 2.206 0.030 2.176 20.0 CP16
1.288 1.171 0.049 2.255 0.031 2.224 20.0 CP17
1.005 0.975 0.313 2.568 0.033 2.535 20.0 CP18
0.860 0.997 0.008 2.576 0.034 2.542 20.0 C19
1.206 1.338 -0.478 2.098 0.036 2.062 20.0 CP20
1.288 1.305 -0.099 1.999 0.038 1.961 20.0 CP21
1.240 1.257 0.031 2.030 0.039 1.991 20.0 CP22
1.292 1.195 0.045 2.075 0.041 2.034 20.0 CP23
1.322 1.304 -0.012 2.063 0.042 2.021 20.0 CP24
1.360 1.396 -0.074 1.989 0.044 1.945 20.0 CP25
1.396 1.230 0.130 2.119 0.045 2.074 20.0 CP26
1.468 -0.072 2.047 0.047 2.000 20.0 T1

37.562 37.515 1.936 -1.889

TRUE ERROR = 2.000 - 2.047 = 47.0 mm TOTAL LENGTH = 0.59 km NOTES = NOT ACCEPTABLE

PREMISSIBLE
20(D)½ = 15.4 mm
ERROR =
7.0 DISCUSSION

In this fieldwork, the reduced level of Bench Mark (BM) T1 is given is

2.000m. For each point the levelling process begins with reading the backsight (BS)
and foresight must be collected and record down. Then the auto level is shifted to
obtain the BS of T1 and FS of CP1. This process is repeated after shifting 15 point
to T7 is finish. We will get back to the beginning which is T1 point.

After obtaining the field data, the arithmetic checking has being calculate.
The height collimation method and rise and fall method to calculate the reduce level
of each station. For rise and fall method, the sum of the backsight minus the sum of
the foresight is equal to the sum of the rises minus the sum of the fall, and is also
equal to the last reduced level minus the first reduce lever. While for the height of
collimation method.

However, in this data, the final reduce level is less level. Thus, there are
some of the error during the levelling process. In this case, we can use error
distribution method to adjust the reduce level result.

8
8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we manage to obtain the data needed by using the levelling

equipment provided by our lecturer. We did his fieldwork twice because the error of
sure in our first set of data was too large. Hence, we had decided to redo this
fieldwork. Even though we had to spend more time, but in the end we managed to
obtain a set of data with acceptable range of error of misclosure.

After identifying the error are in an acceptable range, we did adjustments to

the data obtained by distributing the errors. We used both rise and fall method
height of collimation method to calculate the reduced the reduced level of each staff
station. For the final result that we get it, our levelling work is not achieve or not
acceptable due the mistake of length that we choose. Moreover, we also can
conclude maybe from choosing many point can cause the error of our levelling
works besides human error of taking reading from us. Therefore, we finally are able
to complete our fieldwork report with this complete set of data.

9
9.0 REFERENCE

[1] Masiri Kaamin and Abd. Shukor Sarif. (cetakan keempat, 2017). Modul
Pembelajaran Kejuruteraan Geomatik, Penel Kejuruteraan Geomatik , Jabatan
Kejuruteraan Infrastruktur dan Geomatik, Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam dan Alam
Sekitar, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia.

[2] Modul Ukur Kejuruteraan 1 dan 2, Kementerian Pengajian Politeknik Malaysia.

[3] Basic of levelling. [online]

www.psmsl.org/train_and_info/training/reading/levelling.doc (Accessed 21 April
2018).

[4] Levelling – Theory and Methods. [online] http://geoinfo.xyz/levelling-theory-and-

methods/ (Accessed 21 April 2018).

10