Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
#TALLER DE HORMIGON
DIEGO MILLAQUEO TÉLLEZ
Ingeniero Constructor
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Información de la Asignatura
• Horario clases :
– Dependerá de la sección de cada alumno.
• Horario de atención:
– Alumno deberá enviar un correo, y
coordinar una reunión, esto dependerá
de la disponibilidad.
• Correo
die.millaqueo@profesor.duoc.cl
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Reglas de convivencia y respeto
• Atrasos
– No se permiten ingreso de alumnos después de 15 min
comenzada la clase.
– El alumno se deberá presentar a cada clase practica con
zapatos de seguridad y Guía de taller, de asistir sin alguna de
ellas, es considerado ausente y por consiguiente
reprobación del ramo.
• Uso de celular
– Apagado en clases y prohibidos en pruebas.
• Inasistencias
– No se permiten inasistencias.
– Cualquier Inasistencia, es valido para reprobar el ramo de
manera inmediata.
– Cualquier inasistencia, deberá presentar una licencia
medica a coordinación docente, que será el justificativo
único aceptado, coordinación docente deberá indicar al
profesor si es valido o no.
• Lenguaje y orden adecuado durante la clase,
SIEMPRE
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Para los alumnos Duoc
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PERFIL DE EGRESO DE ALUMNO
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COMPETENCIAS DEL RAMO Y DEL PERFIL
• Actitudinal
– Responsabilidad.
– Resolutivo (Capacidad de resolver problemas o Desafíos).
– Analítico.
– Perseverante.
– Consecuente.
– Tolerante y con capacidad de trabajar en equipo.
– Liderazgo.
• Aptitudinales
– Supervisar proyectos
– Analizar y entender el proceso constructivo y juzgar en ellas.
– Claridad con la normativa vigente actual.
– Identificar el avance físico y el avance proyectado y analizar su
desarrollo. (Curva S de avance y establecer tendencias)
– Elaborar y revisar listas de chequeos de cada partida.
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Propiedades de los Áridos
Unidad N°1 Materiales Componentes del Hormigón y
elaboración de probetas de pasta Cemento
.
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Áridos
Definición:
Se definen como materiales compuestos
de partículas de origen pétreo, duras, de
forma y tamaño estables. Se denominan
o clasifican según su tamaño y textura
superficial de sus partículas.
Los áridos ocupan entre el 65% y 75% del
volumen total del hormigón y por lo
tanto tiene gran influencia en la calidad
del hormigón resultante.
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Áridos
Clasificación:
Gravas de 50 mm a 5 mm
Arena de 5mm a 0,08mm
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Áridos
Clasificación:
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Áridos
Clasificación:
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Áridos
Clasificación:
• Ensayos:
– Determinación de muestra por cuarteo
– % de humedad
– Granulometría
– Densidades
– Absorción.
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Áridos
Ensayo:
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Áridos
Ensayo:
– %Humedad=(a/b)/bx100
• a= Material húmedo al aire libre expresado en Peso
(kg).
