StudyBlue Printing of PetroBowl 1

10/3/2019 StudyBlue printing of PetroBowl 1
PetroBowl 1
maria alejandra rolando Mon Mar 04 20:01:55 PST 2019
what year was spe founded?

1957
first president of SPE

John Hammond
first woman of spe?

De Ann Craig, 1998
mission of SPE
to collect, disseminate and axchange technical knowledge concernig exploration, production and development of oil and gas
resourses.
related technologies for the public benefit, and to provide opportunities to professionals to enhance their technical and professional
competence
The Society of Petroleum Engineers began as part of which organization?

AIME, American Institution of Mining Engineers
name 4 SPE publications
Journal petroleum of technologies

the way ahead
oil and gas facilities
HSE Now
SPE Journal
name 4 artificial lift systems
ESP
PCP
gas lift
plunger lift
https://www.studyblue.com/printFlashcardDeck?deckId=21685054&note=true 1/60
sucker rod pumps
reciprocating and jet hidraulic pumping
name 4 gas field in Venezuela
- patao
- mejillones
- perla
- loran-mantee
- quiriquire
- yucal placer
Name the 4 groups about fuel oil molecule?
1. Paraffinic-Panpene C5H12.
2. Naphthenic-Cyclobutane C4H8
3. Olefinic-Propylene C3H6
4. Aromatic-Benzene C6H6
name 5 of the private concesionaries that operated the oil and gas industry in venezuela before the creation of pdvsa
maraven
llanoven
roqueven
lagoven
amoven
deltaven
name the 5 countries with the highest oil reserves
venezuela
saudi arabia
canada
iran
iraq
name 5 biggest oil companies based on revenue
saudi aramco
sinopec
china national petroleum
exxonmobil
royal dutch shell
kuwait petroleum corp.
BP
total
The phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid first is
sublimation
name 5 processes of phase change from solid, liquid, gas
melting
freezing
vaporization
condensation
deposition
sublimation
Unknowns for Two Phase flow equations

Po, Pw, So, Sw
in two phase flow what is hold up?

when the lighter phase flow faster than the denser phase
what is slug flow

flow of different volumes of gas and liquid, often signaling an unestable behavior
Which two phase pressure gradient correlation can be used for any pipe inclination and flow direction?
beggs and brill
what is Gas lift?

is an artificial lift method, that use gas injected to increase gas liquid ratio resulting in a reduction of bottomhole pressure
What mathematical tool is used in production engineering to assess well performance by plotting the well production rate against the
bottom hole pressure?
inflow perfomance relation (IPR)
In what year was developed the helicar gear pump concept, the precedent of progressive cavity pump?
1920
What is the most widely used drilling fluid system and generally considered the less expensive?
water based fluid
What is the formula used to calculate BHP in a static, fluid-filled wellbore when drilling?
BHP= MW x 0.052 x depth
What was the average annual OPEC crude oil price in USD for 2018?
69.52 $
what is a perforation?
A hole made through the casing and cement and into the formation. It has a characteristic entrance hole and penetration. It is the flow
path from the formation to the wellbore in a cased and cemented completion
if the contact angle between oil and water of a liquid on a core sample is less than 90deg, what is the wetting phase?
water
What is the term for the equilibrium point between the sublimation line, the melting point line, and the vapor pressure line?
tripple point
Why most a reservoir sample be taken before production in new wells?

once the reservoir drops below the bubble point it is no longer possible to acquire a fluid sample from which the hidrocarbon
composition can be determinated
the intersection of the IPR curve and VLP curve gives what result?
well deriverability
what does the term dead oil stand for?

oil with no dissolved gas
This type of rock is formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of mineral or organic particles on the floor of oceans or
other bodies of water
sedimentary
This device converts ground movement velocity into voltage which maybe recorded at a recordind station?
geophones
what was the first rock property logged and began the development of well logging methods?
resistivity log
what is the total amount of oil located in the subsurface of a reservoir of an oil field?
oil in place
Porosity can be measured from:
cores (core analysis)

Well logs, especially the sonic, density and neutron log
Sonic log, density log, and newtron log are what type of logs in well?
porosity log
This term, describes the effect of one fluid flowing through a porous media displacing fluid of a different viscosity
fingering
what is the term used to describe a high quality low sulfur oil?
sweet
In how many companies did they devide the Standard Oil?

7
What is the average world's water cut associated with oil production?
25%
How is the productivity index calculated?

well flow rate divided by drop in pressure from the average reservoir pressure, to the flowing wellbore pressure
In 2007, two countries joined OPEC and are its newest members. Name one.
Angola, Ecuador.
how many countries are members of the OPEC?

15
Which country holded the presidency of 2018 OPEC coference?

Suhail Mohammed, UAE
Which country has the highest gas proven reserves?

Russia
when was PDVSA created?

january 1st, 1976
name the 4 oxides that make up 95% of portland cement?
calcium oxide
silicone dioxide
aluminium oxide
ferric oxide
name 5 parts of a wellhead
cap
dipping valve
production ving valve
casing valves
top main valve
bottom main valve
kill ving valve
which chemical is often used to alter mud ph level while drilling

lime
Name 5 broad sedimentary environments or associations.
Continental: alluvial, aeolian, fluvial, lacustrine,

Transitional: deltaic, tidal, lagoonal, beach
Marine: shallow, deep, reef
Other: Evaporite, Glacial
what invention in 1879 deeply threatened the oil industry

electricity
the fault block below the fault is the..

footwall
dake defines compaction drive as the expulsion of reservoir fluids due to the dynamic reduction of what property?
porosity
where is the highest concentration of offshore rigs in the world? and how many?
Nort Sea, 184

Gulf of Mexico, 175
Persian Gulf, 159
what is the clay used to generate viscosity in an oil based fluid?

organiphillic bentonite
what is the name of the field of the BP oil spill?

macondo
What is the name of the well of the BP oil spill?

MC252: Mississippi Canyon 252
What is the largest oil spill?

Gulf War oil spill, oil tankers, January 21, 1991 sadam hussein´s army
what is Exxon slogan?

put a tigger in your tank
The deepest oil well was how deep, drilled by who, and where?
40,604 feet - Sakhalin, Russia - Exxon
What does ENI stand for?

Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi
What is the term for the vented or drained off fluids from a pressured well?
Bleed Off
What does TTRD Stand for?

Through Tubing Rotary Drilling
The analysis of pressure changes over time, especially those associated with small variations in the volume of the fluid is called
what? This is often related to well testing.
Transient Analysis
what is the largest off shore field in the world

safaniya (Saudi Arabia)
what is measured perpendicular to the strike?

dip
When was INTEVEP officialy created?

1976
what was the world average supply of oil in million barrels of oil per day?
99.3 MMBOPD
what was the world average demand of oil in million barrels of oil per day?
99.1 MMBOPD
what is the name of the 2020 president for SPE?

shauna Noonan
what is the name of a gas that is vapor in the reservoir and has no liquid dropout because separator conditions are still in the vapor
region of the phase diagram?
Dry gas
will the sp log spike lower or higher in a reservoir containing hydrocarbons?

lower
What symbol is used to representes solution gas oil ratio?

Rs
What is the most common organic species that can cause formation damage?
paraffins and asphaltenes
Name the three basic types of sedimentary rocks:
- Clastic sedimentary - Chemical sedimentary - Organic sedimentary
What mineral is the main component of limestone?

calcite
What is the most common method to calculate rock volume from an isopach map?
trapezoidal rule
It is define as a crack or surface breakage within rock not related to foliation

Fracture
A break or planar surface in brittle rock across which there is observable displacement.
fault
what is the term used to describe Calories per fram of BTU per pound produced by burning fuels?
thermal value
After natural depletion, the first stem to improving oil recovery is pressure maintenance by the injecting fluids into the reservoir. What
is the most common secondary oil recovery method?
waterflooding
the percentage of non wetting phase left in the ground after production is called?
residual
what is the total sum of interconnected opennings or voids that occur within the rock?
effective porosity
What psi/ft gradient is used for fresh water?

