GE - LWR Pre-Midterm Notes/Quiz Answers
Rizal must be READ
MODULE 1: RIZAL LAW
1. Senate Bill 438 states that the reading is “COMPULSORY”
whereas RA 1425 does not.
438 – AN ACT TO MAKE NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL
FILIBUSTERISMO COMPULSORY READING MATTER IN ALL PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.
1425 - AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL,
PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL
FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES (approved
June 12, 1956)
What was the amendment?
THE BOARD SHALL PROMULGATE RULES AND REGULATIONS
PROVIDING FOR THE EXEMPTION OF STUDENTS FOR REASONS
OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF STATED IN A SWORN WRITTEN
STATEMENT FROM THE REQUIREMENT OF THE PROVISION
CONTAINED IN THE SECOND PART OF THE FIRST PARAGRAPH OF
THIS SECTION; BUT NOT FROM TAKING THE COURSE PROVIDED
FOR IN THE FIRST PART OF SAID PARAGRAPH.
2. Claro M. Recto was the primary author that his opponents
dubbed the bill “RECTO BILL”, Jose P. Laurel was the sponsor
being the chair of the committee, both were affected by the
“Ghost of Spain” and also experienced the Japanese Imperial
Rule and American rule.
3. Read Section 1 of RA 1425 for fill in the blanks answers (ALL,
ORIGINAL/UNEXPURGATED)
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose
Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools,
colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the
collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English
translation shall be used as basic texts.
4. Rizal’s martyrdom is highlighted; monuments were erected,
Rizal’s birthday and execution were remembered through public
holidays, parades and speeches. Yet what is the problem with
this “veneration”? Rizal’s thinking was barely understood.
5. Proponents that the Rizal of the 1950s was an “American
made hero”
 Personally chosen by William Howard Taft “to win the
goodwill of those Filipinos towards American policy”
 Highlighted only those statements of Rizal that endorsed
education over the other means of achieving
independence and nationhood
 Suppressed revolutionary and anarchist alternatives
embedded in Rizal’s novels (death scene of Simoun/Ibarra,
the homily of Padre Florentino)
 Simoun - contradictions, tall but dark skinned,
probably
 South American, planned to “nobel”
 The death of Simoun, confession and homily of
Padre Florentino -> Simoun’s silence does
not denote agreement or disagreement ->
induces/endorses revolutionary ideas
6.
- Go back to the Spanish sources and the Spanish times
- Conceptual break from America
7. Answers: SPEECH; RELIGION
8. Answer: FALSE
 Principal Author was Fr. Jesus Cavanna CM
 Did Fr. Horacio De la Costa have a hand in the
drafting of the statement?
o Yes, particularly par A
 What was Fr. De la Costa’s contribution?
o Wrote the statement years ago before the
“Statement”
 Did the statement qualify as a pastoral letter? No
9. Why would Cavanna no longer assign Rizal a moral role for
future Filipinos? Only political and social
 Raison d’etre -> purpose
 Was de la Costa right in assigning a moral role? Note:
Elias, a moral symbol in Noli Me Tangere, noble act was to
protect Ibarra, died and buried under the Balete tree, a
powerful symbol to Katipuneros -> selfless, the family of
Ibarra wronged Elias’ family
10. In Fr. De la Costa’s analysis did not attack the practices of the
Catholic Church like in the passage of Capitan Tiago and his
veneration of the saints.
 Who was the passage on the veneration of the saints’ really
criticizing
 Nominal Catholics like Capitan Tiago (other nominal
Catholics)
o Hermana Rufa/Sipa ang notebook containing indulgences
o Philosophe Tacio - Diderot, on white lies
o Sisa and the widow, both have dilemmas relating to the
holy day of obligation, the widow had 1 peso, how to spend
it? To offer prayers or to spend it on food and clothes for
her family (son and daughter). She chose mass and
candles. Sisa had 2 choices, go to church or sew. She
chose to sew. She repeated a phrase because she
committed a sin.
Noli started on October 30 -> on that night there was a dinner in
honor of Ibarra to meet with Maria Clara who was in the convent, Fr.