• b= Material seco al horno expresado en peso (kg)
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Áridos
Ensayo:
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Áridos
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Áridos
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Áridos – Grafico granulométrico con
2 grados de muestras (Ej. Encontrar Tmax)
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Áridos – % que pasa según
granulometría (Ej. Encontrar Tmax)
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Áridos – % que pasa según
granulometría (Ej. Encontrar Tmax)
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Áridos
Requisitos (Nch 163):
Requisitos Valores limites Norma de
Ensayo
Nch
Gravas Arenas
1. Material fino menos que 0,08 mm
a) Para hormigón sometido a desgaste % máximo 0,5 3,0 1223
b) Para otro tipo de hormigón % máximo 1 5,0
2. Impurezas orgánicas referidas a color limite según - Amarillo claro 166
patrón
3. Granulometría Según tabla 3 Según tabla 2 165
Nch 163 Nch 163
4. Partículas desmenuzables % máximo 5,0 3,0 1327
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Áridos
Requisitos (Nch 163):
Requisitos Valores limites Norma de
Ensayo
Nch
Gravas Arenas
7. Sulfatos y sulfuros como ¯²SO4 (kg/m3 de hormigón)
a) Sulfatos solubles en agua máximo 0,6 1444
b) Sulfuros oxidables máximo 1,80
8. Carbón y lignito
a) Para hormigón ala vista % máximo 0,5 0,5 Ver anexo E
b) Para todo otro hormigón % máximo 1 1 Nch 163
9. Resistencia a la desintegración (perdida de masa en 5
ciclos de inmersión y secado)
a) Con sulfato de sodio % máximo 12 10 1328
b) Con sulfato de magnesio % máximo 18 15
10. Resistencia al Desgaste. Maquina de los Angeles:
a) Para hormigón sometido al desgate % máximo 40 - 1369
b) Para todo otro hormigón % máximo 50 -
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Áridos
Requisitos (Nch 163):
Requisitos Valores limites Norma de
Ensayo
Nch
Gravas Arenas
11. Absorción de agua ( porosidad) % máximo 2 3 1117
1239
12. Coeficiente volumétrico medio
a) Árido de tamaño máximo absoluto mayor que 25
mm
- Para hormigón simple mínimo 0,15 -
- Para hormigón armado mínimo 0,20 - Ver anexo E
de la Nch
b) Árido de tamaño máximo absoluto menor que 25 163
mm
- Para hormigón simple mínimo 0,12 -
- Para hormigón armado mínimo 0,15 -
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Áridos
Ensayo:
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Áridos
Ensayo:
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Áridos
Ensayo:
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Áridos
Ensayo:
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Fin de la clase
áridos gruesos
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DENSIDAD
La densidad es la relación m/v, y el volumen
considerado determina distintos tipos de
densidades. El volumen esta en función de la
configuración del grano.
Huecos
Grano
Poros
I
naccesibles
Poros
Accesibles
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Huecos: Espacios vacíos entre las partículas de un
pétreo.
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ESTADOS HIGROMETRICOS DE LOS
ÁRIDOS
Definiremos de acuerdo al estado que se encuentre
el árido y al grado de saturación que alcancen sus
poros inaccesibles y accesibles, en 4 estados.
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Árido en Estado Parcialmente Seco: árido que
ha estado expuesto al aire ambiente y cuyas
partículas no tienen humedad superficial, pero en
sus poros accesibles existe humedad parcial que no
llega a saturarlos. En este estado los áridos tienen
una capacidad intermedia de absorción, es el
estado en que se encuentra la mayoría de los
áridos gruesos en la obra o en el laboratorio.
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Este estado se obtiene por un proceso controlado
de laboratorio:
a)secado en horno a masa constante
b)inmersión en agua por más de 24 horas
c)secado superficial normalizado
En este estado, el árido no absorbe ni cede
humedad.
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ABSORCIÓN
Masa de agua necesaria para llevar un material
pétreo del estado seco al estado saturado
superficialmente seco, y es una medida de la
porosidad del mismo.
Para ello debe pesarse el material en estado seco y
luego sumergirlo en agua 24 horas para obtener
estado s.s.s. Se determina la absorción por diferencia
de peso, llevado a porcentaje.
A (%) = Psss - Ps x 100
Ps
donde:
Psss = peso saturado de superficie seca
Ps = peso seco al horno
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ABSORCIÓN
Requisitos
grueso 2% máx.
fino 3% máx.
Características
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Zonas afectadas por heladas, el agua penetra, al
disminuir la Tº se congela por lo que aumenta su
volumen produciendo expansiones y como
consecuencia agrietamientos, por ende bajas
resistencias. (ciclos de hielo – deshielo)
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DENSIDADES
Dado que un árido está formado por un conjunto
de granos que dejan huecos entre sí y que los
granos tienen una conformación porosa
superficial e interna, la densidad de un árido
toma diferentes valores, según la característica de
huecos y/o porosidades consideradas.
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La forma de la partícula y su textura superficial
influencia más a las propiedades del hormigón
fresco. Las partículas de textura áspera o alargada
requieren más agua para ser trabajable el hormigón,
que los áridos redondos.