0.433 psi/ft
This term refers to rocks from which hydrocarbons have been generated or are capable of being generated
source rock
what are the 4 processes of petroleum system:

- generation- expulsion- migration - accumulation
name 4 types of drilling fluids?

- water based fluids - drill-in fluids - Oil based fluids - synthetic based fluids - all oil fluids - pneumatic drilling fluids
Name 3 uses of packers

- Prevent downhole movement of tubing - Support weight of the tubing - Allow the optimum size of well fluid conduit -Provide a means
of separating producing zones -Protect the production casing from corrosion - facilitates artificial lift
name 3 features (parts) of packers:

- slip - cone - packing - element system - body/mandrel
name 3 benchmark crudes

- West texas intermediate- Brent Blend- Dubai Crude- OPEC References
Name 3 types of reservoir simulation models:

- Black Oil- Compositional- Thermal- Double Porosity- Dpuble permeability
. Name 5 members of the OPEC
venezuela
ecuador
saudi arabia
kuwait
qatar
name 3 pieces of information a well test can provide
1. permeability
2. skin
3. deliverability
4. mobility
5. productivity index
name top 5 countries with highest gas reserves acording to EIA:
1. Russia
2. Iran
3. Qatar
4. United States
5. Saudi Arabia
name top 5 countries with highest oil reserves
1. Venezuela
2. Saudi Arabia
3. Canada
4. Iran
5. Iraq
name 4 Venezuelan oil basins:
1. oriental
2. maracaibo-falcon
3. barinas- apure
4. Tuy- cariaco
5. margarita
in which basin is located the OOB

Oriental Basin
in which states is located the OOB?

Anzoategui, monagas, guarico and delta amacuro
name of the blocks of the OOB
Junin
Boyaca
Carabobo
Ayacucho
Largest Refinery complex in Venezuela?

Paraguana Refinery Complex, 1949
Name 3 former presidents of SPE
1. Darcy Spady, 2018

2. De Ann Craig, 1998
3. Janeen Judah, 2017
4. Sami Alnuaim, 2019
How many members does the SPE have?

More tha 158000 members
how many countries belong to SPE?

143 countries
how many sections does SPE have?

203
many student chapter does SPE have?

382
how many student members does SPE have?

more than 73000
name 4 SPE technical Resources
1. Monogram series
2. petroleum engineering handbook
3. petrowiki
4. training courses
5. reprint series
who is the CEO of Chevron?

Michael Wirth
who is the CEO of PETROBRAS

Roberto Castello
who es the CEO of Saudi Aramco?

Amin Nasser
who is the CEO of Schlumberger

Paal Kibsgaard
who is the CEO of BP?

Bob Dudley
who is the CEO of Gazprom?

Alexey Miller
who is the CEO of PDVSA?

Manuel Quevedo
who is the CEO of CONOCO?

Ryan Lance
Who is the CEO of Repsol?

Josu Jon Imaz
Who is the CEO of Exxon Mobil?

Darren Woods
who is the CEO of Halliburton?

Jeff Miller
who is the CEO of Weatherford?

Mark Mccollum
who is the CEO of Total?

Patrick Pouyanne?
who is the CEO of Rosneft?

Igor Sechin
who is the CEO of Royal Dutch Shell

Ben Van Burden
Top 10 largest oil producers countries
1. US
2. Saudi Arabia
3. Russia
4. Canada
5. China
6. Iran
7. Iraq
8. UAE
9. Brasil
10. Kuwait
Top 10 consumers countries
1. US
2. china
3. india
4. japon
5. russia
6. saudi arabia
7. brasil
8. south korea
9. canada
10. germany
SPE values
excellence, integrity, professionalism, life long learning diversity, volunterism, innovation and soiacl responsability
first latin american president of SPE

Gustavo Inciarte, 1999
a method used to lower the producing bottomhole pressure on the formation to obtain a higher production rate from the well
artificial lift
what consider the artificial lift methods?
geographic location
capital cost
operating cost
production flexibility
reliability
mean time between failures
periodic displacement of liquid from the tubing

intermitent flow
the oldest and most widely used type of artificial lift for most wells
beampumping
transmit power downhole by means of pressurized power fluid that flows in wellbore tubulars
hydraulic pumping systems
this artificial method is applied on gas wells with high GLR

Plunger lift
proven crude oil reserve of Venezuela

302.809 millions barrels
first oil company in Venezuela?

Petrolia del Tachira
First Oil Well in Venezuela

Zumaque 1, July 31, 1914 Zulia
world top 4 largest refineries
1. Jamnagar, India
2. Paraguana, Venezuela
3. Sk Energy, South Korea
4. Ruwais, UAE
Biggest oilfield (top 3)
1. Ghawar, Saudi Arabia

2. Burgan, Kuwait
3. Safanyia, Saudi Arabia
who drilled the first oilfield in the world?

coronel drake and George Bisell on August 1859, Pennsylvania
top 5 biggest offshore platform
1. Berkut, Russia
2. Stones, Gulf of Mexico
3. Perdido, Gulf of Mexico
4. Troll A, Norway
5. Petronius, Gulf of Mexico
who was the first PDVSA president?

Rafael Ravard
when OPEC was founded?

september 1960, Iraq
OPEC founders members

iran, iraq, kuwait, saudi arabia, venezuela
name the founders of Standard Oil

John Rockefeller, Henry Morrison, Hendry Huffleston and William Rockefeller
in what year was founded Standard Oil ?

1870, USA
name the 7 sisters
1. Standard Oil of New Jersey

2. Standard oil of NY
3. Standard oil of California
4. Standard oil of Indiana
5. Standard oil of kentucky
6. Ohio Oil
7. Standard oil
name 4 technique to prevent hydrate formation
1. remove the free and dissolved water with separators

2. maintain high temperatures
3. maintain low pressures
4. inject an inhibitor
name 4 compunds of onestage refrigeration system
1. evaporator
2. condenser
3. compressor
4. heat exchanger
factors afecting permeability of soils
particle size
properties of pore fluid
void ratio
shape of particles
impurities in water
absorbed water
degree of saturation
name 4 factors that cause corrosion
exposure to O2, H2S or CO2

bacterial activity
high temperatures environmenets
contact with sulfur containing materials
what is indicative of a low Aniline point?

higher aromatics
what is indicative of a high aniline point?

lower aromatics content
the minimun temperature at which equal volumes of aniline and lubricant oil are miscible
aniline point
name the 4 types of Offshore rigs

Drillships, 12000ftSemi-Submersible, 10000ftJack-up Rig, 500 ftDrilling Barge, Shallow waters
List the types of drill fluids that can be used in underbalanceddrilling

mist, foam, aerated mud
The lignite is used in drill muds when II have what problem?

Flocculation
Identify the type of well that is equipped with pressure monitoringsystems to determine the extent of propogation of the
pressuretransient from the producing wells into the reservoir
observatory well
This artificial system uses a helical screw rotar to formed a travelling sealed cavity
Progressive cavity pump (PCP)
What is the flow regime easiest to determine in a pressure derivative log?

Radial Flow
what chemical found in TNT is also found in Borneo crude?

Toloul
Name Five types of Packers used in the oil industry?
drillable packer
compression set packer
inflatable packer
hydraulic packer
hookwall packer
this volume of gas has been separated from produced water

Blue Gas
what is a raised metal lip that is around a perforation?

Burr
what is the area of the rock adjacent to the perforation tunnel where permeability may be 50% less than initial, undamaged
permeability
Crush Zone
this term describes the differences between average reservoir pressure and the flowing bottomhole pressure
drawdown
what is bubble flow?

dispersed bubbles of gas in a continous liquid phase
what are the thow types of chemical bonds?

covalent and ionic bonds
the velocity profile is parabolic fot what type of fluid?

laminar
what are the two possible ways single flow can be characterized
laminar or turbulent
in Offshore operations, what doas FPSO stand for?