Damaso wanted to pick a fight, Maria Clara opened a letter written 7
years ago.Ended on Chirstmas Eve December 24-25.
MODULE 2: LITERATURE AND SOCIAL RELEVANCE
1. TRUE. The Rizal Law Singled out two novels. Novels were
accorded a central place i n the state nationalist’s projects.
Recognized their (literary works and the act of reading these
works) vital role in enabling Filipinos to grasp the ideals of freedom
and nationalism. Act of “reading” is the act of (re)discovering the
nation’s origin ideals embodied by the life and works of the nation’s
heroes.
2. FLEXIBLE. Linguistic diversity and social heterogeneity of the
“Filipino people poses a problem of ‘nailing down’ A Filipino
culture that is to be preserved or reshaped. ‘fixed yet
flexible’…’historical yet history-making’
3. MEDIATING. Literary works both embodied culture and helped
create that culture. The story of Elias’ sister. Creating an ideal
state. Literature provided ideals of a Filipino nation. Occupies a
mediating position between
4. Full transmission - makes it FALSE. The positive values
of freedom and nationalism always need to be invoked,
rededicated, and inculcated in the minds and actions of different
generations of Filipinos. What law inaugurated was constant
re(reading). 60’s, 70’s, movement to dethrone Rizal because he
was anti-revolutionary (recall Simoun’s death scene and its 2
interpretations.) It depends on the reception of society. So the
interpretation is not constant but the inspiration is.
5. B. Guerrero’s example of demodernization. “fondly
multiplied in Manila…” Capitan Tiago’s party, the social parasites.
“That was then…not now” Separation of the text from the reader.
Reduces the influence of the constant and inspiring sources of
patriotism.
6. MEDUSA. An instance of de-europeanization. Why? Guerrero
was writing for an audience who were the products of American
educational legacy. Guerrero’s version is Dona Consolacion.
7. TRUE. The Paradox of the Rizal Bill. “Literature has no place
in Philippine life and culture.” Very few Filipinos had read yet
literature is invested with a great deal of social relevance.
Centered. We are absent from the novel. The novel is a limited
representation of how the Filipino society ought to be.
8. TRUE. “Excess” - subtext. What slips the grasp. Recall the
clip presented in class. Very few places and people appear in
Noli. He should have mentioned the Ilocanos because they
represent inspiration is.
9. UNSTABLE AND TENTATIVE. Rizal’s narrative project of
rendering the Filipino national community knowable was also
unstable and tentative. Writing from a position. Necessarily
implied the existence of other competing knowledges and
perspectives.
10. “Make Rizal Obsolete” The reason why Rizal still speaks to us in
an immediate and urgent manner is because we are still unfree
from the problems similar to the time of Rizal. The national hero
will only become obsolete once we will discover that we are a
great nation, and when we are able to break free from the world
full of Basilios, Dona Victorinas, Padre Damasos, and other
characters in the Noli.
MODULE 3: THE NATION AS IMAGINED COMMUNITY
1. Limited and sovereign
a) Borders exist, across which “other” nations exist
(plurality of nations)
2. Deep, horizontal, comradeship
 Membership of equal terms
 Monarchs exhibiting weakness, never stable
 Transition from vertical to horizontal
 Equal rights, equal responsibility
3. Subscription to membership in a nation is appealing since it
could be likened to subscription to religious belief birth of which
provided rationale for existence and even suffering by transforming
fatality into continuity, contingency into meaning. Appeal of an
imagined community
 Crusades -> “God wills it”
 Men dying for religions.
 Does not replace religious belief
 Provides rationale for existence
 The appeal of an imagined community
4. FALSE if it was ‘impossible’. All the great classical communities
conceived themselves as cosmically central through the medium of
a sacred language linked to a super terrestrial order of power in
such religious communities, conversion and by extension
admission was possible. Conversion was possible with learning the
sacred language by extension its culture.
