Environmental Impact Assessment

and
Traffic Impact Assessment

UTP 2019
Dr. Namali Sirisoma
 Transportation
Activity
Bio- physical Positive (+)
Environment Impacts
Environmental
Socio-economic Impact Negative (-)
Environment Impacts

Planning Stage Construction Stage Operation Stage

"environment" means the components of the
Earth, and includes

(a)land, water and air, including all layers of the

atmosphere,
(b)all organic and inorganic matter and living
organisms, and
(c) the interacting natural systems that include
components referred to in paragraphs (a) and
(b).
 “environmental effect" means, in respect of a
project
a) any change that the project may cause in the environment,
including any change it may cause to a listed wildlife
species, its critical habitat or the residences of individuals
of that species
b) any effect of any change referred to in paragraph (a) on
(i) health and socio-economic conditions,
(ii) physical and cultural heritage,
(iii) the current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes
by aboriginal persons, or
(iv) any structure, site or thing that is of historical, archaeological,
paleontological or architectural significance, or

a) any change to the project that may be caused by the

environment,
 Objective of an EIA

• To ensure that the development

options under consideration are
environmentally sound and
sustainable and environmental
consequences are recognized and
taken in to account early in the
project design
 EIA Requirement
Prescribed projects
• Construction of National and Provincial
highways involving a length exceeding
10 kilometers
• Construction of Railway lines
• Projects located within specified
environmentally sensitive areas etc.
 Impacts Identification

• Magnitude & Significance

• Impacts that can mitigated / cannot
mitigated
• Cumulative effects
• Irreversible impacts
 Generalized Steps in an EIA
• Scope of Assessment
selection of the environmental effect(s); description of
measurable parameters; description of temporal, spatial,
administrative, and technical boundaries; and
identification of thresholds that are used to determine
the significance of environmental effects.
This step relies upon the scoping undertaken by
regulatory authorities; the requirements of the Final
Guidelines and the Terms of Reference; consideration of
the input of the public, stakeholders, and the
professional judgment of the Study Team
• Existing Conditions – Existing
(baseline) environmental conditions
are established for the each
environment component. In many
cases, existing conditions implicitly
include those environmental effects
that may have been or may be
caused by other past or present
projects or activities that have been
or are being carried out.
• Assessment of Project-Related Environmental
Effects
Project-related environmental effects are assessed.
The assessment includes descriptions of how an
environmental effect will occur or how the Project
will interact with the environment, the mitigation
and environmental protection measures proposed
to reduce or eliminate the environmental effect,
and the characterization of the residual
environmental effects of the Project. i.e., the
environmental effects that remain after planned
mitigation has been applied
Assessment of Cumulative Environmental
Effects
Cumulative environmental effects of the
Project are identified in consideration of
other past, present or reasonably
foreseeable future projects or activities
that have been or will be carried out, for all
phases of the Project (i.e., Construction,
Operation, and Decommissioning,
Reclamation and Closure)
• Determination of Significance – The significance
of residual Project-related and residual
cumulative environmental effects, including the
contribution of the Project, is then determined, in
consideration of the significance criteria.
• Follow-up or Monitoring – Follow-up measures
that are required to verify the environmental
effects predictions or to assess the effectiveness
of the planned mitigation, as well as any required
monitoring, are recommended, where
appropriate and applicable.
Some areas to be considered in EIA
• Atmospheric Environment;
• Water Resources;
• Aquatic Environment;
• Terrestrial Environment;
• Vegetated Environment;
• Wetland Environment;
• Public Health and Safety;
• Labour and Economy;
• Community Services and Infrastructure; Land and Resource
Use;
• Current Use of Land and Resources
• Heritage Resources; and
• Transportation.
Selection of Environmental Effects and
Measurable Parameters
 Spatial Boundaries

• Project Development Area

• Local Assessment Area
• Regional Assessment Area
 EXISTING CONDITIONS
• the status and characteristics of the environment
components within its defined spatial and
temporal boundaries for the assessment;
• information from past research conducted in the
region; traditional and ecological knowledge (if
applicable or available); and
• knowledge gained from the collection of baseline
data through literature review, qualitative and
quantitative analyses, and field programs carried
out as part of the EIA.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ASSESSMENT
Impacts Alternatives
on A B C D
P