Las partículas chancadas son preferibles en la
confección del hormigón de pavimento que trabajan
a la flexotracción por la trabazón de las partículas
mejorando su resistencia.
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Densidad aparente: relación de masa y volumen en que
se considera el volumen macizo de las partículas más
el volumen de poros y huecos. Correspondiente a la
medida que lo contiene.
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Densidad real (8.202.20 y 8.202.21 Vol. 8 - MC):
densidad en que se considera el volumen macizo de
las partículas del pétreo, más el volumen de los
poros accesibles e inaccesibles de esas partículas.
Densidad real del pétreo seco: densidad real en que
se considera solamente la masa del pétreo seco.
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Densidad neta:
densidad en que se considera el volumen macizo de
las partículas más el volumen de los poros
inaccesibles (Cerrados)
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DETERMINACIÓN DE LA DENSIDAD
APARENTE DE LOS PÉTREOS
Vaciar el pétreo en una capacidad volumétrica
conocida (v) para el tamaño máximo nominal del
pétreo.
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Medidas Volumétricas
Su forma es un cilindro recto abierto en la parte de
arriba, y rectificado para asegurar sus dimensiones.
Capacidad Volumétrica:
• Arena 0.003 m3 - 3 l
• Gravilla 0.010 m3 - 10 l
• Grava 0.015 m3 - 15 l
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El tamaño de la muestra será de un volumen de
pétreo aproximadamente igual al doble de la
capacidad volumétrica de la medida
correspondiente.
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Densidad Aparente Compactada
Llenar la medida en 3 capas
Compactar cada capa con 25 golpes de pisón
ᵨac (kg/m3)= mc
v
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Densidad Aparente Suelta
Llenar la medida con una pala o poruña, desde una
altura de 5 cm sobre el borde superior del molde
ᵨas (kg/m3)= mc
v
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DETERMINACIÓN DE LA DENSIDAD REAL, LA DENSIDAD
NETA Y LA ABSORCIÓN DE AGUA DE LOS PÉTREOS
GRUESOS (8.202.20 Vol. 8 - MC).
Tamaño Máximo Nominal (mm) Cantidad Mínima de Muestra (g)
12,5 2.000
20 3.000
25 4.000
40 5.000
50 8.000
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DETERMINACIÓN DE LA DENSIDAD REAL, LA
DENSIDAD NETA Y LA ABSORCIÓN DE AGUA DE LOS
PÉTREOS GRUESOS (8.202.20 Vol. 8 - MC).
El material pétreo se sumerge en agua durante 24 h
con el objeto de llenar todos los poros.
Transcurrido este tiempo retire la muestra del agua,
seque superficialmente y registre su peso en esta
condición. (Msss)
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Finalmente seque la muestra hasta masa constante,
pese y regístrela. Obtendremos la masa del pétreo
seco (Ms)
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Las Densidades se aproximan a 1 Kg/m3
Densidad real seca = MS * 1.000 (Kg/m3)
(Msss – Msum)
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DETERMINACIÓN DE LA DENSIDAD REAL, LA DENSIDAD
NETA Y LA ABSORCIÓN DE AGUA DE LOS PÉTREOS FINOS.
(8.202.21 Vol. 8 - MC).
Para el ensaye se usara una cantidad de pétreo fino
superior a 50 g e inferior a 500 g.
Se utilizara un matraz aforado debe llevar una
marca de calibración. Se recomienda un matraz de
500 cm3.
Molde de forma cónica de 40 +-3mm de diámetro
en la parte superior, 90+-3mm en la parte inferior y
una altura de 75+-3mm.
Acondicione la muestra de fino determinando su
masa en condición seca y Msss. Calcule el volumen
como la masa de agua desplazada por el material en
un matraz aforado.
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Cubra el pétreo en su totalidad con el mínimo de
agua a Tº ambiente, necesaria para asegurar su
saturación, 24 h.