Floating Productiong, Storage and Offloading vessel
wildcatter´s used to taste and classify oils as sweet, medium sour, and sou based on what property of oil?
Sulfur Content
what is a drawdown test?

opening a well to flow after a shut in
why for two phase flow would an increase in the imposed well head pressure result in a proportionaltely larger increase in the
correspondinf bottom hole pressure?
because gas would be re-dissolved, increasing the density of the fluid in the wellbore
the integration of flow rate vs time results in what?

cummulative production
in Havlena & Odehs application of the material balance what is m?

m= vol of gas cap/ vol of oil
Brill and Beggs described three flow regimes for horizontal gas-liquid flow, what are they?
1. segregated flow
2. intermittent flow
3. distributive flow
what is segregated flow?
the tho phases are for the most part separate
what is intermittent flow?

gas and liquid phase alternates
what is distributive flow?

one phase is dispersed in the other phase
what are the 3 types of segregated flow?

stratified, wavy and annular
what are the two types of intermittent flow?

slug and plug
what are two types of distributive flow?

bubble and mist
when can a stabilized well test be conducted?

during steady state flow or pseudo steady state flow
if the productivity of a well is low due to low permeability, how is this overcome?
hydraulic fracturing
this pressure is defined as the non-wet phase pressure minus wetting phase pressure in the interfase between two inmiscible fluids
capillary pressure
name the five reservoir fluids
black oil
volatile oil
retrograde gas
wet gas
dry gas
the amount of oil that can be produced from a reservor under current economic conditions is sadi to be what?
recoverable oil
what is the total amount of oil located in the subsurface of a reservor of an oil field?
Oil in Place
production= Expansion + influx + injection

MBE
name at least 4 assumptions of darcy´s law
1. laminar flow
2. viscous flow
3. incompressible flow
4. steady state
5. homogeneous formation
what is the term for a formation with constant permeability and no high or low streaks?
homogeneous
what does the term Bg, represent?

Gas formation volume factor
what process is used to determine the pore size distribution in a formation sample?
inject the sample with mercury then plot a graph of capillary pressure vs water saturation
what well log can be used to determine both the porosity and lithology of a reservoir?
Resistivity log
what three well log can be combined to determine the mineral composition of a formation?
neutron, acoustic and density
what are three types of non-newtonian fluids?
pseudoplastic
dilatant
bingham plastic fluids
what is the term for the effect of gas slippage at low pressure and is the cause for overestimation of absolute permeability in agas
saturated core?
Klinkenberg effect
what well log is used to determine both total and effective porosity?
magnetic resonance imaging tool
this type of permeability is measure of the conductance of a porous medium for one fluid phase when the medium is saturated whith
mre than one fluid. What is the name of this type of permeability?
effective permeability
this type of tertiary recovery method invloves injecting air into the formation and igniting the oil
Fire Flood
what is the absorption of fluids into the pores of a rock?

imbibition
what type of EOR method uses the flooding of the oil reservoir or from an updip location in order to push the oil towards a producing
well?
Gas Flood
this fraction of the pore space occupied bay water when the hydrocarbon content is at its maximun. This level of water can only be
reduced by flow of avery dry gas tha evaporates the water.
irreducible water saturation
term descrives the movement of water upwards or gas downwards towards a decrease in pressure caused by producing
hydricarbons in azoone with no vertical permeability boundaries .
Coning
OPECS five original founders accounted for what percentage of the world´s oil exports?
80%
who was the man that revolutionized thepetroleum industry by breakibg down large hydricarbons with thermal cracking?
William Burton
what was the event that sparked the revolution of 1905 in russia that nearly collapsed the russian oil industy?
Bloody Sunday, December 1904
what does Aminoil stand for?

American Independent Oil Company
what style of faulting may occur when the horizontal stress in one direction is greater than the horizontal stress in the perpendicular
direction?
Strike-Slip Faulting
name a source of vertical stress

overburden
name a source of horizontal stress

Tectonic stresses
name 3 of the 4 types of clastic fragments in limestone

OolitesintraclastFossilsPellets
what type of sandstone is characterized by being impure or dirty?

Graywacke
volcanic tuffm altered to montmorillonite is called what?

bentonite
what are 3 of the different dolomitization models?
Evaporative
seepage reflux
mixing zone
burial
seawater
the process of breaking down chemical bonds in kerogen and clays within shale to generate liquid hydrocarbons
catagenesis
algal and amorphous kerogen highly likely to generate oil is what type?
kerogen Type I
mixed terrestrial and marine sourse material that can generate waxy oil is what type?
kerogen type II
Woody terrestrial sourse material that typically generates gas is what tyoe of kerogen?
type III
Kerogen containing mostly decomposed organic matter also known as charcoal is what type of kerogen?
kerogen type IV
what was the first major contribution of geology to oil exploration?

The Anticline Theory
in terms of oil formation, what is the oldest geological era?

Jurassic
what is the most poisonous gas encountered in drilling operations?

Hydrogen Sulfide H2S
what types of rigs utilize a subsea blowout control system?

drilling ships and semisubmeribles
which hydrocarbon group is considerated the most stable?

Alkanes
to avoid corrosion in the borehole what type of pH level is desirable?

low pH
What is the first casing to be used while drillign?

conductor casing
what thos gasses can causes changes in a muds pH?

CO2 and H2S
who where the OPECS two founding fathers?

Abdulla Tariki and Juan Pablo Perez
the act of forcing, pumping, or free flow under vacuum, of substances into a porous and permeable subsurface rock formation
Injection
Natural gas contained in coal deposits, whether or not stored in gaseous phase
coalbed methane
what is the maximun pressure above which gas cannot be formed regardless of temperature
Cricondenbar
who was the world´s first billionaire?

John D. Rockefeller (1916)
what percentage of a barrel of crude is converted to gasoline?

45-47%
rank the following in order from highest distillation temperature to lowest diesel fuel , gasoline , jet fuel , naptha
diesel fuel, jet fuel, naphta, gasoline.
on a phase diagram, this is defined as the maximun temperature above which liquid cannot be formed regardless of pressure
Cricondentherm
this is the pressure corresponding to the maximun temperature above which liquid cannot be formed regardless of pressure
cricondentherm pressure
this is the maximun temperature which relates to the maximun pressure above which gas cannot be formed regardless of
temperature
Cricondenbar Temperature
what psi/ft gradient is used for fresh water?

0.433 psi/ft
what is the total sum of openings or voids that occur within a rock?
porosity
what prevents a hole of a well from caving in, and seals off formations?
Casing
what device keeps the casing from leaning against the sides of the hole?
Centralizer
A large valve used to control wellbore fluids. In this type of valve, the sealing element resembles a large rubber doughnut that is
mechanically squeezed inward to seal on either pipe (drill collar, drillpipe, casing, or tubing) or the openhole.
Annular BOP
What is used along with the landing joint to secure the casing in the casinghead?
slips
what joint of casing is used as a oneway valve?

float neck
which casing string is used to suport the BOP stack?
The Surface Casing
what is the total sum of interconnected openings or vois that occur within a rock
Effective Porosity
the percentage of non-wetting phase (usually oil of gas) left in the ground after production
Irreducible or Connate
When was the first insert bit introduced?

1949.0
Who introduced the first insert bit?

Hughes Tool Company
what´s the name of precursor agreement to the formation of opec?

Gentlemen´s Agreement
What is vessel used to separate gas oil and water after the mixture is produced from the well?
Separator
Name two types of drilling bits?

PDC and Trocne bit
What is the density of water in ppg?

8.33 pounds per galon
Where is TVD and MD measured from?