T
 Criterion A B C
P
P1 ++ ++ +
P2 +++ ++ ++
P3 +++ +++ ++
P4 ++ + ++
Q
Q1 ++ ++ ++
Q2 ++ ++ +
R
R1 + ++ +
 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ASSESSMENT
• Direction
• Magnitude
• Geographic Extent
• Frequency
• Duration
• Reversibility
• Ecological/Socioeconomic Context
 Mitigation of Cumulative
Environmental Effects
• As with Project environmental effects,
mitigation measures that would reduce the
cumulative environmental effects are
described, with an emphasis on those
measures that would help to minimize the
interaction of the Project-related
environmental effect with similar
environmental effects from other projects,
activities, and actions.
 Observations – EIA Process
• EIA team composition
• Not incorporating early in the planning
process
• Lack of coordination among EIA team
members
• Lack of coordination between the EIA
team and the project proponent
– Unnecessary detailed information
– Inaccurate / contradictory information
 Observations- EIA Methodology

• Vague definition of project goal

• Failure to identify the magnitudes and
significance of impacts in a logical
manner
• Inappropriate methodology used for
the comparison of alternatives
TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS
 Traffic Impact Analysis
• To identify problems during
operation
–Emissions
–Noise
–Delays
–Accidents
 Traffic Impact Analysis
TIA applications

• Regional planning
• Planning of local areas
• Planning of urban centres
• Development planning
Regional and Urban Centers Planning
Development planning
 ANALYSIS SCENARIOS
• Existing scenario is defined as the analysis of existing
traffic on the Existing Network.
• Background scenario is defined as the analysis of existing
traffic plus background traffic on the committed network.
• Background scenario with mitigation is defined as the
analysis of existing traffic plus background traffic on the
committed network with the inclusion of any other
improvements that are required to restore a facility to its
adopted level of service standard.
• Future scenario is defined as analysis of existing traffic,
plus background traffic, plus project traffic on the
committed network.
Discussion
• Havelock city is planning for a new development. The Residential component of
the project consists of 8 residential towers and the Commercial component of the
project consists of a 46-storey office tower and a Shopping Mall built to
international standards. It is popular for its clubhouse, 7-acre garden, and the
overall size of the project. List the areas to be considered in the traffic impact
analysis with justification
Key Elements
• Assessment of existing condition
• Type & magnitude of the proposed
development
• Identification of Impacts due to the
proposed development
• Street Hierarchy
Existing condition
• Proposed activity
• Site location
• Road network
• Traffic flows
• Modal split
• Traffic safety
• Parking supply & demand
• Public transport
• Pedestrians
• Other developments
Bus Stops
Proposed Development

• Details about the development

• Access
• Circulation
• Parking
 Important transport aspects in
facility design & construction

–Accessibility
–On-site vehicle circulation
–Parking facilities
On-site vehicle
circulation
Access to the Site
Parking Arrangement

1
f l ot 0
L o
NA ortion
A gp
12'-10"

EC inin .4114
11'-7"

N a
O Rem an No
LAP in p
l
IL
KIR

1
28'-9 "
2

1
14'-10 "
2
1
27'-11 "
2 10'
7'-6"
6'
4'
9'-3" 24' 24'-6" 11'-3" 7'-3"
16'-6" 6'
6'
9'-5" 14'-7"
7'-6" 7'-6" 7'-6" 7'-6" 7'-6" 7'-6" 7'-6" 7'-6"
15'-5"
23'-3" 23'-3"
13'-5"
16'-6"
8'-3"

7'-6" 6' 6' 7'-6" 7'-6" 6' 6' 7'-6"

7'-6" 3'-9"
32'-4"

1
13'-5 "
7'-6" 3'-9"
2
15'
1
14'-0 "
2
44'-5"
11'-11" 21'-4"

12'-1" 12'
1
28'-3" 19'-1" 13'-9" 10' 11'-11 "
13'-9" 2
32'-4" 13'-9" 11'-1"

13'-9"
1
30'-3 "
2
Parking Arrangements
Angle Parking

• 30o, 45o, 600 and 90o angles are generally used

with angle parking arrangements. However,
average number of spaces that can be
accommodated per linear distance of available
space increases as the angle of parking
increase.
• 900 angle parking
Impacts
• Traffic generation
• Traffic distribution
• Impact on road safety
• Impacts of generated traffic
• Impacts due to construction vehicles
• Impacts on public transport
• Mitigatory measures
 Information

• Area Map
• Site Plan
• Building Plans/Drawings
• Traffic Counts
• Photographs
Site Plan
 2.5 3.6 3.6 Width
5 10 18 Length
Area/
Std Com Truck Units S C T Total
Residential
Flats, DU,TH <50 m2 0.3333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flats <75 m2 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flats 76-200 m2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flats >200 m2 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DU >200 m2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Commercial
Retail shop 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Departmental shop 0.02 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0
Banks 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hardware 0.01 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0
Auto trade 0.01 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0
Offices 0.005 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0
Restaurants & night
clubs 0.1 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0
Star class hotel m2 0.01 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0
Parking Angle One –way One-way Two-way (m)
(Degree) One sided Two sided
bays (m) bays (m)
0o 3.6 3.6 6.0