 Conversion/admission is possible, not impossible
 Learning the sacred language, by extension its culture
 Latin Christendom, Mandarin China, Morocco -> Mindanao
 Chinese and their walls vs. the barbarians who lie outside
 Difficult to join a nation
 Middle kingdom -> urban vs barbarians
 Sovereign’s right to rule
 Conversion is possible via subscription to culture
 Nation, exclusivist
5. CLOCK AND CALENDAR: what replaced the medieval
conception of simultaneously along time is an idea of
homogeneous empty time marked not by prefiguring and
fulfillment but by temporal coincidence and measured by clock
and calendar
 Modern Europe -> accurate measurement of time
 Time was relative, the accuracy was a recent development
 Measurement of time that is progressive
 Homogenous empty time -> no religious concepts
6. NOVEL AND NEWSPAPER: two literary forms which flowered in
the 18th century in Europe and whose very form of is a
presentation of simultaneously homogeneous
 Characters moving calendrically through time, precise
analogue of the nation moving steadily (up/down) through
history
 Omniscience of the reader
7. FALSE. The independence movements in the new American
state of the late 18 and 18th centuries were true nationalist
movements whose formation was as led to the political baptism of
the masses and were invariably populist outlook.
The wars of independence were led by substantial landowners
(creoles/ Spaniards as well).
 The wars of independence were led by substantial
landowners
 (creoles/basically Spaniards as well)
 Creoles must be controlled else nationalist ideals be
ingrained in them
8. ‘Self-controlled’ administrative units. The vast Spaniards
 South American territories under the Spaniards
 Constriction of travel due to low technology
 Peru, New Granada, New Spain
9. Pilgrimage -> These were meaning- generating modal journeys
which homines now functionaries undertake in the service of his
absolute monarch. along the way he meets fellow- is
functionaries on their own journeys, and their coming though
varied journeys create a connectedness.
 Modal journeys -> “homines novi”
 New man vis a vis old man (nobility)
 The new man cannot have positions in the new world
because of the crown
 Educated, may be from the merchant classes
 Pilgrimages enabled the new men from the same
homeland but stationed in different areas of the colonies to
interact and further establish the mental map of an imagined
 community
10. PRINT-CAPITALISM. Cramped vice-regal modal journeys
had no decisive consequences until their territorial stretch
could be imagined as nations. What was needed was the
arrival of the print- capitalism which was best represented
with the development of newspapers in the American from
Latin to vernacular Germans to Frenches to Spanishes (diff.
language)
 Print for profit for the largest markets
 Gutenberg -> information revolution
 Printing press changed everything, ease
information dissemination
 Latin -> the vernacular
11. PROVINCIALITY AND PLURALITY. The two traits of the early
newspapers in the Americans were their provinciality and plurality.
The PROVINCIALITY meant that the newspapers would naturally
deliver news of the colony where it was printed. The PLURALITY
meant these newspapers while printed for the loyal populace also
were written in full awareness or provincials.
 Like Cebu newspapers
 The act of reading newspapers in other localities ->
imagined community
12. HOW THE “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” CAME TO BE?
USA grew out in the old contiguous east coast core. While
Mexican rationalists were the first to write of themselves as
nosostros los americanos the everyday term of American came to
appropriated by the inhabitants of the Americans to the
coloniespre-industiral age technology of both the historical era
(18th century) and of Spain itself cannot easily surmount the
vast geographic distance of the continent (in contrast to India
that was “unified” with British technology, the railroad and
telegraph)
o USA grew out of old contiguous east coast core
o Re: Indian nationalism - the Brit technology brought
people from different parts of India together thus kindling
nationalism
 Colombians and Venezuelas
 Not homogenized
 Secular pilgrimage
MODULE 4: RIZAL & POPULAR NATIONALISM
1. TRUE. The familiar view of the Philippine history suggest that a
GOLDEN AGE. Evolutionist view of the Philippine past. The
official narrative that instills pride amongst the Filipinos in their
NATIONALIST struggle which is the first in Asia. Assumes child-
like Filipinos fascinated and enslaved by the alien cosmology of
the Spaniards until enlightenment. By ilustrados (Rizal)
 Philippine history suggests a golden age was lost in the
conquest and that it is only in 1872 (True)
o Evolutionist view of the Philippine past - we tend to
romanticize the past
o The official narrative (history) that instills pride
amongst the Filipinos, first in Asia with their nationalist
struggle
o Assumes “child-like Filipinos” fascinated and enslaved
by the ‘alien’ cosmology of the Spaniards and
enlightenment
o By ilustrados like Rizal
2. LEGITIMIZATION. In 1980, Jose Rizal provided in his
annotations to a 17th century Spanish test scholarly
legitimization. Proved Filipino assertions of a lost Eden in the
wake of Spanish conquest. Construction of a Filipino’s past
‘separate’ from Spain’s history in the Philippines, in friar or
Spanish historiography, Filipinos had no golden age-simply an
age of barbarism. Rizal's central place in Philippine history.