Kelly Bushing
Describe at least three functions of the drilling mud?
Cool and lubricate bit

Maintain wellbore stability
Suspend cuttings while drilling is paused
Help carrying out drilling cuttings
In what year was the process of thermal cracking discovered?

1909
Standard Oil of Ohio is now what company?
American arm of BP
From what company did Conoco emerge?
Continental Oil
What company did Standard Oil (California) become?
Chevron
What company did Standard Oil of New York become?
Mobil, later ExxonMobil
What act was passed that culminated in the dismemberment of Standard Oil?
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
In what year did the Federal Court order the dissolution of Standard Oil?
1909
During WWII what did the acronym PAW stand for?

Petroleum Administration for War
What is the process classed that involves large amounts of hydrogen being added to coal under high temperatures and pressures
under the presence of a catalyst to create synthetic fuels?
Hydrogenation
What style of faulting may occur when the Horizontal Stress is greater than the vertical stress?
Reverse/Thrust faulting
What style of faulting may occur when the Vertical Stress is greater than the horizontal stresses?
Normal faulting/ Extensional

What is a well logging device that is used to measure the angle between beds and the horizontal plane within a well?
Dipmeter
What is the ten point scale of mineral hardness. It has diamond at 10 and talc at 1.
Mohs Scale of Hardness
Name the four types of Aliphatics?

Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Cyclic Aliphatics .
What is the process of changes that produce rock from sediments?

Lithification
This is the initial stage of oil that never developed completely into crude and is typical of oil shales. There are three types of these.
kerogen
This is a highly chemically modified carbonate. They usually form cave structures.
karst
This type of unconformity is formed where sedimentary beds overlie an erosional surface carved into igneous or metamorphic rocks?
Nonconformity
What is the process by which kerogen is converted, at elevated temperatures, into petroleum?
catagenesis
What is a measurement of the ability of a fluid to coat a rock of mineral surface?
wettability
When did Gus Archie first publish his equation for calculation of water saturation?
1942
Which type of log induces a current in the formation through the use of transmitter coils and induced magnetic fields in the formation?
Induction log
This type of log measures the natural battery effect that occurs at the interface where foreign ions from the drilling mud have entered
into porous zones.
Spontaneous Potential (SP)
What is the most common method to calculate a rock volume from an isopach map?
Trapezoidal Rule
What type of reserves can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be recoverable under current economic and technologic
conditions?
Proved Reserves
What are the three stages of a salt dome?
Pillow stage, True piercement stage, Postdiapiric stage
What is the vertical component of a fault's displacement?

Throw
What is the name for the lowest point of closure on a structural trap which defines the maximum possible size of the trap?
Spill Point
This type of map shows contour points of equal formation thickness. It may also show depth of the zone.
Isopach map
This is a silicate mineral, often modified and sometimes part of the movable particles in a formation. Its most common form is
potassium.
feldspar
This term means the different parts of a rock strata indicating a change in mineral content or deposition mechanics.
Facies
This term is the process of forming a sedimentary rock from the clastic grains. May also be in conjunction with several geochemical
processes such as cementation reactions and chemical dissolution.
Diagenesis
This hard, silicate sedimentary rock is similar to flint but with a less ordered structure. It is a cryptocrystalline form of quartz and is
known to be extremely hard on drill bits.
chert
What is the breakdown of heavier oil to a lighter hydrocarbon by bacterial action?

biodegration
What is an irregular intrusion of an igneous rock into another rock?
Batholith
This is a sandstone containing 25% or more of feldspars, usually derived from silicic igneous rocks.
Arkose
This is another term for the ocean floor.
The abyssal plain
This is defined as the ability of a rock to transmit fluid through pore spaces.
Permeability
What rock type is made of broken fragments that are cemented together?
Clastic rocks
What is a map that shows areal variations in facies of a given statigraphic unit?
Facies map
What type of unconformity is formed where the beds beneath the erosional surface are tilted and eroded?
Angular Unconformity
What is defined as the zone in the earth where crude oil is generated from organic matter in source rocks?
Oil window
What two rock types are the most common reservoir rocks?
Sandstones and carbonates
What mineral is the main component of limestone?
calcite
What is the name for a type of subsurface map having contours that display the elevation of a particular rock layer such that folds and
faults are clearly displayed?
structure map
What mineral is the major constituent of sandstone and other clastic sedimentary rocks?
Quartz
What is the angle between a planar feature, such as a sedimentary bed or a fault , and a horizontal plane?
DIP
What is the most common source of formation damage
Drilling
Under what circumstances will fluids cause damage to the formation?

Change in apparent viscosity of the oil phase or a change in relative permeability
A sudden decrease in salinity of the brine flowing through a sandstone will cause formation damage by dispersing clay particles, what
is this phenomenon know as?
Water sensitivity
When drilling a horizontal well, what shape would production-induced damage cause?
Elliptical
What is an underbalanced reservoir?

Pressure in the well is less than the pressure in the reservoir.
What effect does a negative skin have on the effective well bore radius?
Increases effective well bore radius
What are five causes of positive skin?
Mechanical causes such as partial completion, inadequate number of perforations, phase changes (relative permeability reduction to
the main fluid), turbulence, and damage to the natural reservoir permeability.
When was the first Orinoco Oil Belt well drilled?

January 7th, 1936. Canoa I
Gas flow in a reservoir under transient conditions can be approximated using which two equations?
Darcy's law(rate equation) and the continuity equation.
When using Vogels correlation to calculate an IPR for a two phase reservoir, at what pressure should the viscosity and formation
volume factor be taken at.
Average reservoir pressure, p bar.
Oil viscosity can be estimated using which correlations?

Beggs and Robingson(1975) and Vasquez and Beggs(1980)
In terms of ultimate recovery which expansion would prove to be more efficient, free or solution gas or oil?
free or solution gas
When the oil saturation becomes the residual oil saturation, what is the value of the effective oil permeability (ko)?
zero
What direction should a horizontal well that is not intended to be hydraulically fractured be drilled?
Along the direction of minimum horizontal stress.
In what flow regime is pressure constant with time everywhere in the reservoir?
steady state
What are oil samples called that are obtained by carefully controlling production rate and sampling separator gas and separator
liquid?
Separator samples or surface samples
What is another name for initial reservoir pressure, the pressure of a reservoir before it is produced?
Discovery pressure (also virgin pressure)
What could cause flow reversals in a reservoir which might lead to hysteresis?
Changing a flood pattern, changing injection rates, or shutting in a well.
TeWhen does hysteresis occur?

When there is a reversal in the direction of saturation.
What is the reduction in an ability of a fluid to flow in the presence of two or more immiscible fluids called?
Relative Permeability Effect.
Relative permeability is controlled by what factors?

Pore Geometry, Wettability, Fluid Distribution, and Saturations/Saturation History.
What reserves have a 50% probability of producing?
Probable Reserves
What is the difference in pressure between two phases in equilibrium at the same depth called?
Capillary Pressure
What type of reserve has about a 90% probability of estimates meeting cited value?
Proved Reserves
This type of reserve can be estimated with reasonable certainty that it can be recoverable under current economic conditions.
Proved Reserves
What type of reserves can be recovered from new wells, deepening wells, or when a large expenditure is required to obtain
production?
Undeveloped Reserves
What are estimated volumes of oil and gas that are thought to be economically recoverable?
Reserves
Shale has approximately what API?
100
Which log is the most commonly used measurement?
Gamma Ray log
Name a log that does not work in oil based mud?
Any normal electric log.
Which log distinguishes permeable zones from non-permeable zones and is measured in mV?
SP Logs
What type of gas is adsorbed onto coal surfaces?