30o 3.6 4.2 6.0

45o 4.2 4.8 6.2

60o 4.8 4.8 6.4

90o 6.0 6.0 7.2

• Maximum gradient of ramps
– 1:8 - 12 m or less
– 1:10 - longer than 12m
• Width of ramps shall not be less than 3.5m
• Barriers shall not be located within a
minimum clear distance of 6m from the edge
of the street (for each 25 parking stalls or part
thereof, the aggregate clear distance shall increase
by 6m, which may be provided in one and the
same lane or in multiple lanes)
 Traffic Flow on Galle Road (7.00 - 21.00 hrs)

4,000

3,500

3,000
Hourly Traffic Flow

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

-
7-8

8-9

9 - 10

10 - 11

11 - 12

12 - 13

13 - 14

14 - 15

15 - 16

16 - 17

17 - 18

18 - 19

19 - 20

20 - 21
Time

To Bambalapitiya To Kollupitiya Galle Road (Total)

 During Construction
• Noise
• Dust
• Slow moving vehicles
– Dump trucks
– Steel delivery trucks
– Concrete trucks
– Other building material
• Obstruction to local traffic
 Cost Effectiveness
• Minimum cost to the
contractor/client?
• Maximum benefits to the road
user?
• Optimum Consider externalities if
possible
 ALL PROPOSALS CONTENT
• Brief description of proposal.
• Location.
• Name of applicant and landowner (please indicate if
different).
• Size of development (m2 /number of units).
• What is the current use of the site and size of any existing
development (m2 /number of units)?
• Onto which road(s) does the site have frontage (enclose
plan)?
• Where is the existing site access(es):
– for pedestrians
– for vehicles?
• Where is the proposed site access(es):
– for pedestrians?
– for vehicles?
• How many parking spaces exist on-site and how many more
will be required?
• What is the speed limit on the adjacent road(s)?
• What are the current traffic volumes on the adjacent
road(s)?
• What are the sight distances to and from proposed access
point(s)?
• Are there trees or other obstructions at the access
location(s)?
• Are there any road safety or road crash issues in the
vicinity?
• Is there a significant difference in level between the site
and the road at the access(es)?
• Are there any significant constraints on-site or nearby, such
as bodies of water, embankments, rail lines?
• What streetlighting currently exists or is proposed?
• Are any works required? Please set out your
recommendations.
 Why do we need a TIA at sites
during constructions
• Possibility of vehicle / road user
accidents
• Traffic congestion & delays
• Delays & interruption of construction
work
• Injuries to workers
 Objectives
• Minimize delays to road users and
construction work
• Ensure higher safety for Road users and
workers
When good road safety and traffic
management measures are maintained, traffic
congestion, accidents & safety for workers are
automatically improves to some extent
 Responsibilities of the project
engineer/manager
• Plan all works in advance where ever
possible
• Prepare a traffic control plan
• Identify resource requirement for
implementation
 Legal Aspect
• Existing traffic laws and regulations are
applicable at work sites as well
• Road user is responsible for accidents if
proper signs have been provided
• The Engineer, and the contractor could be
held responsible if signing is incorrect or
non exist
 Solutions
• Study constructability
• Define a traffic control zone
• Use appropriate traffic control devises
Study building design and site coverage
Identify suitable access points
Use as few traffic control devises as
possible but as many as necessary
 Truck routine & delivery time

• Use off peak periods

• Follow the hierarchy of roadways
• Minimize use of local minor roads
• Study route options
 Traffic Control Devices
• Should prepare the driver to detect
& recognize a hazard that actually
exists.
• Need to command respect
• Credibility is important
• Relationship to the actual
construction activity should be clear
 Traffic Control Devises
• Should be uniform and consistent
• Should be kept in good condition
• Function should be checked specially
in darkness
• Layout must give drivers time to
understand
• Should be removed as soon as work
is finished
 Selection of Devises
• Based on work duration
– Long term, stationary (more than 3-4
days)
– Medium term, stationary (1 to 3 days)

– Short term, stationary (1-12 hrs)

– Very short term (less than 1 hr)

 References
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
METHODS, https://www.ceaa-
acee.gc.ca/050/documents_staticpost/63169/93
967/Sisson_EIA_July2013_Section_5-
0_EIA_Methods.pdf
• https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/37
79577342892/5.%20EIA%20methodologies.pdf
• https://www.transport.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/
pdf_file/0005/108491/TIA_Framework_Edition_1
_09-2007_Final.pdf