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Compacte suavemente con 25 golpes distribuidos
en la superficie, dejando caer en caída libre desde
una altura aproximada de 5 mm sobre la superficie
del agregado. Esta debe conservarse ajustándola a
la nueva elevación después de cada golpe.
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En condición sss obtenga el tamaño de la muestra,
pese y registre su masa . Msss.
Coloque la muestra en el matraz con agua hasta 2/3
del volumen.
Agite eliminado burbujas, deje reposando por 1 h y
llene con agua hasta la marca de calibración.
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•Formulas densidades se aproximan a 1 Kg/m3
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ACEPTACIÓN DE RESULTADOS
Densidad aparente: la diferencia entre dos resultados
será inferior o igual a 30Kg/m3.
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Fin de la clase
áridos finos
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Propiedades y tipos de Cemento
Unidad N°1 Materiales Componentes del Hormigón y
elaboración de probetas de pasta Cemento
.
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Hormigón
Introducción:
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Hormigon
• Distribución porcentual de los materiales
componentes del Hormigón:
Hormigon
Cemento 10%
Arido Grueso 45%
Arido Fino 25%
Agua 14%
Aire 6%
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Materiales Componentes
Requisitos:
Los materiales componentes del hormigón
deben cumplir con las siguientes Normas:
• Cemento Nch 148
• Áridos Nch 163
• Agua Nch 1498
• Aditivos Nch 2182
• Hormigon Nch 170
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Cemento
Definición:
El cemento es un polvo finamente molido de
color gris, que mezclado con agua forma
una pasta que endurece a la temperatura
ambiente, al aire o bajo agua. Por esta
razón se le define como un aglomerante
hidráulico.
Este tendrá una densidad de 3120 a 3160
kg/m3, en la practica se toma para cálculos
de dosificación 3100kg/m3.
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Cemento
• Clinker
– Material mas importante del Cemento.
– Este material se obtiene tras la calcinación
entre la caliza y arcillas a una temperatura
1350 – 1450°C y molienda.
– Tras el calentamiento en altas
temperaturas desarrolla propiedades y
obtiene materiales que acompañan al
desarrollo y características del cemento.
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Cemento
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Cemento
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DM1
Cemento
• Componentes del Cemento
• Tipos de Cementos portland
• Composición química y sus características y efectos
– C3S
– C2S
– C3A
– C4AF
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Diapositiva 71
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Cemento
• Componentes del Cemento
• Tipos de Cementos portland
• Composición química y sus características y efectos
– C3S – Silicato tricalcico (60 – 70%)(Velocidad de hidratación (exoterma)
mayor al C2S)
– C2S – Silicato bicalcico (10 – 20%) (Velocidad de hidratación (exoterma)
menor que el C3S)
– C3A – Aluminato tricalcico (3 – 4 %) (En contacto con el agua, genera
proceso de fraguado instantáneo, lo cual para pausarlo, se incorpora
yeso no mas del 3% del peso del cemento)
– C4AF – Ferroaluminato tetracalcico (1 – 2 %)(Aporta casi nula resistencia
al hormigón al momento de fraguar)
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Diapositiva 72
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Cemento
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Cemento
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Cemento
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DM1
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Diapositiva 76
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DM1
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Diapositiva 77
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DM1
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Diapositiva 78
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DM1
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Diapositiva 79
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DM1
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Diapositiva 80
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TIEMPOS DE FRAGUADO
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Diapositiva 81
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DM1
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Diapositiva 82
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DM1
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Diapositiva 83
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DM1
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Diapositiva 84
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– TIPO DE CEMENTO
– DOSIS DE CEMENTO
– RELACION AGUA CEMENTO
– CURADO
– EDAD DEL HORMIGON
• REQUISISTOS
– RESISTENCIA
– DOCILIDAD
– ECONOMIA
– DURABILIDAD
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• PARAMETROS
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Dosis de aire
En general, la resistencia del hormigón se reduce con la adición de aire. La
magnitud de la reducción varía según un número de factores. Sin embargo,
para el rango de aire que es comúnmente requerido en las mezclas
(especificado normalmente 3 a 7%), se puede suponer una pérdida de
resistencia de 5,5% en resistencia a la compresión y 4% en resistencia a la
tracción indirecta por cada 1% en volumen de aire incorporado en la
mezcla. Con el objeto de estimar la razón A/C requerida para un hormigón
con aire incorporado, se puede tomar en cuenta la pérdida de resistencia
diseñando la mezcla para una resistencia media de dosificación
apropiadamente mayor.