Coal Bed Methane
On the Udden-Wentworth classification of grain size, rank thefollowing size terms from smallest to largest: sand, pebbles,
clay,boulders, silt, cobbles."
Clay, Silt, Sand, Pebbles, Cobbles and Boulders
Name two types of unconventional natural gas

Tight sand gas, tight shale gas, coal-bed methane, geopressured gas reservoirs, gas hydrates.
What type of gas is from reservoirs with little oil?
Nonassociated gas
What gas is dissolved in oil under natural conditions in an oil reservoir?
Associated gas
What type of gas has a high content of liquid hydrocarbon at pressures and temperatures lower than reservoir conditions?
Gas condensate
What are the three types of natural gas reservoirs?

Gas condensate (retrograde condensate), wet gas, dry gas.
What are the three main types of conventional gas?

Associated gas, nonassociated gas, gas condensate
What is the principle component of Natural Gas?
Methane
What is a naturally occurring mixture of short chain hydrocarbons with a minor amount of inorganic compounds?
natural gas
This type of machine is used to determine the yield point and gelstrength of a drilling fluid.
Rheometer
Name the three components measured at any given point in awellbore in order to determine position in a directionally drilledwell.
depth, azimuth and inclination
What is the theoretical maximum porosity in a cubic, rhombohedral, and hexagonal packing?
0.476%, 26% and 39.5%
Whats the theoretical maximum mud weight?

19.23 ppg
Define kinematic viscosity

viscosity divided by the density of the fluid
A fluid flow process in which the saturation of the wetting phase increases and the nonwetting phase saturation decrease is known as
what?
imbibition
Primary and waterflood oil recovery is affected by the wettability of the system. Which wettability will exhibit greater primary oil
recovery?
water wet
The process of forcing a nonwetting phase into a porous rock is?

drainage
Which law states that all pure gases have the same z factor at the same values of reduced pressure and reduced temperature
Law of Corresponding States
What are the 3 types of structural traps

fault, anticline and salt dome
This type of well uses the principle of superposition in space to solve linear boundary problems by superposing individual mirrored
infinite solutions.
image wells
Identify the well intervention method that provides the ability to work safely under live well conditions with a continuous string, and
enables fluids to be pumped at any time, regardless of the position or direction of travel"
coiled tubing
List the types of flow regimes that can be used in underbalanced drilling.
dry air
foam
mist
airlift
aereted mud
What problem plagues bits in some formations where too much weight on bit is applied?
bit balling
What is the name of the correlation used for estimating fracture pressure and pore pressure?
Eaton Correlation
Name 4 methods for preventing or removing hydrates

depressurization, heat, chemical inhibition, and mechanical
Name the two ions involved in dolomitization.

calcium and magnesium
Identify the classifications of produced hydrocaron liquids and their associated API gravity rankings.
Light: API>31.1
Medium: 22.3<API<31.1
Heavy: 10<API<22.3
Extra Heavy or Bitumen: API<10
What does a Dykstra-Parsons coefficient of 1 imply about a reservoir?

heterogeneous
This university won the inaugural PetroBowl in 2002

texas tech
Carbonate sedimentary rock composed of mostly calcite is known as what?

limestone
What is the standard length of drill pipe?

30 ft
What are the five types of reservoir boundaries?

No-flow, constant-pressure, leaky, conductive, composite limits.
During which type of flow can permeability, average pressure, and wellbore skin be calculated?
radial flow
An uncontrolled discharge of formation fluid out of the wellbore

Blowout
This is a comparison of the ability of a fluid to move through another fluid or to displace the fluid.
mobility ratio
William Burton introduced what oil refining process in 1913?

Thermal Cracking
When was the first Oil & Gas Journal published?
1902
in what year did Edwin Drake drill the first successful well in Pennsylvania?
1859
What does the abbreviation OPEC stand for?

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Who was the Canadian scientist who first patented Kerosene in 1854?
Abraham Gesner
The recovery of mobile oil directly related to the degree of compartmentalization or complexity of a reservoir is known as the
Beg Analysis
This temperature window allows for the creation of crude oil from organic matter in sedimentary rocks. What are these values?
150-300F
This physical characteristic is the temperature at which wax begins to solidify and is identified by the onset of turbidity as the
temperature is lowered
cloud point
A water pump and a steam compressor operate with the same inlet pressure and outlet pressure at the same mass flow rate. Which
one require greater power input?
compressor
Name the two largest conventional oil fields in the world, and their location
Ghawar field, saudi arabia

Burgan Field, Kuwait
A procedure for calibration of permeability data obtained from a minipermeameter device. This is usually done when the pore space
approaches the mean free path of the gas.
klinkengerg correction
The act of drilling with the mud pressure greater than the formation pressure is known as
overbalance drilling
The color of petroleum is determined largely by what two components?

resins and asphaltenes
What important additive addition could be made to a Portland cementation to improve its highpressure / high-temperature (HPHT)
stability
sand/silica flour
A multiphase-fluid flow regime characterized by a series of liquid plugs seperated by relatively large gas pockets
slug flow
Compaction drive is defined as the expulsion of fluids due to the dynamic reduction of what reservoir property?
porosity
When a source rock is examined under a reflectance microscope, the amount of light reflected by this plant organic matter helps
define the maturity of the source rock. Name this organic matter.
vitrinite
What instrument is used to determine liquid specific gravity?

hydrometer
TThis refers to a variety of processes to increase the amount of oil removed from a reservoir, typically by injecting a liquid or gas.
EOR, enhanced oil recovery
This is the term for operations on a producing well to restore or increase production. May be performed to stimulate the well, remove
sand or wax from the wellbore, to mechanically repair the well, or for other reasons
workover
What is the term used to describe the lowest temperature at which an oil will pour or flow under certain prescribed conditions.
pour point
What is the best course of action when producing a gas condensate field?
Maintain the reservoir pressure about dew point in order to prevent liquid dropout in the reservoir
TWhat is described as a cylinder of rubberlike material which is run on a tubular string down hole and is compressed to expand and
seal the well at that level?
How much more of a reservoir's in place oil can EOR techniques potentially produce?
30-60%
Name 4 components of an ESP, or electric submersible pump
1. rotor
2. stator
3. motor
4. diffuser
5. impeller
This material is a solid that begins to form on catalysts used on cracking processes and refineries.
coke
At what level or percentage of sulfur content is crude oil considered to be sour crude oil?
0.005
A marsh funnel is used on a rig to determine this.

Viscosity
What is the name of the commonly used correlation to estimate fracture pressure?
eaton´s correlation
What year was the first petrobowl held and who won it?
2002, Texas Tech
TerThis is a device run during drilling with a smaller initial outside diameter that expands to seal the wellbore. They often use flexible,
elastic elements to expand.
packers
In 2007, two countries joined OPEC and are its newest members. Name one.
Angola, Ecuador
The main difference between the Driller's Method and the Wait and Weight method of killing a well is?
Number of mud circulations, driller's is 2, W&W is 1.
This is the name of a vessel that breaks oil-water emulsions so that oil can be accepted by pipeline or for transport
heater treater
Which method of EOR uses polymers or detergent-like surfactants to help lower the surface tension that often prevents oil droplets
from moving through a reservoir?
chemical injection
What Method of EOR uses heat?
Thermal Recovery
What gasses are commonly used in gas injection?
Carbon Dioxide
Natural gas
Nitrogen
Which EOR method uses gases that expand in a reservoir and push additional oil to a production well bore?
gas injection
Name the two most common elements in the Earth's crust?

oxygen and silicon
Name one of the three main methods of EOR.
1. Thermal Recovery
2. Gas injection
3. Chemical injection
What does EOR stand for?