o ‘Proved’ Filipino assertions of a lost Eden in the
wake of Spanish conquest
o Construction of a Filipino past ‘separate’ from Spain’s
history in the Philippines
o In friar/Spanish historiography, Filipinos had no
golden age simple an age of barbarism
of o Hence Rizal’s central place in the evolutionist view of
Philippine history
o FORGOT their native alphabet, their songs, their
poetry, their laws in order to parrot other doctrines.
3. Rizal’s Construction of the usable privileged the status of the
ilustrados the liberal education elite that view itself as among
other things, RELEASED ( not caught up) from the thought
world of the history- less released from the thought world. Their
education supposedly allowed them to be the FIRST to be
awakened to consciousness of Filipino suffering. Reaction was
then constructed a secular or religious view of Filipino history
separate from Spanish history. Secular commonsense
progressive forms of consciousness with religious fantastical
irrational. TAKEAWAYS: Only ilustrado views and interpretation
mattered/valued/official/valid
ILLUSTRADOS - liberal educated elite pobres y ignorantes
 Their education supposedly allowed them to be the first to
be awakened to consciousness of Filipino suffering
 Reaction: Constructed a secular non-religious view of
Filipino history separate from Spanish history
 Secular = commonsensical; progressive
forms of consciousness
 With religious overtones = fantastic, irrational
 Only ILUSTRADOS views matter
4. FALSE – UNREST/CHALLENGED. Challenges to the republic:
Katipunan ni San Cristobal, Santa Iglesia. Filipino attributes and
behaviour supposedly modified by the new religion
Guardia de Honor – attacked a household and the mother
defended her family using ESKRIMA (arnis-like combat style)
1898 Proclamation of Independence
The underside to the Golden Age
 Just like the “failed” Contradia de San Jose and other
challenges to Spanish rule
 Led by figures bearing the mark of Christianity
(popes, Christs, supremos)
 Christianity = the “fall”, the break from the Golden
age, Hispanization was mediated through
Christianity, where Filipino attitudes and behavior
modified by new religion, resignation to the imposed
system (forced labor, head tax, submission to friars,
principals)
5. Bernardo Carpio’s one last journey- declines the Spanish
throne to search for idolaters… disappears into the mountain in
pursuit of the LIGHTNING. Bernardo’s position as a source of
power in inaccessible due to his imprisonment.
6. LOOB; ANTING-ANTING

MODULE 5: THE GLOBAL MARKET AND THE ASCENDANCE
OF CHINESE MESTIZOS
1. CHINESE MESTIZOS. In Cebu, a rebellion by notice in 1814 may
have been staged to thwart wealthy Chinese mestizos from
penetrating areas claim by the Augustinians.
2. JOSEFINA BORRAS. Who was the young Filipino girl of
Spanish descent who married the merchant capitalist George
Sturgis? Josefina Borras. Why was the marriage an event?
a. The young Filipino girl is Josefina Borras
b. Why was the marriage an “event”? She married a
Protestant Western man. Friars created a mindset of a
good life.
3. ACAPULCO. An enormous quantity of silver passed over the
pacific especially out of Acapulco and through manila on its way
to China.
4. FALSE. The only way to ascertain the silver content was to melt
the coin and this would defeat the purpose of coining money.
5. CATHOLIC. Mobility between groups was possible for individuals
or families either by legal action or intermarriage provided in the
latter both parties should be catholic.