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El Tamaño Máximo Nominal debe ser igual o inferior al menor de los siguientes
valores:
En los elementos con hormigón a la vista se recomienda emplear, para cualquier tipo
de árido, un Tamaño Máximo Nominal que sea inferior a 1,5 veces el espesor del
recubrimiento.
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• CORRECCIONES
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Preparación, vaciado, curado del
Hormigón dosificado.
Unidad N°2 Hormigón Fresco
.
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Preparación y vaciado
PREPARACION CAMION MIXER (HORMIGON PREMEZCLADO SEGÚN
DOSIFICACION REQUERIDA)
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Preparación y vaciado
PREPARACION REVOLVEDORA MOVIL CONTINUO (BETONERA) (HORMIGON
Insitu SEGÚN DOSIFICACION REQUERIDA)
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Preparación y Vaciado
Vaciado o Colocación.
• En obra deberán tener lo necesario para asegurar lo siguiente:
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Preparación y Vaciado
Vaciado o Colocación.
• En obra deberán tener lo necesario para asegurar lo siguiente:
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COMPACTACION
• Métodos de compactación:
• Métodos manuales (apisonado)
• Métodos mecánicos
• Vibradores de moldaje
• Vibradores de superficie
• Vibradores internos
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COMPACTACION
• La comparación del hormigón deberá asegurar la homogenizad, con
el fin de que obtenga la máxima compacidad eliminado el aire en
exceso atrapado producto del vaciado, asegurando que las armaduras
queden completamente embebidas y se obtenga una condición
superficialmente requerida.
• Métodos de compactación:
• Métodos manuales (apisonado)
• Métodos mecánicos
• Vibradores de moldaje
• Vibradores de superficie
• Vibradores internos
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COMPACTACION
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COMPACTACION
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COMPACTACION
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COMPACTACION
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COMPACTACION
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COMPACTACION
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COMPACTACION
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COMPACTACION
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CURADO
• Proceso de mantener controlado el contenido de agua del hormigón,
especialmente en el periodo de endurecimiento (Maduración), por un
periodo de tiempo, para que la pasta de cemento se hidrate y el hormigón
desarrolle las propiedades requeridas.
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CURADO
• Proceso de mantener controlado el contenido de agua del hormigón,
especialmente en el periodo de endurecimiento (Maduración), por un
periodo de tiempo, para que la pasta de cemento se hidrate y el hormigón
desarrolle las propiedades requeridas.
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CURADO
• Factores a considerar:
• Método para proporcionar humedad (Tratamiento Humedo)
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CURADO
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CURADO
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CURADO
• Factores a considerar:
• Tasa o rapidez de evaporación
• Si la tasa es mayor que
1,0kg/m2/hr
• Se debe tomar precauciones
para evitar agrietamiento o
retracción plástica.
• Si la tasa es mayor a
0,5kg/m2/hr
• Se deberá evaluar
criteriosamente si estas
medidas deben ser
implementadas.
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Muestreo de mezcla de Hormigón
Fresco
Unidad N°3 Ensayos hormigón fresco y endurecido
.
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• Rendimiento relativo:
• RY = Y(m3)/Yd (m3)
• Y= Volumen producido m3
• Yd= Volumen a producir m3
• Si RY es mayor a 1, indica que estoy produciendo un exceso de
hormigón, si es menor a 1, indica que estoy produciendo menos y
quedare corto de hormigón.
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Muestreo de mezcla de Hormigón
Fresco
Unidad N°3 Ensayos hormigón fresco y endurecido
.
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• Esclerómetro
• Ensayos de resistencia por testigos
• Ensayos de resistencia por probetas cilíndricas normalizadas
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