Enhanced Oil Recovery
This term is a dimensionless factor calculated to determine the production efficiency of a well. Positive values indicate damage which
impairs productivity while negative values indicate enhanced productivity. what is the name of this term?
skin
On a phase diagram, this is the term given to a line of highest temperature where a mixture can exist in two phases
cricondemtherm
On a F vs Eo, or total withdrawal vs oil expansion graph, a reservoir will be linear under this condition
no water influx, no aquifer
Why would an operator choose to conduct a Methylene blue test on drilling mud?
determine CEC or bentonite clay content of the mud
If I treat my drilling mud with lignosulfonate, I likely have this type of problem or issue.
flocculation
This thermodynamic variable is equal to the pressure of an ideal gas that has the same chemical potential as the real gas. In other
words, it becomes equal to the pressure of the fluid at pressures low enough that the fluid approaches ideal gas state.
fugacity
This type of decline curve is characterized by a b-factor of 1.

harmonic
When the rate of sediment deposition is greater than the rate of escape of fluids in the reservoir, this will result in a overburden
pressure gradient > 1 psi/ft. What type of reservoir is this?
overpressured
This thermodynamic principle mentioned by Van der Waals indicates that all fluids at the same reduced temperature and pressure
have the same compressibility factor and deviate from ideal gas behavior to the same degree.
principle of corresponding states
A gear box on a beam pump reduces these two things

torque, speed
Name 2 types of well tests I can conduct to construct an Inflow Performance Relation, or IPR.
Flowing Test
Gas Lift
Swab
Jet Pump
Assisted Test
If a lower permeability sand was present at the same depth, would the water saturation in that sand be higher, lower or the same as
in Sand A?
higher
Name two positive displacement pumps.
1. PCP
2. Beam Lift
What is the recommended pressure (psi) used for a standard API filtration test?
100 psi
When a gas or liquid flows across a sand face, through a choke, or any device that introduces a pressure drop, the temperature will
decrease. What causes this?
Joule-Thompson Effect
a common reservoir production model that can be used below the bubble point of the reservoir.
Vogel´s Equation
On a drilling rig, the fast line and the static line through the blocks have the same force only in this situation concerning the drilling
blocks.
Blocks are Stationary
Drilled solids in mud act to increase what two characteristics of the mud?
density and viscosity
Oil and Gas are considered to be organic because they have this.
carbon
Name the 6 types of reservoirs by the type of fluid produced.

1. Dead(Heavy) Oil,
2. Black Oil,
3. Volatile Oil,
4. RCG,
5. Wet gas
6. Dry Gas
This is the most common form of Artificial Lift used for offshore purposes
gas lift
This is the name for a wellbore completion that enables production from two separate zones
Dual completion
This point is the upper limit of the vapor-pressure line.

Critical Point
This type of oil contains fewer heavy molecules and more intermediates than black oils
Volatile Oil
What is the reciprocal of viscosity?

Fluidity
What is the oilfield unit for dynamic viscosity?

centipoise
This is defined as the ratio of the density of a gas to the density of dry air when both are measured at the same temperature and
pressure.
Specific Gravity
This well log makes a record of the borehole diameter, which is usually constantly changing.
Caliper log
What country was the first to start a "50-50" agreement between a foreign operator and the national government?
Venezuela
What type of logs can be used to locate the top of the gravel packed section and to detect voids in gravel packs?
Unfocused gamma ray logs

The Gentleman’s Agreement, signed during the 1959 Arab Oil Congress, is seen as the beginning of the alliance that would develop
into OPEC. Name the five countries present at this preliminary meeting
Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Iraq
A dune will form in the casing screen annulus when gravel packing what type of well?
deviated well
Name the sources of horizontal stresses

Poisson's Ratio Effect and Tectonic Stresses
What is a small-diameter channel worn into the side of a larger diameter wellbore?
keyseat
What two well logs can be combined to identify a breakout?

Caliper and Image log
What is the name of the enlargements and elongation of a borehole in a preferential direction which are formed by spalling of
fragments of the wellbore in a direction parallel to the minimum (least) horizontal stress (Sh)?
Borehole Breakout
What is a well called that is close to, but outside of the known reservoir?
Stepout well
Name three deflection methods for deviated wells.
1. Whipstock
2. Bent sub
3. jet bit
This is a lump of non-dispersed polymer.

Microgel
What device is a metal wedge that is inserted in the hole to deviate the drill bit in hard rock situations?
Whipstock
This rig has a folding mast that can be lowered and raised quickly.
Jack Knife Rig
TeIn Horizontal well drilling, what does KOP stand for?

Kick Off Point
it is the total amount of pay footage divided by the total amount of the reseroir interval?
Net/Gross ratio
Rock permeability divided by hydrocarbon viscosity

mobility
permeability to a single phase fluid in a cleaned core

absolute permeability
the percentage of the total bulk volume that is pore spaces, voids or fractures
absolute porosity
the velocity of an imposed sound wave throught a rock times the density of the rock
acoustic impedance
a sonic travel time record of a formation using a tool with an emitter and a detector. measures porosity and is useful to compare to
other porosity logs to estimate pore filling. higher travel time, lowest porosity
acoustic logging
a reverse cracking process that convents hydrocarbon light ends into longer chain, liquid fuels
alkylation
most important oleofins
+ethylene
propylene
-butadiene
isoprene
detrital rock constituents and minerals derived elswhere from older formations and redeposited
allogenic
what elements the gamma ray records?

uranium, potassium, thorium
In a SP log what kind of fluid one has when the curve deflects to the right
the salinity of the mud filtrate is greater than the formation water
This is the mud weight that is actually felt by the formation when fluid is being pumped.
Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD)
This is the part of the drilling rig that rises above the substructure and houses the crown block and draw works.
Derrick
This type of well there is an inclination other than zero degrees from vertical.
deviated well
This type of well does not have or produce any commercial deposits of hydrocarbons
dry hole
Name 4types of Blow out Presenters?
1. annular bop
2. single ram bop
3. and double ram bop
4. shear ram,
5. blind ram
6. blind shear ram.
What type of fluid has a linear shear stress?

Bingham Plastic
what is the way ahead?

young professional magazine that SPE publishes every year
highest award that you can win as an SPE member

Honorary Member award
What is the spacious difference between the well casing and drill stem called?
the annulus
What would the pressure be in a black oil reservoir at discovery?

Either above the bubble point or equal to the bubble point pressure
This type of drawdown is the pressure differential from the formation near the wellbore to the wellbore.
completion drawdown
What is the device inside the choke that restricts flow called?
the vean
What is the name of the largest natural gas company in the world?
Gazprom
Refineries with cracking units are commonly referred to as what?

High conversion
What are 2 types of submersible rigs?
Posted barge submersible,

Bottle-type submersible,
Arctic submersible
What rig instrument helps the driller monitor the amount of mud being displaced by the tubular or wire rope being run inn and pulled
out of the hole?
Trip Tank Volume Indicator
What is the term for disseminated organic matter in sediments that is insoluble in normal petroleum solvents?
kerogen
A mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remain liquid at atmospheric
pressure after passing through surface separating facilities is known as what?
Crude oil
Why are alkanes the main constituents of petroleum gas, as opposed to other hydrocarbons?
Because they are the simplest molecules, making them the most stable
The measurement of the attractive forces of a mud while at rest or under static conditions is known as?
gel strength
These machines mechanically remove the sand/silt sized particles from the mud?
Desander/Desilter
The buildup of solids along the face of the wellbore while drilling, due to loss of fluids is called what?
mud cake
If a gel strength increases slowly over time what is its classification?

weak or fragile
What type of gel strength is most desirable for drilling?

fragile
Resources which are estimated, as of a given date, to be potentially recoverable from undiscovered accumulations.
Prospective resources
Resources that will be potentially recoverable, as of a given date, by projects not currently considered commercially economic due to
any number of circumstances.
contingent resources
Name four SPE periodicals. JPT; J of Canadian PT; SPE D&C; SPE Econ & Mgmt; SPE Journal; SPE Prod & Op; SPE Res Eval &
Eng; SPE Projects, Faclities, & Construction; The Way Ahead.
DJPT; J of Canadian PT; SPE D&C; SPE Econ & Mgmt; SPE Journal; SPE Prod & Op; SPE Res Eval & Eng; SPE Projects, Faclities,
& Construction; The Way Ahead.
Expected reserves to be recovered from existing wells and facilities

developed reserves
Reserves expected to be recovered through future investments.