6. FALSE. Throughout most of the Spanish period all the tribute
paying classes had to supply a fixed amount of forced labor
every year.
a) Not all tribute paying classes had to supply a fixed amount of
forced labor every year. Only Indios and Mestizos.
1 Chinese (most taxed)
2 Chinese Mestizos
3 Indios
4 Spaniards (not taxed)
7. PARIAN. Non-Catholic Chinese while occasionally allowed in
areas to adjacent to manila were often restricted to the Parian.
a) Spanish policies for the Chinese: Taxation, Control
(restriction of movement), Segregation
8. HISPANIZED. For a Philippine Chinese the direction of cultural
assimilation could get and was toward a hispanized Philippine
culture.
9. INDUTO DE COMMERCIAR. The main competitors of the
mestizos mood in the middle man trade were the Chinese
merchants. Induto de commerciar
10. FALSE. The mestizos benefitted from the expulsion of the
Chinese in the wake of the British occupation of family.
11. ENCOURAGEMENT. New economic policies implemented
1820-1870 by the Spanish colonial administration included free
trade, revocation of the governor license to trade,
encouragement of cash- crop agriculture and encouragement of
new Chinese immigration.
o The Philippines was underpopulated
12. HOW DID INDIOS AND MESTIZOS BOTH COME TO
APPROPRIATE THE LABEL “FILIPINOS”?
Indios and mestizos as Filipinos Abolition of tribute abolition of
status groups and their simplification until spaniards, filipinos and
indios could never be spaniards even if they wanted to. After
centuries of sharing the same culture they spoke the same
language. Philippine urban culture made the urbanized hispanized
mestizo no different from the urbanized hispanized indio.
o Abolition of tribute - abolition of status groups and their
simplification into Spaniards, Filipinos, and Indios (could never be
Spaniards even if they wanted to)
o Philippine urban culture made the urbanized hispanized
mestizo no different from the urbanized hispanized indio.
13. INTERMARRIAGE – Intermarriage allowed social mobility across
the three status groups (Mestizo, Indio, Chinese) in Catholic Mestizos.
14. FALSE. Spanish- Chinese relationship were characterized by
resolute trust.
Chinese mestizos can be associated in landholding and agriculture.
Chinese are given the privilege of trading.
15. FALSE. The business capacities of the Chinese Mestizos was from
the Chinese/Mestizo Father. (It mainly comes from the mother.)
MODULE 6: AGRARIAN RELATIONS AND FRIAR LANDS
1. TRUE. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Hacienda de
Calamba passed from a 2-tiered structure of management to a
three-tiered structure. There was now an intermediary stratum of
tenant-leaseholder who were positioned between the hacienda
management and the tillers of the soil.
1700s (two-tiered) – Friars ↔Subtenants
1800s (three-tiered) – Friars ↔ Inquilinos (Capitalists) ↔ Subtenants
and Sharecroppers (Labor)
2. INQUILINATO. In Negros acquire land through various means like
usurpacion and embargado. The sugar planters were multi ethnic
immigrant class of landowners most of whom directly hired their
own tenants. In hacienda de CALAMBA, the dominican owners
 Lease holders-- INQUILINOS
 Leasehold contracts called INQUILINATO
 Inquilinos (wealthy leaseholders); provided labor
 subtenants/sharecroppers (assistance)
o Agsa (Negros), Kasama (Tagalog), Casamac
(Pampanga), Aparcero (Spanish)
3. TRUE. The Calamba leaseholders more often disinclined to make
huge investment and loans from foreign merchants, unlike in
Negros who invested in steam mills that extracted sugar cane
juice effectively.
 What merchants could they be?
 1884 letter of Paciano (la nueva maquina)
4. MONEYLENDERS, FOREIGN MERCHANTS. The lease holding
tenants of the Hacienda de Calamba was either self-financing or
acquired capital from the CHINESE MONEYLENDERS in Manila.
Meanwhile the hacienderos of Negros Island acquired capital from
the FOREIGN MERCHANT houses.
 George Sturgis, Josefina Borras
 Lent money to agriculturalists
7. TRUE. Jose Rizal inspired, if not acted, the Calamba… (true)
 Municipal authorities “sat” on the claims
 Valenciano Weyler (harshly?)
 Settled the issue by banishing

8. DIEZMOS PREDIALES, PATRONATO.
THE DIEZMOS PREDIALES was originally a tithe on land
paid directly to the Catholic Church in medieval Spain.
However under the terms of PATRONATO REAL, the crown
obtained the right to administer this fund to support
missionary activities. Calamba Hacienda -> questioning that
9. TRUE. In pre- hispanic times “whereas a feast was to be held,
members of settlement all came together bringing with them a
jar of wine, so much rice to and to assist in such feasts.”
In the early 1660s, ‘the native elite celebrated the end of farm
work in a special way by reveling with a kind of variety and
ostentation in being able to serve food and drink in great
abundance.
10. TRUE. Many natives choose to work on the friar estates rather
than farm on their own in other cultivated or uncultivated areas.
 Monastic estates were a reincarnation of the
barangay under date (men of prowess)
11. TRUE. The civil authorities in the PH did not support the claims of
the tenants nor forced a response from the Dominicans.
12. WHAT WERE THE TENSIONS BETWEEN THE LEASEHOLDERS
AND THE PEASANTS? Explain why they chose to work together
despite such tensions.
MODULE 7: INTRACLERGY CONFLICTS AND CAVITE MUTINY
1. The SECULARIZATION CONTROVERSY summed up as the
struggle of the religious orders or REGULAR clergy to
maintain their corporate freedom of action and unity against
the desire of BISHOPS to exercise authority of their office in
the governance of their DIOCESES.
 Bishops had support of regalist governments
2. Particularly, the 2nd half of the 18th century and even more
under the anti-clerical governments if the 19th century, clergy
came increasingly to be considered as EMPLOYEES of the
state.
 Existence of dependent on political usefulness to a
government that had little faith in their religious
mission*
3. TRUE. The ill-trained clergy, unfortunate products of
Archbishop Sta. Justa’s “crash program” were trained for
priesthood in the seminary established by the latter for the
purpose of increasing the number of secular priests.
- NOT IN UNIVERSITIES
4. TRUE. A new factor which contributed to the total
REVERSAL (not implementation) of secularization policy
pursued by the 1774 cedula was the emancipation of Spanish
American colonies.
 Mistrust of native/secular clergy
 Ill-trained clergy
5. TRUE. For Pelaez, the major question of rights of secular clergy
is being violated by friars while Burgos’ argument is that parishes
were being denied to Filipinos because of their race and its
alleged inferiority to Europeans.
6. FALSE. General Rafael de Izquierdo, a Spanish political
conservative (he is a liberal in Spain) even in Spain, was
resolved to strengthen the position of friars in the PH, so as to
nullify as much as possible the influence of Filipino priests.
 Liberalism of revolution of 1868 was to be limited to the
Peninsula
7. All Spaniards were to be killed, including friars, except WOMEN
and they would proclaim independence of the country.
 It wasn’t about revocation of privileges
8. FALSE. The Spanish lieutenants, Vicente Morquecho and
Manuel Montesinos were killed by the revolting marines and
artillerymen when the revolt began.
 2 Spaniards joined the unsuccessful revolt
 They were irresponsible and terrible in leading an army.
9. FALSE Of the hundred arrested in connection with the Cavite
 Mutiny, only 3 priests were executed on Feb. 17,1872.
 FRANCISCO ZALDUA was also executed
 GOMBURZA
 Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora

Order of death : Zaldua, Gomez, Zamora (lost his mind), Burgos

10. The instigators of the revolt were.

Three freemasons
1 Maximo Inocencio
2 Enrique Paraiso
3 Crisanto de los Reyes

11. The real plotters or planners of revolts were exiled first to CEUTA in
Africa, afterwards Cartagena.

12. NARRATE THE LINK BETWEEN PELAEZ BURGOS TO RIZAL

 Answer: Link of information between Pelaez to Burgos to
Paciano to Rizal

13 TRUE Fr. Jose Burgos believed that an alliance with liberals like
Manuel Regidor was the key to attaining victory for the secular priest
over the control of parishes.