undeveloped reserves
What is the name of the well on which the Deepwater Horizon exploded and sank in April 2010?
MC252
How much oil is estimated to have been spilled by the blowout of MC252 in the Gulf of Mexico?
206 million gallons (4.9 million bbls, 779,794 m3)
What was the total depth of the first well that Drake drilled that produced oil?
69.5ft
What was the name of the creek around Titusville Pennsylvania where oil was first drilled?
Oil Creek
At what rate did the first flowing well in April 1861 flow?
3000 b/day
How many people died when oil from the first flowing well caught fire?
19
The largest oil spill ever recorded was deliberate in nature. In what year did this event happen?
january 19th, 1991
What is the production rate divided by the pressure difference in a well?

prductivity index (J)
What reservoir state exists when there is no change in density at any position with the reservoir at a function of time?
steady-state
Measuring the flow rate and pressure drawdown in a producing well while the reservoir is in steady states provides what information
permeability or skin
In what country was the largest oil spill to date?

kuwait
What percentage of Sodium Chloride is required in a drilling fluid for it to be called a saltwater mud?
1%
What is a scraping tool that is forced through a pipeline or flow line to remove accumulations of wax, and debris from the walls of the
pipe.
pig
What is the device that is used to convert mechanical energy to hydraulic energy within the liquid being lifted?
centrifugal pump
What is the name of the refining device where crude oil is seperated into its components?
Fractionation or fractionating column (also pipestill)
What is the name given to the "listening ears" used in refraction seismology?
geophones
If the combination neutron-density log is good for telling oil from gas, how do you tell oil from water?
resistivity log
When operating offshore, drill string is run down special piping known as the marine riser. On the exterior of the marine riser are two
additional pipes used for well control. For ten points each, what are these pipes?
Choke lines and kill lines
Salt domes go through three major stages of development. For 20 points, what are these stages?
Pillow stage,
True Piercement stage,
Post-diapiric stage.
A change in the volume, pressure, or temperature of a gas, occurring without a gain or loss of heat.
adiabatic change
A condition in which the weight on a bit tooth has been so great that the tooth has dulled until its softer inner portion caves over the
harder case area.
bradding
Slang term used to describe moderate to severe flocculation of mud due to various contaminants, also called gelled-up
clabbered
A process of molecular bridging of polymers with other chemical substances that alters viscosity and shear rates to enhance lifting of
bit cuttings and increase drilling rates.
cross linking
When a cement slurry is placed across a permeable formation under pressure a filtration process occurs. The aqueous phase of the
slurry escapes into the formation leaving behind cement particles. This process is commenly known as what?
fluid loss
What type of flow occurs when the individual particles in a fluid move forward in straight lines parallel to the pipe's axis?
laminar flow
Commonly a bullet-nosed shaped device. What device is installed at the bottom of the casing string?
Guide Shoe, Float Shoe, or Casing Shoe
An explosive charge detonated in the borehole to break up large pieces of junk in order to facilitate the junk's removal from the hole.
junk shot
Water contained in the pores of a reservoir rock

interstitial water
The procedure of recovering lost or stuck equipment in the wellbore.

fishing
Abnormally high pressure exerted by some subsurface formations.

geopressure
A process of molecular bridging of polymers with other chemical substances that alters viscosity and shear rates to enhance lifting of
bit cuttings and increase drilling rates.
cross linking
When a SP log deflects to the right of the shale base line, what is the most possible fluid in the formation?
fresh water
What is hot oil?
Crude that is smuggled in order to elude quotas.
What is one of the most well-known products of the petrochemical boom?

plastic
How many US gallons are in one oil barrel?

42
The processing unit designed to make the first separation of crude oil is called the
crude distillation unit
Petroleum refineries have many processes designed to minimize pollution to water and air. Name three processes which are
designed primarily as environmental controls.
Sulfur plant, Hydrotreater, Biotreater
What does the abbreviation SCSSV stand for?

surface controlled subsurface safety valve
Name six functions of drilling mud.

Clean bit, cool bit, transport cuttings, transmit mud pulses, lubricate bit, and prevent influx.
What type of instrument is commonly used to determine mud viscosity in a lab?

Rotational viscometer
What causes most drilling muds to have viscosity that varies in relation to shear rate?
Non-newtonian fluid
This is an immense deposit of natural gas tied up in clathrate structures with water.
gas hydrate
What is the main mud additive that is used to increase mud density to help prevent influx?
barite
This type of tool uses either hydraulic or mechanical means to free pipe which is stuck in the well. What is the name of this type of
tool?
jar
What does HPHT completions stand for?

High Pressure High Temperature completions
What does the abbreviation PBTD stand for?
Plugged back total depth
What does BHA stand for?
Bottom Hole Assembly
What does TTRD Stand for?

Through Tubing Rotary Drilling
What is the term for the type of drilling in which the drill bit rotates and cuts into rock?
Rotary drilling
What does IADC stand for?
International Association of Drilling Contractors.
TermWhat is the informal term for the type of drilling rig that is fitted with long support legs which can be raised or lowered
independently of each other?
Jackup rig
What is the process of adding energy to the flow stream within the completion to increase the flow rate?
artificial lift
types of reserve group
proved developed
proved undeveloped
unproved probable
unproved possible
what is a top kill operation?

Heavy mud is pumped from the well head down to the pot tom, forcing oil and gas to back flow to the formation.
what is the name for a fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core?
anticline
what is the term for any geological fold that is convex up?
antiform
what is the name of dawnward curving fold with layers that dip toward the center of the structure?
syncline
define tortuosity
the ratio between the length og the curve to the distance between the end point
which log provides a good measurement of the hydrogen in the formation?

neutron log
theoretical maximun mud weight?

19.23 ppg
what dose FPSO stand for?

Floating Production Storage and Offloading
what is a stripper well?

well that strip less than 10 bbl/d of crude oil or 60MCFD of gas
what is the term for a higher perm layer above or beneath multiple lower perm layer?
thief zones
apparatus that measures mud filtrate volume and mud cake thickness
API filter press
4 types of naturally occuring hydrocarbons?
1. paraffins
2. napthenes
3. aromatics
4. asphalts
2 fluid sampling methods

1. separator/surface sample2. bottomhole/subsurface samble
fluid characteristics of black oil
GOR less than 2000

API gravity below 45deg
C7+ higher than 20%
molecular weigh of air?

29 g/mol
standard temperature acrossthe US? and standdard pressure?

60 oF ,14,7 psia
Primary function of solvent in the EOR process?

decrease interfacial tension between the oil and the other phases
what fluid is commonly used in carbonated reservoir simulation?

carbonic acid
primary purpose of polymer injection

improve seep efficiency
2 types of polymer flooding

alkaline, micellar polymer
differences in rock, segments showing different responses whe measured

anisotropy
a quality of directional uniformity in material such that pysical properties dont vary in different directions, in rocks changes in physical
properties in different directions
isotropy
the quality of uniformity of a material

homogeneity
quality of variation in rock properties in a reservoir or romation

heterogeneity
the pressure and temperature conditions at which the first bubble of gas come out of solution in oil
bubble point
Who developed the first electrical log

the schlumberger brothers
What invention is the Hughes Tool Company most known for?

first rotary drill bit
What year was the gamma-ray log introduced?

1939
What is a whipstock?
An angle to build off
What is a bent sub?

a tool to build an angle
The Society of Petroleum Engineers began as part of which organization?

American Institute of Mining Engineers
In what decade was Ghawar discovered?

1940s (1948)
What is the largest merger in American History?

Exxon + Mobil
Approximately what was the water depth of the MC252 wellhead?

5000ft
Name three ways to estimate gas in place.

P/z plots, Material Balance, Volumetrics
Define surface tension

work done per unit area in expanding surface of a liquid against its own vapor phase
define interfacial tension

Work done per unit area in expanding the surface of a liquid in contact with another phase
Which method of heavy oil production aims to upgrade the oil in-situ?
in situ combustion
In terms of spatial distribution in the pore space, what are the three classifications for clays?
dispersed, structural and laminated
What is commonly the first step in producing a coal-bed methane field?

dewatering the field
What are the three types of commonly recognized decline curves?

hiperbolic, armonic and exponential
piece of equipment is commonly used to dehydrate produced gas?

glycol tower
Define two types of perforating guns
casing gun, hollow carrier

tubing gun, expendable carrier
When the wellbore pressure goes below the bubble point pressure, what equation should be used to calculate the productivity?
vogel´s equation for two phases
Name two types of resistivity logs

induction, lateral
Name 4 types of well logs.

SP, Gamma Ray, Resistivity, Sonic, Density, Dipmeter, Microlog
What piece of common production facility equipment is used to remove any free water in the produced oil?
free-water knockout
What operating pressure differentiates matrix acidizing from fracture acidizing?

injection pressure
What is the term for global rise and fall of sea level?
Eustacy
What is the principle of Corresponding States and how is it used?

Fluid properties can be related to a fluid’s critical temperature and pressure. Can be used to calculate z-factor
Does cement fracture easier under tension or compression? By what factor do these values differ?
Tension, factor of 10
Which is higher in sand with dispersed shale, brine or air permeability?

Air permeability
What is the term for a higher perm layer above or beneath multiple lower perm layers?
thief zones
What assumptions do you have to make about irreducible saturations in the bundle of tubes model?
there is no residual water or oil saturation
Define formation volume factor

Reservoir volume/standard volume
Name the three components measured at any given point in a wellbore in order to determine position in a directionally drilled well.
"Depth, inclination, azimuth"
In drilling fluids, this device is used to separate components of a used drilling fluid to estimate the amount of fluid invasion from a
reservoir.
retort
This procedure enhances production removing near well formation damage and increasing the effective well radius
acidizing
How many cubic feet in 1 barrel of oil?

5.6
How many cubic meters in 1 barrel of oil?

0.159
In drilling, this is the term used to describe the height of a fluid column
hydrostatic head
This term is used to describe the pressure required to induce cracks in a rock at a given depth
fracture gradient
The secondary stage of recovery from a reservoir involves injecting what possible substances into a reservoir in order to push the
hydrocarbons into the wellbore?
water or gas injection
This term was coined by Italian businessman Enrico Mattei to describe the oil companies which dominated the global petroleum
industry from the 1940s-70s.
seven sisters
Which European company was first to impose a ban on hydraulic fracturing?

France
Name the special tool used by the rig crew to prevent the drill bit from turning
bit breaker
Name the term that is used to describe the gas accumulated on the surface of a material, such as the grain of a reservoir rock, or
more particularly the organic particles in a shale reservoir.
adsorbed gas
According to the standard geologic time scale, what epoch are we currently in
halocene
EOR methods can be grouped under 5 categorizes based on the set characteristics necessary for the EOR method to be successful.
Name them.
Gas based, water based, thermal, combinations, and other
Based on the degree of reservoir pressure maintenance provided by the aquifer, the natural water drive is often qualitatively
described using what 3 classification terms
active
partial
limited water drive
Name four mechanisms that cause a reservoir to produce in it's initial phase
Gas Cap Drive,

Solution Gas Drive,
Gravity Drive,
Water Drive
The measure of heat energy to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit is known as what?
BTU
How many times per year is SPE magazine The Way Ahead published?
3
what is gel strength?

The ability of a fluid to suspend solids.
A sand control completion that uses a larger gravel to stop the formation sand and a screen to stop the gravel.
gravel pack
The minimum pressure of the reservoir when the wells are abandoned
abandonment pressure
A comparable reservoir with many similar characteristics (e.g., lithology, depositional environment, porosity, perm, drive mechanism,
produced fluids, etc.) that can be used for behavior projections comparison studies
analogous reservoir
A natural deposit of iron oxide

hematite
A subsea production tree with a horizontal valve arrangement to the side of the tubing hanger, permitting direct access to the tubing
and tubing hanger without having to remove the tree during a workover.
horizontal tree
practice of pumping and rotating the drillstring while simultaneously pulling out of the hole
backreaming
A settled plug made of particles or barite or even barite and sand that are placed to seal off a zone or the wellbore.
barite plug
define hard water

Water with a high mineral content
A comparison of the ability of a fluid to move through another fluid or to displace the fluid.
mobility ratio
A small diameter string, usually attached to the outside of the tubing, used to place inhibitors and other chemicals downhole. May
also be used to describe any small tubing.
macaroni string
Acidizing a rock below the fracturing pressure, either to reduce the formation damage or to improve the initial permeability.
matrix acidizing
A hole in the rig floor designed to hold a joint of pipe.

mouse hold
Instrument used to measure the intensity and variances of the magnetic fields in the earth.
magnetometer
Formation with an unconfined compressive strength of less than 300 psi. Can be crush with fingers
marginally consolidate
A Marathon Oil water/zone control chemical. For fracture shut-off

marcit
the first Venezuelan oilfield of importance

Mene Grande

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what year was spe founded?

first president of SPE

first woman of spe?

The Society of Petroleum Engineers began as part of which organization?

name 4 SPE publications

Journal petroleum of technologies

name 4 artificial lift systems

name 4 gas field in Venezuela

Name the 4 groups about fuel oil molecule?

name the 5 countries with the highest oil reserves

name 5 biggest oil companies based on revenue

name 5 processes of phase change from solid, liquid, gas

Unknowns for Two Phase flow equations

in two phase flow what is hold up?

what is slug flow

what is Gas lift?

Why most a reservoir sample be taken before production in new wells?

what does the term dead oil stand for?

Porosity can be measured from:

cores (core analysis)

In how many companies did they devide the Standard Oil?

How is the productivity index calculated?

how many countries are members of the OPEC?

Which country holded the presidency of 2018 OPEC coference?

Which country has the highest gas proven reserves?

when was PDVSA created?

name the 4 oxides that make up 95% of portland cement?

name 5 parts of a wellhead

which chemical is often used to alter mud ph level while drilling

Name 5 broad sedimentary environments or associations.

Continental: alluvial, aeolian, fluvial, lacustrine,

what invention in 1879 deeply threatened the oil industry

the fault block below the fault is the..

Nort Sea, 184

what is the clay used to generate viscosity in an oil based fluid?

what is the name of the field of the BP oil spill?

What is the name of the well of the BP oil spill?

What is the largest oil spill?

what is Exxon slogan?

What does ENI stand for?

What does TTRD Stand for?

what is the largest off shore field in the world

what is measured perpendicular to the strike?

When was INTEVEP officialy created?

what is the name of the 2020 president for SPE?

will the sp log spike lower or higher in a reservoir containing hydrocarbons?

What symbol is used to representes solution gas oil ratio?

Name the three basic types of sedimentary rocks:

- Clastic sedimentary - Chemical sedimentary - Organic sedimentary

What mineral is the main component of limestone?

It is define as a crack or surface breakage within rock not related to foliation

What psi/ft gradient is used for fresh water?

what are the 4 processes of petroleum system:

name 4 types of drilling fluids?

Name 3 uses of packers

name 3 features (parts) of packers:

name 3 benchmark crudes

Name 3 types of reservoir simulation models:

. Name 5 members of the OPEC

name 3 pieces of information a well test can provide

name top 5 countries with highest gas reserves acording to EIA:

name top 5 countries with highest oil reserves

name 4 Venezuelan oil basins: